CGIAR case study: research

highlights from Latin America

25 May 2016LED BY

A collaboration of

• Around 200+ research-for-development stakeholders

& partners

What is the

?

BananaPlantain

Cassava Potato Sweetpotato Yam Other R&T

300 million small holder farmers and

processors depend on RTB crops for food

security, nutrition, income and employment

What are our crops?

What are our systems?

RTB crops share

• Genetic complexity,

similar breeding

challenges

• Vegetative propagation,

similar seed systems

• Perishability, bulkiness

and post harvest/value

chain options

Why Roots, Tubers andBananas?

Latin America context

Changing geographic priorities

• 1970s-90s: LA primary target

• 2000-10: refocusing toward poverty hot spots eg Andes, Central America

• 2011-: rising GNP, donors shift to Africa and south Asia

• Implications for CGIAR research in LA?

CIP1984

Genetic resources and crop

improvement

Screening sweetpotato for heat tolerance

• Evaluation environments (N. Peru):

- heat stress (summer)- no-heat stress (winter):

• Material: 1973 germplasm accessions CIP genebank

• Key traits: heat tolerance, early bulking, and yield

Experimental site in Piura during winter.

Yields of storage roots vs. pencil roots represent an indicator for heat tolerance.

Aerial picture: summer 2014 heat stress exposure at maximum storage root bulking

Thermographic image: summer 2014 heat stress exposure at maximum storage root bulking

Remote sensing: fast throughput method to screen effects of heat on biochemical and physiological processes

Results

• 15% sweetpotato

germplasm heat stress

tolerant: 305 clones with

yields >12.2 t ha-1 under

stress

• Considerable genetic

variation heat stress

• Large pool favorable

alleles to heat stress

• Large and sustainable

genetic gains expected

Bettina Heider1, Elisa Romero1, Raul Eyzaguirre1, Wolfgang Grüneberg1, Emile Faye2, Stef de Haan1,3 and Merideth Bonierbale1

1= CIP, 2=IRD (Institut de recherche pour le développement), 3=CIAT

Native Potatoes shift to higher altitudes

Shift to higher altitudes of native potatoes

297m in 50 years

Source: Juarez, Pasencia and De Haan (CIP)

Participatory Variety Selection: “mother & baby” trials(Patacancha – Cuzco)

Released:

• 2007: Pallay Poncho

(INIA 311)

• 2007: Puka Lliclla

(INIA 312)

• 2010: Altiplano (INIA

317)

• 2013: Kawsay (INIA

320)

• 2014: Poderosa (La

Libertad)

Varieties released

Participatory varietal selection: gender

• Gender filter: methods and approaches that help identify opportunities to better include women in participatory processes

• How to Conduct Participatory Varietal Selection in Potato: A Gender Responsive User Guide”

• Open-access digital platform that allows researchers or agricultural extension workers to upload their data and generate the analysis

Implications LA?

• Sweetpotato:– LA source of germplasm (genebank) & testing

environment

– LA NOT primary target

• Potato:– LA source of germplasm, testing environments and

validating research methods (gender)

– Responding to local needs

– LA primary target, but also relevant to global agenda

– BUT resource constrained – lost breeding networks (Red LatinPapa)

Pests and diseases

Fusarium wilt of banana, TR4 Spread: Asia into Africa

ST4~1967–SubtropicalareasRelatedtonofavourablecondi ons–cold[VCG-0120,-1,-2,-9,-10,-11,-15

Race1–1890VCG0120-01224[except01213]

R2~1900alsoaffectsR1susceptsVCG0120,-8[except01213]

Bluggoe(ABB)Cookingbananas

Cavendish(AAA)

R4

TR4~1990’s–TropicalareasBothtropicalandsubtropicalcondi onsVCG01213,(01213/16)

GrossMichelPome’(AAB),‘PisangAwak’(ABB)

• 9000 has affected in the Philippines• >> 200.000 hectares affected in China

Impact of Fusarium wilt TR4

0"

200"

400"

600"

800"

1000"

1200"

1400"

1600"

2000" 2001" 2002" 2003"

1434ha

715ha

Molina, 2010 Chao(2008) BAPNET meeting

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Export to Japan

(MillionBox12-kg)

Indonesia

Taiwan

Trained

In the pipeline

Bioversity, MUSALAC

&National Plant

Protection Organizations

Strengthening capacities and increasing preparedness for Foc TR4 in LAC

Impact in LAC:• Threat of TR4 recognized by all national plant quarantine agencies in LAC

• Five countries LAC with advanced contingency plans (Ecuador, Colombia, Costa Rica, Mexico, Guatemala)

• Response to simulated outbreaks in Ecuador and Colombia – capacity testing

• World Banana Forum/Latin America electronic discussion group on Foc TR4[ MUSALAC working group on Foc and TR4]

• Regional plant protection agencies in Latin America to IPPC: [“Americas free of TR4”]

• New regional action plan by OIRSA building country by country

Impact globally:- Regional contingency plan OIRSA as model for SS Africa and Asia

Implications LA?

• Global pathosystem, needs global response

• Institutional innovation from LA model for Africa and Asia

Value chains and post

harvest

Improving energy efficiency to reduce production costs and environmental impacts of cassava processing

Thailand 200t starch/day

Nigeria 2t HQCF/day

Nigeria 0.3t gari/day

A. de la Giraudière

Colombia 2-3t starch/day

Vietnam 3-11t starch/day

Paraguay 25-100t starch/day

Tanzania 2t HQCF /day

Surveys: Small scale dryers are inefficient

CIRAD, CIAT, Univalle, Clayuca, KMUTT, IITA

2-4 t starch/day3000 – 10000 MJ/t product

100 t starch/day2000 MJ/t product Low energy

efficiency

Min. 20 meters

Findings from model:Sp

eci

fic

en

erg

yu

se

CIRAD, CIAT, Univalle

Large scale dryerslength: 30-40m

EFFICIENT

Small scale dryerslength: 10-12m

NOT EFFICIENT

Use long pipes even for smalldryers

Adjustcapacity withpipe diameter

Use a long drying tube even at small-scale

Next steps

• Blueprints for a small-scale optimized flash dryer based on model developed in Colombia (CIAT, Univalle, CIRAD 2015-2016)

• Construction Colombia planned August 2016

• Optimized flash dryer for training of processors from Colombia, LAC, and further away (Africa…)

Nativas Snack

Participatory Market Chain

Approach

Participatory Market Chain Approach: gender research

• Extensive experience in the Andes with PMCA

• Innovation in potato value chains

• BUT – gender not adequately considered

• South-south learning

• Prototype guide in testing

Implications LA?

• Cassava processing:

– Global study on downscaling

– Draws on LA experience in processing

• PMCA:

– South south learning on value chains and gender responsiveness

Impact studies

Adding fingerprinting to standard adoption/impact studies (cassava)

• Adoption/impact pilot study in Cauca Colombia• 305 cassava growers in 19 municipalities• Self-reported farmer data• For each cassava variety reported by household took

planting material sample• Cassava samples replanted in greenhouse• Analysis of DNA using Single Nucleotide

Polymorphisms (SNPs) based on fluidigm genotypingand Nei index

• CIAT chip of 96 SNPs able to identify all CIAT improvedvarieties and most used accessions from genebank

Results: Identification from DNA fingerprinting (334 cassava varieties)

Group of varietiesFarmers self-

identification

Identification using

DNA fingerprinting

Improved Varieties 33% 26%

Landraces 63% 74%

Unidentified varieties 4% -

Results: Distribution of misidentification

Improved variety

Landrace Unidentified

Improved variety (n=87) reported by farmer as:

54% 37% 9%

Landraces (n=247) reported by farmer as:

25% 72% 3%

2012-2013, survey

1,098 potato farmers

120 communities in

11 Departaments

Potato variety adoption study

Distribution of adoption of CIP-INIA varieties by Department

0.00%

10.00%

20.00%

30.00%

40.00%

50.00%

60.00%

70.00%

80.00%

90.00%

100.00%

SERRANITA

UNICA

AMARILIS

CANCHAN

YUNGAY

CUSCO APURIMAC LA

LIBERTAD

CAJAMARCA HUANUCO JUNIN ANCASH LIMA PUNO AYACUCHO HUANCAVELICA

Área

MINAGRI

33,619 16,968 24,730 29,706 35,635 24,012 12,456 3,898 52,312 21,471 20,899

Results

• Improved varieties: 60+% of potato área in Perú• Yungay, released in 1971, 22% area• Canchan and Amarilis joint work of CIP and INIA, 11%

and 10%• More recent releases, Única and Serranita, 4% and 1%

Unica significant adoption in China – SIAC study

Implications LA?

• Cassava impact study:

– Cauca valley not primary target cassava breeding

– Laboratory to validate use of SNP chip in adoption studies

• Potato impact study:

– Contribution to key staple with strong rural prosperity dimension in host country

– Spillover

Wrap up: CGIAR case study in Latin America

• Diminishing share of CGIAR investment in Latin America:– Numbers of beneficiaries– LA countries became middle income

• CGIAR: need to maintain global presence as focus shifts to Africa & S. Asia• Latin America:

– genetic resources, technology, laboratory and “homologues” for foresight egsweetpotato heat tolerance and cassava processing

– part of global agricultural patho-system eg TR4– significant target geography – climate change, and biodiversity eg native potatoes

and breeding– natural resources management, Andes as vulnerable agro-ecosystem – interface

with Amazon– imperative to maintain relevance in countries hosting CGIAR headquarters eg

potato impact study

• New modalities for resource mobilization