Poodle: A plant that is pruned and trained into ballsor other formal shapes.

Root-ball diameter: The average diameter of thewidest portion of the root ball and that perpendicularto it. This shall be measured near the top of the rootball.

Roots growing out of the container: Trees can bedowngraded if roots greater than 1/5 the diameter ofthe trunk are growing out the bottom of the containeror out of the grow bag (Fig. 9).

skipping steps 1-5, when grading topiaries. Treesplanted as topiaries are usually maintained in thatform in the landscape by regular trimming of thebranches. They are not meant to be grown out inthe landscape to the natural shape or size of theplant. The natural form is not allowed to develop(see Fig. 10).

Fig. 10. A topiary is sheared or trimmed to a variety of shapes, including a pyramid.

Tree height: Tree height is measured from the groundto the topmost portion of the tree (see Fig. 11).Height must be measured before pruning the tree.On small, multitrunked trees such as crape-myrtle,Japanese ligustrum and wax-myrtle, tree height ismeasured to the top of the main body of the crown.

Fig. 11. Measuring tree height.

Trunk dogleg: A significant's' - shaped deformation inthe trunk (see Fig. 12). A doglegin the crown is not a downgradingfactor.

Fig. 12. The angle 'A' can be no morethan 30o. The distance 'B' can be nomore than the trunk diameter.

Trunk wound: A trunk injury that is open and notsealed over, or closed. A properly executed pruningcut that is not closed over is not considered a trunkwound.

Secondary branches: Branches originating fromprimary or major branches.

Sturdy in the root ball: When the trunk bends alongits vertical length instead of pivoting at the base ofthe trunk, or moving in the root ball when the rootball of a container-grown plant can be slipped fromthe container with all or most of the media intactwith the roots.

Temporary branches: Short branches meant to bepruned from the tree in the near future as the treegrows and produces major branches.

Topiary: A formal, man-manipulated plant form, eithertree or shrub, developed and maintained by frequentclipping and shearing. Such forms includestandards, sheared pyramids, espaliers, columns,animal topiaries, large bonsai and other specialshapes. Enter the grading process at Step 6,

Fig. 9. Two roots greater than 1/5the diameter of the trunk growingout the bottom of the container.

47

Huxley, Anthony (ed.) 1992. The new RoyalHorticultural Society dictionary of gardening, 4vols. The Stockton Press, New York, NY. 3353pp.

Kartesz, John T. 1994. A synonymized checklist ofthe vascular flora of the United States, Canada,and Greenland. 2nd edition. Timber Press,Portland, OR. 2 vols. 622 & 816 pp.

Krussman, Gerd. 1985. Manual of cultivated conifers.Timber Press, Portland, OR. 361 pp.

Mabberley, D. J. 1989. The plant-book. CambridgeUniversity Press, Cambridge. 706 pp.

Staff of Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium. 1976. Hortusthird. MacMillan Publishing Co., Inc., New York,NY. 1290 pp.

United States Department of Agriculture, SoilConservation Service. 1982. National list ofscientific plant names, 2 vols. SCS-TP-159. 416 +438 pp.

van Geldren, D. M. 1986. Conifers. Photographs by J.R. P. van Hoey Smith. Royal Boskoop HorticulturalSociety. Timber Press, Portland, OR. 375 pp.

Broschat, Timothy K. and Alan W. Meerow. 1991.Betrock’s reference guide to Florida landscapeplants. Betrock Information Systems, Inc. 427 pp.

Brummitt, R. K. and C. E. Powell. 1992. Authors ofplant names. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, GreatBritain. 732 pp.

Burch, Derek, Daniel B. Ward, and David W. Hall.1988. Checklist of the woody cultivated plants ofFlorida. Extension Sale Publication SP-33. Instituteof Food and Agricultural Sciences, University ofFlorida, Gainesville, FL. 80 pp.

Correll, Donovan S. and Helen B. Correll. 1982.Flora of the Bahama Archipelago. J. Cramer,Hirschberg, Germany. 1692 pp.

Everett, Thomas H. 1982. The New York BotanicalGarden illustrated encyclopedia of horticulture,10 vols. Garland Publishing, Inc., New York, NY.3596 pp.

Godfrey, Robert K. 1988. Trees, shrubs and woodyvines of northern Florida and adjacent Georgiaand Alabama. University of Georgia Press,Athens, GA. 734 pp.

Hansell, Dorothy E. (ed.) 1970. Handbook of hollies,A special issue on Ilex. The AmericanHorticultural Magazine. 49 (4): 150-330.

REFERENCES FOR TREES

48

SHADE TREE APPENDIX

1. FloridaFancy live oakin winter. Thereis onedominantleader.

3. FloridaFancy live oakrecentlytransplanted.Majorbranches arespaced apartnicely along adominanttrunk.

2. FloridaFancy live oakin late spring.The dominantleader curvesslightly upthrough thecanopy. Thisis perfectlyacceptable fora FloridaFancy.

4. FloridaFancy live oakin spring.Dominantleader curvesup through thecanopy of this9-inchdiameter tree.

49

5. FloridaFancy live oakin spring.Majorbranches areall less than2/3 the trunkdiameter sonone areconsideredcompetingleaders.

7. After two orthree of thesmall-diameteruprightbranches at thevery top of thetree areremoved or cutback to a morehorizontalbranch, this treebecomes aFlorida Fancy.

6. FloridaFancy live oak.Majorbranches areall less than2/3 the trunkdiameter andare spaced atleast 6" apartalong thetrunk. Severalsmall-diameterbranches aregrowingupright at thetop of the tree.These can beremoved, orpreferably cutback to a morehorizontalbranch, toensure theleader remainsdominant.

8. Looking upthe trunk of aFlorida Fancytree.

50

9. FloridaFancysouthernmagnolia inspring. Oneleaderdominates thetree.

11. Florida #1live oak.Diameter on allbranches isless than 2/3the trunkdiameter butthe trunk has a10 to 15degree bow init making thetree Florida #1.

10. Florida #1live oak.There is onedominanttrunk in thelower half ofthe tree, butthe trunk forksin the top half.If one of thetwo smalltrunks at thetop of the treewere removed,the tree wouldprobably gradeto a FloridaFancy. Anotheralternativewhich takesless foliageout of the treeis to cut one of

the two trunks back to a more horizontally orientedbranch. As the tree grows in the months after pruning,the trunk will grow faster than the cut branch. As aresult, the branch will become less than 2/3 thediameter of the trunk which makes the tree a FloridaFancy.

12. Florida #2live oak. Thelarge branchon the right islarger than 2/3the trunkdiameter andis in the lowerhalf of the treemaking it aFlorida #2.Prune the topof the branchback abouthalf way to thesmall, morehorizontally-orientedbranch. Nextyear the treewill grade aFlorida Fancyor #1 because

the trunk will grow at a faster rate than the branch. Thiswill make the branch diameter less than 2/3 the trunkdiameter.

51

13. The treehas a doubleleader in thetop half of thetree about fourfeet from thetop making it aFlorida #1.Reduce theheight of thesmaller leaderon the left bypruning it backto a morehorizontalbranch orremoving theleaderaltogether.This will makethe tree aFlorida Fancynext year.

16. Florida #2live oak. Thereis one centraltrunk and nobranches havea diameterlarger than 2/3the trunkdiameter. Thiswould makethe tree aFlorida Fancyexcept for thetwo majorbranches thatare within 4" ofeach other fourand eight feetoff the ground.

15. The largebranch in theupper half ofthe tree on theright side islarger than 2/3the diameter ofthe trunkmaking this aFlorida #1.

14. Take outthe right handfork at the topof the tree andthis Florida #1becomes aFlorida Fancytrunk andbranchstructure.However, thecanopy is notfull and is a bitone-sidedwhich willkeep this aFlorida #1.

52

17. The largebranch at leftin the bottomhalf of the treeis greater than2/3 the trunkdiameter. Thismakes thetree Florida#2. Removethe upper halfof this branchnow bypruning backto a morehorizontalbranch. Thisallows the treeto fill in thevoid spacewith foliagefrom branchesabove. The

rest of the large lower branch can be removed next year.This process will upgrade the tree.

20. Thediameter of abranch relativeto the trunk isan importantcomparisonthat is made inthe treegrades andstandards.Measure thebranchdiameter justbeyond thecrotch andbeyond anyswelling thatmay bepresent at thebase of thebranch.Measure thetrunk diameter

just above the branch crotch. The tree is downgraded ifthe branch diameter is greater than 2/3 the trunkdiameter.

19. Thediameter ofthe largebranch in thelower half ofthe tree on theright is largerthan 2/3 thetrunkdiameter. Thismakes thetree a Florida#2. Removethe top half ofthis branch bypruning backto a morehorizontalbranch.Remove allsecondarybranchesgrowing in

toward the main trunk. Six months later, remove the restof the branch back to the main trunk. The tree thatremains has one trunk to the top of the tree. About 12months later the tree will be filled in on the right andcould be a Florida Fancy.

18. Twoequally sizedtrunksoriginate fromthe lower halfof the treemaking this aFlorida #2.Remove theleft trunk nowand in about18 months thecanopy willprobably beupgraded toat least aFlorida #1.

53

21. Two majorbranches ofnearly equal sizeoriginating fromwithin 6" (FloridaFancy) or 4"(Florida #1) ofeach other is adowngradingfactor.

23. This is a double leader because one is at least 2/3the diameter of the other.

24. This is aFlorida Fancytrunk becausebranches arespaced apartand none arelarger than 2/3the diameterof the trunk.Note that thetrunk does nothave to bestraight on aFlorida Fancy.

22. Two major branches of nearly equal size originatingfrom within 6" (Florida Fancy) or 4" (Florida #1) of eachother is a downgrading factor.

54

25. This trunkhas a slightdogleg but notenough todowngrade itto a lowergrade.

26. This trunkhas a doglegnearly badenough todowngrade thetree. If thedogleg wasany worse, thetree would bedowngraded.

27. Note theincluded barkin the branchcrotch. Thebranch barkridge is notvisiblebecause it isincludedinside thecrotch. Thecrotch isshaped likethe letter 'V'.

28. Note theincluded barkin the branchcrotch. Thebranch barkridge is notvisiblebecause it isincludedinside thecrotch. Thecrotch isshaped likethe letter 'V'.

55

29. There is no included bark in this crotch. The branchbark ridge is clearly visible in the crotch as a raisedarea of bark tissue.

30. There is no included bark in this crotch. The branchbark ridge is clearly visible in the crotch as a raised lineof bark tissue. The crotch is more or less shaped likethe letter 'U'.

31. This is aproperlyexecutedpruning cutleaving thebranch barkridge intact onthe trunk.

56

NARROW, UPRIGHT TREEAPPENDIX

Araucaria spp.Betula nigra and cultivarsCryptomeria spp.CunninghamiaX Cupressocyparis leylandii and cultivarsCupressus spp.Gordonia lasianthus and cultivarsIlex spp.Juniperus virginiana and J. silicicolaLiquidambar spp. and cultivarsMagnolia grandiflora and cultivarsMagnolia virginiana and cultivarsNyssa spp.Pinus spp.Pyrus calleryana cultivarsTaxodium spp.

SMALL, ORNAMENTAL TREEAPPENDIX

Acacia farnesianaAcer palmatum and cultivarsCaesalpinea pulcherrimaCallistemon spp. and cultivarsCassia bicapsularisChionanthus retususChionanthus virginicusCitrus spp.Guaiacum spp.Ilex vomitoria and cultivarsLagerstroemia cultivarsLigustrum japonicumMagnolia x soulangianaMalphigia glabraMalus spp. and cultivarsMyrica ceriferaParkinsonia aculeataPhotinia spp. and cultivarsPlatycladus orientalisPlumeria spp.Prunus spp. and cultivarsPsidium spp.Tecoma stans