Rosenthal - Crop fertilization
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Crop Fertilization in a CO2
enriched world: is it good to be C3
David M. RosenthalCCAFS Science Workshop, Cancun, Dec 1 and 2, 2010
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Outline
• Plant responses to elevated CO2 and other agents of climate change at SoyFACE
• Why is photosynthesis of crop plants in the field stimulated less by CO2 than predicted by theory?
• Some approaches to optimize (adapt) photosynthesis to global change
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Recent evidence indicates atmospheric [CO2] is increasing more rapidly than the most aggressive
IPCC AR4 projection .
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How does elevated CO2 stimulate photosynthesis that is the basis for the projected increases in yield?
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Rubisco is not the most efficient enzyme
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Energy conversion in C3 and C4 plants
Zhu et al 2008
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SoybeanMaize
SoyFACE Experiment
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20 meters
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350
550
750
0:00 6.00 12:00 18:00 0.00
Fumigation
On
96% of minute
averages within ±10%
[CO2] (µmol mol-1)
Time (h)
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Increased photosynthesis in C3 crops grown at elevated CO2 increases yield
Long, Ainsworth, Leakey, Nosberger, Ort (2006) Science 312, 1918-21
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Percent Change in Elevated [CO2]
-40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Asat
A'
gs
ci/ca
Vcmax
Jmax
Rubisco
Narea
Sugar
Starch
Leaf #
Plant Height
LAI
SLA
Biomass
Crop Yield
Meta analysis of C3 crops grown at elevated CO2 in FACE experiments
Ainsworth and Long (2005) New Phyt. 165:351=-372
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Gleadow et al. (2009) Plant Biol 11:79-82
No CO2 stimulation in Cassava Greehouse Experiment
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Cassava an increasingly important crop
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July 19, 2010
CassavaFACEcv 60444
July 2, 2010
June 7, 2010
August 9, 2010
April 5, 2010
April 15, 2010
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Growth at elevated [CO2] at SoyFACE stimulates cassava photosynthesis
Rosenthal et al. unpublished
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pla
nt
Ambient CO2 Elevated CO2
Cassava canopies are larger at elevated CO2
Rosenthal et al. unpublished
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Rosenthal et al. unpublished
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AmbientElevated
Cassava harvested after only 3.5
months !
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Ambient CO2 Elevated CO2 Rosenthal et al. unpublished
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Rubisco is down regulated at elevated CO2 in cassava
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Cassava leaf Carbon/Nitrogen ratio declines at elevated CO2
Rosenthal et al. unpublished
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Growth at elevated [CO2] does not increase leaf or tuber cyanide content at SoyFACE
Miller, Gleadow unpublished
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Long, Ainsworth, Leakey, Nosberger, Ort (2006) Science 312, 1918-21
“[CO2] Fertilization” of C3 crop photosynthesis falls short of theory
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Why is photosynthesis of crop plants in the field stimulated less by CO2 than
predicted by theory?
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400
320
240
160
80
0
400 320 240 160 80 0
Time before present, 103 years
Current value
Years below 280 ppm, 395 000 (96%)
Years below 240 ppm, 280 000 (67%)
Years below 200 ppm, 83 500 (20%)
Various sources ; Luthi et al (2008) NATURE 453: 379-382
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Zhu et al. (2007) Plant Physiol 145: 513-526
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Tobacco over-expressing SBPase grown at elevated [CO2]
SBP 11WT SBP 30
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Over expression of SBPase enhances photosynthesis at elevated [CO2]
Rosenthal et al. unpublished
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Over expression of SBPase enhances biomass formation at elevated [CO2]
Rosenthal et al. unpublished
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CO2
C HHO
CH2OPO32-
C
COO-
HHO
CH2OPO32-
COO-
PGA
PGA
CH2OPO32-
C
COO-
HHO
PGA
O2
CH2OPO32-
COO-
2-phospho-glycolate
CH2OPO32-
C
C
C
CH2OPO32-
OH
H OH
H
O
Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate
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Non-green
algae
Terrestrial
C3
C4
ProkaryotesMutants
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Current C3 crop Rubisco
Increase ?
Decrease ?
There is a trade off between ability of Rubisco to discriminate between CO2 and O2 Rubisco catalytic rate
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= -10%
Lowering increases light saturated leaf photosynthesis but lowers light limited photosynthesis
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C3 Average
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Adding „foreign‟ Rubisco
Species Ac' = CANOPY
PHOTOSYNTH.
(mmol m-2
day-1
)
ε c
(% inc.)
Asat
( mol m-2
s-1
)
Current average C3 crop
(kcc = 2.5, = 92.5)
1040
0%
14.9
Amaranthus edulis (C4)
(kcc = 7.3, = 82)
1250
17%
28.3
Amaranthus edulis/current
(kcc = 7.3/2.5, = 82/92.5)
1360
31%
28.3
(2004) Plant Cell and Environment, 27, 155-165
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(UN-IPCC 2001)
2000 2020 2040 2060 2080 210040
60
80
Ozo
ne
–P
art
s P
er
Bil
lio
n o
f A
ir
Rising tropospheric ozone 0.5 – 2.5 % per year
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Relationship between Soybean Yield & Ozone
Fishman et al.2010 Atmospheric Environment
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Summary• Growth at elevated [CO2] stimulated cassava
photosynthesis.
• Rubisco was down regulated in cassava at elevated [CO2], consistent lower leaf N (no change in cyanide content).
• Fresh and dry tuber biomass significantly increased with [CO2], as did harvest index.
• Cassava responded similarly to other C3 plants treated with elevated [CO2].
• CO2 stimulation of photosynthesis is less than predicted by theory.
- lack of adaptation to rapid increase in [CO2]
- inhibition due to increasing levels of tropospheric O3
- increased rates of respiration in CO2-grown plants
- temperatures above optimum for photosynthesis.
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SoyFACE 2010
CassavaFACE collaborators:Becky Slattery (UIUC)Kat Grennan (UIUC)Bec Miller (Monash U)Ros Gleadow (Monash U)Claude Fauquet (ILTAB)
SBPase overexpression collaboratorsChristine Raines (U Exeter)Anna Locke (UIUC)Stephen Long (UIUC)