romis samarTlis safuZvlebi - tsulawyers · 2018. 1. 17. · 3 romis kerZo samarTlis (ius privatum)...

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marina gariSvili, mariam xoferia

romis samarTlis safuZvlebi

Tbilisi

2010

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`yvela gza romSi midis~ _ ambobs erTi xatovani gamonaTqvami. romSi mimaval

mravalricxova gzaTa Soris yvelaze cnobili iyo uZvelesi via Latina – laTinuri

gza, romelic qalaqSi Sedioda samxreT-aRmosavleTidan, laTinuri karibWis mxridan,

da, karakalas Termebis maxloblad, uerTdeboda via Appia-s (apiusis gzas). orive

magistrals ki saxelganTqmuli palatinisaken mivyavarT – Septimontium-s

(SvidborcvianTa) Soris, yvelaze mniSvnelovani romauli borvcisaken. palatinis

borcvis ukan, Tvalwin iSleba mudmivi qalaqis guli – romauli forumi, aq

Tavmoyrilia romaul RvTaebaTa taZrebis umravlesoba, maT Soris dioskuriebis,

konkordiis, saturninusis (romelSic ganTavsebuli iyo saxelmwifo xazina da

arqivi, agreTve tabulariumi – romis saxelmwifos oficialuri dokumentaciis –

gasanTluli xis dafebis, papirusis gragnilebisa da pergamentis sacavi) salocavebi

da romaelTaTvis yvelaze sayvareli da saTayvanebeli qalRmerTis – vestas taZari.

forumi iyo sabazro da savaWro rigebis moedanic, sadac asrulebda sakuTar

mogzaurobas mTeli samyarodan _ britaneTidan-indoeTamde da evropis

CrdiloeTidan-CrdiloeT afrikamde _ wamosuli saqoneli. amavdroulad, forumi iyo

temperamentiT aRsavse, sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis centri: swored am moedanze

xdeboda is movlenebi, romlebmac gadamwyveti roli iTamaSes msoflio istoriis

Semdgom ganviTarebaSi. aqve aRimarTa rostrebi – oratorTa tribuna, romelsac

amSvenebda, nadavlis saxiT xelSi Cagdebuli, mtris xomaldebis cxvirebi (rostra).

forumis am nawilidan mimarTavdnen xalxs saxelganTqmuli oratorebi – apius

klavdiusi usinaTlo, katoni ufrosi, gaius iulius keisari, hortenzius hortalusi;

aqedan ismenda romaeli xalxi didi ciceronis mgznebare gamosvlebs da aqve

gamofines misma jalaTebma, markus antoniusis brZanebiT, sikvdiliT dasjili

mWermetyvelis mokveTili Tavi da xelebi.

forumis suliskveTebiT ganimsWvala civilizaciis Semdgomi istoria. man Tanabrad

SeiTvisa, samyarosaTvis Cveuli, sikeTe da boroteba, movlenaTa logika da

mistiuroba, adamianTa sidiade da fuWi gancdebi. am moedanze iyo ganTavsebuli

kuria – sabWos Senoba, romelSic sxdomebs marTavda romauli senati. aqve iyo

komiciebic – saxalxo krebebis Catarebis adgili, sadac irCevdnen umaRles

Tanamdebobis pirebsa da xalxi xmas aZlevda umniSvnelovanes kanonebs. forumi iqca

tribunis adgiladac. swored aqedan mimarTavdnen plebs tribuni plebis (xalxis

tribuni), momavalSi ki – kurulis savarZelSi msxdomi, konsulebi, pretorebi da

kurulis edilebi. forumma saxeli imiTac gaiTqva, rom maszed iqna gamofenili

uZvelesi leges duodecem tabularum (xis firfitebze amotvifruli kanonTa teqsti,

romlis originali ganadgurda, galebis mier romis darbevisas.).

romis saxelwmifoebriobis istoriis ganuyofel nawilad iqca, Zveli samyaros

udidesi monapovari – romis samarTali, romlis gareSec sruliad warmoaudgenelia

Tanamedrove civilizaciebis kerZo samarTlis arseboba. swored romis samarTlis

gavrcelebiT moxda, romaelTa mxridan, samyaros meoregzis dapyroba. amitomac,

damkvidrda mosazreba, rom romma samgzis daipyro msoflio – pirvelad legionebis

meSveobiT, meored – sakuTari samarTalganviTarebiT, mesamed ki – msoflio

religiis – qristianobis SemoReba-gavrcelebiT.

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romis kerZo samarTlis (ius privatum) ganuyofel nawils warmoadgenda romauli Temis

– civitas Romani samarTali – ius civile da romis imperiaSi Semavali mravalricxovani

xalxis samarTali – ius gentium. maTi definiciebis umravlesoba ki swored romis

forumze iqna dadgenili, xolo comitia-ze arCeuli Tanamdebobis pirebi – praetor

(pretori), censor (cenzori), aediles (edili), quaestor (qvestori) uzrunvelyofdnen

romis samarTlis moTxovnaTa upirobo aRsrulebasa da samarTaldamrRvevTa mkacr

dasjas.

romis samarTlis safuZvlebis saswavlo kursis mizani da daniSnulbaa Seaswavlos,

iuridiuli fakultetis studentebs, romis saxelmwifos ganviTarebis ZiriTadi

etapebi da, TiToeuli etapisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli, saxelmwifo meqanizmis

Taviseburebani, agreTve romis sajaro (ius publicum) da kerZo samarTlis (ius privata)

ZiriTadi institutebis Camoyalibebisa da evoluciis procesi; ganumartos maT, Tu

ratom moxda romis samarTlis recefcia – dasavleT evropis qveynebSi misi ZiriTadi

debulebebis damkvidreba da, adgilobrivi pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT,

sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis mowesrigeba. ganaTlebuli iuristisaTvis

savaldebuloa specialuri terminologiis Rrma da safuZvliani coda: iuridiul

terminTa umravlesoba ki laTinuri warmoSobisaa: iustitia, iurisprudentia, servitutes,

ususfructus, occupatio, obligatio, contractus, testamentum, consensu, conventio, advocatus, respublica,

consul, censor, delicta da sxva.

Tavi I. romis samarTlis istoriuli sistemebi

romis samarTlis safuZvlebis saswavlo kursi Seiswavlis Zveli romis

samarTlebriv sistemas, romlis safuZvlezec Zvel romaelebsa da romSi mcxovreb

ucxoelebs Soris samarTlebrivi urTierTobebi regulirdeboda. romis saxelmwifos

farglebSi samarTlis Tanamedrove sistemisagan gansxvavebiT, romlis Tanaxmadac,

kerZo da sajaro samarTali mkveTradaa erTmaneTisagan gamijnuli, Zveli romaelebi

samarTlis sistemas erT mTlianobad ganixilavdnen da iuridiuli institutebis

sxvadasxva aspeqts mxolod im socialuri rolis mixedviT adgendnen, Tu romelSic

samarTlis subieqtebi gamodiodnen da romel sazogadoebriv avtoritets

uzrunvelyofda adamianTa Soris tipur kavSirTa normatiuli xasiaTi. Tu saqme

exeboda calkeul pirTa _ privates _ (sityvidan privus gancalkevebuli, raimes

uqoneli) individualur Tu saojaxo interesebs, maSin saxeze iyo kerZo

urTierTobebi, xolo subieqtebis formalizebuli neba, romelic maT kavSirebs

gansazRvravda, kerZo kanonad (lex privata) iTvleboda. rodesac sakiTxi romaeli

xalxis, kviritebis, saerTo interesebs (Populus Romanus Quiritium) exeboda, maSin am

urTierToebebis, anu sajaro interesebis, normatiul safuZvels mTeli xalxis

formalizebuli neba _ sajaro kanoni (lex publica) warmoadgenda.

urTierTobis monawileTa Semadgenlobis mixedviT, romauli samoqalaqo Temis

(civitas) samarTali (ius civile), romaelTaTvis mkacrad erovnuli, kvirituli samarTali

iyo, xolo zogadsavaldebulo da sajarod mniSvnelobis TvalsazrisiT, kerZo

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samarTlebrivi urTierTobis samarTlebriv safuZvlebsa da farglebs gansazRvravda.

normaSemoqmedebiTi wesebi aRniSnuli normatiuli sistemis safuZvelze

regulirdeboda, romelic moicavda: religiur ritualebze, mmarTvelobis

sayovelTao-saxalxo organoebis (senati da magistratura) saqmianobas,

marTlzomieri moTxovnebis sasamarTlo dacvis formebs, ucxoelebTan urTierTobis

principebs, piris statusis Secvlis wesebs, romaeli moqalaqeobisa da qorwinebis

gansazRvris normebs, moqalaqeTa Soris (rogorc sicocxleSi, ise maTi

gardacvalebis Semdeg) qonebrivi urTierTobis (sanivTo, valdebulebiTi,

memkvidreobiTi samarTali) myar formebs.

$1. civiluri samarTali (ius civile)

uZveles romaul samarTals, erT-erTi mkvidri tomis kviritebis (Quiritium)

saxelwodebis mixedviT, kvirituli samarTali ewodeboda. es saxelwodeba uZveles

garigebebSi terminad damkvidrda da gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevebSi gamoiyeneboda,

rodesac saqme nivTze sakuTrebis uflebas (sakuTreba kvirituli samarTlis

mixedviT dominius ex iure Quiritium) exeboda. mogvianebiT, samarTlis am sistemas

civiluri samarTali (ius civile) ewoda, riTac xazi gaesva romis moqalaqeTa

samarTlis mkacrad erovnul xasiaTs (samarTlis viwro gagebiT). sakanonmdeblo

doneze civiluri samarTliT kerZo samarTlis viwro erovnuli sistema

regulirdeboda; farTo gagebiT ki, civiluri samarTali yvela komentars moicavda,

romelic romaelma iuristebma, XII dafis kanonTa sistemasTan erTad, Seqmes.

$2. pretoruli samarTali (ius praetorium)

samarTlis civiluri sistemis Tanadroulad, TandaTanobiT samarTlis axali

sistema _ pretoruli samarTali (ius praetorium) _ Camoyalibda. drois kvalobaze,

monaTmflobeluri sistemisa da ekonomikis ganviTarebis Sedegad, gabatonebuli

socialuri fenis xelSi Tavi moiyara vaWrobiTa da mevaxSeobiT miRebulma

kapitalma, msxvilma saadgilmamulo sakuTrebam, ris safuZvelzec socialuri

dapirispireba gamwvavda. Zveli civiluri samarTlis dadgenilebebi, rogorc

raodenobrivi, ise xarisxobrivi TvalsazrisiT, axal socialur-ekonomikur pirobebs

veRar pasuxobda. aRniSnuli xarvezebi saswrafo aRmofxvras saWiroebda, romlis

gamosworebac sasamarTlo magistratebma _ pretorebma _ iTaves.

pretoruli samarTali Tanminmdevrulad iqmneboda, rasac Sedegad mohyva ZiriTad

pretoruli ediqtebis safuZvleze Seqmnili, mTeli rigi axali institutebi,

romlebic samarTlebrivi dacvis axali saSualebebiT aRiWurva. civiluri samarTali

pretoruli samarTlis sistemas arc cvlida da arc auqmebda, piriqiT, mis

paralelurad iqmneboda da masTan erTad arsebobda.

$3. xalxis samarTali (ius gentium)

civiluri samarTali gamoiyeneboda mxolod romis moqalaqeebis mimarT. is pirebi,

romlebic romaul Tems ar ganekuTvnebodnen, mtrebad iTvlebodnen da samarTlebriv

dacvas ar eqvemdebarebodnen. warmoebisa da sasaqonlo gacvla-gamocvlis

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ganviTarebis kvalobaze, ucxoelebis ZiriTadi kerZo uflebebis (sakuTrebis ufleba,

xelSekrulebis dadebis ufleba, memkvidreobis miReba da sxva) aRiareba da dacva

savaldebelo gaxda, ris safuZvelze samarTlis axali sistema, xalxis samarTali

(ius gentium) Seiqmna.

civiluri samarTali ara marto pretorul samarTals, aramed samarTlis kidev erT

saxes _ xalxis samarTals _ upirispirdeboda. romis samarTlis istoriaSi es

sistema yvelaze originaluri movlena gaxldaT.

istoriuli ganviTarebis Sedegad am sistemaSi sxvadasxva elementi gaerTianda.

Tavdapirvelad, xalxis samarTlis cnebaSi moiazreboda is uZvelesi samarTali,

romlis mixedviTac ucxo TemebTan romaelTa urTierTobebi wesrigdeboda. kerZod,

qorwinebis sakiTxi (ius conubium) da vaWrobis ufleba (ius commercium). mogvianebiT,

samarTlis am sistemam SeiTvisa is CveulebiTi samarTali, romelic praqtikulad

gamoiyeneboda savaWro urTierTobebisas. es iyo zogadi xasiaTis, kerZod, yovelgvari

formalurobisagan Tavisufali sasaqonlo gacvla-gamocvlis garigebebi, laTinTa

kavSiris wevrTa tomobrivi msgavseba da mWidro ekonomikuri kavSirebi. sabolood,

romaelTa msoflio batonobam, xalxis samarTlis meSveobiT, imperiis sxvadasxva

nawilSi moqmedi savaWro institutebi erTiani samarTlebrivi sistemaSi moaqcia.

Ius gentium gaxda universaluri samarTlis sinonimi, romelic, erTi mxriv, ius civile-s,

xolo, meore mxriv, romis imperiis saqonelbrunvaSi monawile xalxTa erovnuli

samarTlis sistemebs daupirispirda. vinaidan ius gentium-is normebs romaeli pretori

mxolod romSi iyenebda da romSi moqmed samarTlad rCeboda.

Tu pretori miiCnevda, rom modave mxaris interesebi samarTliani iyo, magram misi

dacva civiluri samarTlis normebiT ver ganxorcieldeboda, maSin pretori

gascemda faqtebze damyarebul (in factum conceptae) sasarCelo formulas, romelic

saerTaSoriso vaWrobisa da saqonelbrunvis Cveulebis princips efuZneboda. amgvarad

Camoyalibda samarTlis axali sistema, romelic srulad Seesabameboda yofiT

pirobebs. is SemuSavebeli iqna sasamarTlo magistratebis praqtikuli saqmianobis

Sedegad miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis safuZvelze da xSirad savaWro Cveulebebs

efuZneboda.

mkacrad formaluri da naklebad mobiluri civiluri samarTlisgan gansxvavebiT,

xalxis samarTali ukeT da swrafad Seewyo mzard socialur moTxovnebs. ZirZveli

tradiciebisagan Tavisufali ius gentium-iT ganviTarebuli savaWro urTierTobebi

regulirdeboda, romlis monawile mxareebi romaelebi da sxva eris warmomadgenlebi

iyvnen. amrigad, ius gentium-i universalur samarTlad iqca im TvalsazrisiT, rom

komerciuli urTierTobis dasaregulireblad savaWro brunvis nemismieri monawile

mxaris mimarT (maTi moqalaqeobis miuxedavad) gamoyeneba.

civiluri samarTlisa da xalxis samarTlis urTierTsapirispiro dualizmi maT

Serwymas ver ganapirobebda. samarTlis unificirebis procesiT dainteresebuli iyo

romauli sazogadoeba, romelic dapyrobili qveynebis yvela olqSi samoqalaqo da

savaWro brunvis gafarToebas eswrafoda. aRniSnuli procesis warmatebiT

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ganviTarebas uSualod uwyobda xels peregrinebisaTvis romis moqalaqeobis miniWeba.

sabolood, pretoruli samarTlis, CveulebiTi samarTalisa da zogadad

iurisprudenciis aqtiurma Zalisxmevam ius civile-sa da ius gentium-is Serwyma ganapiroba.

ganviTarebuli ius civile-s mxardaWeriTa da TanadgomiT, pretoruli samarTali

sazogadoebriv yofaSi faqtobrivad ius gentium-is principebs amkivrebda.

sasaqonlo-savaWro urTierTobis wiaRSi amave mimarTebiT moqmedi axali CveulebiTi

samarTali gansakuTrebiT uwyobda xels ius gentium-is ganviTarebas. qr. Sobamde 50

wliT adre xsenebuli samarTlis axalma axsna-ganmarteba _ nova interpretatio iuris-ma

wina planze iuridiuli garigebis yvelaze arsebiTi elementis _ nebis _ mniSvneloba

wamoswia. Ius gentium-is ganviTarebis meore arsebiTi faqtori e.w eqstraordinaluri

kognicia (davebis gadawyvetis Tavisufali forma) aRmoCnda (amaze saubari qvemoT

gveqneba).

gansakuTrebuli simkacriTa da formalizmiT ius civile saojaxo-memkvidreobiT

urTierTobebze zemoqmedebda, rasac ver vityviT ius gentium-ze. samagierod, moZravi

qonebis brunvis farTo sfero ius gentium-is gavleniT viTardeboda. Ius gentium-is

swrafi ganviTarebis maCvenelad romaelma iuristebma misi regulirebis sferoSi

monobis institutis Setana miiCnies. Ius gentium-i gansakuTrebul zegavlenas

saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebze axdenda, ris Sedegadac civluri samarTlisagan

gansxvavebuli axali tipis xelSekrulebebi Seiqmna, romlebic, yovelgvari sazeimo

ritualebisa da formalobebis gareSe, sada, martiv SeTanxmebebs efuZneboda. xalxis

samarTlis zegavlena ius civile-ze ormxrivi iyo: 1. dadgenili institutebi ius civile-m

wrafad STanTqa, 2. amavdroulad Zveli civiluri samarTliT gaTvaliswinebuli

normebi xalxis samarTalSi aisaxa. romauli ekonomikis ganviTarebis kvalobaze,

aRniSnuli procesi sul ufro viTardeboda; amis gamo Tavad romaelebi ius gentium-sa

da ius civile-s Tanabar mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen. Ius gentium-is Sesaxeb Teoriuli

Sexedulebebis SemuSavebaze didi gavlena moaxdena berZnuli filosofiis

doqtrinam, kerZod, aristoteles moZRvrebam, romelic erTmaneTisagan mijnavda

bunebiT da kanonier (ius naturale, ius legitimum) samarTals. romaelma iuristebma

mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitanes aRniSnuli doqtrinis srulyofa-ganviTarebis

saqmeSi. Tumca maTTvis ius gentium-i yovelTvis wminda romaul da ara ucxo

samarTlis sistemad miiCneoda.

Teoriulad romaeli iuristebi samarTals or sfeord _ civilur da xalxis

samarTlad _ yofdnen. am dayofas ciceronic iziarebda. samarTlis dayofis

TvalsazrisiT, axali safuZvlebi Semoitana gaiusma, romelsac civiluri samarTali

kanonmdeblobis nayofad miaCnda da igi mis bunebiTi gonis mier (ratio naturalis) mier

Seqmnil ius gentium-s upirispirebda.

romael iuristTa mier Semqnili axali Teoriis Tanaxmad, xalxis samarTali ara

civilur samarTals upirispirdeboda, aramed bunebiT samarTals (stoelTa

filosofiis mixedviT), romlis Tanaxmadac, bunebiTi samarTliT yvela adamiani

Tanasworia _ iure naturae omnes homines aequales sunt. principatis xanaSi aequitas

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(samarTlianoba) _ civlur samarTalTan erTad xalxis samarTlis dapirispireba. Ius

aequum-iT (samarTliani samarTali anu aequitas) mkacri samarTali (ius strictum)

xorcieldeboda. iuristTa praqtikul saqmianobaSi samarTlianobis principi

damkvidrda. marTalia, iuristebi Tvals xuWavdnen iseT siboroteze, rogoric

monoba da mepatroneebis mier Tavisufali glexobis eqspluatacia iyo, mainc

aqtiurad amkvidrebdnen samarTlianobis princips, romelic samarTlis sferoSi

kanonis winaSi yvelas udavo TanasworobiT civiluri samarTlis moTxovnaTa

simkacres amsubuqebda. didi xnis manZilze kerZo samarTlis sferoSi

samarTlianobis principi iuristebis mier, wminda empiriuli (SemecnebiTi) da

praqtikuli mosazrebebiT, gonebisa da samarTlianobis mzard moTxovnilebebisadmi

ltolvad aRiqmeboda. respublikis bolo periodSi ki, sakuTrebis ufleba bunebiTi

samarTlianobis princips efuZneboda. amis Taobaze xazgasmiTaa aRniSnuli

digestebSi (D.40,1,9,3): bunebiT samarTlianobas ise araferi Seesabameba, rogorc

samarTliT dadgenili mesakuTris neba. samarTlianobis principTan absolutur

Seusabamobad ganixileboda raime sargeblis motyuebiT (dolus) miReba, romlis

sapirispirodac keTilsindisiereba bona fides miiCneoda. aseTi principiT moqmedebdnen

pretoris ediqtis miRebisas, riTac aixsneba, ediqtsa da pretoruli samarTlis

mraval debulebaSi ius aequum-is arsebobis sixSire. pretoruli samarTlis mraval

debulebas ediqtis komentatorebi swored samarTlianobis principis safuZvelze

ganmartavdnen.

$4. bunebiTi samarTali (ius naturale)

Ius gentium-is zemoaRniSnuli gageba romaelma iuristebma imdenad ganavrces, rom

respublikis xanis bolo periodSi arsobrivad igi ius naturale-s dauaxloves.

ciceroni iyo pirveli, vinc bunebiTi samarTali zneobis moTxovnad gansazRvra; misi

mtkicebiT, samarTali bunebis mier dadgenil ucvlel zneobasa da kanons

emyareboda.

ulpianes azriT, xSir SemTxvevaSi, kerZo sakuTrebis uflebac bunebiT samarTals

efuZneboda. bunebiTi samarTlis Sesaxeb misi Sexeduleba yvelaze srulyofili iyo

da farTo gagebiT aRiqmeboda. ulpianes Tanaxmad, bunebiTi samarTlis moTxovna,

zogadad, sicocxleze vrceldeboda, xolo xalxis samarTlis moqmedebis areali

mxolod adamianebiT ifargleboda. digestebSi vkiTxulobT: xalxis samarTali

vrceldeba mTel kacobriobaze. amdenad, ioli gasagebia, rom igi gansxvavdeba

bunebiTi samarTlisagan, romelic yvela sulierze vrceldeba, xalxis samarTali ki

mxoldo adamianTa urTierTobebs moicavs. (D.1.1.1.4)

Tavi II. romis samarTlis wyaroebi

Tanamedrove gagebiT, samarTlis wyaro gulisxmobs saxelmwifo xelisuflebis mier

sakuTari nebis gamoxatvis formas. Sesabamisad, samarTlis wyaroebSi asaxulia

qveynis politikuri organizaciis oficialuri saxelmwifoebrivi neba, romelic

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erTnairad misaRebi da savaldebuloa rogorc sazogadoebis yvela fenis, ise

saxelmwifoebrivi institutebisaTvis. Tanamedrove gagebiT, samarTlis ZiriTadi

wyaroebia: Cveuleba da CveulebiTi samarTli, normatiuli aqtebi, sasamarTlo da

iuridiuli precedentebi, doqtrina, samarTalSegneba da samarTlebrivi ideologia.

Tumca, sxvadasxva istoriul periodSi samarTlis wyaros mimarT gansxvavebuli

damokidebulebis gamo, zemoCamoTvlili samarTlis ZiriTad wyaroebad yovelTvis

rodi ganixileboda. Zvel romSi civilizaciis ganviTarebis sxvadasxva etapze

samarTlis wyaroTa didi mravalferovnebis gamo, maTi rolisa da savaldebulo

Zalis mimarT gansxvavebuli damokidebuleba arsebobda. Zveli romis civilizaciis

istoriis Seswavlam, samarTlis istorikosebs SesaZlebloba misca

samarTalganviTarebis Semdegi periodebi gamoeyoT:

1. arqauli xana – qr. Sobamde 753 _ 367w. 2. wina klasikuri periodi – qr. Sobamde 367w.-dan qr. Sobis 17w. 3. klasikuri iurisprudenciis epoqa _ qr. Sobis 17 w. _ qr. Sobis 235 an 305w.w. 4. postklasikuri periodi IV–Vss. VI saukunis bizantiis imperatoris iustiniane didis saxelsa da moRvaweobasTan

dakavSirebuli e.w. iustinianes samarTalSemoqmedeba calke ganxilvis sagania. es

periodi moicavs iustinianes mmarTvelobis xanas 529-535 wlebsa da Semdeg, TiTqmis

30 wlis ganmavlobaSi e.w. iustinianes krebulSi Setanili cvlilebebisa da

damatebebis, anu samarTlebrivi (sakanonmdeblo) novaciaTa epoqas, romlis Sedegad

iustinianes sakanonmdeblo krebulis kidev erTi, meoTxe nawili, e.w. novelebi

Seiqmna. amrigad, Zveli romis samarTlis wyaroTa Seswavla mizanSewonilia swored

aRniSnuli periodebis mixedviT, vinaidan TiToeuli maTgani, momdevno epoqasTan

SedarebiT, mniSvnelovani TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba.

I. arqauli periodis ZiriTadi Taviseburebani (qr. Sobamde 753-367ww.)

Ius civile (civluri samarTali); ius gentium (xalxis samarTali); ius sacrum (religiuri

samarTali); ius commercium (savaWTo samarTali); pontifices (qurumi); interpretatio pontificium

(qurumis ganmarteba); familia (ojaxi); fides (erTguleba); legisactiones (kanonieri sarCeli);

aequum (samarTliani); fas (religiuri wesrigi); ius dicere, iuris dictio (sasamarTlo

xelisufleba); curia (kuria); comitia curiata (kuriis saxalxo kreba); leges regiae (reqsebis

kanonebi); populus (xalxi); comitia centuriata (centuriis saxalxo kreba); res publica

(saxalxo krebebis suvereniteti, respublika); lex publica, lex rogata (sakaro kanoni); lex

privata (kerZo kanoni); consul (konsuli); imperium (uzenaesi Zalaufleba); patricii

(patricebi); plebs (plebeebi); civitas (Temi); hostes (mteri).

qr. Somabde 753-367 ww. ori simboluri TariRia, romlebic Zvel romaelTa

sazogadoebis samarTlebrivi organizaciis tradiciebs asaxavs. aRniSnuli

tradiciebi jer kidev im periodidan iRebs saTaves, roca apeninis naxevarkunZuli

italikebis tomebiT dasaxlebuli ar iyo da mdinare tibrosis sanapiroebze

laciumis patara olqSi mokrZalebuli kolonia arsebobda. isic aRsaniSnavia, rom

Zvel romaelTa msoflmxedveloba da maTi samarTlebrivi institutebi erTbaSad ver

Seicvleboda. aRniSnul epoqaSi, zogadad retrospeqtiuli da esqotoligiuri

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msoflmxedvelobis wiaRSi sagnobrivi interesebi dgindeboda da samyaros

individualurad aRmqmeli calkeuli adamianis Rirebuleba fexs ikidebda. amave

epoqis dasawyisSi Tu romaelebi jer kidev did patriarqalur ojaxebad (familia)

cxovrobdnen da winaparTa kults (adgnatus proximus) aRmerTebdnen, qr. Sobamde IV

saukuneSi sazogadoeba mcire ojaxebad daiyo. gvari calkeul individs aRar

STanTqavda, piriqiT, xels uwyobda misi STamomavlobis gamravlebas mcire ojaxuri

koleqtivis saxiT. Zveli romauli erTobis ganviTareba im stadias asaxavda, rodesac

adamians sakuTari Tavi ver warmoedgina im saojaxo organizaciis gareSe, romelsac,

drois mixedviT, didi winapari, mamamTavari gansazRvravda, xolo sivrciT _ ojaxis

samkvidro teritoria. am ukanasknelis zRvrebSi iyo moqceuli wminda adgilebic anu

maTi saTayvanebeli winaprebis saflavebi. ojaxis samflobelos sazRvrebs miRma

mTeli garesamyaro romaelebs uwmindur Zalad warmoedginaT. sasaqonlo gacvla-

gamocvla ara ekonomokuri, aramed mxolod sakomunikacio mniSvnelobisa iyo, ama Tu

im ojaxis wevrebTan piradi kontaqtebs damyarebis mizniT, ucxo gvaris wevrebs

mtrebad (hostes) aRar miiCnevdnen da Sinaurebad Rebulobdnen. amrigad, ucxosTan

kontaqtiT, piri, samarTlebriv aspeqtSi, sakuTar Tavs iZenda. aseTi kavSirebis

erTgulebis (fides) garanti magiuri da religiuri saSualebebi (fici, totemis

gacvla, misnoba) iyo. yovelive amiT dasabami mieca garkveul ritualebs, romlebmac,

sxvadasxva ekonomikuri urTierToba ganapiroba. sagnobrivi interesebis ganviTarebas

ritualebis specializaciac moyva. marTalia, saritualo ceremoeniebSi

monawileobis ufleba hqondaT mxolod romaelebs da nawilobriv im laTinuri

Temebs, romelTac romaelebTan garkveuli saxis garigebebis dadebis ufleba miecaT.

Zveli romauli sazogadoebidan ucxoelebis anu mtrebis (hostes) gandevnam

mniSvnelovnad gansazRvra uZvelesi romauli samarTlebrivi sistemis karCaketiloba.

saritualo ceremoniebis siwmindesa da tradiciiT dadgenili wesebs qurumebis

sagangebo kolegia pontifices (pontifikosebi) icavda. Zveli romis religiur (ius sacrum)

da saero cxovrebis wesebsac axali viTarebis Sesabamisad, isini gankargavdnen, anu

ama Tu im normisa Tu institutis saxes es kolegia erToblivad adgenda.

amrigad, yofiTi pirobebis Secvlam samarTlis normatiul stabilurobasa da

monacvleobaze gavlena ver moaxdina. qurumTa kolegia 15 pontifikosis _ flaminebi

(uzenaesi RmerTebis umaRlesi qurumebi), qalRmerT vestas qalwuli qurumebis,

vestalebisa da rex sacrorum-isagan Sedgeboda. yovelwliurad pontifikosebi TavianTi

kolegiis erT-erT wevrs kerZo samarTlis Seswavlas avalebdnen. aRniSnul epoqaSi,

religiuri normebis Sesamabisad, kerZosamarTlebrivi urTierTobebi savaldebulo

da misaRebi iyo (aequum, ius). Tumca, es garemoeba samarTlisa da religiis zust

analogiaas rodi niSnavda. jer kidev romulusis dros romis samarTlis

istoriulad adreul etapzeve Camoyalibda gansakuTrebul sasamarTlo

xelisuflebad (iuridictio), romliTac aRiWurven rex-ebi. kerZo davaTa da konfliqtTa

ganxilvisas reqsi xelmZRvanelobda samarTliT ius (ius dicere) da

samarTaldamrRvevisaTvis sanqcias awesebda. qcevis zogadi wesebis dadgenisas rex-i

(SesaZloa pontifikosebTan erTad) sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebasac axorcielebda.

Semdeg is axal normebs waradgenda kuriis saxalxo krebaze (comitia curiata), romelic

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am wesebs (lex curiata) mxolod iwonebda. Rex-is kanonebis (leges regiae) Sesaxeb cnobebs

gviandeli periodis avtorebi gvawvdidnen. qr. Sobamde 509 wels reqsebis gandevnis

Semdeg axali periodi iwyeba; sasamarTlo xelisufleba da sakanonmdeblo

iniciativis ufleba or umaRles magistrats _ konsulsa da senats (aristokratiul

sabWos) _ mieniWa. kanonebis miReba mxolod senatis mier maTi mowonebisa da

komiciebis mier votirebis proceduris gavlis Semdeg (auctoritas patrum) xdeboda.

respublikis (res publica) damyareba xalxis suverenitetis gamarjvebasa (`populus”

aqedan `publicum”) da romis samoqalaqo Temad civitas (moqalaqeTa erTobliobad)

gadaqcevas mowmobda. tradiciulad, am procesis dasabamad miCneulia epoqa

etruskuli reqsebisa, romlebic romSi qr. Sobamde VI saukuneSi zeobdnen. servius

tuliusis mier gatarebuli reformebis Sedegad, mosaxleoba qonebrivi cenzis

mixedviT axal samxedro-administraciul _ centuriebad _ dayofas daeqvemdebara da

axali saxis saxalxo krebebi _ comitia centuriata dawesda. gadmocemis Tanaxmad, etruski

reqsebi qveyanas tiranulad marTavdnen, maT sagvareulo aristokratia daimorCiles,

riTac didwilad amaRlda komiciebis politikuri mniSvneloba. reformis Semdeg,

reqsebis gandevna kanonzomieri movlena, da sagvareulo aristokratiis erTgvari

revanSi iyo. saxelmwifoSi umaRles Tanamdebobebze mxolod senatorebi (patres) da

maTi STamomavlebi (patricii) irCevdnen, arapatriciebs aseTi ufleba ra gaaCndaT.

Aamrigad, qr. Sobamde VI saukuneSi romis sazogadoeba or fenad _ patriciebad

(patricii) da plebeebad (plebs) gaiyo. ori saukunis manZilze maT Soris Seurigebeli

politikuri dapirispireba plebeebis gamarjvebiT dasrulda: maT miaRwies sakuTari

magistratis, plebsis tribunis (tribuni plebs), arCevas. Tumca, konsulebis Tanabari

umaRlesi Zalaufleba (imperium), ar gaaCndaT. magram sxva nebismieri magistratis

gankargulebasa da maT Soris sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaze, veto-s ufleba moipoves,

aseve saerTo saxalxo krebebze sakanonmdeblo iniciativis ufleba mieniWaT.

aRsaniSnavia, rom plebsis tribunis Zalaulfleba mxolod q. romiT ifargleboda.

axla cal-calke ganvixiloT samarTlis TiToeuli wyaro.

$1. CveulebiTi samarTali

Mos romanum (romauli Cveuleba); mores maiorum (winaparTa daanderZevi); consuetudo

(CveulebiTi samarTali); mos regionis (adgilobrivi Cveuleba, samarTlis normis

analogiiT gamoyeneba).

samoqalaqo brunvaSi mudmivad gamoyenebul samarTlis normas, romelic xalxsi

rwmenas efuZneba CveulebiTi samarTali ewodeba. CveulebiTi samarTali samarTlis

is saxea, romelsac adamianebis gonivruli qcevis wesad miiCneven. cnebidan

gamomdinare, CveulebiTi samarTlis wyaro saxelmwifo wyobilebisagan

damoukidebeli saxalxo gonia. amitom CveulebiTi samarTali SeiZleba ganviTardes

winareistoriel xanaSi. imisaTvis rom, CveulebiT samarTals samarTlis wyaros

funqcia mieniWos da moqmedebdes rogorc samarTlebrivi sistema, igi sam pirobas

unda akmayofilebdes: 1. garkveuli wesis xangrZlivad, uwyvetad moqmedeba da misi

dacva; 2. xalxis samarTlebrivi mrwamsi; 3. imperator konstantines

konstituciis mixedviT, arsebul (moqmed) kanons unda avsebdes, ar unda

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ewinaaRmdegebodes da mxolod sakanonmdeblo xarvezs aRmogxvravdes.

wesisamebr, aseTi moTxovniT igulisxmeboda Semdegi: CveulebiTi samarTlis normebi

dasaSvebi iyo praeter legem-is da ara contra legem-is pirobebSi, anu CveulebiTi

samarTlis normas unda hqonoda supletoruli (xarvezis aRmofxvris SesaZlebloba)

da ara derogaciuli Zala.

Zvel romSi Cveulebas, Cvevas mos Romanum ewodeboda. winaparTa anderZs, danabarebs

_ mores maiorum, xolo CveulebiT samarTals _ consuetudo, samarTlis normis

anologiiT, erT romelime mxareSi dadgenili CveulebiT (mos regionis) calkeuli

pirebis TviTneburi qcevis SesaZleblobas, qcevis zogadsavaldebulo standartiT

zRudavda da samarTlebrivi urTierTobis monawileTa SemTxveviTi garemoebebisagan

dacvas uzrunvelyofda. kerZod, partniori mxaris ususurebisa Tu misi mxridan

fizikuri Zalis uxeSi gamoyenebisagan Tavdacvis mizniT, erTi konkretuli

samarTlebrivi sivrcis pirebi Tanabar pirobebSi imyofebodnen.Aam wesisadmi

morCileba, `Tavisiani~-is `ucxosgan~ (hostes) da samarTlebrivi urTierTobis

monawileTa aramonawileTagan, anu subieqtebis arasubieqtebisagan gamijvnis

SesaZleblobas iZleoda. amgvari damokidebulebis safuZvelze Camoyalibda

Sexeduleba abstraqtuli partnioris, anu adamianTa im erTobliobis Sesaxeb,

romelic yoveldRiuri urTierTobaSi qcevis msgavsi wesebiT xelmZRvanelobda.

sakuTar wreSi ama Tui im Cveul qcevaze adekvaturi reaqciis molodini da imedi,

qcevis aseTi wesebis dadgenas ganapirobebda da Taobidan TaobaSi gadacemis

aucileblobas gansazRvravda, rac romaelTa sazogadoebaSi jerovani qcevis Sesaxeb

SexedulebaTa _ mos Romanum _ samarTlis axali sistemis Camoyalibebas uwyobda

xels. es sistema moqmedebda ara marto yoveldRiur (Cveulebriv) qcevebSi, aramed

enobriv formaSic (zepirsityvaobasa an werilobiTi dokumentebSi) aisaxa da

pozitiuri samarTlis formas warmoadgenda. kodifikaciamde, normad qceuli

tradiciis memkvidreobiTobas uzrunvelyofdnen ponTipikosebi (pontifices),

romelTac winaparTa naanderZevis (mores maiorum) dacva-gafrTxileba daevalaT.

kerZod, urTierTobis dadgenili wesebis zustad gadacema sazogadoebisaTvis, misi

moTxovnebis ganviTarebis kvalobaze, zogadsavaldebuli wesebis mudmivad,

adekvaturad dadgena-ganaxleba, mzard sazogadoebriv moTxovnebTan maTi

Sesabamisobis uzrunvelsayofa. garda amisa, maTve evalebodaT qcevis dadgenili

wesebis saTanado formiT axsna-ganmarteba ganviTarebuli saxogadoebisaTvis.

dawerili kanonebis Seqmnis Semdegac am teqnikam gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba

Cveulebebis avtoritetiT SeinarCuna. maTi avtoriteti imdenad didi iyo, rom

pontifikosebi da gviandeli periodis saero iuristebi swored maT iyenebdnen im

gadawyvetilebaTa misaRebad, romelTa gamotana kanonis safuZvelze SeuZlebeli iyo.

Mores maiorum-iT gaTvaliswinebuli normebi XII dafis kanonebSi ar asaxula. es

faqti samarTlebrivi urTierTobis uZvelesi formebis simtkiceze miuTiTebs

(ritualebi da institutebi). XII dafis kanonebis interpretaciiT am normaTa

umravlesoba, garkveuli cvlilebebiT, ius civile-s Semadgenel nawilad aRiqmeboda.

unda aRiniSnos, rom mores-is didi nawili XII dafis kanonebis interpretaciiT

12

mniSvnelovnad Seicvala da amis Semdeg isini ius civile-s Semadgenel nawilad

ganixileboda.

iuridiuli TvalsazrisiT, bevrad ufro mniSvnelovania termini Cveuleba (consuetudo).

qr. Sobamde I saukuneSi moRvawe pretorebi mas CveulebiTi samarTlis _ axali

normatiuli elementis _ aRsaniSnavad iyenebdnen. Ius civile-s gagebiT, mores maiorum-s

funqcia ufro konservatiuli xasiaTisaa, consuetudo ki siaxlis wyarod, ius civile-s

erTgvar saxeobad warmoCindeba. ciceronis Tanaxmad, CveulebiTi samarTali aris

dauwereli kanoni, romelic efuZneba Cveulebas an adamianTa Soris SeTanxmebas da

TiTqmis sayovelTao mowonebiT sargeblobs, uwinaresad mas vicavT, rogorc

winaparTa naanderZevsa da erTgvarad bunebiTi samarTliT nakarnaxeb kanonebs.

amrigad, CveulebiTi samarTlis erTaderTi specifikuri niSani misi dawerili

formiT ararseboba gaxlavT.

$2. kanoni (leges) da plebiscitebi (plebiscita)

a) kanoni _ leges

Populus (xalxi), lex publica (sajaro kanoni), lex rogata (komiciebSi votirebuli _ xmis

micemiT miRebuli _ kanoni), privilegium (gansakuTrebuli norma), provocatio ad populo

(komiciebSi apelacia-provokacia), leges perfecta (kanonierebis principi, srulyofili

saxis kanoni), leges minus quam perfecta (naklebad srulyofili saxis kanoni), leges

imperfecta (arasrulyofili saxis naklovani kanoni).

Tanamedrove samarTlis Teoriis Tanaxmad, kanonis cneba Semdegnairadaa

ganmartebuli: kanoni aris xelisuflebis umaRlesi warmomadgenlobiTi organos

mier, gansakuTrebuli wesiT miRebuli, umaRlesi iuridiuli Zalis mqone

normatiuli aqti, romelic awesrigebs (aregulirebs) sazogadoebrivi urTierTobis

umniSvnelovanes mxareebs (sferoebs).

Zvel romSi samarTlis umniSvnelovanes wyaros dawerili formis kanoni

warmoadgenda. gaiusis instituciebis 1.3. Tanaxmad, lex est quod populus iubet atque constituit _

kanoni aris is, rac xalxma brZana da daadgina.

Zveli romaelebi kanonis (lex) _ pozitiuri samarTlis uzenaesi da yvelaze

srulyofili formis _ kriteriumad saxalxo krebis mier mis miRebas miiCnevdnen;

politikuri TvalsazrisiT, am aspeqtiT xalxi (populus) ganixileboda civitas-ad

(suverenuli koleqtivi). praqtikulad, kanoni damtkicebuli da dadgenili unda

yofiliyo mTeli romaeli xalxis (cives romani) warmomdgeni saxalxo krebis (comitia)

mier: `...populi appellatione universi cives significatur _ saxeldebiT xalxiT yvela moqalaqe

igulisxmeboda (Gai.,1.3).

sakuTari interesebis dasacavad kanonis mimRebi suverenuli uflebebiT aRWurvili

xalxis neba kanons romis samarTlis oficialurad dadgenil (pozitivaciis)

ZiriTad formad gardaqmnida, vinaidan moqalaqeTagan (cives) momdinare samarTalad _

13

ius civile-d aRiqmeboda.

xalxisa (populus) _ samarTlis normis Semoqmedisa da Temis (cives) _ misi adresatis

sayovelTaoba gansazRvravda aseTi normis universalurad gatolebad xasiaTs, imis

miuxedavad, rom kanonis teqstis Camoyalibeba specialistebis mier unda momxdariyo.

kanoni aris zogadi moTxovna, gamocdil kacTa gadawyvetileba, im danaSaulis

daTrgunva, romelic Cadenili iqneba an TviTnebobiT, an ucodinrobiT, anu

respublikis zogadi fici (D.1.3.1.) amgvarad, teqstSi saxalxo kanonis (lex populi)

ganmasxvavebeli niSnebia aRniSnuli: 1. profesionalTa (samarTalmcodneebi - iuris

prudentes) monawileoba cxadyofs, rom maT hqondaT saTanado codna da gamocdileba;

2. lex-i, rogorc samarTlis forma, zogad xasiaTs Seesabameboda; 3. kanonebi

dgindeboda mTeli samoqalaqo sazogadoebisa (communis sponsio) da yvela

moqalaqisTvis (commune praeceptum), iTvaliswinebda yovelgvari urTierTobis (sponsio)

Sedegs moqalaqeTa Soris. amdenad, gamoricxavda qcevis gauazreblobasa da

umecrobas, rogorc normis SesaZlo darRvevis an ugulebelyofis mizezs.

kanonebi uzrunvelyofdnen samarTlis sizustesa da sicxades. maTive daniSnuleba

iyo moqalaqeTa da mmarTvelTa TviTnebobis gamoricxva.

romis samarTlis istoriis aRwerisas pomponiusi erTmaneTs upirispirebs pozitiuri

samarTlis Tavdapirvel ararasebobasa da romulusis mier saxalxo krebebze (comitia

curiata) kanonTa gamocema-dadgenis praqtikas (leges curiata), damtkicebis saxiT. misi

azriT: Cveni samoqalaqo Temis sawyis periodSi xalxma sakuTari cxovreba warmarTa

gansazRvruli kanonis, gansazRvruli samarTlis gareSe, da yvelaferi reqsebis mier

gacemuli saxelisuflo gankargulebebiT imarTeboda. reqsebis kanonebi gamoicemoda

etruskuli dinastiis zeobis periodSi. maTi gamocema didi pontifikos papiriusis

mier ganxorcielda da sruliad kanonzomierad iwoda ius civile Papirianum. kanonTa

gamocema ki reqsTa sakanonmdeblo saqmianobis dasrulebas daukavSirda, ris gamoc,

tradiciulad, es movlena respublikis periodis dasawyisad iTvleba. am periods

pomponiusi samarTlis gaurkvevlobis axal mdgomareobad axasiaTebs. XII dafis

kanonebis SeqmniTa da gamoqveynebiT viTareba kardinalurad Seicvala. decemvirebis

mier Sedgenili kanonebisaTvis xmis micema saxalxo krebze xdeboda, ris Semdegac

isini sajaro gasacnobad forumze _ spilenZis Tormeti dafis saxiT _ gamofines. es

aqti samarTlis normatiul sistemasa da pozitiuri samarTlis garkveulobas Soris

miRweuli erTianobis simbolo iyo. Tu sazogadoebisaTvis mniSvnelovani yvela wesi

kanonis saxes miiRebda, samarTlis garkveulobis idea ganuxorcielebeli darCeboda.

XII dafis kanonebiT ikrZaleboda samomavlod iseTi saxis sakanonmdeblo iniciativa

(rogatio), romelic iqneboda mimarTuli kanonis gverdis avlisa da calkeul pirTa

sasargeblod gansakuTrebuli normebis (privilegium) misaRebad.

XII dafis kanonebi pozitiuri samarTlis Secvlis sakanonmdeblo proceduras

iTvaliswinebda. titus laviusis redaqciiT Cvenamde moRweul XII dafis kanonebis

Tanaxmad, `rac ar unda daadginos xalxma sabolood, es iqneba dadgenili

samarTali.~ am dadgenilebiT naTelia, rom yoveli axali kanoni Zvels ki ar

auqmebda, aramed, pirvel yovlisa, icavda arsebul (moqmed) kanons, romlis

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gauqmebasac iseTive procedura esaWiroeboda, rogoric misi miRebisaTvis iyo

dadgenili. romis samarTalSi XII dafis kanonebi ZiriTad sakanonmdeblo aqtad

rCeboda, amitom mas, sagangebo dazustebis gareSe, xSir SemTxvevaSi ubralod `leges~-

ad ixseniebdnen; mogvianebiT, swored XII dafis kanonTa interpretaciis safuZvelze

daixvewa da ganviTarda ius civile, ris gamoc, romauli saTemo-samarTlebrivi sistema

formalurad mTlianad am kodeqss daefuZna.

momdevno anu respublikis periodSi kanonebisaTvis xmis micema komicebSi xdeboda.

Ius civile-sagan gansxvavebiT maT leges rogatae ewoda da isini 1. an reagirebas axdendnen

farTod gavrcelebul socialur cvlilebebze da amis gamo politikur mniSvneobas

iZendnen (maTi mTavari Sedegi iyo is socialuri kompromisi, romlis Sedegadac XII

dafis kanonebi Seiqmna), 2. an XII dafis kanonebSi Cadebuli principebi axal

urTierTobebeze vrceldeboda, riTac arsebuli xarvezebis koreqtireba xdeboda.

pirveli jgufs ganekuTvneboda:

1. lex Canulea, romlis safuZvlezec qr. Sobamde 443 w., XII dafis kanonebis

miRebisTanave, patriciebsa da plebeebs Soris qorwinebis akrZalva gauqmda; 2. lex

Poetelia Papiria, romlis ZaliTc qr. Sobamde 326 w. kreditors aekrZala TviTneburad

piradad gasworeboda valauval movales; 3. mevaxSeobis SemzRudavi kanonebi; 4. qr.

Sobamde II saukunis agraruli kanonebi, romlebic miwaTmflobelobisa da

miwaTsargeblobis axal wess adgendnen; 5. qorwinebis Taobaze avgustusis

kanonebi, romlebic saojaxo da memkvidreobiTi samarTlis mraval instituts Seexo.

aRniSnul kanonTa mizani samarTlis sistemis logikis ganviTareba iyo, da ara misi

reformireba.

kanonTa meore jgufs ganekuTvneboda kanonebi, romlebmac marginaluri cvlilebebi

daamkvidres. maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo normaTa SezRuduli qmediToba. kanonSi

miTiTebuli sanqcis mixedviT, romaeli iuristi ulpiane erTmaneTisagan kanonTa sam

saxes ganasxvavebda: 1. leges perfectae (srulyofili saxis kanonebi), romlebic

akrZaluli aqtis baTilobas gulisxmobda; 2. leges minus quam perfectae (naklebad

srulyofili saxis kanonebi), romlebic samarTaldarRvevisaTvis sasjels

(ZiriTadad jarimas) adgenen, Tumca, akrZaluli aqts Zaladakargulad ar miiCnevdnen;

3. leges imperfectae (arasrulyofili saxis kanonebi), romlebic saerTod ar

iTvaliswinebdnen sanqcias: arc aqtis baTilad cnobis, arc misi gamoyenebis gamo

sasjelis dawesebis saxiT.

b) plebiscitebi _ plebiscita

Tavdapirvelad, plebsis saxalxo krebis (consilium plebis) mier miRebuli

gadawyvetilebebi _plebiscitebi (plebiscita) savaldebulo mxolod plebsisaTvis iyo

(`olim patricii dicebant plebiscitis se non teneri, quia sine auctoritate eorum facta essent _ odesRac

patriciebis mtkicebiT maT plebiscitebiT valdebulebebi ar ekisrebodaT, raki

isini gamoicema maTi mowonebisa da mxardaWeris gareSe” (Gai.,1.3); Tumca, qr. Sobamde

287 w., hortenziusis kanoniT, leges populi-s msgavsad, isini mTeli romaeli

xalxisaTvis savaldebulo Seiqna; hortenziusis kanonis Tanaxmad, romliTac

15

plebiscitebi mTeli xalxisaTvis savaldebulo Seiqna, isini kanonebs gauTanabres.

Plebiscita gansxvavdeboda leges populi-gan mxolod misi miRebis formiT, Tumca,

Seesabameboda leges yvela arsebiTi maxasiaTeblebiT.

$3. sarCeli, rogorc samarTlis wyaro

Legis actiones (kanonismieri sarCelebi); legis actio (kanonismieri sarCeli); pars iuris

(samarTlis nawili); forme agendi (sasarCelo formis normatiuli mniSvneloba).

Tu kanonebi sayovelTao TviTnebobis mniSvnelobis SezRudvebs adgenen da amiT

socialuri Tavisuflebis garkveuli donis dacvis garantias iZlevian, kerZo pirTa

Soris warmoqmnili davis SemTxvevaSi, subieqtis samarTlebrivad dacva,

gansakuTrebuli sajaro xelisuflebis _ sasamarTlos _ meSveobiT xorcieldeba.

samarTlis erTi subieqti meore subieqtis mimarT kanonze dafuZnebul sakuTar

pretenzias amtkicebda da sasamarTlos winaSe Tavad pretenziis marTebulobas

asabuTebda. misi mizani kanonTa debulebis safuZvelze, sakuTari uflebamosilebis

aRiarebis miRweva iyo. kanonis normebi qmediTobas raelurad arsebuli dacvis

saSualebebiT iZendnen. Tavis mxriv, sasamarTlo devnis muqarac xels uwyobda piris

uflebebis ganxorcielebas yovelgvari winaaRmdegobis gareSe.

termini `legis actio~ ara imdenad lex populi _ sarCelis formalur wyaroze uTiTebda,

ramdenadac TviT sarCelis fiqsirebul xasiaTze: `lege agere~ niSnavda `certis verbis

agere~ _ fiqsirebuli gancxadebiT veZioT dacva sasamarTloSi, garkveuli sityvebis

warmoTqmiT (lex privata _ kerZo kanoni), romlis teqsti, rogorc kanonis sityvebi,

ucvlelad rCeboda.

pontifikosebi mkacrad icavdnen kanonis formalur mxares, Tumca drois Sesabamisi

axali mniSvnelobis miniWebiT normis qmedebas kanoniT gauTvaliswinebel

urTierTobebzec avrcelebdnen.

Zveli sasamarTlo procesis monawileni iZulebulni iyvene zustad daecvaT

sarCeliT fiqsirebuli sityvebi _ sasarCelo formalizmi, rac kidev ufro

ganamtkicebda imis rwmenas, rom sasamarTlo dadebiT gadawyvetilebas gamoitanda,

radgan, Tavis mxriv, sasamarTloc SeboWili iyo amave kanoniT (is sanqcias adgenda

misi moTxovnis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi). samarTlis formis materialuri da

procesualuri aspeqtebis Tanxvedra uflebebisa da movaleobebis gansazRvrulobas

uzrunvelyofda, rac yvela msgavsi urTierTobis Tanabari dacvis garanti iyo.

sasarCelo formalizmi samarTlis Rrma codnas gulisxmobda. sasamarTloSi saqmis

wageba arasworad Sedgenili sarCelis gamo, TiTqmis warmoudgeneli iyo, vinaidan

aseT sarCels, rogorc ararsebuls (baTils), gansaxilvelad ubralod arc iRebdnen.

sasamarTlo procesis or nawilad dayofiT mosamarTlesTan saqme mxolod im

SemTxvevaSi xvdeboda, Tu miiCnevdnen, rom dava Rirda sasamarTlos magistrats

ganexila. gaiusis droindel sasamarTlo procesSi per formulas sarCels pretori

iZleoda da saqmes mosamarTlesTan gzavnida. samagierod, legis actiones dros saqmis

saTanado gaformeba da maSasadame, sarCelis Sinaarsis gaformeba, sasamarTlo

16

procesis pirvel fazas uswrebda win.

qr. Sobamde IV saukuneSi dadgenili legis actiones kanonis tolfasad aRiqmeboda,

rogorc ius civile Semadgeneli nawili. swored aman ganapiroba, kanonis darad

sarCelis formulaTa gamoqveyneba. Tumca, isic unda aRiniSnos, rom, legis actiones,

rogorc pozitiuri sarCelis forma, arsebiTad gansxvavdeboda kanonisgan: kanoni

zogadsavaldebulo da sayovelTao iyo, sarCeli mxolod maSin iZenda mniSvnelobas,

roca mas iyeneben (forma agendi). am formis damoukidebeli mniSvneloba, garda misi

gamoyenebiTi daniSnulebisa, pontifikosebis axsna-ganmartebiTi saqmianobiT, anu

pozitiuri samarTlis sxva wyaros _ iuristTa avtoritetiT izRudeboda.

$4. iuristebis moRvaweoba, rogorc samarTlis wyaro

Responsa prudentium (samarTalmcodneTa pasuxebi) autoritas prudentium (samarTalmcodneTa

avtoriteti), cavere (garigebebisa da sarCelebis formis Sedgena); agere (sasamarTloSi

saqmis warmoeba); respondere (konsultaciebze pasuxis gacema); exemplum (analogiuri

kazusi); controversia (dava, uTanxmoeba); ius controversum (samarTali, iuristebs Soris

davis obieqti); auctoritas principis (princefsis avtoriteti); ius respodendi ex auctoritate

principis (pasuxebis micemis ufleba princefsis avtoritetis safuZvelze); ius publice

respodendi (pasuxebis micemis ufleba sajaroobis safuZvelze); iuris consultus

(iuriskonsulti); iura (iuridiuli literatura); leges (imperatoris konstituciebi).

gaiusis Tanaxmad, Responsa prudentium sunt sententia et opiniones eorum quibus permissum est iura

condere _ samarTalmcodneTa pasuxebi aris mosazrebani da Sexedulebebi im pirebisa,

vinc uflebamosilia Seqmnas samarTali (Gai., 1.7.). iuridiuli codnis mqone

profesionali pirebisaTvis samarTalSemoqmedebiTi funqciebis miniWeba pozitiuri

samarTlis arsebobis praqtikul moTxovnaTa bunebrivi Sedegi iyo.

pomponiusis azriT, Constare non potest ius, nisi sit aliquis iuris peritus, per quem possit cottidie in melius

produci _ samarTlis mcodne pirebis gareSe samarTali ver iarsebebs, maTi meSveobiT

samarTali mudmivi srulyofis sagani iqneba (D.1.2.2.13.) Ius-is mimarT wayenebuli

moTxovnebi, srulyofisa da adekvaturobis TvalsazrisiT, samarTlis normis

pozitiur formasTan mudmivi SesabamisobiT unda ganviTarebuliyo. aseTi srulyofis

garanti ki iyo im pirTa profesiuli saqmianoba, romelTac specialuri iuridiuli

codna hqondaT (ius periti, iuris prudentes) da samarTlis sistemis funqciis

uzrunvelsayofad, samarTalSegnebis erTgvar samecniero organos qmnidnen.

samarTlis sistemis srulyofis procesi samarTalSemoqmedebis yvela elements

moicavda; iurisprudenciis Tavisebureba sistemis Sinagani mTlianobis

uzrunvelyofa da normis zogadi da formaluri debulebebis konkretuli azriTa

da qmediTobiT Sevseba iyo.

romauli sasamarTlo procesis SejibrebiToba, mosamarTleTa da advokatTa

(romlebic kerZo pirebi iyvnen) mwiri iuridiuli ganTleba samarTalmcodneTa

17

avtoritets (auctoritas prudentium) uaRresad ganadidebda, es ki imas mowmobda, rom

swored iuristebis mosazrebebisa da Sexedulebebis safuZvelze SemuSavebuli

samarTali da sasamarTlo procesebze warmoTqmuli maTi sityvebi samarTlis yvela

dargis zogad nawilad (pars iuris) iqca da mas samoqalaqo samarTali _ ius civile ewoda.

samarTalmcodneebis (prudentes) profesiuli saqmianoba sami ZiriTadi mimarTulebiT

xorcieldeboda: cavere (axali sarCelebisa da garigebebis Sedgena), agere

(sasamarTloSi saqmis warmoeba), respondere (pasuxebis gacema).

Cavere anu sarCelebis, garigebebisa da anderZis Sedgena. samarTalmcodneebis

(prudentes) cavere funqcia iyo magistratebisa da mosamarTleebisTvis daxmarebis

gaweva. gamonaklisi iyo is viTareba, roca axali sarCelis avtori Tavad magistrati

iyo. respublikis periodSi samarTalmcodneebi (prudentes) xSirad monawileobdnen

mosamarTleTa consilium-ebze; TviTon mosamarTleobdnen, pretoris sabWos wevrebi

iyvnen da TviTon xdebodnen pretorebi. samarTalmcodneebis (prudentes) wyalobiT

mravali sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba, momavali sasamarTlo procesebisaTvis

samagaliTo iyo, xolo axali sarCeli ki ediqtTa nawilad iqca. magram aRniSnul

organoebSi iuristebis samarTalSemoqmedebiTi saqmianoba ar unda gavaigivoT

sakuTriv iurisprudenciasTan, rogorc pozitiuri samarTlis gansakuTrebuli

formasTan. magaliTad actio Rutiliana, romelic gamoCenili iuristis publius

rutilius rufusis (qr. Sobamde 105 w. konsuli) saxeliTaa cnobili. magram

aRniSnuli sarCeli publiusis pretorobis dros iqna SemoRebuli (qr. Sobamde 118 w.)

da iuristkonsultis profesiul cavere-d ar miiCneva. igive iTqmis actio Publiciana-ze,

actio Serviana-sa da a.S.

Agere iyo sasamarTloSi saqmis warmoeba, roca iuristi mxaris dacvis funqciebs

sakuTar Tavze iRebda da advokatad gamodioda. dialogSi `brutusi~ cicerons

publius rufuss rutiliusi (politikuri moRvawe), kvintus muciusi (pontifikosi)

oratorad hyavs warmodgenili. mogvianebiT, samarTalmcodneebis (prudentes) agere

saqmianoba advokatebisa da profesionali oratorebisTvis pasuxis gacemiT

ifargleboda.

iuriskonsultisTvis yvelaze tipuri funqcia kerZo pirebisa da maTi

warmomadgenlebis mier dasmul SekiTxvebze azris gamoTqma da pasuxebis gacema

`respondere~ _ gaxldaT. sasamarTlo kamaTSi mopovebuli avtoritetiT, zogjer

samarTalmcodneebis (prudentes) azri mosamarTlis nebaze uSualo zemoqmedebas

axdenda da mas zRdavda; yvelaze mTavari mainc isaa, rom sasamarTlo sxomebze

samarTalmcodneebis (prudentes) uSualo monawileoba savaldebulo ar iyo. avtoris

auTenturobis garanti sagangebo beWedi, mosamarTlisadmi gagzavnili iuristis

piradi werili, an konsultaciis dros damswre pirTa mowmeoba iyo. yvelaze xSirad

samarTalmcodneebs (prudentes) konsultaciisaTvis orator-advokatebi mimarTavdnen;

aseT SemTxvevaSi, samarTalmcodneTa funqcia iyo maTTvis `hastas ministrant~ _ `Subis

miwodeba~ sityvieri paeqrobis gasamarTad. argumentaciis samarTlebriv safuZvlad

mores, leges, exempla (analogiuri SemTxvevebi praqtikidan) gamoyeneboda. Tumca,

18

sasamarTlosTvis Tavad iuriskonsultis azric savaldebulo Zalis mqoned

miiCneobda. sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis miRebis safuZvels ara marto arsebuli

pasuxi (responsa), aramed adre gamoTqmuli is mosazrebac warmoadgenda, romelic ara

mxolod aRiarebuli, aramed iuridiuli viTarebisTvis nimuSad miCneuli iyo.

pontifikosebis mier kolegiurad gacemuli pasuxisagan (responsa) gansxvavebiT (rac

uTanxmoebis daZlevis saSualebas iZleoda da samarTlis garkveulobas

uzrunvelyofda), samarTalmcodneebis (prudentes), rogorc kerZo pirTa mier gacemuli

pasuxebi, azrTa SesaZlo sxvaobis contoversia-s SemTxvevaSi, uxerxulobas qmnida.

azrTa mudmivi Widili sarCelis samarTlianobasa da gadawyvetilebis aqtualobas

uzrunvelyofda. garkveul sakiTxTa Taobaze azrTa erTianoba yvelasTvis

savaldebulo wess adgenda, xolo azrTa sxvaobis (ius controversum) SemTxvevaSi,

mosamarTles romelime iuristis mosazrebis arCeva SeeZlo.

romelime iuristis mosazrebisaTvis upiratesobis miniWeba, sabolood,

iurisprudenciis avtoritets ganamtkicebda.

principatis reJimma praqtikosi iuristebis samarTalSemoqmedebiTi saqmianoba

garkveulwilad SezRuda. imperatori avgustusi pirveli iyo, vinc pomponiusis

miTiTebiT daadgina, rom `Ius respodendi ex auctoritate principis _ TviT

princefsis avtoritetis safuZvelze” (D.1.2.2.49) iuristebs pasuxebis gacema SeeZloT.

es iyo gansakuTrebuli privilegia, romelsac mravali iuristi gagebiT moekida.

Tumca, am wesSi negatiuri xasiaTis garkveuli cvlilebebi imperatorma tiberiusma

Seitana; man iurist mazurius sabinuss pasuxebis sajarod gacemis ufleba _ ius

publice respodendi mianiWa. cvlilebaTa logikuroba ase warmogvidgeba: uwin,

avgustusis dros, sajarod konsultaciis micemis uflebas princefsi ar aniWebda,

Tumca, sakuTar codnaSi darwmunebuli pricepsi yvela SekiTxvaze pasuxs iZleoda,

magram beWdiT ar amowmebda. amis Semdeg, imperatoris Tanxmoba sajaro movaleoba

iyo:, xolo mogvianebiT privilegiis saxe miiRo (`postea hoc coepit beneficium dari _ Semdeg

es ufleba privilegiis saxiT eniWeboda~ (D.1.2.2.49).

adrianes imperatorobis dros iuristebi aucileblad Sediodne consilium principis-Si

da imperatori diokletianes (306 w.) taxtidan gadadgomamde, mniSvnelovan gavlenas

axdendnen imperatoris kancelariis muSaobis stilsa da teqnikaze. Tumca, es faqti

pozitiuri samarTlis wyarod auctoritas prudentium-ad ar ganixileboda.

dominatis epoqaSi (roca ganaTlebuli iuristebi praqtikul saqmianobas aRar

eweodnen da mxolod swavlebiT iyvnen dakavebulni) responsa prudentium-i, mxolod

dawerili samarTlis saxiT, klasikuri periodis Txzulebebsa da gviandeli

periodis gadamuSavebuli naSromebis kompilaciebSi e.w. `iura~-Si (imperatorTa

konstituciebisgan gansxvavebiT, leges-is saxiT,) arsebobda.

sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis miRebis dros, maTze kvlav uTiTebdnen; Tumca,

samecniero azris mkveTrad dacemis Semdeg, `Zveli~ iuristebis mosazrebebTan

Sepirispireba did gaugebrobas iwvevda.

19

klasikosTa mosazrebebis savaldebulo Zala upirobo kriteriumad miiCneoda

dasavleT imperiis mmarTvelis valentiniane III-is mier 426 w. 7 noembers miRebuli

kanoniT `citirebis Sesaxeb~, romliTac dadginda im xuTi yvelaze cnobili da,

drois kvalobaze, yvelaze Tanamedrove iuristis vinaoba, romelTa mosazrebebsac,

sxvebTan SedarebiT, upiratesoba mieniWaT. es iuristebi iyvnen: papiniane, paulusi,

ulpiane, modestinusi da gaiusi. maT mosazrebaTa Soris winaaRmdegobis SemTxvevaSi,

saqmis gadawyveta mosamarTlis mier xmaTa umravlesobiT xdeboda; Tanabari `xmebis~

SemTxvevaSi _ gadamwyveti papinianes azri iyo. aRniSnuli viTarebis ararsebobis

SemTxvevaSi ki, mosamarTles, saqmis sakuTari Sexedulebisamebr, gadawyvetis ufleba

eniWeboda. aRmosavleT romis imperiaSi kanoni `citirebis Sesaxeb~ Teodosius II-is

mier 438 w. gamocemuli kodeqsiT damkvidrda, mogvianebiT ki, 529 wels Sevida

iustiniane didis Novus Codex-Si Seitanes.

$5. romaeli samarTalmcodneTa saqmianoba (iurisprudencia)

1. avgustusi oqtaviane (gaius iuliusi oqtaviane avgustusi) (qr. Sobamde 63 wlis 23

seqtemberi – qr. Sobis. 14 wlis 19 agvisto) _ romis imperatori qr. Sobamde 27

wlidan. gaius iulius keisris Zmis SviliSvili, keisris mier Svilad ayvanili.

principatis saxelwodebiT cnobili politikuri reJimis fuZemdebeli. gaiusi

yovelmxriv uwyobda xels iurisprudenciis ganviTarebas. misi iniciativiT

samoqalaqo (kerZo) samarTlis ramdenime kanoni miiRes. avgustusis sakanonmdeblo

saqmianobis mizani saxelmwifo da samarTlis sistemis daxvewa, romis samarTlis

institutebisa da sazogadoebis zneobis srulyofa iyo. avgustusis mmarTvelobis

periodi esaa xelovnebis ayvavebis Jami; am dros moRvaweobdnen: poetebi –

vergiliusi, horaciusi, properciusi, istorikosi – titus liviusi; avgustusis dros

romSi aSenda mSvidobis sakurTxeveli, avgustus forumi, mavzoleumi marsis velze

da sxva.

2. avlus geliusi (daibada daaxloebiT 130 wels) _ romaeli mwerali. mis kalams

ekuTvnis vrceli naSromi “antikuri Rameebi” (romelTaganc Cvenamde 20 wignad

naxevarze metma moaRwia); naSromSi mocemulia mravali cnobai istoriis,

literaturis, miTologiis, samarTlisa da filosofiis sferodan. moZRvrebisa da

saTavgadasavlo moTxrobebis saxiT Sedgenilia naSromi dialogis formiTaa

dawerili. masSi uxvadaa citata romaeli iuristebis im Tzxulebebidan, romlebic

sxva waroebSi naxsenebi araa.

3. gaiusi – (daaxloebiT qr. Sobis 117/138-180/192 w.w) _ biografiuli cnobebi gaiusis

Sesaxeb iseve ucnobia, rogorc misi namdvili saxeli. mis kalams ekuTvnis: kerZo

samarTlis klasikuri saxelmZRvanelo “Institutiones,” provinciale (32 wignad antonius

piusis marTvelobis dros) da gamokvleva Ad Q. Mucium, romlebis citirebulia

iustinianes digestebSi. saintereso da simboluria gaiusis `instituciebis” _

“Institutionum iuris civilis commentarii” bedic: Sua saukuneebSi maTi didi nawili daikarga;

X1X saukunemde am naSromTa mxolod fragmentebma moaRwia; sxva naSromebSi ki

instituciebis Sesaxeb Semonaxulma cnobebi an maTi gadamuSavebuli variantia.

kerZod, gaiusis Sesaxeb cnobebs gvawvdis boeciusi, xolo gaiusis Epistole

20

alarixis breviriaSi Sesulia. 1816 wels veronis biblioTekaSi germanelma

istorikosma bertold georg niburma wm. ieronimes werilebTan erTad palimfsestSi

gaiusis sruli xelnaweri aRmoaCina. Semdeg manuskriptis atributi cnobilma

germanelma civilistma, samarTlis istoriuli skolis fuZemdebelma fridrih karl

fon savinim iTava. restavraciis procesSi sxvadasxva eqsperimentisa Catarebis

Sedegad, instituciebis xelnaweri mniSvnelovnad dazianda, ramac SeuSala xeli

instituciebis gamocemas, 1934 wels, DZvelegviptur papirusebSi aRmoCenili

instituciebis axali nawyvetebis meSveobiT teqstSi arsebul xarvezTa aRmofxvra

moxerxda.

4. iavolenusi priskus oqtavius tidius tosiane (qr. Sobis I s.) _ gamoCenili

romaeli iuristi da saxelmwifo moRvawe Consul (86w.), imperatorebis _ traianesa

da adrianes mrCeveli, samarTlis samawavlebeli. iavolenusma brwyinvale

politikuri kariera Seiqmna (oTxi provinciis nacvali iyo). rogorc iuristi,

iavolenusi originaluri, SemoqmedebiT niWiT gamoirCeoda. Mmis kalams ekuTvnis:

Epistulae, Libri ex Cassio, Libri ex Plautio, Libri ex posterioribus Labeonis

(labeonis teqstebis krebuli). iavolenusis moswavle gaxldaT iuliane, xolo

celsus sabinusis gardacvalebis Semdeg, igi sabinianelTa skolas Caudga saTaveSi.

5. iuliane lucius oqtavius kornelius emiliane (daax. II s.) _ gamoCenili romaeli

iuristi da saxelmwifo moRvawe. igi daibada q. gadrumetSi (Crdilo afrika)

daaxloebiT 100 w. misi maswavlebeli iyo cnobili iuristi, traianesa da adrianes

mrCeveli iavolenus priskusi, romelic xelmZRvanelobda sabinianelTa skolas.

iuliane iyo germaniis, espaneTisa da afrikis mefeTa nacvali. 148w. konsuli da

mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi gaxldaT imperatorebis – adrianes, antoninus piusis,

markus avreliusisa da lucius verusis mrCeveli gaxldaT. iavolenusis Semdeg,

sabinianelTa skolas iuliane Caudga saTaveSi. samarTlisa da saxelmwifos winaSe

iulianes yvelaze didi damsaxureba iyo Edictum perpetuum (mudmivi ediqtis) damuSaveba

da redaqtireba, romelSic sistematizirebuli da unificirebulia wina epoqebis

pretoruli samarTlis debulebani.

6. iustiniane I didi – (482-565 ww. ) _ aRmosavleT romis imperiis imperatori – 527-565

ww. uzomod didia misi damsaxureba samarTlis istoriis sferoSi. dResdReobiT Cven

xelT arseul utyuar da mravalferovan cnobebs romis kerZo samarTlis Sesaxeb,

swored mas unda vumadlodeT. iustiniane I-is samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobis krebuli

`Corpus iuris civilis~ marTlacda saimedo xomaldi, aTaswleulze metia, rac

samarTlisa da TviT istoriis boboqar talRebs miapobs. iustinianes cxovrebisa da

pirovnebis Sesaxeb cnobebi ramdenadac mravalricxovania, imdenadve

araerTgvarovania. iustinianes marTvelobis dros romis iperiis orive nawilis

xelaxali gaerTianebiT qveynis politikuri siZliere ganmtkicda. mis imperatorobis

dros bizantiis imperatori italiaSi ostguTebs, vestguTebs espaneTSi, Crdilo

afrikaSi vandalebs ebrZoda.

Tumca ki, rogorc `iustinianes instituciebis~ SesavalSia naTqvami, `imperatoris

dideba ara marto iaraRis ZaliT unda damSvendes, aramed kanonis ZaliTac, raTa

21

qveyanas rogorc omis, ise mSvidobianobis Jams samarTlianad marTavdes~. swored am

mizniT, imperator iustinianes brZanebiT, mecnier-iuristTa jgufma tribonianes

xelmZRvanelobiT, jer imperatoris mier gamocemuli kanonebi (klasificirebuli da

sistematizirebuli) 529 wels iustinianes kodeqsis saxiT gamoaqveyna, Semdeg

iustinianes digestebi (fragmentebi 39 romaeli iuristis Txzulebebidan 50

wignad) da iustinianes instituciebi (samarTlis oficialuri elementaruli

saxelmZRvanelo) gamosca. krebulis sami nawilis ZalaSi Sesvlis Semdeg, 529 wlidan

moyolebuli imperatoris mier gamocemuli brZanebebi da gankargulebebi erT

krebulad gaaerTianes da mas novelebi ewodes.

imperatori iustiniane didi organizatoruli niWiTa da intrigebis gziT sakuTari

Zalauflebis ganmtkicebis uzado unariT gamorCeoda. mis moRvaweobas wiTel zolad

gasdevs xelovnebisa da mecnierebisadmi siyvaruli (misi zeobisas konstantinopolSi

wm. sofias didebuli taZari aages) da Seurigebeli dogmatizmi, rac naTlad

gamovlinda eretikosebis umowyalo devnasa, aTenis neoplatonuri akademiis

akrZalvasa da gauqmebaSi. imperator iustinianesa da misi saxelmwifoebrivi

politikis dedaazri iyo: `axali, iseTive didi da Zlevamosili romis aRorZineba,

rogoric Zveli romi iyo, magram ara warmarTuli, aramed qristianuli romisa.~

7. klavdiusi apius kekus (qr. Sobamde 450w.) _ cnobili romaeli saxelmwifo moRvawe

da iuristi. Kklavdiusi patriciebisa da decemvirebis meTauri iyo. man

gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana decemvirTa komisiis muSaobaSi; misi

rCevebis Sedegad mravali debuleba Sevida XII dafis kanonebSi. gadmocemis Tanaxmad,

klavdiusma sakuTari xelisufleba borotad gamoiyena da pativi ayara virginias; es

faqti decemvirTa Zalauflebis dacemis sababi Seiqmna.

8. labeoni markus antistius (daaxloebiT qr. Sobamde 45 w. qr. Sobis 10/21 ww.) _

avgustusis droindeli yvelaze gamoCenili romaeli iuristi, romelic gamoirCeoda

codnismoyvareobiT, originaluri azrovnebiTa da novatorobiT aramarto samarTlis,

aramed monaTesave mecnierebaTa sferoebSic. trebacius testas mowafe. labeoni

Tavisi mrwamsiT respublikeli gaxldaT. Tavis siZulvils principatis mimarT igi

ar malavda. Tumca, labeonis piradi da samecniero avtoritetis gamo avgustusi

mainc didi pativiscemiT epyroboda. momdevno periodis yvela gamoCenili iuristi

labeonis Sromebis citirebas axdenda. labeonma miaRwia pretorobas, Tumca, uari

Tqva konsulobaze da mTlianad samarTalmcodneobis srulyofa-ganvitarebaze

muSaobda: 6 Tvis ganmavlobaSi romSi samarTals aswavlida, 6 Tvis ganmavlobaSi ki

sakuTar mamulSi naSromebs qmnida. Llabeonma dawera 40-mde naSromi (Cvenamde

mxolod umniSvnelo nawyvetebma moaRwia), maT Soris: Ad legem XII tabularum, Ad edictum,

(pretoruli ediqtis pirveli klasikuri komentarebi), De iure pontificio, Epistulae, Responsa,

Pithana. labeonis sicocxleSi gamouqveynebeli naSromebi ucnobma avtorma gamosca

(libri posteriores).

9. modestinusi herenius (qr. Sobis 226-244 ww.) _ `klasikuri periodis~ erT-erTi

ukanaskneli iuristi, ulpianes moswavle, avtori samarTlis sxvadasxva dargis

naSromebisa, romlebsac, xSir SemTxvevaSi, damxmare saxelmZRvanelos an praqtikuli

22

komentaris mniSvneloba hqondaT. modestinusi romSi praefectus vigilumis

movaleobas asrulebda. Vigilis iyo Zveli romis xanZarsawinaaRmdego razmi, romelic

Ramis saaTebSi sapolicio samsaxuris funqciebsac asrulebda. amrigad, saxanZro

razmisa da sapolicio samsaxuris ufrosis movaleoba praefectus praetoria-s

Semdeg, faqtobrivad, meore Tanamdeboba iyo; masve evaleboda samoqalaqo da sisxlis

samarTlis iurisdiqciac. garda amisa, cnobilia, rom modestinusi samarTals

aswavlida maqsiminus umcross (imperator maqsiminus Trakielis vaJs, romelic 238

wels jariskacTa amboxis dros mamasTan erTad akvileusis alyis dros mokles).

239 wels imperatorma markus antoninus gordianus mesamem mas ius respodendi-s, anu

iuridiul sakiTxebze daskvnebis micemis ufleba uboZa. modestinusma Seqmna

naSromebi samarTlis yvela dargSi, igi werda rogorc laTinur, ise berZnul enebze.

misi Txzulebebi mosamarTle da samarTlis SemswavlelTaTvis praqtikuli

saxelmZRvaneloebi ufro iyo, vidre Teoriul-kvleviTi xasiaTis Sromebi.

modestinusis kalams ekuTvnis Semdegi Sromebi: Regulae, Responsa, Pandectae, De

praescriptionibus. modestinusis naSromebma (papianusis, pavlusis, gaiusisa da

ulpianes naSromebTan erTad) `citirebis Sesaxeb~ 426 wlis kanoniT citirebis

ufleba moipoves da saqmeebis ganxilvis dros sasamarTloSi uapelacio

upiratesobiT sargeblobdnen.

10. marcelusi lucius ulpius (qr. Sobis II s.) – cnobili romaeli iuristi.

marcelusi imperatorebis antoninus piusisa da markus avreliusis mrCeveli

gaxldaT. TanamedroveTa Soris igi sruliad damsaxurebulad iTvleboda

SorsmWvretel da gonier analitikosad. marcelusma kritikulad gadaamuSava

iulianes mravali debuleba da uaryo zogierTi maTgani. marcelusis Txzulebebi,

kerZod, misi `digestebi~ 31 wignad, Zalze popularul naSromad iTvleboda; pavlusi,

ulpiane, modestinusi, marciane, trifoninusi maT xSirad iyenebdnen, xolo kvintus

cervidius scevolam am TxzulebaTa komentarebi Seadgina.

11. pavlusi iulius (II saukunis bolo _ III saukunisis dasawyisi) _ cnobili romaeli

iuristi, scevolas mowafe. digestebis mTeli moculobis TiTqmis erT meeqvseds

pavlusis TxzulebaTa nawyvetebi Seadgens. 426 wels imperatorebma Teodosius II-m da

valentiniane III-m gamosces kanoni, romlis Tanaxmadac, sasamarTloebs pavlusis

naSromTa citirebis ufleba da am naSromebis safuZvelze sasamarTlo davebis

ganxilvis uflebamosileba eZleodaT. pavlusi iyo advokati, mogvianebiT

pretorianelTa gvardiis prefeqtis asesori (Tanamdebobis piris TanaSemwe). am dros

prefeqtis Tanamdeboba papinianes ekava. Semdeg pavlusma magister memoriae-s maRal

Tanamdeboba daikava (ganagebda princefsis dRiurs, iwerda mis moxsenebebs da

gankargavda mis korespondencias) da papinianesTan erTad saimperatoro sabWos wevri

gaxda; imperator aleqsandre severusis mmarTvelobis dros, Tavis kolega

ulpianesTan erTad igi praefectus praetoriae gaxda. pavlusis kalams ekuTvnis 86

Txzuleba 319 wignad, romelTa Sorisacaa neraciusis, iulianes, papinianes, scevolas

Sromebisadmi miZRvnili SeniSvnebi (Notae), Ad Plautium, Ad Sabinum-is komentarebi.

pavlusis mTavari naSromi Ad edictum erTdroulad pretoruli samarTlis normaTa

23

komentaricaa da maTi uzogadesi formulirebac. pavlusiseuli fragmentebis im

nawilebis garda, romlebic iustinianes digestebSia, nawilobriv SemorCenilia misi

naSromi sententiae ad filium (Svilebisadmi micemuli rCeva-darigebani), romlic

didad popularobiT sargeblobda modevvo saukuneebSi; pavlusis rCeva darigebebma

aseve, kanonis Zala SeiZina. aRniSnul naSromSi pavlusi samarTlis zogad sistemasa

da mis calkeul debulebebs mokled da gasagebad ayalibebs.

12. papiniane emilius (daaxloebiT 146-212 ww. daibada siriis q. hemezaSi) _ erT-erTi

yvelaze avtoritetuli mecnier_iuristi, romlis siRrmiseulma azrovnebam da

cxovrebiseulma igi II-III saukuneebis gamoCenil samarTalmcodneTa liderad aqcia.

`citirebis Sesaxeb” 426 wlis kanonis safuZvelze, nebismier samarTlebriv sakiTxze,

yvela sxva avtoris mosazrebasTan SedarebiT, papinianes mosazreba upiratesobiT

sargeblobda. savaraudod, papiniane enaTesaveboda imperator septimius severuss,

romelsac colad misi da hyavda. yovel SemTxvevaSi, kvintus cervidius scevolas

skolaSi septimius severusi da papiniane erTad swavlobdnen.Mseverusis

mmarTvelobis dros papinianem praefectus praetoriae-s Tanamdeboba miiRo.

septimiusis memkvidris imperator karakalas dros, papinianem uari ganacxada

karakalas mier umcrosi Zmis getasa da misi momxreebis mklvelobis gamarTlebaze,

riTac imperatori gadaimtera; 212 wels karakalas brZanebiT papiniane daqiravebulma

mkvlelma mokla.

papinianes mTavari naSromebia Quaestiones 19 wignad da Responsa, romlebic

stilisturad imdenad rTuli iyo, kazuisturi masaliT ki imdenad mdidari iyo, rom

samarTlis skolaSi mesame wels iswavleboda (am skolis msmenelebs

`papinianelebsac~ uwodebdnen).

13. pomponiusi seqstus (qr. Sobis IIs.) _ cnobili romaeli iuristi, iulianes

Tanamedrove. samarTlis sferoSi pomponiusi ZiriTadad pedagogiur da

literaturul saqmianobas eweoda. igi aRniSnuli periodis erT-erTi nayofieri

SemoqmedTagania. mis kalams ekuTvnis: Cvenamde moRweuli pretoruli ediqtis

yvelaze vrceli komentari (daaxloebi, 150 wignad). pomponiusis ediqti romis

samarTlis istoriis yvelaze vrcel da popularul naSromad iTvleba. formalurad

sabinianelTa skolis mimdevari, prokulianelTa skolis Sexedulebebs ar uaryofda.

14. rufusi servius sulfius (daaxloebiT qr. Sobamde 106-43 ww.) _ cnobili romaeli

iuristi da saxelmwifo moRvawe, akviliusisa da luciusis mowafe, konsuli (51 w.),

prokonsuli aqeaSi (46-45 ww.). kvintus mucius scevolasTan erTad servius rufusi

respublikuri samarTalmcodneobis TvalsaCino warmomadgenlad iTvleboda;

samarTlis Tanmimdevruli meTodisti, imavdroulad, kargi praktikosi, SesaniSnavi

oratori, pedagogi (10-ze meti moswavle gamozarda) da Zalze nayofieri avtori,

romelmac STamomavlobas dautova: daaxloebiT 180 wigni, mravalricxovani

gamosvlebi sasamarTlo sxdomaze, pretoruli ediqtis pirveli, Zalze mokle

komentari da sxva naSromebi, kerZod: De dotibus, De sacris detestands, Reprehensa

Scaevolae, Responsa, romlebic misma mowafeebma avfidius namusam, alfenus varusma

da sxvebma gamosces.

24

15. rufusi rutilius publius (qr. Sobamde 158 w. ?) _ gamoCenili romaeli iuristi,

publius muciusis mowafe, konsuli (105 w.). 92 wels qveynidan gaZeveba mas

usamarTlod miusajes. rufusi saxelganTqmuli respodenti gaxldaT. mis kalams

ekuTvnis: actio formula Rutiliana da (SesaZloa) constitutio Rutiliana. garda amisa, rufusis

Sesaxeb cnobilia, rom igi gatacebuli iyo oratoruli xelovnebiTa da istoriis

kvleviT.

16. sabinus mazirius (qr. Sobis I s.) _ romis samarTlis istoriaSi erT-erTi yvelaze

avtoritetuli moRvawe, romlis saxelsac, postklasikuri tradiciiT, sabinianelTa

skolis – samarTlis mecnierebis axali mimdinareobis _ daarseba ukavSirdeba.

ateius kapitonis mowafe. sabinusis erTguli Tanamoazre iyo misi mowafe kasius

longinusi. sabinusi warmoSobiT ubralo ojaxidan iyo, Tavs irCenda im

honorarebiT, romlebsac mowafeebi uxdidnen. 50 wlis asakSi mxedris cenzis miRebas

igi imperator tiberiuss umadloda, romelmac mxedrebis wodebis

warmomadgenelTagan pirvelad sabinuss darTo neba gaeca kvalificiuri pasuxebi anu

profesiul doneze gadaewyvita is samarTlebrivi problemebi, romlebic arsebul

sakanonmdeblo aqtebSi Sesabamisad asaxuli ar iyo. sabinusis Sexedulebebze

garkveuli gavlena moaxdina mucius scevola pontifikosis ideebma, rasac mowmobs

Tavad mazurius sabinusis mTavari naSromis Ius civile-s saxelwodebac, romelic

scevolas Txzulebis saxelwodebis identuria.

17. scevola publius mucius (qr. Sobamde 133 w.) _ didi qurumi da konsuli; misi

gonierebis, samarTlis Rrma codnisa da sasamarTlo davebis ganxilvis dros

miukerZoeblobis gamo, scevola-mama ciceronma did da WeSmarit iuristad aRiara.

pomponiusma publius mucius scevolas (markus iunius brutussa da markus

maniliusTan erTad) civiluri samarTlis erT-erTi fuZemdebeli uwoda. scevola-

mamam samoqalaqo samarTlis sferos 10 wigni miuZRvna; didi qurumi qurumebis

kolegiis privilegirebuli mdgomareobis SenarCunebaze metad iuridiul

kompetenturobaze zrunavda, riTac samarTlis sekularizacias Seuwyo xeli.

18. scevola kvintus mucius konsuli (qr. Sobamde 95 w.) da didi qurumi (qr. Sobamde

84 w.). umwikvlo reputaciiT scevola-Svilis saxelma da avtoritetma mamis dideba

daCrdila. man brwyinvale filosofiuri ganaTleba miiRo. kvintus mucius scevolam

samarTlis sferoSi Rrma codniTa da oratoruli xelovnebiT didi popularoba

moipova. sasamarTloSi mis gamosvlebs axalgazrda ciceroni usmenda. scevola-

Svilma monawileoba miiRo lucinius-muciusis kanonebis SedgenaSi. samarTlis

istoriis TvasazrisiT, misi udidesi damsaxureba gaxlavT is, rom man pirvelma

samarTlebrivi aqtebi ara qronologiurad, aramed sistemurad Camoayaliba, razec

misi Txzulebis De iure civili-is 18 wignSi mocemuli samoqalaqo samarTlis ZiriTadi

cnebebi metyvelebs.

19. trifoninusi klavdius (qr. Sobis II-III ss.) – romaeli iuristi. papinianusisa da

paulusis Tanamedrove, maTTan erTad swavlobda kvintus cervidius scevolas

samarTlis skolaSi. trifoninusi septimius severusis saimperatoro sabWos wevri

iyo. sabWos sxdomebze ganxilul sakiTxebze saboloo daskvnebi quaestor sacri patatii,

25

Camoayaliba naSromSi Disputationes.

20. triboniane (?- 542/546 ww.) – gamoCenili bizantieli iuristi, iustinianes

droindeli saxelmwifo moRvawe, ekava umaRlesi saxelmwifo Tanamdebobebi (magister

officium). triboniane gaxldaT iustinianes samoqalaqo samarTlis krebulis Seqmnis

iniciatori da koordinatori. Codex-ze muSaobisas igi mxolod komisiis wevrobas

dasjerda, 530 wlidan ki faqtobrivad yvela samuSaos igi xelmZRvanelobda da

TanamSromlebsac sakuTari Sexedulebisamebr arCevda. tribonianem komisias gadasca

sakuTari unikaluri biblioTeka, romelic im droisaTvis xelmiuwvdomel, iSviaT

gamocemebs Seicavda. samarTlis winaSe tribonianes Rvawlze termini `emblemaTa

triboniane~ aSkarad metyvelebs.

21. trebacius gaius testa (gardaicvala qr. Sobis I saukunis dasawyiSi) _ labeonis

maswavlebeli, gviandeli respublikis erT-erTi cnobili romaeli iuristi, romlis

naSromma Cvenamde moaRwia, misi calkeuli gamonaTqvamebi ki sxva avtorebis

Txzulebebma Semogvinaxa. testa mxedarTa wodebis warmomadgeneli iyo, megobrobda

ciceronTan (romelmac igi keisars gaacno), horaciusTan, iyo avgustusis mrCeveli,

romlis mmarTvelobis drosac trebacius testas avtoriteti Zalze amaRlda, rac

misma samarTlis siRrmiseulma codnam da cxovrebiseulma gamocdilebam ganapiroba.

22. ulpiane domicius (daax. II saukunis II naxevari) gamoCenili romaeli iuristi,

warmoSobiT sirieli. pavlusis msgavsad, ulpianes pretorianelTa gvardiis prefeqt

papinianesTan asesoris Tanamdeboba ekava. mogvianebiT, saimperatoro kancelariis

ufrosi (magister serinius), xolo aleqsander severusis mmarTvelobis dros

praefectus preatoriae iyo. ulpiane axalgazrda imperatoris, aleqsander

severusisa da misi dedis – mameas ndobiT aRWurvili piri gaxldaT. mas Tavad

imperatoric did pativs scmeda. samxedro valdebulebisa da imperatoris

erTgulebis momxere ulpiane ver egueboda yovlisSemZle pretorianel jariskacTa

da oficerTa Tavgasulobas; am umarTavi Zalisadmi misi principuli damokidebuleba,

sabolood, tragikulad dasrulda – 228 wels, igi imperator aleqsander severusis

Tvalwin mokles pretonialebma.

ulpianes kalams ekuTvnis grandiozuli naSromi `Ad edictum~_ pretoruli samarTlis

komentari 83 wignad, Txzulebebi: Ad Sabinum de appellationibus, De fideicommissus, agreTve

calkeul kanonTa komentarebi. Cvenamde moaRwia ulpianes Sromebma Iber singularis

regularum-is 29 Tavma (samarTalmcodneobis Sesaswavlad). mkvlevarTa Tanaxmad,

ulpianes TxzulebebSi stoelTa ideebis zegavlena igrZnoba, rasac kanonTan

SedarebiT zneobrivi normebisaTvis upiratesobis miniWeba mowmobs.

23.Fflorentinusi (qr. Sobis II s.) _ romaeli iuristi, romlis Sesaxebac cnobilia,

rom man vrceli naSromi _ Institutiones _ dawera. frolentinusis Sesaxeb Cvenamde

Zalze mcire cnobebma moaRwia. iustinianes digestebSi mocemuli fragmentebis

safuZvelze, SesaZlebelia imis gancxadeba, rom Rrma filosofiuri azrovnebiTa da

oratoruli niWiT gamorCeul iurists, samarTlis rTuli cnebebisa da debulebebis

martivad axsnis unaric Seswevda. kerZod, frolentinuss genialurad aqvs

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ganmartebuli Tavisuflebisa da monobis arsi, romelic mocemulia De status hominum-

Si.

24. ciceroni markus tulius (qr. Sobamde 106-43 ww.) – udidesi romaeli filosofosi,

oratori, politikuri moRvawe, mwerali, iuristi. respublikuri wyobis momxre da

respublikelTa erT-erTi ukanaskneli gamoCenili ideologi. politikuri uiRblobis

gamo, igi araerTxel ganidevna romidan; cicerons bedi ar swyalobda; erTpirovnuli

mmarTvelobis ideuri mowinaaRmdege markus antoninusma proskripciul siebSi

Seitana.

ciceroni iyo ganumeorebeli oratori, sazogadoebis winaSe warmoTqmuli misi

sityvebi dRemde oratoruli xelovnebis nimuSad rCeba. filosofiaSi ekleqturi

Sexedulebebis momxres _ stoicizmis, akademizmisa da epikurizmis simbiozi,

imavdroulad sajaro da kerZo samarTlis sferoSi samarTlis mTeli rigi

fuZemdebluri principebis SemuSavebis saSualebas aZlevda.

ciceronis yvelaze cnobili naSromebia: `oratorisadmi~, `saxelmwifos Sesaxeb~,

`kanonebis Sesaxeb~, `keTilisa da borotis sazRvrebis Sesaxeb~, `movaleobaTa

Sesaxeb~ da sxva. rogorc respublikuri wyobilebis ideologi, ciceroni (romelsac

im droisaTvis axleburi azrovnebis gamo homo novus-s uwodebdnen). romis siZlieresa

da mis uZveles kanons (De respublica, De legibus) ganadidebda. ciceronis saxelganTqmul

trilogiaSi (`De oratore~, `Orator~, `Brutus~) sasamarTlo da politikuri oratoris –

perfectus orator – srulyofili saxea aRwerili.

$6. samarTlis sxva wyaroebi

a) sasamarTlo precedenti (iudicatum)

Auctoritas res iudicatae (sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis avtoriteti); exemplum (precedenti).

romis samarTlis ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT, iuriskonsultebis (iuris prudentes)

intensiurma samarTalSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobam faqtobrivad sasamarTlo praqtikis

romi da mniSvneloba dasca. digestebSi (D.1.3.38) moyvanilia kalistratess (qr. Sobis

II-III ss. romaeli iuristi) azri, rom imperator septimius severusis moTxoviT,

kanonSi raime saeWvos an sxvaobis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, kanonis Zala miniWeboda im

Cveulebas an avtoritetul saqmes, romelTa safuZvelzec sasamarTloSi saqme

wydeboda. es aris romaul iuridiul literaturaSi arsebuli erTaderTi teqsti,

romelic sasamarTlo precedentisTvis savaldebulo Zalis miniWebasa da kanonTan

mis gaTanabrebis aucileblebobaze (rogorc avtoritetul sasamarTlo

gadawyvetilebaze) metyvelebs. am teqstidan irkveva, rom, analogiuri SemTxvevebis

regulirebis mizniT, sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaTa magaliTad miRebis praqtika (ad

exempla), Zvel romSi sakmaod gavrcelebuli iyo da imperatoris nebas ar

eqvemdebareboda.

27

respublikis periodis ritorikul TxzulebebSi iudicatum samarTlis im sxva

wyaroebisa da mtkicebulebaTa saSualebebTan erTad ixsenieba, romlebsac

sasamarTlo sxdomebze advokatebi iyenebdnen. Tumca, rogorc gairkva, digestebSi

kalistratusis teqsti pavlusis xsenebul teqstTan erTadaa mocemuli (D.1.3.37);

pavlusis teqstSi saubaria provinciuli samarTlis Sesaxeb; pavlusi wers,

interpretaciis dros eWvis arsebobisas, msgavsi Sinaarsis SemTxvevis gadawyveta,

sasamarTlom provinciuli Temis Cveulebis (adgilobrivi samarTali) siRrmiseulad

Seswavlis Sedegad unda moaxdinos.

amrigad, kalistraturis fragmentSi moxseniebuli septimiuss severusis reskripti,

eZRvneba provinciul sasamarTlo praqtikas, sadac ganviTarebuli iuridiuli

azrovneba ar arsebobda da mravalsaukunovani tradiciis kompensireba adgilobrivi

CveulebiTi samarTlisa da precedentis interpretatio-s xarjze xdeboda.

b) senatuskonsulti (senatusconsultum)

Senatusconsultum _ SC; Quaestiones extraordinariae et quaestiones perpetuae (sagangebo da

mudmivmoqmedi sisxlis samarTlis sasamarTlo); oratio principis (princefsis sityva

sasamarTloSi).

Senatusconsultum (SC) xalxis (populus) monawileobis gareSe miiReboda; aqedan

gamomdinare, qmediTobis TvalsazrisiT, leges-Tan misi gaTanabreba, udavod

gamoiwvevda im konceptualur sirTules, romelic asaxulia gaiusis teqstSi

Senatusconsultum est, quod senatus iubet atque constituit: idque legis vicem optinet quamvis fuerit quaesitum _

senatis dadgenileba aris is, rac senatma brZana da daadgina; mas aqvs kanonis Zala,

Tumca, amis Sesaxeb bevrs daobdnen (Gai., 1,4). qr. Sobis II saukunemde SC-s kanonis

Zala ar gaaCnda da amitom ius civile-s SeqmnaSi uSualo monawileobas ver iRebda.

senats hqonda ori SesaZlebloba: normatiul viTarebaze SualobiTi gavlenis

mosaxdenad sasurveli kanonis miReba daevalebina magistratisTvis, an pretorisagan

ediqtSi cvlilebebis Setana zogjer senati magistratisagan sisxlis samarTlis

gansakuTrebuli sasamarTlos _ quaestiones extra ordinariae _ Seqmnas iTxovda. amgvari

dawesebuleba ver iqneboda mudmivmoqmedi, misi Seqmna kanonis (lex) miRebas

saWiroebda, xolo senatuskonsults kanonis Zala ar gaaCnda. amdenad, moqalaqes

yovelTvis hqonda ufleba apelaciiT miemarTa xalxisaTvis. qr. Sobamde II saukuneSi

Zvel romSi seriozuli politikuri da samarTlebrivi krizisi warmoiSva, rac imiT

iyo ganpirobebuli, rom senatma msgavsi sagangebo sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis

SezRudvis Tavidan acileba moisurva.

principatis periodSi komicebis rolis dacemis Sedegad, senatis normaSemoqmedebiTi

saqmianoba mniSvnelovnad gaizarda, xolo imperatoris xelSi senatuskonsulti

pretoris ediqtze zemoqmedebis mZlavri iaraRi Seiqna. marTalia, qr. Sobis I

saukuneSi senatuskonsults ius civile-Tan mimarTebiT kanonis Zala jer kidev ar

gaaCnda da mxolod pretorul samarTlis (ius honorarium) Camoyalibebaze axdenda

gavlenas, qr. Sobis II saukunidan misi roli imdenad gaizrda, rom civiluri

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samarTlis tolfasi Sedegi hqonda, rac kanonTan mis gaTanabrebaze metyvelebda.

g) Edicta magistratuum _ magistratebis ediqtebi

Ius edicendi (normis dadgenisa da gamoqveynebis ufleba); edictum (magistratis ediqti),

iurisdictio (sasamarTlo uflebamosileba); officium (Tanamdebobrivi movaleobani);

interdictum (interdiqti); edictum perpetuum (mudmivi ediqti); edicta repentina (erTjeradi

ediqti); decretum (dekreti); denegatio actionis (sasarCelo dacvaze uaris Tqma); edictum

provinciale (provinciuli ediqti); aediles curules (kurulis edilebi); praefecti (prefeqti);

praesides provincial (provinciis gubernatorebi).

umaRlesi samxedro da sajaro xelisuflebis (imperium) mqone romael magistratebs

ius edicendi ganxorcieleba (Tanamdebobrivi uflebamosilebebis ganxorcielebis

mizniT, zogadsavaldebulo qcevis wesebis dadgena da gamocema), ediqtis (edictum)

saxiT, SeeZloT. marTalmsajulebis (iurisdictio) ganxorcielebis ufleba qr. Sobamde

242 w. q. romis mmarTvelobaze pasuxismgebel pretorsa (praetor urbanus) da

peregrinebis pretors (praetor peregrinus) mieniWaT. `Ius dicere” iyo samoqalaqo

sasamarTlo ganxilvis (in iure) pirveli stadia, romlis drosac saqmis arsi

dgindeboda da Sesabamisi procesualuri saSualebebi ganisazRvreboda. sakuTari

uflebis (ius, iuris dicendi) safuZvelze, pretori mosamarTles uTiTebda im safuZvels,

romlis Tanaxmadac am ukanasknels gadawyvetileba unda gamoetana. pretoris

gadawyvetileba ganisazRvreboda ius civile-s im normebiT, romlebic ama Tu im

urTierTobis dasadgenad gamoiyeneboda. sakuTari imperium-is safuZvelze, pretors

dacvis specifikuri saSualebebis gaTvaliswineba da saqmis damoukidebeli

ganxilvac SeeZlo. aseTi eqstraordinaluri procesebi xels uwyobda samarTlis

sistemis ganviTarebas da ius civile-Ti gauTvaliswinebeli urTierTobebis oficialur

donze dacvisa da aRiarebis SesaZleblobas iZleoda. garda pretorebisa, romlebic

zogadi iurisdictio-Ti sargeblobdnen, specialuri iurisdiqcia mieniWaT kurulis

edilebsac _ magistratebs, romlebic q. romSi wesrigis dacvaze iyvnen

pasuxismgebelni, gansakuTrebiT bazrebSi (cura urbis). sakuTari officium-is farglebSi

ius edicendi hqonda edilsac; igi gamoscemda ediqtebs (edicta), romlebic ara marto

marTlmsajulebis, aramed kerZo samarTlis, da gansakuTrebiT edicta iurisdictionis

exeboda.

magistratebis ediqtebma gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba qr. Sobamde II saukuneSi, lex

Aebutia-s gamocemiT SeiZina. damkvidrda axali saxis procesi _ per formulas, romelic

29

legis actiones procesTan Tanadroulad moqmedebda. aRniSnulis Sedegad, ius civile-Ti

gauTvaliswinebeli urTierTobebis dacva pretorsac SeeZlo. amisTvisac igi ara

eqstraordinalur, aramed Cveulebriv samoqalaqo-samarTlebriv saSualebebs

iyenebda.

qr. Sobamde 17 w. legis actiones procesis gauqmebiT, samoqalaqo procesualuri

saSualebebis Seqmnis TvalsazrisiT, magistratebis ediqtma TiTqmis monopoluri

mdgomareoba moipova. Camoyalibda axali, gansakuTrebuli normatiuli sistema _ ius

honorarium anu praetorium (magistratebis anu pretoruli samarTali), romelsac ius

civile-Tvis praqtikuli mniSvneloba hqonda: pretoruli dacvis gansakuTrebul

saSualebebs moqalaqe Tu ar gamoiyenebda, igi civiluri samarTlis normis anabara

rCeboda, xolo pretorulma samarTalma ius civile-s institutebis modifikacias xeli

materialuradac Seuwyo. Tavdapirvelad, pretorTa mier ediqtebis Sesruleba

Rirsebis (fides) sakiTxad iqca da `dignitas~-ze (tradiciul warmodgenaze) iyo

damokidebuli. pretors SeeZlo uari eTqva misive ediqtiT gamocxadebul sarCelze

(denegare actionem); aseve, erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi gamoeca axali ediqti, romelic,

Tanamdebobaze misi daniSvnis dros, gamocemuli ediqtis sapirispiro iqneboda; e.w.

erTjeradi saxis naCqarevi ediqtisagan (edicta repentina) gansxvavebiT, wlis dasawyisSi

gamocemuli ediqti, pretoris Tanamdebobaze yofnis periodSi Zalas inarTunebda da

mudmiv ediqtad (edictum perpetuum) iwodeboda. qr. Sobamde 67 w. plebsis tribunis

korneliusis mier gamocemuli kanoniT, pretors, edictum perpetuum-is garda, sxva

aqtebiT marTlmsaxulebis ganxorcieleba aekrZala. marTlmsajulebis sferoSi edicta

repentina-s gauqmebam, calkeul SemTxvevebSi, pretoris mier araordinaluri

gadawyvetilebebis (decretum) miRebaze gavlena ver moaxdina. amasTanave, ediqtis (an

kanonis) winaaRmdeg wasvla pretors ar SeeZlo, mas evaleboda mxolod, dadgenili

samarTlis farglebSi, moqmedeba da axal urTierTobebze bonum et aequum-is

ZiriTadi principebis gavrceleba. qr. Sobis II saukuneSi, roca senatusconsultum-s

kanonis Zala mieca, imperatoris kancelaria sagrZnoblad gaaqtiurda, kerZo

samarTali ius civile-s farglebSi ganviTarda, ediqti ki arsebiTad SeizRuda da misi

ganviTarebis procesic SeCerda. aseTi viTarebis logikuri Sedegi gaxldaT Semdegi:

imperator adrianes iniciativiT, pretoruli samarTlis saboloo sistematizacia. 131

w. imperatorma kvestorebs salvius iulianesa da servius korneliuss pretoruli

ediqtebis saerTo redaqtireba daavala. am amocanis Sesasruleblad saTanado codna

mxolod iulianes hqonda, amdenad, TiTqmis mTeli samuSaoc man Seasrula. iulianes

redaqciiT gamocemul ediqts `Edictum perpetuum-i~ ewoda (Tumca, sruliad axali

mniSvnelobiT). amieridan kodificirebul teqstSi magistratebs mxolod aucilebeli

xasiaTis damatebebis Setana SeeZloT.

amrigad, papinianes Tanaxmad, pretoruli samarTali aris is, rac civiluri

samarTlis gaumjobesebis, masSi damatebebisa Tu cvlilebebis Setanis mizniT,

civiluri samarTlis sajaro sargeblianobis asamaRleblad, pretorebma brZanes

(D.1.1.7).

d) Constitutiones principum _ imperatorebis konstituciebi

30

Lex generalis (zogadi moqmedebis norma); decretum (sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba); rescriptum

(calkeuli kazusis gadawyveta); subscriptio (kerZo piris moTxovniT (sapasuxod)

gamotanili gadawyvetileba); epistula (Tanamdebobis piris moTxovnaze sapasuxo

gadawyvetileba); translatio imperii (Zalauflebis gadatana).

ulpianes azriT, princefsis gadawyvetilebas kanonis Zala aqvs, radgan xalxi

imperators mTel xelisuflebas, princefsis xelisuflebis Sesaxeb gamocemuli

kanoniT, gadascems. (D.1.4.1).

am teqstSi faqtobrivad principatis, rogorc politikuri reJimis, arsia

Camoyalibebuli. princefsi, rogorc kanonmdebeli, xalxis sinonimia da magistratis

msgavsad (romelsac xalxma garkveuli vadiT imperium-i gadasca) ki ar axorcielebs

Tanamdebobriv funqciebs, aramed saxalxo nebas samisSdReSiod gamoxatavs. III

saukuneSi Camoyalibebul principatis reJimis gamamarTlebel konceptualur

tradicias naTlad asaxavs Zalauflebis gadatanis (translatio imperii) idea. pomponiusi

princefss populus-is sadar suverenad axasiaTebs (D.1.2.2.11). misi azriT, princefsis

mdgomareoba pozitiuri samarTlis pirveladi wyaros tolfasia; sakanonmdeblo

uflebamosilebebs igi sakuTari saxelisuflo statusis mixedviT, qmnida. pomponusis

Tanaxmad, aseTi cvlileba romis saxelmwifos bunebrivi ganviTarebis Sedegi iyo,

romelic, TavisTavad iTxovda samarTlis dadgenis saSualebaTa Semcirebasa da am

uflebamosilebis erTi piris xelSi Tavmoyras. Constitutio principis-iT gamoxatuli

axali suverenis neba, kanonzomierad icavs kanons, rogorc pozitiuri samarTlis

formas. pomponiusis azriT, is, rac Tavad princefsma daadgina, kanonis magivrad

Sesruldeba _ quod ipse prinseps constituit pro lege servetur (D.1.2.2.12).

ulpianes Tanaxmad, princefsis neba da xelisufleba xalxisas uTanabrdeba,

imperatoris konstitucia Tavad kanoni (legem esse constat). (D.1.4.1.1)

princefsis konstituciasa da kanons Soris gansxvaveba-Tanafardoba marcianusis

teqstSia mocemuli: `werilobiTi formiT dadgenili pirobebi, romlebic

ewinaaRmdegeba imperatoris ediqts, an kanons, an kanonis Zalis mqone aqtebs...

dauwerlad iTvleba _ condiciones contra edicta imperatorum aut contra leges aut quae legis vicem

optinent scriptae… pro non scriptis habentur. . . (D.28.7.14). aseTi damokidebuleba imperatoris

konstitucias ganaxsvavebda pozitiuri samarTlis im sxva formebisgan, romelTac

SeiZleba kanonis (lex) masStabebi mivusadagoT da vivaraudoT, rom konstitucia

sakuTari Tavis kriteriumi iyo. am logikis gamoxatulebaa cnobili maqsima _

princefsi kanonisgan Tavisufalia _ princeps legibus solutus est (D.1.3.31).

formis mixedviT, imperatoris konstituciebi iyofa: 1. Edicta _ zogadi moqmedebis

norma;

2. Decreta _ sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba, Cveulebriv, qveda instanciis sasamarTlo

gadawyvetilebaze apelaciis pasuxad; 3. Rescripta _ calkeuli kazusis gadawyveta,

romelic, Tavis mxriv, subscriptiones-ad da epistulae-d iyofoda imis mixedviT, kerZo Tu

Tanamdebobis piris SekiTxvis sapasuxod iyo gacemuli.

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III saukunis bolomde saimperatoro samarTalSemoqmedebis sxva formebs Soris

rescripta dominirebda. romis pozitiuri samarTlis struqturaSi rescripta xSirad

responsa prudentium-Tan erTad ixsenieboda. kerZo samarTlis calkeul problemaTa

gadaWriT ius controversum-Si Tavisi wvlili Sehqonda. postklasikur epoqaSi

(konstantines gamefebasTan erTad) rescripta-m adrindeli mniSvneloba dakarga.

samagierod, konstantines periodidan kerZo samarTlebrivi urTierTobis

regulirebis sferoSi mniSvnelovani roli SeiZena edicta-m da leges generales-i gaxda. am

periodSi sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis miRebis safuZveli swored imperatoris

konstituciebi (leges) iyo. klasikuri periodis iuristebis mosazrebas iura-s maSin

mimarTavdnen, roca sakanonmdeblo moTxovna ar gaaCndaT.

imperatoris konstituciebis kerZo krebulebis Sesaqmnelad mzardma interesma iseTi

mniSvnelovani aqtebis Seqmna ganapiroba, rogoricaa diokletianes dros Sedgenili

Codex Gregorianus da Codex Hermogenianus. 428 w. aRmosavleT romis imperiis mmarTvelma

Teodorius II-m samarTlis wyaroebis zogadi sistematizacia ganizraxa. 438 w. ZalaSi

Sevida Codex Theodosianus-i, romelSic konstantines Semdeg gamocemuli konstituciebi

gaaerTianes. 528 w. aprilSi aRmosavleT romis imperatorma iustinianem brZana

SeeqmnaT axali kodeqsi Novus Codex, romelic 529 wlis aprilSi ZalaSi Sevida.

iustinianem Tavi mouyara Zvel kodeqsebs 439 wlis Semdgom miRebuli axali

konstituciebic daurTo da maT novellae constitutiones uwoda. aRniSnulma kodeqsma

Cvenamde ver moaRwia.

II. winaklasikuri periodi (qr. Sobamde 367-17 ww.)

Praetor urbanus (qalaqis pretori); praetor peregrinus (peregrinebis pretori); per formulas

agere (formularuli procesi); edictum praetorium (pretoruli ediqti); edictum tralaticium

(ediqtis monacvleoba _ memkvidreobiToba); ius praetorium (pretoruli samarTali); ius

honorarium (magistratebis samarTali); iuris prudentes (iurisprudencia); responsa

(iuristebis pasuxebi); ius gentium (xalxis samarTali); divisio-definitio (sarCelis

sistematizacia); pars iuris (sarCelis mecniereba); aequitas (samarTlianoba).

qr. Sobamde 367w. tribun licinius stolonusisa da misi kolega seqstius

lateranusis iniciativiT miRebuli kanoniT (lex Liciniae Sextiae) dadginda: erT-erT

konsulad aucileblad plebsis warmomadgeneli unda arCeuliyo. am monopoliuri

uflebis dakargvas patriciebi ver Seeguen da imave kanoniT, kompensaciis saxiT, q.

romis mmarTvelobis sistemaSi umaRlesi magistratis axali Tanamdebobis _ qalaqis

pretoris (preator urbanus) SemoReba moiTxoves. qalaqis pretori konsulis umcrosi

TanaSemwe da Sesabamisi impirium-iT aRWurvili piri unda yofiliyo. pretori

marTlmsajulebas (iuris dictio) ganaxorcielebda. aRniSnuli magistraturis SemoReba,

faqtobrivad, mmarTvelobis sistemidan sasamarTlo xelisuflebis instituciur

gamoyofas niSnavda. aseTma cvlilebam sasamarTlo procesis axali formis

Camoyalibeba da mTeli romauli samarTlis sistemis TandaTanobiTi gardaqmna

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gamoiwvia. amrigad, es cvlilebebi SeiZleba Sevafasod ara konstituciuri

samarTlis, aramed samoqalaqo samarTlis istoriis umniSvnelovanes movlenad.

swored aRniSnuli movlenaa miCneuli romis samarTlis arqauli periodis

dasasrulad da e.w. winaklasikuri periodis dasawyisad.

tradiciis Tanaxmad, romSi mcxovrebi mosaxleobis wodebrivi gaTanabreba qr.

Sobamde 287 wels miRebul hortenziusis kanons (lex Hortensia) ukavSirdeba. am kanoniT

plebsis saxalxo krebebis gadawyvetilebebs (plebiscita) kanonis (lex) Zala mieniWaT da

yvela moqalaqisTvis savaldebulo gaxda. formalur-konstituciuri TvalsazrisiT,

aseTi cvlileba plebsisaTvis privilegiis miniWeba iyo, vinaidan iZulebis wesiT

mTeli xalxisaTvis savaldebulod mxolod erTi wodebis neba iqca; maSin, roca

patriciebs aseTi ufleba ar gaaCndaT. msgavsi disproporcia magistraturebis

mimarTac SeiniSneboda. amieridan, romis respublikaSi Tu plebeebs nebismieri

Tanamdebobis dakaveba SeeZloT, sakuTriv plebeebis magistraturis (maT Soris ki

umTavresi tribuni iyo) dakavebis ufleba mxolod plebeebs eniWebodaT, anu, am

TvalsazrisiT, isini wodebriv upiratesobas inarCunebdnen. arsebiTad, patriciati

saxelmwifos erTaderTi umaRlesi wodeba aRar iyo. plebeebis elitam patriciatTan

aRreva moaxerxa, patriciebisa da plebeebis zeda fenam ki sazogadoebis axali

umaRlesi wodeba _ nobiliteti (nobilis) Seqmna.

saxelmwifo wyobilebis oligarqiuli xasiaTi mniSvnelovnad uwyobda xels

gabatonebuli socialuri jgufebis politikur aqtivobas da interesTa

memkvidreobiTobis harmoniul Tanxvedras uwvevda, rasac Sedegad romis respublikis

ayvaveba mohyva. mogvianebiT, aRniSnulma viTarebam ganapiroba amave reJimis swrafi

rRveva da dacema.

respublikis periodSi evropis, afrikis da aziis uzarmazar teritoriebze romis

gabatonebam konstituciuri cvlilebebi gamoiwvia. qr. Sobamde VI saukunis bolos

laciumze dakarguli batonoba romma kvlav daibruna; qr. Sobamde IV saukuneSi

centraluri italia daipyro da xmelTaSua zRvis sanapiroebisaken aiRo gezi, sadac

264 wlidan mis uSualo metoqes _ karTagens _ daupirispirda. e.w. `punikur omebSi~

miRweuli warmatebebiT Caeyara safuZveli romis batonobasa da Zalauflebas axal

dapyrobil teritoriebze, romlebzec romis provinciebi (provinciae) Seiqmna.

provinciaTa mmarTvelebad pretoris msgavsi sasamarTlo funqciebiT aRWurvili

prokonsulebi da propretorebi (proconsul et propraetore) dainiSnen. qr. Sobamde II

saukunis Sua periodisaTvis roms Tanaswori mowinaaRmdege ukve aRar hyavda.

winaklasikuri periodi es aris axali formis garigebebisa da samarTlis axali

mecnierebis Camoyalibebis xana. mkacrad dacul saritualo formaTa gareSe

dadebuli xelSekrulebebi mxolod mxareTa nebis gamovlenas efuZneboda da

pretoris dacvas eqvemdebareboda. Tu garigeba mxolod romael moqalaqeTa Soris

ideboda, maSin isini qalaqis pretors mimarTavdnen, xolo qr. Sobamde 242 wlidan

Tu garigebis erT-erTi mxare ucxoeli iyo, saqmes peregrinebis specialuri pretori

(preator peregrinus) ganixilavda. pretori saqmis arss adgenda, ris Sesabamisadac, Tu

mosarCelis mier moyvanili faqtebi sarwmuno iyo, brZanebas gascemda

33

mosamarTlisadmi (anu im kerZo pirisadmi, romelic, modave mxareebis mier

SeirCeoda), raTa mas saqmeze gadawyvetileba gamoetana. pretoris mxridan, kerZo

mosamarTlisaTvis sasamarTlo funqciebis delegireba, gansakuTrebuli brZanebis

(formula) saxiT xdeboda; aqedan gamomdinare, sasamarTlo ganxilvis axal, pretorul

saxes formularuli procesi (per formulas) ewoda.

Tanamdebobis dakavebis Semdeg, yoveli axali pretori gamoscemda ediqts (edictum),

romliTac gacxadebuli iyo, misi magistratobis periodSi, ra saxis samarTlebrivi

urTierToba moipovebda dacvis uflebas. amgvarad, ediqtis zogadi debulebebi da

masSi moyvanili sasarCelo formulebi calkeul saqmeze gamotanili dekretebisagan

(decretum) gansxvavebiT, droSi gansazRvruli simtkiciT gamoirCeodnen (edictum

perpetuum). yovel axal magistrats momdevno wels, winamorbedis ediqtSi cvlileba

Sehqonda. Tumca, ediqtis Sinaarsis memkvidreobiToba (edictum tralaticium) zogadad

SenarCunebuli iyo. miuxedavad imisa, rom pretori flobda imperium-s da SeeZlo,

iZulebis wesiT, uzrunveleyo misi iurisdiqciis safuZvelze gamotanili

sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis aRsruleba, mas lex publica-s (igulisxmeba XII dafisa da

sxva kanonebi) sawinaaRmdego moqmedebis ufleba mas mainc ar gaaCnda.

samoqalaqo procesis organizeba da pretoris samarTalSemoqmedebiTi

saqmianobisTvis sakanonmdeblo bazis Seqmna, kardinalur cvlilebebs iTxovda, rac

qr. Sobamde II saukunis meore naxevarSi ebuciusis kanoniT (lex Aebutia) ganxorcielda.

faqtobrivad, amiT safuZveli Caeyara sasamarTlo magistratis reformatorul

iniciativas. momdevno asi wlis ganmavlobaSi romauli samarTlis sistema

mniSvnelovnad garTulda. garda ius civile-s institutebisa, Seiqmna pretoruli

sarCelebis sistema, romelTa meSveobiTac mkacri samoqalaqo samarTliT (ius strictum)

gauTvaliwinebeli da misi debulelebis sawinaaRmdego urTierTobebis dacvac gaxda

SesaZlebeli. mxareTa mier procesis erT-erTi saxeobis arCevis Semdeg,

gadawyvetilebis Secvla maT im SemTxvevaSic ekrZalebodaT, roca paraleluri

sistema ufro sasurveli Sedegis imeds iZleoda.

amrigad, procesualuri saSualebebiT pretorma gadalaxa ius civile-s SeuTavsebloba,

romelic socialuri urTierTobebis Secvla-garTulebiT iyo ganpirobebuli.

pretoruli dacvis saSualebebisTvis mimarTva kerZo pirebs exmareboda axal,

pretoruli ediqtis debulebebze dafuZnebul samarTlebriv urTierTobaTa agebaSi.

pretorulma (ius praetorium) anu magistratebis samarTalma (ius honorarium) romis

samarTlis sistema ara mxolod procesualuri, aramed materialuri

TvalsazrisiTac mTlianad Secvala.

qr. Sobamde 17 w. gamocemulma avgustusis kanonma gaauqma marTlmsajulebis

ganxorcieleba (leges Iuliae de iurisdictione) per legis actiones proceduris safuZvelze.

pretoris samarTalSemoqmedebis srulyofa romis samarTlis mecnierebis

Camoyalibebis periods daemTxva. respublikis periodSi termini samarTlis

specialisti-mcodne romael samarTalmcodnes (iuris prudentes) `pontifices”-gan ara

imdenad saero Tanamdebobda, ramdenadac aristokratiuli mdgomareoba ganasxvavebda,

34

vinaidan am drois iuristebi _ ZiriTadad pontifikosebi _ eqs-magistratebi iyvnen,

xolo samarTalmcodneobis permanentuloba uSualod pontifikosebis saqmianobas

ukavSirdeboda. am faqtze konsulis Tanamdebobdaze myofi pirveli plebei

pontifikosis tiberius korunkaniusis saqmianoba mowmobs, romelic damswreebs

samarTlis sakiTxebze konsultaciebs individualurad aZlevda. swored

iurisprudenciis ayvavebis periodSi, daZlia romma mkacrad erovnuli samarTlis

saritualo formebi da peregrinebisTvis xelmisawvdomi axali formis kontraqtebi

SeimuSava. am samarTlebrivi konstruqciebis sayovelTao xasiaTi aisaxa im

SexedulebaSi, romlis Tanaxmadac, es normebi yvela xalxisaTvis, erovnuli da

moqalaqeobrivi kuTvnilebis miuxedavad, sayovelTao mniSvnelobis iyo. ase mieca

dasabami xalxis samarTals (ius gentium). Ius gentium-iT dadgenili garigebebi

sxvadasxvagvari komerciuli urTierTobisas gamoiyeneboda da maT orive pretoris

sasamarTlo dacviT sargeblobis ufleba moipoves. am Taobis iuristebis saqmianobam

mniSvnelovnad ganapiroba samarTlebrivi azris progresi. isini gaecnen aristoteles

dialeqtikas, romelic Sesaswavli sagnis analizisa (safuZvlebis mixedviT dayofa)

da sinTezis (SemecnebiT kategoriebSi rekonstruqcia) meTodebs efuZneboda; aman

xeli Seuwyo samarTlebrivi institutebis gvarobiT niSniT (genera) relevanturi

dayofas (divisiones), rac romauli iurisprudenciis ZiriTad meTodologiad iqca.

romaeli filosofosebi da samarTalmcodneebi pozitiuri samarTlisa da

samarTlianobis urTierTdapirispirebis ideas aristoteles daesesxnen.

oficialurad dadgenili samarTlisagan gansxvavebul samarTlianobas maT aequitas

uwodes. Tavdapirvelad, Tu samarTali (ius) da samarTlianoba (aequum) sinonimebad

iTvleboda da misaRebis, marTebulis ideas Seesabameboda (axal droSi ius-i

ganixileboda im dadgenil da umkacres raimed, romelic movlenaTa bunebriv

wesrigs saerTod ar pasuxobda) aequum-ma ufro eTikuri (zneobrivi) mniSvneloba

SeiZina da sityvebiT bonum et aequum (keTili da samarTliani) aRiniSneboda.

samarTalmcodneebis prudentes mTavari saqmianobis mizani kanonis arsisa da

movlenaTa bunebrivi wesrigis (naturalis ratio) moTxovnaTa urTierTSesatyvisobis

uzrunvelyofa gaxldaT. konkretul sakiTxebze iuriskonsultebis gadawyvetilebebi

sasamarTlosTvis savaldebulo Zalas, samarTlianobis principTan Sesabamisobis

SeTxvevaSi iZendnen. amrigad, calkeul SemTxvevSi samarTlianobis dadgena an qcevis

wesebiT misi gamoxatva maTTvis ius civile-s tolfasi iyo. maT mier iuris gentium-iT

SemuSavebuli xelSekrulebebi, romlebic ex bono et aequi sarCelebis dacviT

sargeblobda, ganaxlebuli ius civile-s ganuyofeli nawili gaxda. ciceronis azriT,

samoqalaqo samarTali aris erTi samoqalaqo Temis wevrTaTvis dadgenili

samarTlianoba nivTis kuTvnilebis gansazRvris uzrunvelsayofad _ ius civile est aequitas

constituta eis qui eiusdem civitatis sunt, ad res obtinendas….

winaklasikuri periodidan Cvenamde moaRwia qvaze an brinjaos firfitebze

dawerilma sakanonmdeblo normebma. esaa senatis dadgenilebebi, romauli (leges

rogatae) da municipaluri (leges datae) kanonebi. maTi umravlesoba administraciuli da

sisxlis samarTlis normebs Seicavs. romis samarTlis Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT,

35

didi mniSvneloba eniWeba brinjaos dafis 9 natexs, romlebic, erTis mxriv, qr.

Sobamde 121 wels miRebul lex Cecilia repetundarum-s, xolo meore mxriv, qr. Sobamde 111

wels miRebul lex agraria Seicaven.

Lex Cecilia repetundarum meqrTameobisTvis adgens sasamarTlo devnis axal wess,

romlis ZaliTac, provinciis mkvidrs piradad an sakuTari patronis, romis

moqalaqis, SuamdgomlobiT romaeli magistratis meqrTameobaSi dadanaSauleba

SeeZlo, xolo lex agraria sazogadoebriv mindvrebze (ager publicus) miwaTsargeblobis

axal wesebs adgenda. am kanonis Tanaxmad, yvela saxis kerZo mflobeloba

(possessiones) kerZo sakuTrebad (ager privatus) iqca, xolo sxvadasxva kategriis miwaze

renta (vectigal) dawesda.

III. klasikuri periodi (qr. Sobamde 17 w. _ qr. Sobis 235 w.)

Princeps (princefsi); consilium principis (princefsis sabWo); praefectus praetoria

(pretorianelTa prefeqti); praefectus urbi (qalaqis prefeqti); provincial Caesaris

(saimperatoro provinciebi); provinciae populi Romani (senatis provinciebi); schola, secta

(samarTlis (mecnieruli) skola); Sabiniani (sabinianelebi) da Proculiani

(prokulianelebi); institutiones (institutebi); nota _ (lema, SeniSvna); problemata _

(problemuri literatura); responsa, digesta, epistulae.

qronologiurad, romis samarTlis klasikuri periodi samoqalaqo omSi gamarjvebul

oqtaviane avgustusis mier damkvidrebuli axali politikuri reJimis _ principatis

periods _ ukavSirdeba, xolo principatis dacema da dasasruli _ imperator

aleqsander severusis gardacvalebas (235 w.). am dros mTeli qveyana xangrZlivma

politikurma krizisma _ e.w. `jariskacTa imperatorebis epoqam~ _ moicva. qr. Sobamde

27 w. oqtavianem eqstraordinaluri (sagangebo) uflebamosilebani moixsna da senats

ganucxada, rom respublikuri wyobis aRdgena surda. saxelmwifoSi pirveli piris _

princefsis (princeps) gansakuTrebuli statusiT igulisxmeboda meamboxe

provinciebisa da iq ganlagebuli jarebis marTva da `avgustusis~ titulis is

sagangebo imperium-i, romliTac oqtaviane misi moRvaweobiT kmayofilma senatma

daajildova. am viTarebas avgustusi aRwers Tavis politikur anderZSi `Res gestae

~(qmedebani). igi wers: amis Semdeg me yvelaze didi avtoriteti gamaCndia, Tumca,

magistraturaSi Cemi Zalaufleba, Cemive kolegebis statuss sulac ar aRemateboda~.

qr. Sobis 27 wels avgustusma Seqmna consilium principis _ sakonsultacio sabWo,

romelic aRniSnuli saqmeebis ganxorcielebaSi senats cvlida. qr. Sobamde 23 wels

avgustusma uari ganacxada konsulatze da imperium proconsulare _ provinciebis erTi

jgufisa da iq ganlagebul jarebis marTvis uzenaesi xelisufleba miiTvisa, rac

faqtobrivad yvela danarCeni prokonsulis (maius) xelisuflebas aRemateboda da

36

funqcionaluri SeuzRudaobiT (infinitum) gamoirCeoda. pozitiuri saxis am

xelisuflebas man plebeebis tribunis mudmivi xelisufleba (tribunicia potestas)

SeuTavsa da oficialurad es movaleobac moixsna.

amis Semdeg, marTalia, avgustusi tribunad aRar iTvleboda, magram mas nebismieri

magistratis gadawyvetilebaze veto-s dadeba SeeZlo. am periodidan moyolebuli

axali politikuri reJimi sabolood Camoyalibda.

saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis aseTma struqturam senatTan yvelaze efeqtur politikur

TanamSromlobas xeli Seuwyo da imperiis mmarTvelobis axali sistemis organizeba

uzrunvelyo.

qr. Sobamde 16 welw Seiqmna axali administraciuli struqtura _ praefectura urbi

(saqalaqo prefeqtura), mis saTaveSi mdgom pirs praefectus urbi (qalaqis prefeqts)

Tavad imperatori niSnavda. qalaqis pretori (praetor urbi) q. romSi arsebul wesrigze

agebda pasuxs. missave sapolicio funqciebs samoqalaqo da sisxlis samarTlis

saqmeebze sasamarTlo funqciebi daemata. qr. Sobamde 2 w. avgustusma Seqmna praefectus

praetoriae _ pretorianelTa prefeqtis Tanamdeboba, romelic sagangebo jaris,

pretorianelTa kohortis (cohors praetoriae) meTauri iyo. es jari ganlegabuli iyo q.

romSi. pretorianelTa prefeqti sardlobda italiis mTel teritoriaze ganlagebul

jarebs, igi imperatoris marjvena xeli iyo q. romSi, riTac man ganusazRvreli

Zalaufleba igdo xelT, kerZod, romis farglebs gareT marTlmsajulebis

ganxorcieleba. pretorianelTa prefeqti yvela provinciisaTvis uzenaesi

sasamarTlo instancia iyo samoqalaqo saqmeebze, xolo imperatoris qveyanaSi

aryofnis SemTxvevaSi (vice sacra), misi iurisdiqcia sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebzec

vrceldeboda. septimius severusis dros misi Zalaufleba garda q. romisa, mTels

italiaze gavrcelda. 235 w. aleqsander severusis konstitucia pretorianelTa

prefeqtis brZanebulebaTa normatiul mniSvnelobas (formae), im pirobiT aRiarebda,

Tu kanons ar ewinaaRmdegeboda. mogvianebiT, biurokratiuli sawyisebi ufro

ganmtkicda. severusebis mmarTvelobis dros, sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebze

eqstraordinaluri sasamarTlo proceduris damyarebiT, senatma dakarga sasamarTlo

funqciebi. principatis epoqaSi romma axali, mniSvnelovani teritoriebi daipyro.

qr. Sobamde 29 w. avgustusma SemoierTa egvipte, riTac safuZveli Caeyara axali

kategoriis saimperatoro provinciebs _ provinciae Caesaris, romlebic gansxvavdeboda

senatis _ romaeli xalxis (provinciae populi Romani) _ provinciebisgan.

imperiaSi mSvidobis simyare centraluri xelisuflebisa da adgilobrivi

TviTmmarTvelobis efeqturma Serwymam, ekonomikisa da kulturis ganviTarebam

ganapiroba. imperiis Sida komunikaciebis intensiurma ganviTarebam saxelmwifo sul

ufro homogenuri gaxda. am procesis apogead iTvleba imperator karakalas mier qr.

Sobamde 212 wels gamocemuli ediqti (Constitutio Antoniniana), romlis Tanaxmadac,

imperiis mravalmilioniani mosaxleoba romis moqalaqeTa uflebebs iZenda. am

droidan moyolebuli sxvaoba ius civile-sa da ius gentium-s Soris mxolod akademiuri

mniSvnelobasa iyo.

37

qr. Sobamde 17 w. avgustusis kanonma `kerZo pirTa Soris davebis sasamarTlo wesiT

ganxilvis Sesaxeb~ (lex Iulia iudiciorum privatorum), gaauqma per legis actionem procesi.

amieridan, materialuri TvalsazrisiT, samoqalaqo procesis _ per formulas _ formis

erToblioba, samarTlis institutebis Sesabamis unifikacias iTxovda. qr. Sobis I

saukuneSi dadebuli garigebebis umravlesoba, marTalia, iuris gentium-s efuZneboda,

magram mainc ius civile doneze iqna aRiarebuli. mkacr civilur (ius strictum) samarTalSi

imperatoris moTxovnebs arsebiTi xasiaTis cvlilebebi Sehqonda; gansakuTrebiT es

exeba piris uflebebis, saojaxo da memkvidreobiTi samarTlis saxelSekrulebo

pasuxismgeblobis sferos. imperatorebi xels uwyobdnen iuristiebs politikur

karieras; sabolood, am TanamSromlobas Sedegad mohyva iuristebis monawileoba

consilium principis-s saqmianobaSi, aseve maT moipoves pretorianelTa prefeqtis

Tanamdebobis dakavebis ufleba.

sasamarTlos sistemis progresi uSualod ukavSirdeboda damoukidebel

samarTalmcodneTa (prudentes) moRvaweobas. avgustusis droidan moyolebuli, maTi

avtoritetis (auctoritas principis)amaRlebaze TviT imperatorebi zrunavdnen.

respublikis bolos ori iuristi dawinaurda: ateius kapitoni da markus anTistius

labeoni. kapitoni tradiciul Sexedulebebs emxroboda; misi Txzulebebi sajaro

samarTlis sferos ganekuTvneboda. labeoni kerZo samarTlis problemebisadmi

SemoqmedebiTi midgomiT gamoirCeoda: mas q. romis pretoris mier Sedgenili ediqtis

komentarebi ekuTvnis. am ori cnobili pirovnebis politikuri antagonizmi

SesaZleblobas iZleva avxsnaT, Tu mainc da mainc maT saxelTan ratomaa

dakavSirebuli klasikuri periodis ori samarTlis skolis Seqmnis tradicia:

igulisxmeba prokulianelTa da sabinianelTa skolebi. arc erT skolas ar

miekuTvneboda II saukuneSi mcxovrebi cnobili iuristi florentinusi (Florentinus). man

Seqmna Ìnstitutiones~ Tormet wignad. termini ìnstitutio~ (`ganaTleba~) miuTiTebs

dawyebiTi codnis safuZvlebis (elementa) Camoyalibebasa da amisaTvis elementaruli

xasiaTis samuSaoebis Sesrulebaze. imavdroulad, moRvaweoba daiwyo romaelma

iuristma gaiusma. misi naSromi Institutiones (oTx wignad) Cvenamde srulyofilad

moRweuli erTaderTi klasikuri Txzulebaa. gaiusis naSromi daiwera antoninus

piusis mmarTvelobis dros da misi gardacvalebis Semdeg gamoica. ìnstitucebis~

zogadi struqtura aseTia: pirebi, nivTebi, sarCelebi; gaiusiseuli modeli misaRebi

gaxda iustinianes institutebisa da napoleonis kodeqsisTvis (1804 w.), aseve maT

safuZvelze Seqmnil Tanamedrove samoqalaqo kodeqsebisTvis.

klasikuri periodis iuristebi did mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen winamorbedTa

naSromebis komentarebs, maT Soris, ius civile-s zogadi Sromebisa Tu calkeuli

sakiTxebis Sesaxeb fundamenturi monografiebis avtorTa Txzulebebs.

komentarebisgan unda ganvasxvaoT SeniSvnebi (notae). am Janris Tavisebureba isaa, rom

Canaweri uSualod sxva iuristis naSromis teqstSi keTdeboda. aRsaniSnavia, rom

SeniSvnebs akeTebdnen ara mxolod piradi qmnilebebis mindvrebze, aramed yvelaze

mniSvnelovani naSromebis saarqivo aslebzec.

38

pretoruli ediqtis komentarebi (Ad edictum) samarTalmcodneebis (prudentes)

literaturuli memkvidreobis mniSvnelovani nawilia. Cveulebriv, komentirebas

qalaqis pretoris ediqti eqvemdebareboda. yvelaze vrceli komentarebi (150 wignamde)

ekuTvnis pomponiuss, romlis citirebasac sxva avtorebi, magram ara kompilatorebi

axdendnen. paulusma dawera ediqtis komentarebi 78 wignad.

iuriskonsultTa praqtikuli profesiuli saqmianobis amsaxveli Janri iyo responsa

(konsultaciebi, pasuxebi), romelSic uSualod klasikuri epoqis samarTlebrivi

azris ayvavebaa asaxuli.

Digesta _ esaa calkeul gadawyvetilebaTa krebuli da responsa-s Janris yvelaze

ganzogadebuli saxe.

Epistulae (werilebi) iuridiuli konsultaciis saxeoba iyo, romelic axlobeli

adamianis SekiTxvis pasuxad gaicemoda.

Quaestiones (SekiTxvebi) gansxvavdeboda sakuTriv responsa-sagan gansaxilvel sakiTxTa

xelovnurobiT. aseT viTarebas, calkeuli institutis an principis detalurad

Sewsavlis mizniT, Tavad iuristi an misi mowafe warmoidgenda.

IV. postklasikuri periodi (IV-V ss.)

dominati; tetrarqia; coloni (kolonati); decuriones (dekurionebi); pars imperii (imperiis

nawili); constitutio (imperatoris brZaneba); vulgarizmi; iuridiuli (saswavlo) skola;

praeceptores (profesori).

qronologiurad postklasikuri periodi klasikuri periodis dasasruliTa da

iustinianes mmarTvelobis periodis dasawyisiT ganisazRvreboda. tradiciulad,

aseTi periodizacia am epoqisadmi uaryofiT damokidebulebas asaxavs da im mkveTr

gansxvavebas gulisxmobs, romelic romis samarTlis klasikur periodsa da mis

Semdgom _ dacema-gadagvarebis _ etapze arsebobda. III saukunis meore naxevarSi

dawyebuli naxevarsaukunovani zogadi krizisi, romelmac mTeli romauli

sazogadoeba moicva, romis samarTlis istoriazec aisaxa. gviandeli romis

epoqisaTvis niSandoblivia didi politikuri (dominatis Camoyalibeba), kulturuli

(qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadeba) da samarTlebrivi Zvrebi, ramac

mravali saukunis manZilze gansazRvres evropis saxe.

284 wels iliriulma legionebma taxtze dasves imperatori diokletiane, romelic

ar dakmayofilda erTpirovnuli xelisuflebis damkvidrebiT. man moaxdina mTeli

imperiis mmarTvelobis sistemis reorganizacia da dasavleT provinciebis

mmarTvelad yvelaze erTguli sardali maqsimiane daniSna, SemdgomSi provinciebis

mmarTvelTa TanaSemweebad kidev ori piri (galeriusi, romelic mis pirad

moadgiled iTvleboda da konstancius qlorusi, romelic maqsimianes TanaSemwe iyo)

gamocxadda. diokletiane da maqsimiane avgustusebad iwodebodnen, maT mier Svilad

ayvanili TanaSemweebi ki _ keisrebad. dadginda, rom avgustusis gardacvalebis

39

Semdeg, taxtis memkvidred cxaddeboda misi uSualo TanaSemwe keisari, romelic,

Tavadac axal keisars iyvanda Svilad. Lex de imperio gauqmda da monarqiam sabolood

CamoiSora respublikuri safarveli. oTxTa mmarTvelobis aRniSnul sistemas

tetrarqia ewoda. es sistema imperiis dayofas ar gulisxmobda (uzenaesi

xelisufleba diokletianem SeinarCuna), magram man mmarTvelobis decentralizacia

gamoiwvia.

ganxorcielda administraciuli reforma, romlis Sedegadac Seiqmna Semcirebuli

moculobis provinciebi _ diocezebi, romelTa saTaveSic pretorianelTa

prefeqtisadmi daqvemdebarebuli vikariusebi idgnen. Camoyalibda axali

biurokratiuli institutebi, konsulatma da preturam uwindeli mniSvneloba

dakargas. diokletianem SemoiRo axali sagadasaxado sistema da imperiis mTel

teritoriaze gadamxdelTa zedmiwevniT zusti aRwera Caatara. man safuZveli Cauyara

profesiuli kastebis Seqmnas da daadgina: samxedro mosamsaxureTa vaJiSvilebi mamis

saqmes unda gahyolodnen. moxda memkvidreobiTi moijareebis _ kolonebis (coloni)

miwaze mijaWva, ris Sedegadac imperator Teodosius I-is mmarTvelobis dros

mosaxleobis es kategoria faqtiurad yma-glexebad iqca. garda amisa, municipaluri

sabWoebis _ kuriebis _ wevroba memkvidreobiTi gaxda. kuriebis wevrebi anu

dekurionebi (decuriones), maT mier gankargul olqebSi gadasaxadebis akrefaze

sakuTari qonebiT agebdnen pasuxs. safinanso politika uSedegod dasrulda,

warumatebeli aRmoCnda qristianebis devnac, romelic, garkveuli periodis

sjulSemwynareblobis Semdeg, 303 wels kvlav ganaxlda.

305 w. taxtidan gadadga diokletiane. man imperiis dasavleT nawilis mmarTveli

maqsimianec aiZula, gadamdgariyo. 306 wels keisar konstanciusis gardacvalebis

Semdeg, jariskacebma avgustusad misi vaJi, konstantine gamoacxades. 312 wels

maqsimianes vaJiSvil maqsenciusze samxedro gamarjvebis moipovebis Semdeg imperiis

dasavleT nawilzec konstantines Zalaufleba gavrcelda. 313 w. konstantinem

gamosca milanis (mediolanis) ediqti, romlis Tanaxmadac, qristianoba sxva

religiebs gautolda, qristianul eklesiebs ki CamorTmeuli qoneba daubrunda. 324

w., aRmosavleTis avgustus-maqsenciusze gamarjvebis Semdeg, konstantines

qristianulfiluri xelisufleba mTeli imperiis teritoriaze gavrcelda. 325 wels,

imperatoris iniciativiTa da aqtiuri monawileobiT, Catarda nikeis msoflio

saeklesio kreba, romelmac samebis erTmorwmuneobis Sesaxeb marTlmadidebluri

dogmati gamoacxada da eretikosobas brZola gamoucxada. am RonisZiebiT

qristianuli eklesia ideologiuradac imperatoris xelisuflebas daemorCila. 380

wels Teodosius didma gamosca milanis (mediolanis) ediqti, romelic, nikeis

msoflio saeklesio krebis dogmatebis safuZvelze, moqalaqeebisgan qristianobis

miRebas iTxovda. 391 wels man yvela warmarTuli taZari daxura da gandegilTa

devna iwyo.

konstantinem warmatebuli safinanso reforma gaatara, mosaxleobis dabegvris

sistema gaaumjobesa, samxedro da administraciuli xelisufleba erTmaneTisgan

gamijna, xolo pretorianelTa prefeqtisaTvis Zalauflebis CamorTmeviT kidev ufro

gaaZliera armia, dedaqalaqi gadaitana bizantionSi, romelsac SemdgomSi

40

konstantinopoli ewoda.

395 wlidan, imperator Teodosius didis gardacvalebis Semdeg, sul ufro mkveTr

xasiaTs iZenda, imperiis or nawils (partes imperii) Soris dava ori diocezis _

dakiisa da makedoniis gamo, riTac Teodosiusis mier mowveulema alarihis

vesTguTebma isargebles; 410 wels maT romi aiRes da gaZarcves. 425 w. taxtze avida

imperatori valentine III, romlis drosac droebiTma politikurma stabilurobam

daisadgura. Tumca, verc aman ixsna pars Occidentis genzerihis vandalebisa da atilas

hunebis (451-452 ww.) Semosevisgan, romlebmac daarbies da daipyres afrika, galia da

CrdiloeT italia. 455 w. vandalebma daikaves kunZuli sardinia da romze veraguli

Tavdasxma iqidan ganaxorcieles. barbarosebTan kavSiris damyarebis praqtikam da

maTma mowvevam romaelTa samsaxurSi romis dasavleTi nawilis politikuri simtkice

mkveTrad Seasusta, rac 476 wlis politikur gadatrialebiT dasrulda. barbarosTa

beladma odoakrma taxtidan norCi uzurpatori romulusi Camoagdo da

konstantinopolSi imperator zenonTan gagzavna. sanacvlod, odoakrma italiis

mmarTveloba iTxova. 480 w. gardaicvala imperator zenonis mier kanonier

mmarTvelad aRiarebuli _ iulius nepoti. male imperiis dasavleTi nawilisgan

darCenili nawili _ italia Teodorixis osTguTebis xeliT gaaTavisufles. odoakri

Caiketa ravenaSi, sadac igi 493 w. mokles. am xnis ganmavlobaSi konsulTa arCevnebi

kvlav grZeldeboda romSi, administraciul Zalauflebas ki praefectus urbi

axorcielebda; Teodorihma miiRo uzenaesi mxedarTmTavris Tanamdeboba da rex-is

wodeba SeinarCuna. V saukunis bolos galiis samxreT-dasavleT nawili da espaneTi

vesTguTebis samefos SemadgenlobaSi Sevida, samxreT-aRmosavleTi galia _

burgundebis samefoSi, xolo galia md. luaras CrdiloeTiT _ xlodvigis frankTa

samefos SemadgenlobaSi moeqca.

postklasikuri epoqis samarTalganviTareba biurokratizmis ganmtkicebas,

saxelmwifos feodalizaciasa da pirovnebis damoukideblobis dacemas asaxavda.

konstantines droidan moyolebuli, roca pozitiuri samarTlis ZiriTadi forma _

imperatoris konstitucia (constitutio _ dadgena, daweseba) ediqtad (zogadi moqmedebis

normebi _ generalis) iqca, mkveTrad gauaresda kancelariis muSaobis xarisxi;

kanonebis iuridiuli da enobrivi forma mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeboda klasikuri

periodis nimuSebisgan. samarTlis samecniero ganviTarebisa da praqtikos-moxeleTa

momzadebis donis dacemis gamo postklasikuri epoqa vulgarizmis saxeliTaa

cnobili. am epoqis iuristebi inteleqtualuri damoukideblobiT ver daikvexnidnen:

Zalze didi iyo maT winamorbedTa samecniero memkvidreobis avtoriteti. am epoqis

samarTalmcodneebi, maTi Tanamedrove periodis pozitiuri samarTlis

stabilizaciisa da unifikaciis mizniT, zogad debulebebiT xelmZRvanelobdnen.

zogjer klasikuri periodis sxvadasxva avtorTa naSromebs moculobiT amcirebdnen,

zogjer kompilaciebs gadaamuSavebdnen.

IV saukunis dasasrulidan iuridiul skolebSi samarTlis sferoSi e.w. klasikuri

tendencia ganviTarda. xsenebul skolaTa warmomadgenlebi klasikuri periodis

avtoritetul mecnierTa naSromebs iyenebdnen. am tendenciisaTvis klasikuri

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memkvidreobisadmi istoriuli midgoma. piriqiT, iuridiuli skolis profesorebi

(praeceptores) beriTSi (beiruTi) konstantinopolSi, aleqsandriasa da romSi

cdilobdnen daedginaT iseTi kanoni, romelic samarTlis mecnierebis uzenaes

gamovlenad aRiqmeboda. praqtikuli mosazreba aiZulebda profesorebs yuradReba

gaemaxvilebinaT severusTa epoqis iuristTa naSromebsa da gaiusis `institutebze~.

wesisamebr, imperatiris konstituciisaTvis mimarTva iurists mxolod klasikuri

memkvidreobis SeTvisebis Semdeg SeeZlo. mzadeba elementaruli naSromebis (gaiusis

Sromebi) SeswavliT iwyeboda; swavlebis meore wels msmeneli (savaraudod, ulpianes

komentarebis safuZvelze) _ ediqts, xolo mesame wels papinianes naSromebs

swavlobda. praqtikuli sakiTxebis gacnoba mxolod swavlebis meoTxe wels iyo

SesaZlebeli. aRniSnul naSromTa Seswavla damoukideblad xdeboda da ZiriTadi

saswavlo masala pavlusis naSromebi iyo. swavlebis mexuTe wels, individualuri

damrigeblebis xelmZRvanelobiT, konstituciebis Seswavla iwyeboda.

konstituciebisa da moqmedi samarTlis komentirebas profesorebi Tavs aridebdnen,

maTTvis ufro mniSvnelovani iyo studentebisTvis is klasikuri normebi aexsnaT da

ganemartaT, romlebic aRar gamoiyeneboda da TanamedroveobasTan mxolod

nawilobriv iyo adaptirebuli.

postklasikuri periodidan Cvenamde moaRwia qristian imperatorTa konstituciebis

krebulis mniSvnelovanma fragmentebma (alarihis 506 w. kodeqsis didi nawili),

romlebic 429-438 ww., imperator Teodosius II-is iniciativiT (Codex Theodosianus)

momzadda. am epoqis kerZo samarTlis ZiriTadi wyaro Teodosiusis kodeqsia.

V. iustinianes periodi (527-565 ww.)

Corpus Iuris Civilis (samoqalaqo samarTlis krebuli); Digesta seu Pandectae (digestebi anu

pandeqtebi) Codex (kodeqsi); Novellae constitutiones (novelebi); kodifikacia;

interpolaciebi.

imperator iustinianes mmarTvelobis dros iuridiuli kulturisa da iuridiuli

ganaTlebis aRorZineba, saxelmwifo mniSvnelobis doneze, imperiis aRmosavleT

nawilSi SeiniSneboda. gansakuTrebuli zrunvis sagnad iustinianes droindeli

klasicizmi iqca. imperatori da misi kancelaria normatiuli stabilurobis

damkvidrebas cdilobdnen da maT am mizniT, iuridiuli samecniero tradiciis

gaTvaliswinebiT, aRadgines mravali klasikuri instituti, romelTa sakuZvelzec

Zveli kontraverzebi da winaaRmdegobebi iqna daZleuli. mTel rig garigebebSi

(mancipatio, emancipatio, cretio) Zveli ritualebis gauqmeba imaze miuTiTebs, rom es

garigebebi moqmed institutebad aRiqmeboda da klasikur memkvidreobas kanonmdebeli

erT mTlian sistemad ganixilavda.

iustinianes samarTlebrivi politikisa da misi iniciativiT ganxorcielebuli

samarTlis kodifikaciis meSveobiT, evropulma kulturam klasikuri periodis

romaeli iuristebis teqstebi da imperatorebis konstituciebi SeinarCuna.

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mogvianebiT, kodifikaciis teqstebs _ Corpus Iuris Civilis (samoqalaqo samarTlis

krebuli) _ dasavleT evropaSi swavlobdnen. is oficialur saxelmZRvanelos _

institutiones warmoadgenda; igi 532 wels gaiusis, florentinusis, marcianusis,

ulpianesa da sxvaTa `Institutiones~ safuZvelze iqna Sedgenili; klasikosTa

Txzulebebis anTologia _ Digesta (krebuli) 530-533 wlebSi sagangebod Seqmnilmaa

komisiam moamzada; 534 wels imperatorTa konstituciebis krebuli _ Codex ZalaSi

Sevida.

Cvenamde iustinianes instituciebma IX da X saukuneebis xelnawerTa saxiT moaRwia.

pretoruli ediqtis wesis mixedviT, iustinianes kodeqsSi mocemulia adreanes

droidan moyolebuli iustinianes mmarTvelobamde (534 w. CaTvliT) arsebuli

imperatorebis konstituciebi.

konstituciebis teqsti xSir SemTxvevaSi Semcirebuli saxiTaa mocemuli, adreuli

epoqis konstituciebis teqsti gadamuSavebuli da redaqtirebulia, amoRebulia

moZvelebuli an gauqmebuli terminebi da debulebebi. teqsts erTvis SemdgenelTa

mier Camatebuli SeniSvnebi _ interpolaciebi.

kodeqsTan uSualo kavSirSia iustinianes mier, kodifikaciis Semdeg, Seqmnili axali

konstituciebi _ Novellae Constitutiones, romelTTaganac zogierTis mizani kerZo

samarTlis institutebis gardaqmnaa: magaliTad, valdebulebis Sesrulebis piradi

garantia; anderZis gareSe memkvidreoba.

iustinianes kodifikaciis yvelaze mniSvnelovani nawilia Digesta. yvelaze srulad

swored am gamocemam Semogvinaxa klasikuri iuridiuli teqstebi, ris safuZvelzec

italiaSi XI saukunidan moyolebuli romis samarTali, evropel iuristTa

mudmivi mecnieruli Seswavlis obieqtad iqca. 530 wlis bolos, imperatorma

iustinianem gamosca konstitucia `Deo Auctore~, romlis Tanaxmadac, sagangebo

sakodifikacio komisia Seiqmna. mas saTaveSi im drois saukeTeso iuristi triboniane

Caudga. komisiis wevrebi iyvnen: beriTidan profesori doroTeusi (Dorotheus) da

konstantinopolidan profesorebi anatoliusi (Anatolius), Teofilusi (Theophilus) da

kratinusi (Cratinus). TanaSemweebad maT 11 iuristi daeniSnaT. sami wlis ganmavlobaSi

komisiam waikiTxa da Seiswavla 1535 wigni, iuridiul TxzulebaTa teqstebiT,

romelTa safuZvelzec Seadgina 50 wignis anTologia, romelic 432 Tematur Tavad

daiyo.

digestebSi mocemulia amonaridebi 38 iuristis 275 Txzulebidan, romelTaganac

TiToeul amonaridSi miTebulia Txzulebebis avtorTa saxelebi.

VI. romis samarTali da misi recefcia evropaSi

ramdenime saukunis manZilze evropa gansakuTrebul geografiul da politikur

realobad yalibdeboda. mTlianobaSi esaa romauli, qristianuli da germanuli

kulturis elementebis erTianoba, rac qmnis im fenomens, romelic evropad iwodeba.

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cnebis TvalsazrisiT, esaa istoriisa da kulturul-politikur ideaTa erTiani

qmnileba, romelic Sua saukuneebSi Caisaxa. 800 wels romis papma leon III-m Sobis

dResaswaulze karlos didis imperatorad akurTxa. erTgvarad, politikuri da

iuridiuli TvalsazrisiT, es faqti evropis imperiuli ideebis realizebas niSnavda.

Sua saukuneebis axali politikuri wyobis mkvidri sayrdeni Zala iyo imperatoris

(monarqis) xelisufleba (regalis potestas) da romis papis saRvTo Zalaufleba (sacrata

auctoritas). dasavleT imperiis aRdgenis Semdeg, msoflioSi Tanaarsebobda sami

civilizacia: dasavlur-qristianuli, bizantiuri da islamuri. berZnul

filosofiasa da qristianul sarwmunoebasTan erTad erT-erTi faqtori romis

samarTali iyo, romelic evropis kulturis erTian ideas qmnida. evropis

aRmosavleT nawilSi romanistuli tradiciis aRdgena ukavSirdeboda imperator

iustinianes Corpus luris Civilis-s. XII saukunidan kodeqsis gavrcelebiT, ase vTqvaT,

romis samarTali meored daibada. evropis dasavleTSi romis samarTlis SenarCuneba

vesTguTebis samarTalma (Lex Romana Wisigothorum) anu alarixis kodeqsma (Breviarum

Alaricanum) (506 w.) da vesTgoTurma kanonmdeblobam ganapiroba. evropaSi XII

saukuneSi romis samarTlis recefcia mniSvnelovanwilad boloniel glosatorTa

saqmianobam da maT mier samarTlis, rogorc imperiuli samarTlis, gaidealebam

ganapiroba. maTi azriT, saRvTo romis imperia romis uSualo memkvidre da

uflebamonacvle iyo. evropisaTvis romis samarTlis gacnobisa da regionSi misi

gavrcelebis mizniT, garkveuli saqmianoba kanonistebma (kanonikuri samarTlis

avtorebma) ganaxorcieles, komentatorebma ki _ zogad-evropuli samarTli

SeimuSaves.

$1. glosatorTa saqmianoba

glosatorebi iyvnen Tavisufali xelovnebis skolis maswavleblebi, sadac

gramatikasa da ritorikasTan erTad, isini iurisprudenciasac aswavlidnen. am

saxeldebas dasabami mieca terminidan `glosa~, rac iustinianes Corpus Iuris Civilis

teqstTa velebze gakeTebul SeniSvnebsa da axsna-ganmartebebs niSnavda.

iuridiuli codnis Seswavlas safuZveli `xelovnebis magistrma~ (magister artium)

irneriusma (daax. 1055-1130 ww.) Cauyara. digestebis aRmoCenis Semdeg, samarTlis

Seswavla man codnis damoukidebel sferod aqcia, xolo sqolastikuri logikisa da

gramatikis wesebis gamoyenebiT mas samecniero xasiaTi SesZina. ubralo xelovnebis

skolaSi dasabami mieca cnobil kerZo saswavlebels _ boloniis universitets,

sadac evropis sxvadasxva qveynis studentebi iuridiul ganaTlebas iRebdnen.

boloniis universitetSi romauli kulturis idea da romis samarTlis imperiuli

koncefcia aRorZinda. romis imperiis uSualo memkvidresa da uflebamonacvles _

dasavleTis imperias _ unda exelmZRvanela ideiT: samarTali erTia, radgan erTia

imperia _ unum esse ius, cum unum sit imperium.

irneriusis memkvidreebad oTxi doqtoria miCneuli: bulgarusi, martinusi, ugo da

iakobi. Glossa Magna/ordinaria anu `didi (Cveulebrivi) glosa~ akursiusma Seadgena.

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rogorc Zvel romSi, ise Sua saukuneebSi iuristi rigiTi moqalaqe, kerZo piri, iyo.

Tumca am ori periodis iuristebi erTmaneTisgan socialuri warmomavlobiTa da maT

mier gamoyenebuli meTodebiT gansxvavdebodnen. mcodne romaeli iuristi rCevebs

aZlevda romael moqalaqeebs, konsultacias uwevda pretorebsa da sxva magistratebs

da ase qmnida samarTals; amis Semdeg, mas iwvevdnen princefsis samsaxurSi, riTac

igi oficialuri piri xdeboda. glosatori iyo maswavlebeli, romelic

ganviTarebuli iuridiuli sistemis ararsebobisa da adgilobrivi statusebis

usistemo gamoyenebis gamo, universaluri samarTlis Semdgom ganviTarebas

digestebSi mocemuli iurisprudenciis principebis safuZvelze eweoda. glosatorTa

azriT, iuridiuli codnis sawyisad, uSecdomo wignad da yovelive WeSmaritis

wyarod irneriusisa da glosatorebis teqsti miaCndaT, romelic srulyofilebiT

gamoirCeoda da winaaRmdegobriv mosazrebebs ar Seicavda. am viTarebam ganapiroba

iurispridenciaSi filologiuri da logikur-dialeqtikuri meTodebis gamoyeneba,

riTac manamde mxolod literaturaTmcodneebi da Teologebi sargeblobdnen.

aqedan gamomdinare, Sua saukuneebis iuristebi mxolod teqstis ganmmarteblebi rodi

iyvnen; isini akeTebdnen romaeli iuristebis pasuxTa komentars, Tematurad mwyobri

Txzulebis saxiT, sistemuri xasiaTis naSromebs qmnidnen. rogorcaa magaliTad, e.w.

summae, romelSic Tavmoyril problemaTa (quaestiones) dadebiTi da uaryofiTi

pasuxebi _ `Tanaxma var~ da `winaaRmdegi var~ _ ganixileboda.

amrigad, klasikosebis drois `ars~ (xelovneba) samarTali iqca `scientia~-ad

(mecniereba), romlis ganviTareba-srulyofa universitetebSi xdeboda da amdenad,

axali Sexedulebebisa da midgomebisTvis xelmisawvdomi iyo.

$2. kanonistebi

romauli kanonis (lex Romana) winaSe `RvTis kanonis~ (lex Dei)

upiratesobaTanasworobisa (honestas) da qristianuli samarTlianobis (aequitas cristiana)

principebi, swored kanonistebis meSveobiT, gadamwyvet gavlenas axdendnen axal

samarTalze. meore mxriv, antikuri samyaros kulturuli tradiciebis damcveli da

gamavrcelebeli eklesia gaxldaT. Tavisufali xelovnebisa da samarTlis orive

dargis (samoqalaqo da kanonikuri) Seswavlisa da swavlebis centrebi

eklesiamonastrebsa da samefo saydrebSi ganTavsda. kanonistebis mier Seqmnili

kanonebi saero iurisdiqciasac exeboda; maT mier SemuSavebuli axali doqtrinebi da

gadawyvetilebebi, marTali romauli samarTlisagan gansxvavdeboda, magram mainc

uzomo gavlenas axdenda axal samarTalze. kerZod, stipulaciebis,

xelSekrulebebisa da araformaluri SeTanxmebebis (paqtebi), Cuqebis, dapirebis,

mflobelobisa da memkvidreobis, sasamarTlo ganxilvisa da gamoZiebis mimarT.

$3. `VII muxli~

Sua saukuneebSi, romis samarTlis recefciis TvalsazriT, didi mniSvneloba

eniWeboda alfons X brZenis dros Sedgenil kodeqss, romlis SemuSaveba mamamisis

ferdinand III-is dros daiwyo da 1263 an 1265 wels dasrulda. kodeqsis redaqciaze

didi zegavlena glosatorebma akursiusma, agaim, da gansakuTrebiT iakobma (romlis

45

gavlena zedmiwevniT aisaxa me-3 muxlze), dekretalistebma da kanonistebma, aseve

kastiliis iuridiulma dokumentebma moaxdines. kodeqsi cnobilia `kanonTa wignis~

an `kanonTa krebulis~ saxelwodebiT. saxeldeba gansazRvra misi Semadgeneli

wignebisa Tu muxlebis raodenobam; gansakuTrebiT Rirebulia me-7 muxli. pirvel

muxlSi saubaria samarTlis wyaroebsa da saeklesio sakiTxebze; me-2 muxlSi _

sajaro samarTalze; me-3 muxlSi _ sasamarTlo organizaciasa da

samarTalwarmoebaze; me-4 da me-6 muxlebSi Camoyalibebulia samoqalaqo samarTlis

normebi, xolo me-7 muxlSi _ sisxlis samarTali. aRniSnulma kodeqsma didi gavlena

moaxdina kastiliuri da espanur-amerikuli samarTlis romanizaciaze; magram

evropaSi romis samarTlis recefciis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes wyarod unda

ganixilebodes arsebiTad es krebuli, radgan mis safuZvelze, evropel da amerikel

iuristTa samarTlebrivi Sexedulebebi Camoyalibda.

VII. saerTo samarTali da moqmedi romauli samarTali

evropuli saerTo samarTlis fuZemdeblebad miiCnevian komentatorebi (consiliatores),

romelTa axsna-ganmartebiTma krebulebma Sua saukuneebis periodis samarTlis

ganviTareba ganapiroba da Tanamedrove samarTals Cauyara safuZveli. praqtikuli

miznebis mqone axali iurisprudenciis Camoyalibebisas isini, glosatorebis

msgavsad, romis samarTlis ZiriTadi principebis Tanamedrove samarTlisTvis

morgebas cdilobdnen. aseT tradicias italiuri meTodi (mos italicus) ewoda da

miznad sargeblis motanas da misi praqtikuli daniSnulebis ganxorcielebas

isaxavda, riTac gansxvavdeboda frangi iuristebis mier SemuSavebuli galuri (mos

gallicus) meTodebis kulturuli anu humanisturi tendenciebisgan.

$1. komentatorebi _ consiliatores

evropuli iurisprudenciis realuri fuZemdeblebi komentatorebi anu praqtikosebi

arian. maT iustinianes samarTali saerToevropul samarTlad aqcies. komentatorTa

Soris gamoirCeoda boloniasa da perujaSi moRvawe profesori bartolo, romlis

Sesaxebac, gadmocemis Tanaxmad, ambobdnen: `aravinaa iuristi, Tu ara bartolos

mimdevari _ nemo iurista nisi Bartolista~.

komentatorebma sistemuri iuridiuli doqtrina Seqmnes; glosatorTa meTodologia

_ sqolastikuri dialeqtikisa da logikis meSveobiT _ iuristis profesiul iaraRad

aqcies. iuridiuli sistemis SemuSavebisas, maT warmatebiT daZlies kanonikur da

romaul samarTals, aseve saerTo samarTalsa da adgilobriv (regionalur)

samarTalSemoqmedebas Soris arsebuli winaaRmdegobebi. maTi Sexedulebis Tanaxmad,

saero saqmeebisTvis saerTo samarTali (ius commune) gamoiyeneboda, xolo kanonikuri

samarTali mxolod sasuliero saqmeebis mogvarebisas moqmedebda. moqmedi

specialuri samarTlis normebi adgilobrivi kanonmdeblobis saxiT saerTo

samarTals eqvemdebareboda da iuridiuli Zala mxolod sakuTari kompetenciis

farglebSi gaaCndaT.

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$2. humanistebi

XVI saukuneSi saero azrovneba Tavisi axali formiT, aRorZinebis xanis deda-

SinaarsiT _ humanizmiT gamovlinda. humanizmis msoflgagebis centrSi dgas adamiani

_ rogorc pirovneba da rogorc Tavisufali. evropis qveynebSi TiToeuli

saxelmwifosaTvis niSandoblivi _ ekonomikuri Tu socialur-politikuri _

pirobebis miuxedavad, aRorZineba da humanisturi moZraoba ZiriTadad, erTi xaziT

mimdinareobda. es iyo brZola Sua saukuneebis msoflmxedvelobisa da kaTolikuri

eklesiis, rogorc uZlieresi feodalis, ideologiis winaaRmdeg.

aRorZinebis epoqa xasiaTdeba antikuri kulturis, samarTlis, filosofiisa da

literaturisadmi didi interesiT. komentatorebisaTvis (mos italicus) niSandoblivi

praqtikuli tendenciebisagan gansxvavebiT, safrangeTSi humanistebis kulturuli

mimdinareoba (mos gallicus), istorias saero meTodebiT Seiswavlida da ZiriTadi

istoriuli movlenebis religiur-utilitaruli Sexedulebebisagan gaTavisuflebas

cdilobda. humanistebi didad afasebdnen klasikur iurisprudencias da cdilobdnen

samarTlis wyaroebis gaTavisuflebas yvela im modifikaciisgan, iustinianeseuli

kanonmdeblobis kompilatorebsa (interpolaciebi) da Suasaukuneebis periodis

glosatorebs (glosa da komentarebi) uxvad rom hqondaT gamoyenebuli. am mizniT,

TavianT gamokvlevebSi maT gamoiyenes ara marto iustinianes kodeqsis winamorbedi

samarTlis wyaroebi, aramed saliteraturo tradiciac. marTalia, humanistebma ver

Seqmnes `samarTlis istoria~, magram maT mier gamokvleulma antikuri periodis

samarTlis wyaroebma, romis samarTlis Seswavlas mecnieruli xasiaTi SesZina. maT

SeimuSaves e.w. profesorTa samarTali, romelic, iuristTa didi masidan calke

mdgomi mcirericxovani mecnier-iuristTa jgufis prerogativad iqca.

$3. bunebiTi samarTlis Teoria

ganmanaTleblobis epoqaSi, XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi, moqmedi bunebiTi samarTlis

skola, adamianis bunebisa da gonebis Sesabamisi da yvela xalxisaTvis saerTo,

universaluri samarTlis suliskveTebaze dafuZnebul, socialur eTikas aRiarebda.

adamianis saqmianobaTa sferoSi bekonis, dekartis, niutonis sabunebismetyvelo

aRmoCenebis praqtikulma gamoyenebma, bunebiTi kanonebi sazogadoebriv cxovrebazec

ganavrco. Teologiisa da Sua saukuneebis istoriuli mrwamsis postulatebis

uaryofis Semdeg, maT axali, zogadi cnebebisa da principebis, samarTlis axali

sistemis SemuSaveba daiwyes. reformaciisa da kontrreformaciis ideebiT, aseve

safrangeTis revoluciis SedegebiT STagonebuli bunebiTi samarTlis Teoriis

ideologebi, uzenaes Rirebulebad adamianTa Soris Tanasworobasa da

samarTlianobas miiCnevdnen. iuristTa am skolis yvelaze did warmomadgenlenad

hugo grociuss (saerTaSoriso samarTlisa da gonis samarTlis meTodologiis

fuZemdebels), samuel pufendorfs, qristian Tomaziuss da qristian volfs

ariarebdnen. enciklopedistebi akritikebdnen iuristebis mier aRiarebuli

kazuistikis meTods, romelic analogiiT msjelobisas da precedentis safuZvelze

gamoiyeneboda, rac, maTi azriT, samarTlebrivi gaugebrobebisa da gaurkvevlobis

wyaro iyo, moqalaqeTa Soris ki uimedobas aRvivebda.

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bunebiTi samarTlis skola romis samarTals ratio scripta-d (dawerili goni)

ganixilavda. iuristebi kvlav romanistikis cnebebiT xelmZRvanelobdnen, xolo

samarTlamcodneobiT naSromebs _ usistemobis gamo akritikebdnen. romauli

samarTlebrivi doqtrinisadmi amgvari damokidebulebiT gansakuTrebiT

gamoirCeodnen frangi mecnierebi doma da potie, romleTac mniSvnelovani gavlena

iqonies napoleonis 1804 wlis kodifikaciaze.

$4. samarTlis istoriuli skola (germanuli)

samarTlis axali mecnierebisa da `moqmedi~ romis samarTlis mimarT, axleburi

damokidebuleba gamoikveTa. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs germaniis samarTlis istoriuli

skola da am skolis damaarseblis fon savinis moRvaweoba. savinis naSromiT _

`romis samarTlis moqmedi sistema~ _ romis samarTali evropuli kulturis

safuZvlad da mis ganuyofel nawiladaa aRiarebuli.

savini samarTals ori gansxvavebuli _ istoriuli da sistemuri _ kuTxiT

ganixilavs. pirvel SemTxvevaSi, samarTali xalxis suliskveTebis bunebriv da

spontanur gamovlinebad, xelovnebis, enisa da folkloris msgavs avTentur

fenomenad aRiqmeba. Tumca, xalxis neba da misi suliskveTeba ara Tavad xalxis,

aramed ganaTlebuli iuristebis, mecnierebisa da mosamarTleebis mieraa gamoxatuli.

iuristis ucilobeli movaleobaa sakuTari eris istoriis Seswavla, raTa saTanadod

gansazRvros iuridiuli memkvidreoba, da amiT xeli Seuwyos erovnuli

suliskveTebis ganaxleba-SenarCunebas.

sistemis TvalsazrisiT, samarTali mecnieruli racionalizmisadmi

daqvemdebarebuli cnebebisa da principebis erTobliobaa, induqciisa da deduqciis

meTodebis gamoyeneba ki _ iuridiuli dogmatikis sistemurobis garanti.

samarTlis sferoSi kantis mier SemuSavebuli axali samecniero koncefciis

gamoyenebam da universitetis _ samecniero kvleviT centrad _ qcevis ideam

profesorTa samarTlis (iuristebis samarTlisagan gansxvavebiT) Seqmna ganapiroba.

sakiTxi exeba 1810 wels gaxsnil berlinis universitets, sadac prof. humboldtma,

sxva cnobil mecnierebTan erTad, savinic miiwvia. glosatorTa Semoqmedebis

gaTvaliswinebiT, savinim upiratesoba humanistebs mianiWa, vinaidan miaCnda, rom

komentatorebi da maTi mimdevrebi, usus modernus meTodiT, WeSmariti samarTlis

keTilSobilur principebs arRvevdnen. savinis imis gamoc akritikebdnen, rom

realurad, mis mier Seqmnili romis samarTlis moqmedi sistema, sxvadasxva epoqis

elementebisagan Sedgeboda da faqtobrivad, arc erT epoqaSi ar moqmedebda. arqaul

da klasikur samarTals xelovnurad mieniWa moqmedi samarTlis statusi da zogadi

Teoriis dogmebad aqcia.

$5. XIX saukunis pandeqtistebi

pandeqturi samarTlis (pandeqtebis Tanamedrove gamoyeneba _ usus modernum

pandectarum) fuZemdeblebma, interpretaciis meSveobiT, mecniereba da iuridiuli

dogmatika Corpus iuris SeimuSaves. es iyo e.w. `cnebebis iurisprudencia~, anu

48

pandeqtistika (saxelwodeba pandeqtebis sistemuri Seswavlidan momdinareobs).

pandeqtistikas safuZveli Cauyares r. puxtam da iseTma cnobilma romanistebma,

rogorebic iyvnen vagnerovi, dernburgi da vindSaidi. pandeqtistebi iuridiuli

mecnierebis pozitivistur mimdinareobas mfarvelobdnen. maTi azriT, samarTlebrivi

wesrigi iuridiuli principebisa da normebis sruli da Caketili sistemaa. amis gamo

maT miuReblad miaCndaT kazusebis arseboba cnebebisa da dogmebis sistemaSi, radgan

maTi gadawyvetis xerxebi iurists, mis xelT arsebuli saSualebebiT, samarTlis

normiT gauTvaliswinebel SemTxvevaSic (formalur-logikuri procedurebis

gamoyenebis gareSe), SeeZlo Seevso da gamoeZia.

VIII. romauli iurisprudencia da moqmedi iuridiuli sistemebi

samoqalaqo kodeqsebis Seqmnisa da ZalaSi Sesvlis Semdeg romis samarTlis

aqtualizaciis praqtikuli tendencia, anu italiuri meTodi (mos italicus)

ganxorcielebulad miiCnies. Tumca, imis mtkiceba, rom iuristebs romis samarTlis

mimarT interesi gauneldaT usafuZvloa, vinaidan dRemde arsebuli mravali

istoriuli da dogmaturi mizezi, romis samarTlis sicocxlisunarianobas

cxadyofs. samoqalaqo kodeqsebSi dRemde SenarCunebulia romis samarTlis cnebebi

da principebi. erovnuli samarTlebrivi sistemebis Sefasebis myar safuZvlad da

amosaval wertilad maTi saerTo romanistikuli wyaroebi unda gamoviyenoT, iseve,

rogorc es axali saerToevropuli samarTlis Seqmnisas xdeba. Tanamedrove

samarTlisagan gansxvavebiT, sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis safuZvelze Seqmnili

romauli iurisprudencia, konsultaciebis formiT ganxorcielebul Tavisufal

saqmianobas warmoadgenda; igive iTqmis saerTo samarTlis ganmmartebelTa da

komentatorTa (consiliatores) naSromebzec. samarTalmcodneobis SemoqmedebiTi Tu

sainterpretacio bunebis mixedviT, ganasxvaveben Tanamedrove iuridiul sistemaTa

daxurul da Ria formebs, anu erTmaneTisagan unda gaimijnos erTi ram: ra

principiTaa Seqmnili samarTali _ cocxali (precedentuli), Tu werilobiTi

formiT (erT krebulSi sistemurad Camoyalibebul normaTa wesiT). samarTlis Ria

tipis nimuSia anglo-saqsonuri precendentuli samarTlis sistema, xolo samoqalaqo

kodeqsebSi asaxuli samarTali _ daxurul models ganekuTvneba. aRniSnuli

gansxvaveba am ori sistemis erTmaneTisagan mkveTrad gasamijnad ar gamodgeba,

vinaidan, dResdReobiT, sakanonmdeblo samarTali orive sistemas iyenebs; garda

amisa, es ori sistema yovelTvis verc warsulis mkacrad istoriul kriteriumebs

daeyrdnoba.

romauli iurisprudencia gamudmebiT uwyobda xels samarTlis SemoqmedebiT

ganviTarebas da sxvadasxva iuridiul sistemaze udavo gavlenas axdenda.

Sesabamisad, ufro mizanSewonilia samoqalaqo kodeqsebisa da anglo-saqsonuri

`saerTo samarTlis~ mimarTeba romis samarTalTan cal-calke ganvixiloT.

$1. samoqalaqo kodeqsebi

kanonis winaSe moqalaqeTa Tanasworobis Sesaxeb bunebiTi samarTlis Teoriis

mimdevarTa doqtrina da maTi postulatebi, samoqalaqo kodeqsebis Seqmnasa da

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gamocemas uwyobda xels. 1804 wels napoleonis samoqalaqo kodeqsis SeqmniT

sakodifikacio saqmianobam safrangeTSi umaRles dones miaRwia (Tumca, msgavsi

samoqalaqo kodeqsebi manamde bavariasa da prusiaSic arsebobda). safrangeTis

revluciis periodSi, samoqalaqo kodeqsis avtorebma uari ganacxades oTx, maTi

azriT, Zalzed kazuisturad, an piriqiT, abstraqtulad Sedgenil proeqtze. or

ukiduresobas Soris miRweuli kompromisis Sedegad, franguli samoqalaqo kodeqsi

sakanonmdeblo teqnikis nimuSadaaa miCneuli, romelic, mogvianebiT, sxva qveynebis

samoqalaqo kodeqsTa misabaZ magaliTad iqca. frangulma kodeqsma zegavlena

moaxdina ara mxolod evropis, aramed amerikis kodifikaciebzec. napoleonis kodeqsi

mTlianad romis samarTlis principebs efuZneboda, ramac misi warmateba ganapiroba.

XIX saukunis didma frangma iuristebma obrim da rom, iurisprudenciisa da

doqtrinis urTierTzemoqmedebis dadgeniT, axali kanonmdebloba Zalze gonivrulad

da gabedulad ganmartes.

1900 wlamde germaniis samoqalaqo Zeglisdeba ZalaSi ver Sedioda istoriuli

skolis winaaRmdegobis gamo. germanuli samoqalaqo Zeglisdeba pandeqtistikis

yvelaze srulyofili da damaxasiaTebeli qmnilebaa, romelic Seiqmna samarTlis

skolis saqmianobis miwuruls da romis samarTlis dasasrulze miuTiTebs. kodeqsis

zogadma nawilma da iuridiuli garigebis doqtrinam mniSvelovani zegavlena

moaxdina Tanamedrove civilistikaze.

$2. inglisuri samarTali. saerTo samarTali da samarTlianobis samarTali (common

law and equity)

samarTlis am sistemisaTvis niSandoblivia gansakuTrebuli da specifikuri

Taviseburebebi, riTac igi kontinenturi samarTlebrivi sistemebis romanistuli

tradiciebisgan gansxvavdeba. aRniSnuli sistemiT sakanonmdeblo samarTali (Statute

law) da precedentuli samarTali (Common law) erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba.

XI saukuneSi normanTa Semosevis Semdeg, roca inglisis dampyrobelma uiliamma

qveyanaSi batonymuri sistema da centralizebuli administracia SemoiRo, dasabami

mieca saerTo samarTlis (Common law) istorias. samarTlebrivi reformebis

gansaxorcieleblad, arsebuli samarTilsa da marTlmsajulebis dacvis

uflebamosilebani mefem sakuTar Tavze aiRo. sasamarTlo xelisuflebis centrs

warmoadgenda samefo karis sasamarTlo (Curia regis), sadac adgilobriv

sasamarTloebSi ganxiluli saqmeebi gadaisinjeboda. mefis sasamarTlo

xelisufleba xorcieldeboda Serifis anu im moxelis mier, romelic sasamarTlo-

administraciuli funqciebiTa da gamsvleli sasamarTlo sxdomebis (Justice in Eyre)

warmarTvis uflebiT iyo aRWurvili. samarTalwarmoeba sasamarTlo brZanebebis

(writs an brevia) sistemiT xelmZRvanelobda. brZaneba iyo pergamentze tipuri da

mkacrad gansazRvruli formulebis gamoyenebiT, lakonurad Sedegnili

gansakuTrebuli werilobiTi sabuTi, romelic miiReboda samefo kancelariaSi.

formulaTa Sesadgenad gansazRvruli krebulebiT xelmZRvanelobdnen, risTvisac

gasamrjelos iRebdnen. sasamarTlo brZanebebisa da maT safuZvelze gacemuli

sarCelebis meSveobiT, kerZo samarTlis sferoSi mefe adgenda kanonebs (imdeni

50

sarCeli iyo, ramdenic brZanebaTa formula). amis gamo, inglisuri saerTo samarTali

imTaviTve pozitiuri iyo, yovelTvis dauwerel CveulebiT samarTlad miiCneoda,

xolo romis samarTali, romelic universitetebSi iswavleboda, wignier da idealur

samarTlad ganixileboda.

samarTlianobis samarTlis (Equity) cnebaSi igulisxmeboda sasamarTlo sistema,

romelic upirispirdeba saerTo samarTals (Common law) da lord-kancleris

sasamarTloSi (Court of Chansery) moqmedebda. marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebis

TxivniT qveSevrdomebi peticiiT mimarTavdnen uSualod mefes. mefe gzavnida

moTxovnas samefo sabWosa (King’s Council) da kanclerTan, romelic samefo sindisis

mcvelad (keeper of the King’s conscience) iTvleboda. samarTlianobis cnebaze

dafuZnebuli, sasuliero piris - kancleris iurisdiqciis mizani iyo mopasuxis

sindisis ganwmenda.

samarTlianobis samarTlis mizani marTlmsajulebis arsebiTi, da ara formaluri

ganxorcieleba iyo; amitom samoqmedod or xerxs iyenebdnen: realur aRsrulebas

(specific performance), romelic xorcieldeboda aRsrulebis Sesaxeb dadgenilebis

gamocemis gansakuTrebuli formiT da raime qmedebis (injunction) sasamarTlo

akrZalviT, rac zianis mimyenebelisaTvis garkveuli qmedebis ganmeorebiT Cadenas

krZalvda.

samefo iurisdiqciam pirveli gamarjveba, samarTlianobis samarTlis upiratesobis

Sesaxeb, brZanebulebis gamocemiT da saerTo samarTalsa da samarTlianobis

samarTals Soris winaaRmdegobis daZleviT moipova. Tumca, maT Soris dapirispireba

kvlav grZeldeboda common law-s farglebSi moqmedi mosamarTleebi, vestminsteris

sasamarTloebis mimarT, kancleris sasamarTlos saapelacio instanciad gadaqcevis

faqts ar iwonebdnen.

rac Seexeba inglisuri samarTlis evoluciis procesSi romis samarTlis recefciis

mniSvnelobas, yuradReba unda gamaxvildes sam momentze: 1. eklesiis, upirveles

yovlisa, benediqtelTa ordenisa da glosatorTa doqtrinis gavlenaze. romanistikis

zemoqmedebis kvali SeiniSneba terminologiaSi, inglisuri samarTlis analizisa da

misi samarTlis sistemad gadaqcevis procesSi romis samarTlis cnebebia

gamoyenebuli; 2. XVI saukuneSi romis samarTlis recefciam gadamwyveti gamarjveba

moipova, germaniaSi qorwinebis sakiTxSi saepiskoposo sasamarTloebma romaul-

kanonikuri doqtrina aRiares, xolo inglisuri saerTo samarTlis gamarjvebas

iuristTa wodebisa da maTi warmomadgenlis _ kokis _ pirovnuli avtoriteti

uzrunvelyofda, riTac inglisuri CveulebiTi samarTali romis samarTlis

debulebebis gamoyenebas ugulebelyofda; 3. mesame momenti exeboda samarTlis

Teorias da ara praqtikas, raSic didi wvlili miuZRvis ingliseli moazrovnis jon

ostinis Txzulebebsa da samarTlis istorikosis meitlendis Sromebs.

kazusebidan gamomdinare principebisa da normebis Seqmnis TvalsazrisiT, romaul da

inglisur iurisprudencias bevri ram aqvT saerTo gansxvavebuli kritikisa da

ganviTarebis ganvlili gzis miuxedavad; kerZod, saerTo sasamarTlos

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gadawyvetilebebis kazuisturi xasiaTi, teqnikis gamoyeneba. isic aRsaniSnavia, rom

iuristTa da mosamarTleTa gadawyvetilebebze did gavlenas axdenda intuicia,

romelic, logikuri da sistemuri kriteriumebis miuxedavad, samarTlianobis

princips efuZneboda.

Tavi III. romis sajaro-samarTlebrivi institutebis ganviTarebis ZiriTadi etapebi

da Taviseburebani

romSi moqmed iuridiul debulebebaTa erTobliobas romis samarTali ewodeba. sa-

marTlis es tipi viTardeboda xangrZlivi istoriuli periodis ganmavlobaSi, rome-

lic 13 saukunis manZilze _ qr. Sobamde 753 wlidan qr. Sobis 565 wlamde _ impera-

tor iustinianes gardacvalebamde gagrZelda.

romis samarTlis gamoyenebis istoria mxolod aRniSnuli qronologiuri periodiT

rodi ifargleba. Semdeg sxvadasxva qveynisa da sazogadoebis interesebis Sesabami-

sad, Sua da axal saukuneebSi moqmedebda, romis samarTlebrivma sistemam Cvens

dromdec moaRwia. amitom amboben: romis samarTali xelmeored daibadao.

Tumca romanistTa, anu romis samarTlis mkvlevarTa interesis ZiriTadi obieqti ro-

mis moqalaqeTa urTierTobebis maregulirebeli kerZo samarTalia, dResdReisobiT

mravali samecniero naSromi kvlavac eZRvneba romis sajaro samarTlis, romauli

saxelmwifo institutebis Camoyalibebisa da ganviTarebis istorias. aseTi saxis

gamokvlevebSi aucilebelia istoriuli monacemebis gaTvaliswinebac, vinaidan romis

kerZosamarTlebrivi institutebis evoluciis procesi mWidrod ukavSirdeboda rom-

Si moqmed politikur sistemasa da samarTalSemoqmedebiT tradicas. romis politi-

kurma reJimma, mmarTvelobis transformaciis TvalsazrisiT, ramdenime etapi ganvlo.

kerZod: 1. reqsebis epoqa _ qr. Sobamde 753-510 ww; 2. respublikis periodi _ qr.

Sobamde 510-27 ww; 3. principatisa _ qr. Sobamde 27 w. _ qr. Sobis 284 w. da 4. domina-

tis epoqa _ 284-565 ww.

aRniSnuli bolo ori etapi imperiuli mmarTvelobis ori gansxvavebuli formaa.

sakuTvis romis iuridiuli sistemis ganxilvisas, TiToeuli etapisaTvis

niSandoblivi arsebiTi Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, ramdeniem etaps

ganasxvaveben; esenia: 1. arqauli _ qr. Sobamde 753-367 ww.; 2. winaklasikuri _ qr.

Sobamde 367-130 ww.; 3. klasikuri _ qr. Sobamde 130 w. - qr. Sobis 235 w. esaa yvelaze

xangrZlivi periodi, roemlic, Tavis mxriv, sam etapad iyofa: a) adreuli klasika _

qr. Sobamde 130-30 ww.; b) ganviTarebuli klasika _ qr. Sobamde 30 w. _ qr. Sobis 130 w.;

g) gviandeli klasika _ 130-235 ww.; 4. postklasikuri _ 235-527 ww.;

5. iustinianes periodis samarTali _ 527-568 ww.

romis samarTlis istoriis pirveli, arqauli anu kvirituli samarTlis periodi

droSi emTxveva reqsebisa da respublikuri saxelmwifo wyobilebis adreul da

klasikur periodebs. klasikuri samarTlis pirveli etapi gviandeli respublikis

epoqas Seesabameba, xolo klasicizimis meore da mesame etapebi _ principatis xanas

52

(imperiis pirvel etaps), anu romis imperiis teritoriuli gafarToebis periods.

romis samarTlis istoriis postklasikuri da iustinianes periodebi SeuzRudavi mo-

narqiuli mmarTvelobis _ dominatis _ xanas Seesabameba.

$1. Civitas warmoSoba. Rex-ebis periodi

civitas (qalaq-saxelmwifo); Senatus Populusque Romanus (SPQR) (senati da romaeli xalxi

); ager publicus (saxelmwifo miwebi).

saxelmwifoebriobis Tanamedrove koncefciebis (saxelmwifos Sesaxeb Teoriebis) ga-

moyeneba Zvelromauli Temis mimarT TiTqmis SeuZlebelia, vinaidan didia

modernistuli Teoriebis gavlena. Zveli romaelebisaTvis politikuri erToba

ganuyofeli iyo romauli Temis moqalaqeebisagan. Sesabamisad, romauli Temis

wevrebi sakuTar Tavs Populus Romanus-s uwodebdnen, xolo oficialur dokumentebsa

da legionerTa samkerde niSnebze pirveli adgilze senati iyo: Senatus Populusque

Romanus (SPQR).

cnebiT respublica sazogadoebrivi saqmeebi an sazogadoebrivi qmedebebi aRiniSneboda.

principatis epoqaSi romaul libera res publica-s imperatoris potestas-i daupirispirda.

mecnierTa umravlesobis azriT, primitiul romaul politikur organizacias yvela-

ze ukeT Seesabameba termini `qalaq-saxelmwifo~; es iyo erTgvari citadeli, romlis

kedlebs SigniTac xelisuflebis saqalaqo da qalaqs daqvemdebarebuli teritorie-

bis administraciuli organoebi iyo ganTavsebuli. Tanamedrove gamokvlevebiT

SesaZlebelia imis gancxadeba, rom romis saxelmwifo Tanmimdevruli sinoikizmis

(axlo mdebare dasaxlebaTa urTierTSerwymis) safuZvelze Camoyalibda.

romi Svid borcvze ganlagebuli ramdenime dasaxlebis gaerTianebiT Seiqmna.

Sesabamisad, am adgils Septimontium-i anu Svidborcviani (aventinusi, palatinusi,

kapitoliumi, kvirinalis, viminalis, eskvilinusi da keliusi) ewoda. mogvianebiT,

qalaqs galavani Semoavles, romelic mosaxleobas mtris Tavdasxmisagan icavda. am

borcvTagan erT-erTs kapitoliumi Semdegi garemoebis gamo ewoda: borcvze iupi-

teris taZris asagebad saZirkvelis gaTxrisas md. tibrosis sanapiroebze muSebma

adamianis Tavis qala aRmoaCines. metad xelsayreli savaWro gzebis (via Salaria)

kveTaze mkvidri primitiuli sasoflo Temi, TandaTanobiT iZenda qalaq-saxelmwifos

(civitas) niSan-maxasiaTeblebs. galavanSemovlebuli uZvelesi civitas-i teritoriaze

(pomoerium), mravlad iyo wminda adgilebi, sadac sxvadasxva magiuri da religiuri

ritualebi tardeboda; aqve mdebareobda mTavrobis rezidencia da sagangebo

adgilebi saxalxo krebebis Casatareblad.

miTis Tanaxmad, uZvelesi dasaxleba romulusis saxels ukavSirdeba, manve daudgina

qalaqs Tavdapirveli sazRvrebi (e.w. Roma quadrata). qalaqs gars ertya sajaro miwebi

da saZovrebi (ager publicus) da mtris Semosevebisagan daucveli soflebi da miwaTmoq-

medTa gancalkevebiT mdgomi qoxebi. arqeologiuri gaTxrebis masalebis Tanaxmad,

civitas-is garSemo safortifikacio samuSaoebi permanentulad, laTinebis TemebiT da-

saxlebuli soflebis gaerTianebiT, mimdinareobda. Tavdapirvelad, romi alba-

53

longas (Alba Longa) kolonia iyo. aqve dabadebula qalRmerT vestas qurumi qali rea-

silvia, tyupi Zmis _ romulusisa da remusis deda.

amrigad, romi saerTo mmarTvelobas daqvemdebarebuli sazogadoebis sxvadasxva

jgufis konglomerats, ciceronis Tanaxmad, coetus hominum iure sociali-s, warmoadgenda.

primitiuli civitas-is mmarTvelobis organoebi iyo:

a) reqsi (rex)

rex sacrorum (saRvTo ritualebi); interrex (Sualeduri funqciebiT aRWurvili reqsi);

regifugium (reqsis gaqceva); quando rex comitia vit fas (formula, riTac reqsi RvTis nebas

aqveynebda).

reqsi (rex) iyo uzenaesi samxedro da politikuri beladi, romelic, xalxis survilis SemTxvevaSi, moqalaqeTa sakraluri warmomadgenlis funqciasac asrulebda. aqedan gamomdinare, reqsi anu beladi (ductor) iyo, religiur-magiuri ritualebis Catarebis uflebamosilebiT, aRWurvili piri, romlis magiur da zebunebriv unars misi piradi qarizma kidev ufro aZlierebda. reqsis zebunebrivi Zalisadmi rwmena xalxs mis morCilebas da misi xelisuflebis uzenaesobas STaagonebda. romaelebs reqsi miaCndaT RvTis nebis aRmsruleblad, romlis nebasac xalxs amcnobdnen qurumebi; isini momavals zeciur movlenebze dakvirvebiT, msxverplad Sewiruli cxovelebis Signeulobisa da frinvelTa frenis (auspicium,

augurium) mixedviT winaswarmetyvelebdnen.

gadmocemis mixedviT, roms marTavda Svidi reqsi: romulusi, numa pompiliusi, tulus

hostiliusi, ankus marciusi, tarkvinius priskusi, servius tuliusi da tarkvinius

superbusi (amayi). pirveli oTxi reqsi laTinTa da sabinTa warmomadgeneli iyo, xo-

lo bolo sami reqsi ki _ etruskTa tomisa.

respublikis periodSi romma SeinarCuna reqsebis xelisuflebisaTvis niSandoblivi

rudimentebi. laTini reqsebi roms senatTan TanxmobiT marTavdnen, samagierod,

xalxis mxardaWeriT sargeblobdnen. etruskma reqsebma TavianTi despotizmiT xalxi

daipirispires. bolo reqss _ tarkviniuss amays _ romaelebi ganudgnen aujanydnen da

gandevnes.

etruskTa dinastiis reqsebma SemoiRes uzenaesi xelisuflebis (imperium) Semdegi sim-

boloebi: spilos Zvlisgan damzadebuli samefo taxti, porfiris samosi _ toga (toga)

da wkeplebiT SeiaraRebuli piradi mcvelebi (lictores); magram romaeli rex-i araviTar

SemTxvevaSi ar miiCneva mefed; ase rom, maTi zeobis epoqa arasworad miiCnies monar-

qiuli mmarTvelobis periodad.

b) senati

Senex (mxrcovani); senatus (senati); patres (senatorebi); tribus (triba); gens (gvari); sacra

gentilicia (wminda ritualis aRsruleba ); interregnum ( reqsis gardacvalebis Semdeg

54

xelisuflebis aRsruleba senatorebis mier ).

Tavdapirveli senati (senatus) iyo uxucesTa sabWo, romelic reqss iseTi umniSvnelo-

vanesi saxelmwifo problemebis gadawyvetaSi exmareboda, rogoric iyo, magaliTad,

omisa da zavis sakiTxi. gadmocemis Tanaxmad, romulusma Tavad daaarsa senati,

romlis SemadgenlobaSic 100 senatori Seiyvana; drois kvalobaze, maTi ricxvi gai-

zarda da tarkvinius priskusis mmarTvelobis dros maTma ricxvma 300 miaRwia. SesaZ-

loa, senatorTa ricxvi ganisazRvreboda im patres raodenobiT, senatSi adgilis

dakavebis ufleba rom moipoves. senatorTa es wodeba (patres) imas mowmobs, rom sena-

ti gvarTa meTaurebis wridan iqmneboda. gvari (gens) iyo im ramdenime monaTesave oja-

xis gaerTianeba, romelsac saerTo winapari hyavda. Civitas-is Seqmnis TvalsazrisiT,

ojaxis (familia), gvarisa (gens) da tomis (tribus) funqciis sakiTxi didi xnis

ganmavlobaSi ganixileboda romanistikaSi. ojaxis wevrebs erTmaneTTan sisxliT na-

Tesaoba akavSirebdaT. ojaxi uZvelesi socialuri organizmia. ojaxTa kavSiri,

romelsac saerTo winapari (patres gentis) hyavda naTesavTa erTobas _ gvars qmnida.

gvaris wevrebi saerTo sagvareulo saxels atarebdnen da gvaris yvela wevrisaTvis

erTnair wminda ritualebs (sacra gentilicia) aRasrulebdnen. reqsis gardacvalebis

Semdeg mTeli Zalaufleba gadadioda senatorTa xelT (interregnum), romlebic axal

reqss irCvdnen.

g) xalxi da saxalxo krebebi

pirvel saukuneebSi xalxi ori fenis _ patriciebisa da plebeebisagan _ Sedgeboda.

privilegirebul fenas Seadgenden patriciebi; klientebi da fsgaazatebulebi maTze

iyvnen damokidebulni. patronisa da klientis urTierTobebis Sesaxeb cnobebi

mocemulia dionise halikarnaseliTan, romlis mtkicebiTac patronis uflebebi

romulusma SemoiRo. patroni klients iuridiuli xasiaTis rCevebs aZlevda da mas

sxva pirTa ukanono devnisagan icavda; Tavis mxriv, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, klienti

patronis daxmarebis valdebulebas sakuTar Tavze iRebda; magaliTad, misi qaliSvi-

lebis gaTxovebisas an patronis tyveobdan gamosyidvisas, klients sakuTari

patronis sasamarTlo xarjebi an sajaro jarimebi unda gadaexada. patrons da

klients erTmaneTis winaaRmdeg sasamarTloSi mowmed gamosvlis ufleba ar hqondaT.

klients ar SeeZlo xmis micema im kandidaturis winaaRdeg, romelsac patroni mxars

uWerda.

patriciebis fena Sedgeboda im 100 ojaxisgan (familia), romelic romis teritoriaze

uZvelesi droidan cxovrobda (patriciebis STamomavlebis imave wodebss

ganekuTvnbodnen). patriciebis ojaxebi gvarad, gvarebi ki tomebad erTiandeboden.

patriciebi samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebiT SeuzRudavad sargeblobden,

aRniSnul uflebebs plebeebis (plebs) fena moklebuli iyo. Tanasworobisa da

sazogadoebis erTiani patriciul-plebeuri maRali fenis _ nobilis _ Sesaqmnelad ple-

beebi, ramdenime saukunis manZilze ibrZodnen. saxelmwifos respublikuri wyobis

dros nobiliteti gabatonebul fenas warmoadgenda. xalxs iwvevdnen sagangebo

krebebis e.w. komiciebis (comitia; cum+ire: Sekreba) sxdomebze. saxalxo krebis uZveles

55

saxes warmoadgenda kuriis kreba (comitia curiata), romelic moqalaqeebs kuriebis

mixedviT aerTianebda. 30 kuriad dayofili mosaxleoba sam tribad erTiandeboda.

Tavdapirvelad, kuriis krebis kompetencia lex curiata de imperio (romlis ZaliTac reqss

saxelisuflebo uflebamosileba eniWeboda) mxardaWera da adrogatio (Svilad ayvanis

erT-erTi saxe) gaxldaT. centuriis komiciebi (comitia centuriata) boloswina etrus-

kelma reqsma servius tuliusma Seqmna. aRniSnuli komicia efuZneboda romaeli ja-

ris axal struqturas, romelic, jariskacTa qonebrivi statusis mixedviT, xuT

kategoriad iyofoda. romis jarisa da saxalxo krebebis reformatorad servius

tuliusia miCneuli. laTinTa da sabinTa `monarqiis~ pirvel etapze jaris Sekreba

gvarebis mixedviT xdeboda; wlis ganmavlobaSi jarSi patriciebisa da

klientebisagan romel wevrs unda emsaxura, amas gvari (gens) adgenda. aqedan

gamomdinare, jarSi kavaleria dominirebda. brZolis hoplituri taqtikis SemoRebiT

cxenosanTa rigebi Semcirda. hoplitebi (hoplitas) (mZimed SeiaraRebuli qveiTi jari) _

es iyo asi meomrisagan Semdgari samxedro razmebi (centuriae), romlebic mkacrad

icavdnen sabrZolo mwyobrsa da samxedro disciplinasa, rac maT

brZolisunarianobas ganamtkicebda.

samxedro reformis gatarebisas, qonebrivi cenzis mixedviT, servius tuliusma moqa-

laqeebi 5 jgufad dahyo. pirveli, umaRlesi jgufis wevrobisaTvis savaldebulo iyo

100 000 sisterciis (fuladi erTeuli) qona, meoresaTvis _ 75 000, mesame da meoTxi-

saTvis _ Sesabamisad, 50 000 da 25 000, xolo bolo, mexuTe jgufs 12 000 sisterciis

qona moeTxoveboda. moqalaqeTa TiToeuli kategoria valdebuli iyo gamoeyvana

centuriis gansazRvruli raodenoba (magaliTad, pirvel kategorias 30 centuriis

gamoyvana evaleboda). mxedrobas (equites) 18 centuria gamohyavda, xolo damxmare kari

(muSebi, musikosebi da proletarii) kidev 5 centurias qmnida. amgvarad, centuriebis

saerTo ricxvi 193 Seadgenda.

centuria (centuriae) erTdroulad samxedro erTeuli da politikur-fiskaluri gaer-

Tianeba iyo, anu maT saxalxo krebaze xmis micemis ufleba hqonda. xmis micemisas

pirveloba moqalaqeTa yvelaze SeZlebul fenas eniWeboda, vinaidan centuriaTa yve-

laze didi raodenoba (30 centuria) am fenas gamohyavda. xmaTa absoluturi

umravlesobis mopovebis Semdeg (moqalaqeTa pirveli fena, cxenosnebTan erTad, 98

centurias Seadgenda. isini pirvelebi aZlevdnen xmas da saxalxo krebebze xmaTa

umravlesobas iRebdnen) xmis micemis procedura wydeboda.

$2. patriciul-plebeuri civitas-i da respublika

Comitia curiata (kuriis kreba); comitia centuriata (centuriis kreba); comitia tributa (tribis

kreba); plebs (mdabio); nobilis (warCinebuli); centuriae (centuriebi); hoplitas (qveiTi jari);

equites (mxedrebi); proletarii (uqonelni).

gadmocemis Tanaxmad, tarkviniusebis gvaris ukanaskneli reqsi qr. Sobamde 510 wels

romidan gandevnes da, erTwliani uflebamosilebis vadiT, magistratis Tanamdeboba

SemoiRes. kolegiis wevri _ magistratebi umaRlesi samxedro da politikuri

xelisuflebiT aRWurvili pirebi iyvnen. qr. Sobamde 451 wels SeirCa aTi moqalaqe

56

(decemviri legibus scribundis), romelTac XII dafis kanonebis redaqtireba daevalaT. saka-

nonmdeblo saqmianoba, patriciebsa da plebeebs Soris urTierTobebis ukiduresi

gamwvavebisa da politikuri dapirispirebis fonze, ori weli gagrZelda. XII dafis

kanonebis gamoqveynebis Semdeg, xalxma konsulebis arCeva aRar isurva da

mmarTveloba gadasca konsulis ZalauflebiT aRWurvil samxedro tribunebs (tribuni

militum consulari potestate), romelTac jarebis sardlobis ufleba moipoves. qr. Sobamde

367 wels liciniusisa da seqstiusis kanoniT (leges Liciniae et Sextiae) konsulati _

respublikuri romis saxelmwifo wyobilebis umaRlesi organo _ sabolood

damkvidrda.

antikuri periodis cnobebis interpretaciisas, istorikosTa azri orad iyofa: erTi

nawilis Tanaxmad, romSi tarkviniusebis gandevnis Semdeg, politikuri sistemis re-

formireba mkveTrad, revoluciuri meTodebiT ganxorcielda; istorikosTa meore

jgufis (umravlesobis) azriT, reforma mdovred, Tumca, Tanamimdevrulad

mimdinareobda. Tavdapirvelad, SesaZloa yovelwliurad, airCeoda mxolod erTi

umaRlesi pretori (praetor maximus, prae+ire _ jari winamZRoli, mxedraTmTavari

SapkaSi), romelsac, damxmared (savaraudod, jarebis sardlebad) umcros pretorebs

(praetores minores) uniSnavdnen.

romis respublikuri saxelmwifo wyoblebis sawyisi etapi patriciebsa da plebeebs

Soris gamudmebuli da mkveTri urTierTdapirispirebiT xasiaTdeboda.

privilegirebuli politikuri uflebebis mudmivad borotad gamoyenebiT,

patriciebis gabatonebuli fena pleebis gaRizianebas iwvevda; protestis niSnad,

plebeebi roms tovebdnen da secesiebs (secessio), anu romidan maT saTayvanebel wminda

mTaze organizebul gaqcevas, mimarTavdnen. patriciebi samxedro samsxurs mxolod

plebeebs avaldebulebdnen, valauval plebeebs savalo kabalaSi amyofebdnen.

aRniSnuli, pirveli socialuri konfliqtis mizezi gaxda. qr. Sobamde 494 w. plebeeb-

ma miaRwies, rom patriciebma maT mier arCeuli Tanamdebobis pirebi _ tribuni plebis _

aRiares.

plebsis tribunebs magistratebis gadawyvetilebebze veto-s dadebis ufleba miecaT.

RvTaebrivi kanonis (lex sacrata) ZaliT, plebsis tribuni xelSeuvalobiT (sacrosanctae)

sargeblobda; mis winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebul qmedebaSi mxilebuli piri kanongare-

Sed (homo sacer) cxaddeboda. male plebeebma politikuri moTxovnebic wamoayenes. maT

patriciebs plebsis tribunis uflebamosilebaTa (potestas tribunicia) aRiarebas, tribu-

nisaTvis veto-s uflebis, plebsis saxalxo krebaze miRebuli gadawyvetilebisTvis

(plebiscita) iuridiulad savaldebulo Zalis miniWeba mosTxoves. valeriusisa da

horaciusis kanonis (leges Valeriae-Horatiae) miRebiT, tribuni, xelSeuvalobis mqone

civitas-is uflebamosi, magistratad iqca; qr. Sobamde 445 w. kanuleusis kanoniT (lex

Canuleia) patriciebsa da plebeebs Soris qorwinebis akrZalva gauqmda; qr. Sobamde

367 w. plebeebis konstituciuri moTxovnebi sabolood dakmayofilda. liciniusisa

da seqstiusis kanonis (leges Liciniae Sextiae) Tanaxmad, ori konsulidan erT-erTi auci-

leblad plebsis warmomadgeneli unda yofiliyo. publilius filonis kanoniTa (lex

Publilia Philonis) da hortensius kanoniT (lex Plebiscita Hortensia), plebsis saxalxo krebeb-

57

ze miRebul gadawyvetilebebs komiciebis mier dadgenili, kanonis Zala mieniWa.

patriciul-plebeuri mmarTvelobis mqone civitas-is safuZvelze aRmocenebulma axalma

saxelmwifo wyobam, qr. Sobamde III-II saukuneebSi ganviTarebis mwvervals moaRwia.

mmarTvelobis am tipis saxelmwifo organoebi iyo: magistratura, senati da saxalxo

krebebi.

Zveli berZeni istorikosisa da filosofosis polibiosis Tanaxmad, romis saxelmwi-

fo wyobileba Sereuli tipis saxelmwifo formaa, romelic aristoteles mier

gansazRvrul monarqiis, aristokratiisa da demokratiis cnebaSi ar jdeba. erTi

mxriv, Tu konsulis uflebamosilebas ganvixilavT, SesaZloa vifiqroT, rom romi _

monarqiaa; senatis uflebamosilebaTa ganxilvis safuZvelze, SeiZleba davaskvnaT,

rom is aristokratiuli wyobis mqonea; xolo mravalricxovani xalxis politikur

uflebebsac Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, vifiqrebT, rom romi demokratiuli saxelmwifoa.

imdroindel romSi, senatisa da patriciuli magistraturis batonobis didi xnis

manZilze, mmrTvelobis sferoSi monawileobis misaRebad, plebeebis brZolis

miuxedavad, romis saxelmwifo wyoba mainc aristokratiuli niSnebiT xasiaTdeboda.

meore mxriv, SeuZlebelia xelisuflebaTa aRniSnuli Tanafardoba xelisuflebaTa

danawilebis (sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebeli, sasamarTlo xelisufleba) Tanamedrove

Teoriis mixedviT aixsnas. erTi ram faqtia: romis saxelmwifo wyobis sistemiT,

politikuri institutebis urTierTdamokidebulba da urTierTkontroli

xorcieldeboda. mudmivmoqmedi organo _ senati (senatus), uflebamosilebaTa erTw-

liani vadiT arCeul magistratebze, arsebiTi gavlenas axdenda; imavdroulad,

sazogadoebrivi saqmeebis (res publica) saerTo mmarTvelobasac uWerda mxars.

a) magistratura

Veto (akrZalva); imperium (Zalaufleba); auspicia (frinvelebsa da cxovelebze

dakvirveba); imperium militiae (samxedro Zalaufleba); imperium domi (xelisufleba

qveynis SigniT); provocatio ad populum (xalxisadmi mimarTva); praetor maximus (umaRlesi

pretori); collega minor (umcrosi TanaSemwe); praetor peregrinus (ucxoelebis pretori);

quaestorae parricidii (kvestorebis TanaSemweebi); quaestores aerarii (saxazino kvestorebi);

cura urbis (qalaqis zedamxedveloba); cura ludorum (TamaSebze zedamxedveloba); cura

morum (zneobaze zedamxedveloba); cura annonae (sursaT-sanovageze zedamxedveloba);

tribuni plebis (plebsis tribuni); intercessio (tribunis mier vetos gamoyenebis ufleba

sxva magistratebis gadawyvetilebebze); ius auxilii (moqalaqeTa dacvis ufleba); ius

agendicum senatus (senatis mowvevis ufleba); ius agendi cum plebe (plebsis krebis mowvevis

ufleba; lectio senatus (senatis dakompleqteba).

respublikuri magistraturis ZiriTadi niSnebia: 1. arCeviToba; 2. kolegialoba; 3. Ta-

namdebobaze yofnis erTwliani vada; 4. usasyidloba; 5. angariSvaldebuleba.

wesis Tanaxmad, magistratebi komiciebSi erTwliani vadiT da kolegialobis

principiT airCeodnen; maT hqondaT Tanabari uflebamosilebani, aseve kolegis

58

gadawyvetilebaze veto-s dadebis ufleba. did xarjebTan dakavSirebuli samsaxuris

miuxedavad, magistratoba usasyidlod iyo; Tanamdebobis dakavebisas, isini debdnen

fics, rom kanonis Sesabamisad (nihil contra leges fecissent) imoqmedeben. magistrati,

romelic sakuTar Zalauflebas borotad iyenebda, meqrTameobaSi braldebuli piris

msgavsad (crimen repetundarum) isjeboda.

kuriatul kanonTa (lex curiata) da auspiciiT (auspicia) anu RvTis nebis axsna-

ganmartebis uflebiT, romael konsulebs uzenaesi xelisufleba (imperium) eZleodaT.

Imperium-i anu uzenaesi xelisufleba eniWeboda ufross magistratebs _ konsulebs,

diqtatorebs, pretorebsa da samxedro tribunebs. erTmaneTisgan ganasxvaveben

imperium-is or saxes: imperium militiae _ romis sazRvrebs gareT jaris sardlobis

ufleba da imperium domi _ umaRlesi samoqalaqo xelisufleba q. romis sazRvrebSi,

sadac moqaleTaTvis sasjelis Sefardeba izRudeboda mxolod romaeli xalxisadmi

apelirebiT (provocatio ad populum), romelic braldebuls saxalxo krebisaTvis

mimarTvis uflebas aZlevda.

T. momzenis klasifikaciis Tanaxmad, magistraturebi iyofada or saxeobad: Cveuleb-

rivi (ordinaluri) da gansakuTrebuli (eqstraordinaluri). Tavis mxriv, Cveulebri-

vi magistratura mudmivmoqmed da garkveuli Sesvenebebis Semdeg amoqmedebul orga-

noebad iyofoda.

mudmivmoqmedi magistraturebi:

1. konsulati. romSi erTi wlis vadiT arCeuli ori konsuli iyo. maTi Tanamdebobaze

yofnis erT wels maTive saxeli ewodeboda. konsulebi axorcielebdnen imperium-s,

anu uzenaes samxedro da samoqalaqo xelisuflebas; simbolurad atarebdnen

samkerde niSansa da reqsis simboloebs: liqtorebi da porfiris toga _ hqondaT.

damnaSavisaTvis sasikvdilo ganaCenis gamotanis ufleba mxolod konsuls eniWeboda.

sikvdilmisjils e.w. provocatio-s wesiT am ganaCenis gasaCivreba centuriis saxalxo

krebis mimarT mxolod q.romis farglebSi SeeZlo; Tu aRniSnul sasjels

provinciaSi gamoitndnen, is saboloo iyo da gasaCivrebas ar eqvemdebareboda.

2. pretura. pretori uzenaesi xelisuflebiT aRWurvili magistri (praetor maximus)

iyo. liciniusisa da seqstiusis kanonebSi pretori moxseniebulia konsulis umcros

TanaSemwed (collega minor). imave kanoniT, pretors marTlmsajulebis (iurisdictio)

ganxorcielebis funqciac mieniWa, gansakuTrebiT aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebisagan

marTlmsajulebis instituciurad gamoyofis Semdeg. qr. Sobamde 242 w. SemoiRes

axali Tanamdeboba ucxoelebis pretori (praetor peregrinus), romelsac romael moqala-

qeebsa da ucxoelebs Soris sasamarTlo davebis ganxilva-gadawyveta daevala.

3. kvestura. kvestori iyo konsulis TanaSemwe (quaestores parricidii), romelsac,

umTavresad, saxelmwifo damnaSaveTa sisxlissamarTlebrivi devna da danaSaulis

gamoZieba evaleboda. garda amisa, kvestorebs, danaSaulebrivi xelyofisagan

saxelmwifo xazinisa da sxva saxis sazogadoebrivi qonebis dacvac evalebodaT

(quaestores aerarii).

59

4. ediliteti. Tavdapirvelad, edilebi (aediles) plebsis RvTaebaTa kults

zedamxedvelobdnen. mogvianebiT, maT romSi sazogadoebrivi wesrigis dacva (cura

urbis), qalaqis xorbliTa da sarCo-sanovagiT momarageba (cura annonae) da TamaSebis

organizeba (cura ludorum) daevalaT.

5. plebsis tribunati. Tavdapirvelad, plebsis tribunebi, patriciebis winaaRmdeg

socialuri TanasworobisaTvis brZolaSi, plebeebis `revoluciuri~ beladebi iyvnen.

patriciati iZulebuli gaxda, magistratebis mier miRebul nebismier

gadawyvetilebaze, plebsis tribunis vetosa (intercessio) da moqalaqeTa dacvis (ius

auxilii), aseve senatisa da plebsis krebebis mowvevis uflebac (ius agendi cum senatus, cum

plebe) eRiarebina.

6. cenzura ordinaluri, magram ara permanentuli magistratura iyo. yofili

konsulebi 18 Tvis vadiT airCeodnen cenzorebad (censor), romelTa movaleobac

yovel xuT weliwadSi erTxel, qonebrivi cenzis mixedviT, moqalaqeebis aRwera da

maTi saTanado kategoriebSi ganweseba gaxldaT. cenzori akompleqtebda senats (lectio

senatus), zedamxedvelobda moqalaqeTa zneobas (cura morum). Tu moqalaqe uzneo qmede-

bas Caidenda, mas ricxavdnen moqalaqeTa siidan, mis mier Cadenil uRirs qmedebaze

werilobiTi miTiTebiT.

magistraturis meore _ eqstraordinaluri saxe diqtaturis instituti iyo.

sagangebo viTarebis dros konsulebi niSnavdnen diqtators, romlis

uflebamosileba mxolod eqvsi TviT gamisazRvreboda. am drois ganmavlobaSi is iyo

erTpirovnuli xelisufali, romlis kompetenciaSis uzenaesi samxedro da

samoqalaqo administracia (imperium militiae et imperium domi) Sedioda. diqtaturis

dros moqalaqeTa yvela ufleba SeCerebuli iyo.

ramdenime magistraturis erTi piris xelSi moqceva dauSvebeli iyo. qr. Sobamde 180

w. viliusis kanoniT (lex Villia annalis) dadginda: erTi da igive piri, imave an sxva

Tanamdebobaze xelmeored mxolod ori wlis Semdeg airCeoda. amave kanoniT,

ganisazRvra magistratobis Semdegi ierarqia (cursus honorum): kvestura, ediliteti,

pretura, konsulati; cenzorad da diqtatorad mxolod yofili konsuli

daiSveboda.

b) senati

Senatus (senati); senex (senatori); partes (mamebi); conscripti (miwerilni).

senati (senatus) iyo respublikuri romis umaRlesi aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis

warmomadgelobiTi da saTaTbiro organo, romlis wevrebadac senatori (senex) _ pat-

riciebi (e.w. `patres~ - mamebi) da senatori _ plebeebi (e.w. conscripti - miwerilni)

airCeodnen.

senatis kompetenciaSi Sedioda: omis gamocxadeba da zavis dadeba; religiuri cere-

monialis aRsrulebaze zedamxedveloba; sazogadoebrivi finansebis gankargva da

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mxedarTmTavrebis daniSvna. aRniSnuli mowmobs, rom senatis funqcia mxolod

saTaTbiro uflebamosilebiT ar ifargleboda. magistratebis xelisufleba droiT

iyo SezRuduli, xolo mudmivmoqmedi saxelmwifo organo senati, komiciebis mier

miRebul kanonebs sakuTari auctoritas-iT amtkicebda, senatusconsultum-iT ki sakanonmdeb-

lo saqmianobas axorcielebda. senatorTa ricxvi permanentulad izrdeboda da III

saukunis dasawyisSi aTass miaRwia.

g) saxalxo krebebi

Plebiscita (plebisciti); consilia plebis (plebsis kreba); magistratus maiores (umaRlesi rangis

magistratebi); magistratus minores (dabali rangis magistratebi); ius agendi cum populo

(komiciebis mowvevis ufleba); ius agendi cum plebe (plebsis krebebis mowvevis ufleba);

optimates (optimatebi); populares (popularebi); nobilitas (warCinebuli); ordo equister

(mxedarTa wodeba); consul sine collega (konsuli kolegis gareSe).

Tavdapirvelad, magistratebis arCeva da kanonproeqtisaTvis xmis micema centuriis

saxalxo krebis kompetencia iyo. magram reformebis gatareba, da qonebrivi cenzis

mixedviT, moqalaqeTa socialur jgufebad SedarebiT samarTliani dayofiT,

centuriis krebebis umaRlesi funqciebis nawili, tribis komiciebisaTvis gadacema

gamoiwvia.

mogvianebiT, kanonis Zalis mqone plebiscita-s plebsis kreba (consilia plebis) iRebda. umaR-

lesi magistratebis (magistratus maiores) _ konsulebis, cenzorebis, pretorebis arCeva

(daniSvna) centurialuri komiciis kompetencia iyo. tribebis komiciebi yvelaze

dabali rangis magistratebs (magistratus minores) _ edilebsa da kvestorebs irCevdnen;

plebsis krebebze ki _ plebsis tribunebs. plebsis krebebze magistratebad mxolod

moqmedi magistratebis mier warmodgenil pirebs irCevdnen.

kanonproeqtisaTvis xmis micemis dros sakanonmdeblo iniciativis ufleba mxolod

moqmed magistratebs hqondaT; saxalxo kreba uflebamosili iyo maTi iniciativa

mieRo an saerTod uareyo; misi Secvlis, Sevsebis an nawilobriv miRebis ufleba maT

ar gaaCndaT. komiciebis mowvevis ufleba (ius agendi cum populo) umaRles magistratebs,

xolo plebsis krebebis (ius agendi cum plebe) _ plebsis tribunebs hqondaT.

saxelmwifoebriobis Camoyalibebis dasrulebisTanave, romma aqtiuri dapyrobiTi

omebis politika daiwyo, ris Sedegadac im droisaTvis cnobil, TiTqmis mTel geog-

rafiul sivrceze gabatonda. meore punikuri omis Semdeg (qr. Sobamde 220 w.),

daaxloebiT qr. Sobamde 168 w. mimdinare omebis Sedegad, romis saxelmwifo msoflio

imperia gaxda. qr. Sobamde II saukunidan romis saxelmwifo wyobileba, axali socia-

lur-ekonomikuri da politikuri faqtorebiT ganpirobebulma, Rrma krizisma moicva.

upirveles yovlisa, Zveli civitas-is administraciuli organoebi msoflio imperiis

mmarTvelobis sferoSi wamoWril moTxovnebs veRar akmayofilebda. umaRles

Tanamdebobaze xanmokle vadiT pirTa arCeva saxelisuflo struqturebs araefeqturs

xdida, gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca saqme dapyrobili provinciebis samxedro

mmarTvelobas exeboda. saxelmwifos konstituciur mdgomareobaze uaryofiT

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zegavlenas axdenda, erTi mxriv, Zveli senatoruli aristokratia, savaWro

operaciebiT gamdidrebul mxedarTa wodebis da meore mxriv, optimatebisa (optimates)

da popularebis (populares) urTierTqiSpi. primitiul agrarul ekonomikas swrafad

enacvleboda monebis Sromaze damyarebuli intensiuri latifundisturi meurneoba.

gamudmebuli omebis Sedegad sakuTar miwebs kargavda wvril mesakuTreTa fena _ ja-

risa da saxalxo krebebis mTavari wyaro. amis Sesaxeb mogviTxrobs plutarqes

`biografiebis~ is Tavi, romelic tiberius grakqusis moRvaweobas eZRvneba. kerZod,

etruriis velebis Semovlisas, man aRmoaCina, rom glexebis mier mitovebul miwis

nakveTebis did nawils senatoruli aristokratiis monebi amuSavebdnen. aRniSnuli

viTareba moraluri simtkicis daqveiTebaze metyvelebda. politikuri krizisis erT-

erTi mizezi sruluflebian moqalaqeTa raodenobisa da dapyrobili teritoriebis

(provinciebis) mosaxleobis raodenobis disproporciis Seuqcevadi gazrdac iyo.

krizisuli periodis sxva epizodTa Soris Zalze mniSvnelovani aRmoCnda Zmebi

grakqusebis mier SeTavazebuli agraruli reforma; am movlenam kidev ufro gaamwvava

mZvinvare politikuri qiSpi saxelmwifoSi.

politikuri simSvidis rRvevis kidev erT mizezad SeiZleba CaiTvalos Seurigebeli

dapirispreba mmarTvel oligarqiasa (senatoruli nobilitas) da mxedarTa wodebas (ordo

equister) Soris. samxedro beladebsa da senats Soris dausrulebelma konfliqtma

erTpirovnuli xelisuflebis krizisi ganapiroba. romis saxelmwifo sistema

saWiroebda siaxles, politikur anu konstituciur reformas an antikonstituciur

qmedebas _ saxelmwifos gadatrialebas. am mimarTulebiT pirveli nabiji gaius

mariusma gadadga. romauli jaris SemadgenlobaSi daqiravebulTa nawilebis jaris

SeyvaniT man konsuloba moipova. qr. Sobamde 104-100 ww. samoqalaqo omSi gamarjvebis

Semdeg, kornelius sulam, ganusazRvreli vadiT, Tavi diqtatorad gamoacxada da se-

natoruli oligarqiis reJimis aRdgena daiwyo. plebsis tribunebis gavlenis Semci-

rebis mizniT, man aRadgina Zveli principi, romlis Tanaxmadac, plebsis krebis

gadawyvetilebas kanonis Zala mxolod senatis mier damtkicebis Semdeg eniWeboda.

man tribuns CamoarTva sxva magistraturis dakavebis ufleba, xolo veto-s ufleba

gaavrcela im saCivrebze, romelsac, Seuracxyofis msxverplad qceuli an

magistraris mier sakuTari mdgomareobis borotad gamoyenebis Sedegad

dazaralebuli moqalaqe, mowinaaRmdegis mimarT Seitanda.

sulas reformebi maleve gauqmda; saxelmwifo kvlav mwvave politikurma krizisma da

samoqalaqo omis safrTxem moicva. Tavdapirvelad, prokonsulis sagangebo

uflebamosilebani mianiWes pompeuss, romelmac qr. Sobamde 52 w. Tavi erTpirovnul,

`kolegis gareSe~ konsulad (consul sine collega) gamoacxada. Semdeg, keisaris, pompeusisa

da krasusis paqtiT, Seiqmna pirveli triumvirati, rac sajaro xelisuflebis gadana-

wilebas niSnavda. krasusis daRupvis Semdeg Tavi iCina dapirispirebam optimatebis

lider pompeussa da popularebis belad keisars Soris. provinciaSi sakuTar

legionebTan myofma keisarma konsulobas ver miaRwia. aseve ar gaiTvaliswines misi

interesebi, ris gamoc plebsis tribunebs uari eTqvaT saxalxo krebebSi

monawileobaze. am faqtma sabolood gaamwvava damokidebuleba senatsa da keisars

Soris, romelmac, demokratiuli wyobilebis aRdgenis sababiT, italiis sazRvari

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gadmolaxa. mis winaaRmdeg oligarqiuli reJimis damcvelma pompeusma gailaSqra.

gamarjvebis mopovebis Semdeg, keisarma cezarlpiuri galiis, siciliisa da sxva

provinciebis mkvidrT romis moqalaqeoba uboZa, riTac maT swraf romanizacias

Seuwyo xeli. ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi konsulad, cenzorad, mudmiv diqtatorad

arCeulma keisarma tribunis Zalaufleba (tribunicia potestas) kanondarRveviT miiniWa.

keisari grZnobda saxelmwifo reformebis gatarebis aucileblobas; ris gamoc,

moZvelebuli saxelmwifo sistemis reorganizebis mizniT, gadamWreli zomebi miiRo.

keisris reformebi oqtivianes gardaqmnebis dasawyisad miiCneva. romis imperiis

uzenaesi politikuri xelmZRvaneloba (gestio rei publicae) diqtatorma (dictator) igdo

xelT; mTeli imperiis administraciuli mmarTveloba ki italiuri modelis

Sesabamisad lex Iulia municipalis-is safuZvleze gardaiqmna. keisrisaTvis imperator

perpetuum wodebis miniWebam magistratebze, senatsa da saxalxo krebebze misi

uzenaesi xelisufleba ganamtkica. qr. Sobamde 44 wlis martis Tvis dResaswaulis

idebis (idus) dros, keisris reformatoruli da mmarTvelobiTi diqtatoruli xeli-

sufleba daemxo; magram keisris mkvlelebma dasaxul mizans ver miaRwies: warsulis

dabruneba, senatoruli oligarqiis batonobis aRdgena, SeuZlebeli aRmoCnda. markus

antoniusis, oqtavianesa da lipidusis SemadgenlobiT axali trimvirati Seiqmna. qr.

Sobamde 31 wels aqciumis (Actium) koncxTan (saberZneTi), markus antoniusTan brZo-

laSi, oqtavianem gadamwyveti gamarjveba moipova da safuZveli Cauyara saxelmwifos

axal politikur wyobas _ principats.

$3. msoflio imperia (qr. Sobis I-V ss.)

a) principati

Princeps (pirveli); restaurator rei publicae (respublikis amRorZinebeli); res gestiae divi

Augusti (RvTaebrivi avgustusis mmarTveloba); consensus universorum (moqalaqeTa

sayovelTao Tanxmoba).

mas Semdeg, rac oqtavianem keisris mkvlelebi dasaja da sakuTari mtrebic daamarc-

xa, romis istoriaSi axal politikur sistemas mieca dasabami. Zvel respublikuri

politikur wyobas axali saxelmwifoebrivi reJimi mxolod garegnulad eTanadeboda.

Tanamedrove terminologiis Tanaxmad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es iyo respublikuri

wyobis ara revoluciuri damxoba, aramd misi TandaTanobiTi reformireba. axali

politikuri wesrigis damyarebisa da misi konsolidaciis periodSi, avgustusis Ziri-

Tadi mizani respublikis aRdgena (restaurator rei publicae) gaxldaT. avtobiografiaSi

`Res gestiae divi Augusti~ avgustusi warmogvidgeba im axalgazrda mxedarTmTavrad,

romelmac jari sakuTari saxsrebiT daiqirava, raTa `SeTqmulTa mir Cagruli

samSoblo gaeTavisuflebina~ (avtobiografiuli xasiaTis Canawerebi ankarasa da

antioqiaSi aRmoCenilma warwerebma Semogvinaxa. xsenebuli memuarebi avgustusma

sicocxlis ukanasknel wlebSi dawera. SesaZloa, Canawerebi amotvifruli yofiliyo

im marmarilos filebze, romlebiTac marsis velze aRmarTuli misi mavzoleumi

moapirkeTes). markus antoniusis dasamarcxeblad senatma oqtavianes pretoris

imperium-i uboZa da senatSi miiRo. qr. Sobamde 43 w. oqtaviane konsulad airCies, xo-

lo qr. Sobamde 32 wels `italiasa da provinciebSi~ SeTqmulTa winaaRmdeg sabrZol-

63

velad (coniuratio Italiae et provinciarum) gansakuTrebuli uflebamosilebani mianiWes. mo-

qalaqeTa sayovelTao TanxmobiT (consensus universorum), qr. Sobamde 31 wels mopovebu-

li gamarjvebis niSnad, oqtavianes respublikis amaRorZinebeli uwodes. amieridan,

mas yovelwliurad irCevdnen konsulis Tanamdebobaze, xolo privilegiis niSnad

senatSi princeps-oba (pirveli) uboZes. qr. Sobamde 27 wlis 13 ianvars, senatis sazeimo

sxdomaze, oqtavianem ganacxada, rom amieridan igi daasrulebda mSvidobismyofel

misias, uars ityoda saxelmwifo saqmeebze da mTel Zalauflebas romael xalxsa da

mis senats gadascemda. senatis daJinebuli moTxovniT, oqtavianem `gulmowyaleba

gamoiCina~ da, konsulobis SenarCunebasa da gandgomili provinciebis

dasamorCileblad miniWebul sagangebo imperium-ze, Tanxmoba ganacxada. senatma mas

Augustus wodeba mianiWa, ris Sedegad oqtavianes Imperator Caesar Augustus-s uwodebdnen.

Imperator samxedro meTaurs niSnavda (am wodebiT legionebi mxedarTmTavars

mimarTavdnen). Caesar _ misi Sviladamyvanis, iulius keisris saxeli iyo. Augustus _

romis axaldamaarsebeli, anu axali romulusi (qalaqis daarsebasTan dakavSirebuli

religiuri rituali augustum, augurium) iyo. senatis mier miRebul politikuri

gadawyvetilebebze Tavad avgustusi werda: `amieridan, sakuTari auctoritas wyalobiT,

me yvelaze maRla videqi, Tumca Cemi potestas, magistraturaSi moRvawe, kolegebis

Zalauflebas ar aRemateboda~. swored auctoritas wyalobiT, anu yvelas mier

aRiarebuli piradi prestiJis da ara potestas anu magistratis xelisuflebis

safuZvelze, miRweul iqna kompromisi mmarTvelobis axal, avtoritatul wessa da sa-

xalxo-aristokratiul-respublikur reJims Soris. T. momzenis mtkicebiT, principati,

rogorc orxelisuflebianoba, iyo iseTi reJimi, romlis drosac Zalaufleba gamij-

nuli iyo princefssa da senats Soris. yovelive aqedan gamomdinare, avgustuss sauke-

Teso wesrigis fuZemdebeli (optimi status auctor) uwodes.

saxelmwifo xelisuflebis axali mowyobis pirobebSi princefss imperium proconsulare

maius et infinitum da tribunicia potestas mieniWa. pirveli wodebiT jaris uzenaesi

mxedarTmTavroba da saimperio provinciebis mmarTvelobis ufleba igulisxmeboda.

Tribunicia potestas-iT ki, princefss magistratebis mier gamocemul nebismier aqtze, veto

(intercessio) dadebis SesaZleblobas da plebsis saxalxo krebebis mowvevis uflebas

(ius agendi cum plebe) aniWebda. mogvianebiT, qr. Sobamde 44 w. keisris mibaZviT, oqtavia-

nem plebsis tribunis Tanamdebobaze, dadgenili proceduris gareSe, sakuTari kandi-

datura wamoayena. Tumca markus antoninusis protestis gamo, tribunis

Tanamdebobaze oqtavianes uari eTqva. qr. Sobamde 36 w. oqtavianes plebsis tribunis

RvTaebrivi xelSeuvalo (sacrosanctitas) mieniWa, xolo 30 wels _ tribunis samisdReSio

Zalaufleba (tribunicia potestas vitalicia). man tribunis uflebamosilebas SeuTavsa

prokonsulis Tanamdeboba (imperium proconsulare), riTac dairRva uZvelesi da myarad

moqmedi principi: erTi piris xelSi samoqalaqo (imperium domi) da samxedro (imperium

militiae) xelisuflebis SeTavsebis dauSvebloba. romSi Sesvlis dros, prokonsulebi-

sagan gansxvavebiT, princefss jaris sardlobis uflebamosilebis moxsna ar moeTxo-

veboda. tiberiusis droidan moyolebuli, princefsis tribunis xelisufleba impe-

riis mTel teritoriaze gavrcelda. qr. Sobis II saukunidan tribunebs aRar irCe-

vdnen. Tumca, cnobebi am Tanamdebobis Sesaxeb IV da V saukuneebSi gamocemul impera-

64

torTa konstituciebSia SemorCenili.

Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi wesrigisa da simSvidis damkvidrebis Semdeg, avgustusis

moRvaweobiT, dasabami mieca provinciebis romanizaciis xangrZliv process. egvipte

man romaeli xalxis xelisuflebas dauqvemdebara, xolo egviptis mmarTveloba

sakuTar Tavze aiRo. romis moqalaqis (civis romanus) sapatio mdgomareobisa da misi

uflebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, romis moqalaqis tolfas uflebebs provinciis

mcxovreblebs avgustusi individualurad aniWebda, provinciebSi ki romis msgavs

mmarTvelobis sistemas amkvidrebda. yvelaze mdidar provinciebs, maTi Semorigebis

sababiT, princefsi uSualod sakuTar xelisuflebas uqvemdebarebda (saimperatoro

provinciebi), xolo danarCeni provinciebi senatis administraciul daqvemdebarebaSi

(senatis provinciebi) rCebodnen.

provinciebis pirvel saxeobas avgustusis legati-propretorebi (legati Augusti pro

praetore) marTavdnen, meore saxeobas _ prokonsulebi. Tumca, yvela maTgans

Tanamdebobaze princefsi niSnavda. municipaluri mmarTvelobis reJimsac (municipia)

romauli struqtura hqonda: magistratebi, senati, komiciebi. municipaluri sabWoebi

(ordo decurionum) 100 wevrisagan Sedgeboda. isini yofili magistratebis rigebidan

airCeodnen. saqmianobis kolegialuri wesiT warsamarTavad magistratebs

municipiebSi erTi wlis vadiT irCevdnen.

principatis periodSi imperiuli biurokratia Camoyalibda. princefsma sakuTari uf-

lebamosilebani, ierarqiulobis mixedviT, Tanamdebobis pirebs gadasca, romlebic,

saqmianobis safasurad, gasamrjelos iRebdnena. yvelaze didi gavleniTa da

ZalauflebiT pretorebi sargeblobdnen: 1. samxedro funqciebiT aRWurvili praefectus

praetorio imperatoris pirad gvardias sardlobda; 2. romSi policiasa da sisxlis

samarTlis sasamarTlos praefectus urbi xelmZRvanelobda; 3. Ramis saaTebSi simSvidis

uzrunvelmyof samsaxurs praefectus vigilum xelmZRvanelobda; masve eqvemdebareboda

xanZarsawinaaRmdego samsaxuri; 4. sursaTiT uzrunvelyofis samsaxuris ufross _

praefectus annonae bazrebis kontrolic evaleboda; 5. safosto samsaxuris ufrosi

praefectus vehiculorum iyo.

imperatoris piradi kancelariis (scrinia) ZiriTadi funqciebi iyo: imperatoris

saxeliT oficialuri mimowera, imperatoris qonebis gankargva, sakadro sakiTxebis

gadawyveta, princefsis iurisdiqcias daqvemdebarebul sasamarTlo davaTa ganxilva.

Sesabamisad, imperatoris kancelaria (scrinia) oTx ganyofilebad iyofoda: 1. ab epistulis

_ princefsis oficialuri korespondenciis ganyofileba; 2. a rationibus _ imperatoris

qonebis marTvis ganyofileba; 3. a cognitionibus _ princefsis iurisdiqcias

daqvemdebarebuli sasamarTlo davebis ganmxilveli ganyofileba; 4. a libellis _ arzebi-

sa da ajebis ganmxilveli ganyofileba.

imperator adrianes mmarTvelobis dros saxelmwifo aparatis biurokratizaciis

procesi dasrulda, Seiqmna saimperatoro sabWo (consilium principis), anu

gansakuTrebuli saTaTbiro organo, romlis SemadgenlobaSi maRalCinosani

moxeleebi da gamoCenili iuristebi Sediodnen. amrigad, principati iyo SeniRbuli

65

Selamazebuli romauli imperia, romlis dros, formalurad, ganagrZobdnen

arsebobas respublikuri periodis saxelmwifo organoebi da Tanamdebobis pirebi,

Tumca realuri Zalaufleba Tavmoyrili iyo mxolod princefsisa da misi

uaxlovesi garemocvis xelSi.

axali reJimis yvelaze rTuli sakiTxi _ qveynis pirveli piris xelisuflebis

memkvidreobiTobis problema _ verc avgustusis politikurma geniam gadawyvita da

verc misi memkvidreebis gonierebam. qarizmatulobis tradiciuli rwmenisa da rex-is

dros taxtis memkvidreobiTobis dinastiuri formisadmi romaelTa siZulvilis gamo,

xelisuflebis monacvleobis problema kvlavac gadauWreli iyo da mudmiv

politikur krizisebsa da gadatrialebebs uwyobda xels.

konkretuli istoriuli viTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT, saimperatoro taxtis memkvidris

daniSvna sami wesiT xdeboda: 1. imperatoris mier mis sicocxleSive memkvidris da-

niSvna anu cooptacia; 2. senatis Sexedulebisamebr memkvidres daniSvna; 3. legionebis

mier ama Tu im piris imperatorad gamocxadeba. rogorc wesi, princefsebi memkvidred

Sviladayvanils asaxelebdnen. magaliTad, keisarma memkvidred oqtaviane daasaxela.

senati imperatoris arCevans yovelTvis ar eTanxmeboda. Tumca, avgustusis memkvidre

`dinastiebSi~, xSiri iyo instituciuri krizisi, ris gamoc iulius-klavdiusebis

dinastiis ramdenime imperatori _ tiberiusi, kaligula, klavdiusi _ sakuTari

naTesavebisa da pretorianelTa msxverpli gaxda; sxvebma _ magaliTad, neroni _

sicocxle TviTmkvlelobiT daasrules. flaviusebsa da vespasianes legionebi

uWerdnen mxars. titusis gardacvalebis Semdeg, legionerebma imperatoris taxtze

dasves domiciane, romelmac, aseve tragikulad daasrula sicocxle. antoninusebis

dinastiis imperatorebma _ nervam, traianem, adrianem, antoninus piusma, markus avre-

liusma da komodusma _ imperiis gandidebiT, mSvidobis damyarebiTa da Sviladayva-

nis sistemis mkacri dacviT (yvelam ara) gaiTqves saxeli. rodesac imperatori

aRniSnul princips ugulebelyofda da mamidan Svilze taxtis memkvidreobas

aniWebda upiratesobas, saxelmwifoSi kvlav politikuri krizisi da anarqia

isadgurebda. swored ase moxda maSin, roca markus avreliusma taxtis memkvidred sa-

kuTari vaJiSvili _ komodusi daasaxela, romelic sakuTari tiranuli mmarTvelobis

msxverpli Seiqna. aleqsander severusis mkvlelobis Semdeg, saxelmwifo xangrZlivma

politikurma krizisma da anarqiam moicva, ramac principatis epoqas bolo mouRo.

b) dominati

dominatis saxeliT cnobili axali politikuri sistemis epoqaSi, princefsi (princeps

_ senatorTa Soris pirveli) mbrZaneblad (dominus) iqca, xolo moqalaqeebi (civis)

qveSevrdomebi (subditi) gaxdnen.

dominatis dros imperatori absoluturi Zalauflebis mqone piri iyo. saxelmwifoSi

damkvidrebuli sistema, principatis avtoritaruli demokratiidan dominatis

periodis absolutur da TviTmpyrobelur monarqiamde, romis politikuri sistemis

xangrZlivi evoluciis Sedegi iyo.

qveyanaSi mmarTvelobis axali principebi III saukuneSi saxelmwifos mmarTvelobis

66

sistemis umwvavesi krizisis dros SemoiRes, rasac ekonomikuri da socialuri

xasiaTis cvlilebebi kidev ufro aRrmavebda. aRniSnuli viTareba primitiuli agra-

ruli ekonomikis, mZime sagadasaxado sistemisa da sasoflo raionebis (annona) mudmi-

vi danawevrebis sruli kraxis Sedegi iyo. fuladi erTeulis emisias gamudmebiT

mimarTavdnen karakala da sxva imperatorebi. Tumca, saxelmwifoSi mZvinvare infla-

cias es ver Sveloda. sayovelTao siRaribisa da sulier faseulobaTa Rrma krizi-

sis viTarebaSi, saxelmwifoSi gadamwyveti mniSvneloba politikur faqtorebs eniWe-

boda. upirvelesad unda aRiniSnos samxedro aristokratiis uzomo batonoba, maT

politikosebs sakuTari neba Tavs moaxvies da faqtobrivad, mmarTvelobis yvela sfe-

roSi TviTneboba daamkvidres. qveynis mdgomareobaze uaryofiTad aisaxeboda sagareo

faqtorebic, kerZod, barbarosTa gamudmebuli Semosevebi da romis armiaSi maTi

(germanelebis, aRmosavleTis xalxisa da momTabare arabebis) miReba; klasikuri

romauli civilizaciisadmi mtrulad ganwyobilma elementebma TandaTanobiT

mniSvnelovani gavlena moipoves, rac uaryofiTad aisaxa romis saxelmwifoze da misi

civilizaciis daqveiTeba da dacema gamoiwvia. 212 wels imperatorma markus avrelius

antoninus karakalam mTeli imperiis Tavisufal mosaxleobas romis moqalaqeoba mia-

niWa, ramac romis moqalaqeTa (cives romani) privilegirebuli mdgomareoba mniSvnelov-

nad Seasusta. romis moqalaqeebi romis imperatoris qveSevrdomebad iqcnen. romis

imperatorebma, aRmosavluri monarqiebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli, mmarTvelobis despo-

turi forma daamkvidres. septimius severusma dominus-is wodeba miiRo. dion kasiosis

Tanaxmad, imperator septimius severusma sakuTar Svilebs anderZad daubara:

`gaamdidreT jariskacebi da safrTxeze nuRar ifiqrebT~.

zogma imperatorma senatorebad barbarosebi daniSna da sasaxlis karze aRmosavlur-

despoturi ritualebi SemoiRo. 239-284 ww. romis imperia umwvavesma politikurma

krizisma da anarqiam moicva, rasac mowmobs is faqti, rom am drois ganmavlobaSi

saimperatoro taxti, erTmeoris miyolebiT, 22 pirma daikava. maTi umravlesoba sa-

xelmwifoSi gamefebul qaoss Seewira. mSvidobianobis xanmokle periodi daamyara

iliriuli warmoSobis mxedarTmTavarma avrelianema, romlis brZanebiTac fulis

monetebze misi tituli _ mefe da RmerTi (dominus et deus) _ iyo amotvifruli; amiT

igi aRmosavleTis monarqebs baZavda. mkacri wesrigis damyarebas, imperiis Zlevamosi-

lebisa da romauli gmiruli suliskveTebis aRdgenas Seecada meore ilirieli

mxedarTmTavari diokletiane (284-305 ww.). man sakuTar xelisuflebas sakraluri

xasiaTi mianiWa da moiTxova, rom misTvis iupiteris vaJi _ ioviusi (Iovius)

ewodebinaT.

romis armiis reformirebis Sedegad diokletianem Seqmna swrafi reagirebis korpusi

_ exercitus praesentialis, romelsac mtris Semoseva sazRvarzeve unda ukuegdo. infla-

ciis SesaCereblad man gamosca ediqti _ edictum de rerum venalicium, romliTac diokle-

tianem pirveladi moxmarebis sagnebze, momsaxurebis sferos da satransporto

saSualebebze minimaluri fasebi daadgina. garda amisa, man mniSvnelovani reforma

ganaxorciela imperiuli mmarTvelobis sferoSic; Seqmna xelisuflebis ierarqiuli

piramida, romlis umaRlesi piri Tavad imperatori iyo. e.w. officia palatina (sasaxlis

uwyebani) centraluri mmarTvelobis organoebad iqca, xolo quaestor sacri palatii

67

(RvTaebrivi sasaxlis mcveli) erTgvarad, iusticiis ministri iyo; magister officiorum _

provinciis moxeleTa ufrosi iyo; comes sacrarum largitationum-i da comes rerum

privatarum-i, Sesabamisad, saxelmwifo finansebsa da imperatoris qonebas ganagebdnen.

msxvili sajariso SenaerTebis meTaurebad imperatorma ramdenime Tanamdeboba _

magistri militum _ SemoiRo. vrceli imperiis farglebSi, mmarTvelobis sistemis

reorganizaciis mizniT, diokletianem e.w. tetrarqiis sistema Seqmna; man imperia

dayo or _ aRmosavleT romisa da dasavleT romis _ imperiebad, romlebic, Tavis

mxriv, oTx _ aRmosavleTi, iliria, italia da galia _ prefeqturad daiyo, es

ukanasknelni _ diocezebad, xolo diocezebi _ provinciebad. imperiis TiToeul

marTavda nawils avgustusi (Augustus), romelsac memkvidris Svilad ayvana SeeZlo.

aseT memkvidreebs `keisrebi~ ewodebodaT. diokletiane aRmosavleT romis imperias

ganagebda, misi rezidencia nikomediaSi mdebareobda; dasavleT imperias, romlis

dedaqalaqic milani iyo, mmarTvelad maqsimiane daeniSna. magram xelisuflebis

memkvidreobiTobis problema verc am RonisZiebebma gadaWra. 305 w., imperator diok-

letianes taxtidan nebayoflobiT gadadgomis Semdeg, brZola xelisuflebisaTvis

axali ZaliT gamwvavda.

imperatorma konstantinem, metoqis _ maqsenciusis damarcxebiT, imperia kvlav

gaaerTiana. imperator konstantines, romelic saxelmwifos 307-337 ww. marTavda,

romaeli istorikosi amiane marcelinusi novatorad da uZvelesi institutebis

reformatorad ixseniebs. konstantines milanis (mediolanis) ediqtiT _ `qristianuli

religiis mimarT rjulSemwynareblobis Sesaxeb~, TandaTanoboT, qristianoba

imperiis oficialur religiad, xolo RvTaebrivi samarTali _ monarqiis politikur

sayrdenad iqca. saxelmwifos dedaqalaqi konstantinem gadaitana bizantionSi,

romelsac mogvianebiT konstantinopoli ewoda. konstantines gardacvalebis Semdeg,

misma vaJebma imperia kvlav or nawilad gayves. 395 w., roca imperatorma Teodosius I-

ma saxelmwifos aRmosavleTi nawilis marTva Tavis erT vaJiSvils _ arkadiuss,

xolo dasavleTi nawilisa, meore vaJs, honoriuss daavala, imperiis gayofa

sabolood dasrulda. barbarosTa gamudmebul Semosevas ganicdida dasavleT romis

imperia. 476 w. barbarosebis samxedro beladma _ odoakrma dasaleT romis ukanaskne-

li imperatori romulus avgustulusi daamxo, riTac dasavleT romis imperiis isto-

ria dasrulda.

aRmosavleT romis _ bizantiis _ imperia kidev TiTqmis 1 000 wlis ganmavlobaSi

ganagrZobda arsebobas.

bizantiaSi viTardeboda romis samarTali, romelmac ganviTarebis mwvervals impera-

tor iustiniane I didis mmarTvelobis dros (527-565 ww.) miaRwia. iustiniane daibada

iliriis provinciaSi (romelmac imperias ramdenime imperatori misca) terensiumis

mxareSi, glexi _ sabaciusis ojaxSi. iustiniane mTielisa da miwaTmoqmedisaTvis

damaxasiaTebeli sulieri sitkiciT gamoirCeoda. igi bizantionSi Camoiyvana da aR-

zarda biZam (dedis Zmam) iustinem, romelic imperator anastasiosis gvardiaSi msaxu-

robda. anastasiosis gardacvalebis Semdeg, taxti daikava iustinem. man TanammarTve-

lad disSvili daniSvna da iusitinianec uwoda. iustinianem iqorwina cirkis mocekva-

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ve qal _ Teodoraze, romelsac iustinem, disSvilTan erTad, Augusta-s tituli ubo-

Za. iustinianes sanukvari ocneba romis imperiis Zveli didebisa da teritoriuli

mTlianobis aRdgena iyo. iustinianes mmarTvelobis mkvidri sayrdeni qristianuli

ideologia da samarTlebrivi `klasicizmi~ iyo.

Tavi IV. uflebaTa dacva

$1. sasamarTlo organizacia Zvel romSi

romSi sasamarTlo SedarebiT gvian iqca saxelmwfo organod. am mxriv saetapoa qr.

Sobamde 149 weli, rodesac adre arsebuli decemviri stlitibas iudicandis-is

paralelurad, mudmivi sasamarTloebi _ `Quaestiones perfectuae~ _ daarsda.

decemvirebis sasamarTlos didi mniSvneloba aRar eniWeboda, maTi meSveobiT

mxolod moqalaqeobasa da TavisuflebasTan dakavSirebuli saqmeebi ganixileboda.

adreul xanaSi aseve arsebobda 105 msajulis SemadgenlobiT centumvirebis

sasamarTlo, romelTac tribebis mixedviT _ TiToeuli tribadan sam-sam kaci _

irCevdnen. isini ZiriTadad memkvidreobasTan dakavSirebul davebs ganixilavdnen.

amgvarad, Zvel romSi didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda memkvidreobis miRebasTan

dakavSirebuli sadavo saqmeebis ganxilvas.

mudmivi sasamarTlo (Quaestiones perfectuae) provinciebSi gamoZalvisa da Zalauflebis

borotad gamoyenebis Sesaxeb kanonis (crimen repetundarum) safuZvelze Seiqmna.

SemdgomSi, am sasamarTloebis gansjadobas daeqvemdebara `romis xalxis didebis

Seuracxyofis~ saqmeebi, rac saxelmwifo Ralats gulisxmobda. amave sasamarTlos

kompetenciaSi Sedioda mkvlelobis, Zaladobis, siyalbis, arCevnebis dros

amomrCevelTa mosyidvis, saxazino qonebis qurdobis saqmeebic.

sulas diqtatoruli mmarTvelobis dros, sisxlis samarTlis mZime danaSaulis

CamdenTa saTanadod dasjis mizniT, mravali mkacri kanoni gamosces. aRniSnul

saqmeTa gansaxilvelad calkeuli sasamarTloebic Seiqmna.

Tavdapirvelad, mosamarTleebad sazogadoebis umaRlesi fenis warmomadgenlebi

iyvnen. pirveli mosamarTleebi gaxldaT umaRlesi qurumebi – pontifikosebi,

romlebic ZiriTadad senatorTa fenas ganekuTvnebodnen. cnobilma gaius graqxusma

sasamarTloebSi moRvaweobis neba darTo mxedarTa wodebis warmomadgenlebsac. male

sasamarTloebi upiratesad mxedrebis xelSi aRmoCnda. qr. Sobamde 70 wlamde romis

sazogadoebis maRali fenis warmomadgenlebi sasamarTloebSi monawileobis uflebis

misaRebad brZolas ganagrZnobdnen. sabolood imas miaRwies, rom mosamarTleebs

senatorebis, mxedrebis da tribunTa fenidan irCevdnen. yovel wels pretori

ramdenime aseuli kacis sias adgenda. sasamarTlo procesi am siis mixedviT unda

gamarTuliyo. ficis miRebis Semdeg, magistrati ramdenime aTeul mosamarTles

niSnavda. am dros saxelmwifo-sajaroobis sawyisi sasamarTlo procesze jer kidev

ar iyo ganviTarebuli. samarTalSi micema kvlavindeburad kerZo saqmed iTvleboda.

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esa Tu is piri pretors mimarTavda TxovniT, rom sasamarTlos procesze

bralmdeblis saxiT daeSvaT. ra Tqma unda, mas unda daesaxelebina braldebulis

vinaobac. braldebuls dakiTxvisaTvis iZaxebdnen. sasamarTlo procesze saqmis

ganxilva-gamoZieba daaxloebiT 30-100 dRis Semdeg iniSneboda.

sasamarTloze ismendnen rogorc braldebulis dasacav, ise mis winaaRmdeg

warmoTqmul sityvebs; xdeboda mowmeTa dakiTxva da warmodgenili sabuTebis

ganxilva da mxolod amis Semdeg ganaCeni xmaTa umravlesobiT gamohqondaT.

gamamtyunebeli ganaCenis SemTxvevaSi braldebuls mkacri sasjeli eloda; Zveli

Cveulebis Tanaxmad, braldebuls saxalxo krebisadmi apelirebis (provocatio) ufleba

eZleoda. sasamarTlo ganxilvis dros, procesze monawiled plebsis tribunic

daiSveboda.

mwvave politikuri viTarebis gamo, bralmdebelisa da braldebulis socialur-

politikuri mdgomareoba, mosamarTleTa simpaTia da antipaTia did zegavlenas

axdenda sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebaze. amis gamo, sasamarTloebi metwilad

politikuri konfliqtebis ganmxilvelis funqcias asrulebdnen.

sasamarTlos statusis gansazRvraze didi gavlena moaxdina romis saxelmwifos

monarqizacizaciis Semdgomma procesma.

Tu respublikis periodSi saqmeebs magistratebis mier daniSnuli mosamarTleebi

ganixilavdnen, marTlmsajulebis funqciebi TandaTan TavadGsaxelmwifo

Tanamdebobis pirebis – pretorebis xelSi aRmoCnda da warmoiSva extra ordinem.

qr. Sobis II saukunis iuristis seqstus pomponiusis CamonaTvalSi mocemulia

Tanamdebobis im pirTa sia, romelTac gasamarTlebis ufleba eniWebodaT; romSi

marTlmsajulebas axorcielebda plebeebis 10 tribuni, 18 pretori, 6 edili. (D.2.2.29-

341.2.34). romis imperiis provinciebSi mosamarTlis funqcias presidebi (presidens -

Tavi, Tavmjdomare _ mefisnacvlebi da maTi moadgileebi) asrulebdnen.

zogierTi mniSvnelovani saqmis, magaliTad, saxazino saqmianobasTan dakavSirebuli

darRvevis garCeva saxazino da saimperatoro qonebis mmarTvel moxelesac SeeZlo.

qalaqebSi mosamarTlis funqcia dakisrebuli hqondaT duumvirebs (duumviri),

romelTac samTavrobo moxeleebi uflebebs TandaTanobiT uzRudavdnen. romSi

arsebobda sazogadoebrivi interesebis kerZo dacvis praqtikac. sazogadoebisa da

saxelmwifos interesebis dasacavad romis yvela moqalaqes ufleba hqonda

bralmdeblad gamosuliyo. jariskacebsa da uflebaayrilebs (famas) aseTi uflebebi

ar gaaCndaT. iseTi saxis saqmeebis SemTxvevaSi, romlebic misi `udidebulesobis

Seuracxyofas~ exeboda, bralmdeblebad gamosvla jariskacebs, qalebsa da monebsac

SeeZloT. (D.48.4.7.1;D.2.8).

qr. Sobis II saukunis romaeli iuristis pavlusis Txzulebis meSveobiT Cvenamde

moaRwia werilobiTi braldebis sanimuSo formulam: ama da am piris konsulobis

dros, ama da am pretorTan lucius ticiusma, iuliusis kanonis Tanaxmad, mruSobaSi

dasdo brali mevias, romelmac ama da am Tves, ama da am piris konsulobis dros, ama

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da am qalaqis ama da am saxlSi imruSa gaius seiusTan (D.48.2.3).

imperiis periodis romis sasamarTlom TandaTan dakarga saqveyno Tanxmobis, da, Tu

gnebavT, im adgilis funqcia, sadac asparezi eZleoda Tavisufal azrs da

mWermetyvelTa paeqrobas; erTmmarTvelobisa da diqtatoruli reJimis Sedegad

sasamarTlo procesebs politikuri mniSvneloba daekarga, Sesabamisad sul ufro

mcire mniSvneloba eniWeboda emociebs, gacilebiT arsebiTi iyo samarTlis

yovelmxrivi da zusti codna, misi axsna-ganmartebis da konkretul viTarebasTan

morgebis unari.

$2. procesis saxeebi da stadiebi Zvel romSi

Actio (sarCeli), actor (mosarCele), reus (mosarCele), actiones in rem, legis actio sacramento in

rem (sanivTo sarCeli), actiones in personam, legis actio sacramento in personam (piradi

sarCelebi), litis contestatio (procesis dadgena), iudicatum (sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba).

1. sarCelis cneba

piris uflebis dacva samarTlis arsebobisa da samarTlebrivi sistemis

funqcionirebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani aspeqtia.

subieqturi iuridiuli garemoebebis substanciuri (materialuri) aspeqtis gacnobis

Semdeg, romis samoqalaqo procesis ZiriTadi institutebi unda ganvixiloT.

individualur doneze samarTlebrivi moTxovna, rogorc socialuri qcevis

normatulobis gamoxatuleba, zogadad dadgenil wesebTan konkretuli moTxovnis

aucilebel Sesabamisobas gulisxmobs. aqedan gamomdinare, samarTlebrivi

urTierTobis monawileTa Soris warmoqmnili konfliqti samarTlis subieqtTa

dacvis formas iZens imis mixedviT, Tu ramdenad Seesabameba maTi pretenzia zogadad

dadgenili qcevis wesebs, anu ganixileba Tu ara samarTlis subieqtebs Soris

warmoSobili dava samarTlis normis miukerZoebeli interpretatoris mier; Tanac,

davis gadawyveta mxolod dadgenili zogadsavaldebulo wesebiT unda moxdes.

romauli procesis gansakuTrebul Tavseburebaze swored misTvis damaxasiaTebeli

dispoziciurobis principi metyvelebs.

magaliTad, sisxlis samarTlis danaSauli sasamarTlo devnas mxolod kerZo

iniciativis safuZvelze eqvemdebareboda. maSinac ki, roca saxelmwifo samarTlis

subieqts misi uflebebis realizaciaSi exmareboda, saxelmwifo individis interesebs

warmoadgenda; aRniSnul procesSi monawileobiT saxelmwifo Tavad subieqtis

Semcvlelad an mis damxmared gamodioda.

piris daukmayofilebeli interesi sarCelis saxiT formdeboda. sarCeli (actio) aris

samarTlebrivi urTierTobis monawile erTi mxaris mier meore mxarisaTvis

werilobiTi formiT wardgenili pretenzia, romelic marTlwesrigiTaa aRiarebuli.

sasamarTlo procesi iwyeba mosarCele piris (actor) pretenziis dasabuTebuli

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aRiarebiT; meore mxare _ mopasuxe (reus), movale iyo Seesrulebina sasamarTlos mier

dakisrebuli is valdebulebebi, romelsac misgan mosarCele iTxovda, raTa arsebuli

urTirTobis eqvivalenturoba aRdgeniliyo. radgan sasamarTlo Carevis gareSe actor–

ma ver miaRwia, mopasuxis mxridan, garkveuli moqmedebis ganxorcielebas,

valdebulebis aRsruleba mopasuxes iZulebis wesiT ekisreboda. formasa da

Sinaarss Soris arsebuli Seusabamoba samarTlebrivi sanqciiT kompensirdeboda;

Tumca formiT gauTvaliswinebeli interesi aucileblad unda yofiliyo

dasabuTebuli, raTa misi samarTlebrivi uzrunvelyofa moxerxebuliyo.

warmoiqmneboda axali samarTlebrivi viTareba, romelSic urTierTobis aqtiuri

mxaris axali interesi, sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebis Sesaxeb, sarCeliT

(actio iudicati) dakmayofildeboda da piruku, sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebisadmi

subieqturi interesis Sesabamisoba srulfasovnad iTvleboda, Tu samarTlebrivi

moTxovniT uflebaTa aRiareba da aRdgena igulisxmeboda.

amrigad, garkveul farglebSi, iudicatum _ uflebaTa abstraqtul aRdgenasa da nebis

Tavisuflebis gamoxatvas warmoadgenda. piris uflebaTa dacvisa da realizaciis

romauli procesi, individebis TasnasworobiTa da damoukideblobiT

xelmZRvanelobda.

materialur aspeqtSi ZiriTadi uflebebis (abstraqtuli an SefardebiTi) sarCelebi

Sesabamisad or jgufad: sanivTo (actiones in rem) da pirad (actiones in personam)

sarCelebad iyofa.

gaiusis azriT, In personam actio est, qua animus cum aliquo, qui nobis vel ex contractu vel ex delicto

obligatus est, id est cum intendimus dare, faure, praestare, oportere – piradi sarCelis safuZvelze,

Cven vawarmoebT process imaT winaaRmdeg, visac xelSekrulebiT an deliqtiT Cvens

sasargeblod raime evaleba, anu roca pretenziiT vacxadebT, Cveni pretenziis

Tanaxmad, an raime unda gadmogveces sakuTrebaSi, an raime Segvisrulon, an raimeTi

uzrunvelgvyon. `In rem actio est, cum aut corporalem rem intendimus nostram esse, aut ius aliquid nobis

competere veluti utendi aut utendi fruendi, eundi agendi aquamve ducendi vel altius tollendi prospiciendive;

<aut cum> actio ex diverso adversario est negativa – sanivToa sarCeli, roca vacxadebT

pretenzias sxeulebrivi nivTis kuTvnilebaze, an uflebaze, magaliTad, raimeTi

sargeblobis ufleba, sargeblobisa da nayofis miRebis ufleba, vinmes teritoriaze

gavlis, saqonlis gadarekvis, wylis gayvanis ufleba, an ufleba garkveul simaRleze

maRali Senobis agebis akrZalva mezoblisaTvis, an piruku, roca sarCeli

mowinaaRmdegis uflebas uaryofs~.

sanivTo sarCelis wardgenisas, mosarCele sanivTo uflebebze pretenzias acxadebda.

am SemTxvevaSi, aRniSnuli sarCeliT, mopasuxe SeiZleba yofiliyo nebismieri piri.

garkveuloba mxolod procesis dadgenis (litis contestatio) dros miiRweoda. piradi

sarCelis wardgenis SemTxvevaSi, (sarCeli valdebulebaTa Sesaxeb) pasuxs agebda

mxolod kreditoris movale konkretuli piri, romelic valdebuli iyo kreditoris

winaSe.

In personam-is procesSi mogebis SemTxvevaSi, mosarCeles moTxovna wydeboda da

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mosarCele sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaze dafuZnebuli axali uflebis subieqti

xdeboda.

In rem-i sarCelis dros mosarCeles SeeZlo darCeniliyo subieqtad imave uflebisa,

romelzec pretenzias acxadebda.

2. sasamarTlo procesis saxeebi Zvel romSi

a) kanonismieri procesi (lege agere)

Legis actio (kanonieri sarCeli); lex privata (kerZo kanoni); in iure (mosamarTleobis

funqciiT aRWurvili magistratis winaSe warmarTuli procesis stadia); vindicatio

(vindikacia); festuca (saritualo kverTxi); iudex (mosamarTle); apud iudicem

(mosamarTlesTan saqmis ganxilvis stadia); aeris confessio (valis aRiareba); arbiter

(arbitri); secum dictio (mevalis wayvana kreditoris saxlSi); vindex (damcveli); manus

iniectio pro iudicato (xelis dadeba sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis analogiurad); sponsor

(rwmunebuli); depensum (rwmunebulis mier, ZiriTadi mevalis magier, valis gadaxda);

manus inectio pura (xelis dadeba uflebebSi damcrobis gareSe); condictio (kondiqciuri

sarCeli).

Lege agere (sarCelis kanonieri formiT wardgena) niSnavda certis verbis agere –

sasamarTloSi sarCelis wardgenas garkveuli sityvebiT, roca sarCeli Sedgenili

iyo im kanonis sityvebis Sesabamisad, romelsac efuZneboda. kanoni, romelsac

mosarCele warmoTqvamda iyo kerZo kanoni, romelic subieqtis nebis avtonomiurobasa

da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis zogadsavaldebulo wesebisadmi mis Sesabamisobas

gamoxatavda.

kanonier sarCelTa Soris uZvelesi legis actio sacramento in rem-i iyo. ficze

dafuZnebuli sanivTo sarCeli cnobilia gaiusis dawvrilebiTi aRweriT. sasamarTlo

xorcieldeboda pretoris winaSe winaswar gansazRvrul adgilze; mowinaaRmdege

mxareebi xelSi iRebdnen saritualo kverTxsa (festuca) da sadao nivTs (an didi

nivTis SemTxvevaSi, mis mcire nawils) da morigeobiT warmoTqvamdnen Semdeg sityvebs:

vacxadeb, rom kvirituli samarTlis ZaliTa da misi debulebebis safuZvelze, es

nivTi mainc Cemia. rogorc vTqvi, isea, esec Sen, me ukve movaxdine vindicireba.

nivTze uflebis damtkicebis dros (vindicatio), Cveulebis Tanaxmad, monas kveTxs

adebdnen. TiToeuli mowinaaRmdegis mtkicebiT, kvirituli samarTlis (wminda

romaeli Temis gansakuTrebuli ufleba) safuZvelze, mona mas ekuTvnoda da

kuTvnilebis safuZvels (causa) asaxelebda. pretendentebi, scenaze myofi msaxiobebis

msgavsad, sakuTar pretenziebs simboloebis enaze ayalibebdnen, riTac

ganzogadebisaTvis savaldebulo abstraqcia miiRweoda.

procesis am stadiaze saqmeSi ereoda damswre magistrati, romelic mxareebs monis

gaTavisuflebisaken mouwodebda. magistris Careva mowmobda, rom dava absurdamde

iyo misuli. erTsa da imave nivTze erTdroulad sxvadasxva piris gansakuTrebuli

da eqskluziuri ufleba dauSvebeli iyo. am formiT mxareTa dapirispireba

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konkretuli gadawyvetilebis miRebas gamoricxavda.

Semdeg is mxare, romelic pirveli axdenda vindicirebas, mowinaaRmdeges mouwodebda

pretenziis safuZveli (causa) daesaxelebina da ideboda fici garkeul Tanxaze,

romelic, davis wagebis SemTxvevaSi, saxelmwifo xazinaSi gadairicxeboda.

nivTze gacxadebuli pretenziebis identuroba erT-erTi mxaris sicrueze

metyvelebda. amitom vindikaciis marTebulobaSi eWvis Setana sruliad kanonzomieri

iyo; amis gamo procesi, piris marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebis (in iuria) Sesaxeb da ara

nivTze uflebis Sesaxeb, saqmis gamoZiebaSi gadaizrdeboda xolme. wminda fics

(sacramentum in iure) debdnen ara nivTze uflebis, aramed saritualo pretenziis

gacxadebis gamo, vinaidan saqme ara sanivTo urTierTobebis darRvevas, aramed piris

marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebas exeboda.

amrigad, procesis Semdgomi ganviTareba ukve iZenda piradi sarCelis _ legis actio

sacramento in personam-is saxes, romlis Sesaxebac wyaroebSi mocemuli informaciis

simwiris gamo, mecnierebs dRemde bundovani warmodgena aqvT. Tumca, erTi ram

naTelia: aRniSnuli sasamarTlo procesis saxe efuZneboda fics da

marTlsawinaaRmdego (dausabuTebeli) moTxovnis wamomyenebeli piris (romelmac

kerZo kanoni (lex privata) anu normatiulad mniSvnelovani forma aramarTlzomierad

gamoiyena) pasuxismgeblobas adgenda.

amrigad, Tavdapirvelad, mxolod nivTis Taobaze aRZruli konkretuli (piradi

moTxovnis saxiT) sasamarTlo dava SemdgomSi samarTaldarRvevis Sesaxeb _ in iuria _

procesSi gadadioda da samarTaldamrRvevi (usafuZvlod modave) mxaris

pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi dgeboda, vinaidan es mxare wminda ficis gamtexad

miiCneoda.

mogvianebiT, sadao saqmeSi monawile Suamavlebis mimarTac procesis or fazas

ganasxvavebdnen: mogvianebiT, procesis ori stadiis gamoyofas, davaSi monawile

Suamavlis mixedviTac axdendnen. kerZod, Tu arsebuli samarTlebrivi pretenzia

sasamrTlo magistratis winaSe gacxaddeboda, in iure stadiaze davis formalizebuli

ganxilva da saqmeze gadawyvetilebis (iudicatum) gamotana xdeboda.aRniSnul funqcias

mosamarTle (iudex) axorcielebda. sasamarTlo procesis amave stadiaze davis sagnis

dadgena (litis contestatio) unda momxdariyo. am momentidan davis saganze mxareebs

mxolod procesualuri uflebebi gaaCndaT, vinaidan materialuri uflebebi ukve

sxva – procesualur – doneze iyo gadasuli. aRniSnuli momenti gansakuTrebuli

yuradRebis Rirsia. sasamarTlo procesis (interesTa konfliqtis gansakuTrebuli

formaluri gamoxatva) specifika am proceduriT miRwevadi, samarTlebrivad

mowesrigebuli urTierTobebis abstraqtulobis maRali xarisxis naCveneli iyo, rac

sasamarTlo procesze monawileTa samarTlebriv urTierTobas uzrunvelyofda.

motivebis miuxedavad, konfliqtis monawile mxareTa saqmis sasamarTloSi ganxilvis

dros, isini sazogadoebis Suamavlad gamosvlas iTxovdnen, amitom mxareebi

aucileblad imave pirobebSi unda CaeyenebinaT, rac msgavs viTarebaSi sazogadoebis

sxva wevrebis mimarT gaiTvaliswineboda. calkeuli piris moTxovna sayovelTao

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aRiarebas iZenda da swored es gaxldaT procesis _ rogorc darRveuli uflebis

dacvis gansakuTrebuli saSualebis _ mniSvneloba.

sasamarTlo funqciebis danawileba jer kidev XII dafis kanonebis dros iyo

cnobili, rodesac mxedvelobaSi miiReboda gansakuTrebuli sarCeli – legis actio per

iudicis postulationem _ `mosamarTlis gamoTxovis meSveobiT~ (Gai.,4,17a.). aseT SemTxvevSi,

xazinis sasargeblod sajarimo Tanxis gadaxda ar iniSneboda; sadavo sagnis

dadgenis Semdeg (nominata causa), procesis monawileebi magistratisagan mosamarTlis

daniSvnas iTxovdnen. procesis pirvel stadiaze gamartiveba ganpirobebuli iyo imiT,

rom legis actio-s aRniSnuli saxe, mxolod kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevaSi _

verbaluri valdebulebidan (ex stipulatione) warmoSobili uflebebis dasacavad an

saerTo samkvidros, an TanasakuTrebis ganawilebis dros daiSveboda.

Sponsio-dan (stipulatio-s uZvelesi forma) warmoqmnili valis moTxovniT mosarCele

mopasuxes eubneboda: ex sponsione me mihi ex milia daro oportere aio: id postulo aias an negas? _

vamtkiceb, rom ficiT gamtkicebuli dapirebis safuZvelze, Sen CemTvis aTi aTasis

mocema gmarTebs: gekiTxebi, adastureb amas, Tu uaryof? Tu mopasuxe warmoTqvamda

aio, procesi dasrulebulad iTvleboda, vinaidan sasamarTloSi valis aRiareba (aeris

confessio) sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis (iudicatum) tolfasi iyo; xolo Tu mopasuxe

sadavo sagans – vals uaryofda, mosamarTlis daniSvnis Taobaze, mosarCele TxovniT

mimarTavda pretors.

procesi gadadioda axal stadiaze, romlis Sedegadac mosamarTle mopasuxes an

gaamtyunebda da valis gadaxdas daakisrebda, an gaamarTlebda.

gaiusis teqstSi mocemuli sxvaoba nafic mosamarTlesa (iudex) da momrigebel

arbitrs (arbiter) Soris uZveles movlenad iTvleba. farTod gavrcelebuli hipoTezis

Tanaxmad, mosamarTlisagan gansxvavebiT, arbitris funqcia iyo miyenebuli zaralis

moculobis dadgena (davis qonebrivi Sefaseba – litis aestimatio), romelsac, piradi

sarCelebis SemTxvevaSi, yovelTvis didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda.

uZveles droSi aRsrulebis saSualebebad gamoiyeneboda legis actio per manus iniectionem

(xelis dadebis meSveobiT), romelic, XII dafis kanonebiT dadgenil SemTxvevebSi, _

sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis Seusruleblobis an aRiarebuli valis gadaxdaze

uaris Tqmis SemTxvevaSi _ gamoiyeneboda.

Tu valauval mevales damcveli (vindex) ar gamouCndeboda, mas piradi statusis

dakargvis safrTxe emuqreboda (capitis deminutio maxima); kreditoris saxlSi misi

miyvanidan mesamoce dRes secum ductio dgeboda. piradi Tavisuflebis dakargvis Semdeg,

damonebul pirs sakuTari saxeliT Tavis dacva aRar SeeZlo; sasamarTlo procesze

mas damcveli unda gamoeyvana. xelis dadeba sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis

Seusruleblobisas (sacramento in personam, an per iudicis postulationem procesis dros)

xdeboda da sayovelTaod mniSvnelovani formiT iyo dadasturebuli, rogorc

mevalis kreditorisadmi gansakuTrebuli piradi damokidebulebis valdebuleba,

xolo xelis dadebiT dasturdeboda damokidebuleba, romlisaganac mevales valis

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gadaxdac aRar aTavisuflebda. swored valauvali mevalis gamosasyidad dgeboda

dacvis aucilebloba, ris Semdegac mevale damcvelze damokidebuli xdeboda.

aRsrulebis saSualebis Semdeg formad – legis actio per pignoris capionem (giraos

mitacebis meSveobiT) iTvleboda. XII dafis kanonebiT gaTvaliswinebuli am formiT,

msxverplad Sesawiri cxovelis sayideli fasis anazRaureba igulisxmeboda.

aRniSnuli forma aseve gamoiyeneboda im SemTxvevaSic, Tu mesakuTres samsxverplo

nadimis gasamarTad tvirTis mzedavi cxovelebis daqiraveba esaWiroeboda.

giraos mitaceba certa verba sityvebis warmoTqmiT xdeboda. am formis gansakuTrebuli

Taviseburebebi TviT romaelebSic imis eWvs badebda, Tu ramdenad iyo is legis actio-s

forma, radgan proceduras magistrati ar eswreboda. savaraudod, piri, romelsac

pignoris capio eniWeboda, RmerTebis an romaeli xalxis saxeliT moqmedebda, riTac

TavisTavad viTareba sajaro xasiaTs iZenda.

sasamarTlo sarCelis axali saxeoba iyo – legis actio per condictionem _ romlis

safuZvelzec sakuTrebis uflebis gadatanasTan (dare) dakavSirebiT valdebulebis

Sesruleba moiTxoveboda. sarCelis es saxeoba qr. Sobamde III saukunis dasasruls

lex Salia-s safuZvelze miiRes. am sarCelis gamoyenebis sferoze misive saxeldeba _

piradi sarCeli sakuTrebis gadatanis Sesaxeb (condictio) miuTiTebda. am sarCelis

gansakuTrebul Taviseburebas warmoadgenda pretenziis abstraqtuli, causa-sagan

damoukidebeli formulireba: aio te mihi ex milia dare oportere: id postulo aias an negas _ me

vamtkiceb, rom Sen aTi aTasi unda momce: me gekiTxebi, adastureb Sen amas Tu

uaryof? uaryofiTi pasuxis SemTxvevaSi, gancxadebidan 30 dRis Semdeg mopasuxes

sasamarTloSi iZaxebdnen. es periodi, romelic qr. Sobamde IV saukunis bolosa da

III saukunis dasawyisSi lex Pinaria-s safuZvelze dadginda, procesis stadiebs Soris

vadas aRniSnavda.

b) formularuli procesi (per formulas agere)

Centum vires (centumvirebis sasamarTloebi); formula (sasarCelo formula); concepta verba

(formulis fiqsirebuli Sinaarsi).

qr. Sobamde II saukunis me-3 meoTxedSi ebuciusis kanoniT (lex Aebutia) dadginda

sasamarTlo procesis axali saxe – formuliT (per formulas) anu dadgenili

sityvebiT (per concepta verba). es kanoni, romelsac gaiusi da avlus geliusi

ixsenieben, aRniSnuli sasamarTlo procesis sakanonmdeblo bazas qmnida. uZvelesi

cnobebi am formulis Sesaxeb lex latina tabulae Bantinae-Si gvxvdeba (qr. Sobamde 133 – 118

ww., savaraudod, q. bantiusis (samxr. italia) statuti).

paraleluri saproceso saSualebebis Seqmna lex Aebutia-s miRebamde, gacilebiT adre

daiwyo. Tumca, swored am kanoniT mieniWa gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba pretorul

process, ris Semdegac, ara marto civilur sarCelze uari, aramed mxareTaTvis

axali wesebis SeTavazebac pretoris nebaze iyo damokidebuli. procesis orive

forma – legis actiones et per formulas _ Tanaarsebobda, magram qr. Sobamde 17 w. lex lulia

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iudiciorum privatorum-ma (da municipalitetebisaTvis dadgenili msgavsi kanoni)

legisaqciuri procesi gaauqma.

Zveli sarCelebi gansaxilvelad mxolod maSin miiReboda, Tu saqme centumvirebis

(centumviri) sasamarTloSi unda ganxiluliyo da moTxovna pretoris winaSe

sakramentaluri formiT (lege agere sacramento) unda gamoTqmulliyo, anda zianis

miyenebis muqaris (damnum infectum) SemTxvevaSi. Tumca, am ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi,

SesaZlebeli iyo pretoruli stipulaciis gamoyeneba da safrTxis Semqmneli

mezoblisagan dapirebis miReba, rom is, SesaZlo zianis Sedegad, miyenebul zarals

aanazRaurebda. gaiusis Tanaxmad, romaelebi upiratesobas pretoruli dacvis

saSualebebs aniWebdnen.

Per formulas procesic ori stadiiT iyo warmodgenili: in iure da apud iudicem.

2. Apud iudicem stadiaze sasamarTlo warmoeba

Datio iudicem (mosamarTlis daniSnva); mors litis (davis Sewyveta procesis kanonieri

xangrZlivobis gadametebis (gadacilebis) gamo); traditio iudicii (apud iudicem stadiaze

formulaSi Setanili cvlileba): mutatio iudicis (mosamarTlis Secvla); sibi non liquere

(mosamarTlis mier gadawyvetilebis gamotanaze uaris Tqma saqmis gaurkvevlobis gamo).

Litis contestatio da datio iudicii Semdeg, qr. Sobamde IV saukuneSi, pinariusis kanonis

Tanaxmad, pretori modave mxareebs 30 dRis Semdeg uniSnavda mosamarTles (datio

iudicem), romelic, erTi dRis Semdeg, mopasuxes mouwodebda sasamarTloSi _ apud

iudicem (legisaqciuri an formularuli procesis meore stadia nafici mosamarTlis

winaSe, romelsac gamoaqvs gadawyvetileba saqmeze yvela warmodgenili

mtkicebulebis Semowmebis Semdeg) gamocxadebuliyo. Tu mopasuxe sasamarTloSi ar

gamocxaddeboda, naSuadRevs, XII dafis kanonebis normis Tanaxmad, mosamarTles

ganaCeni sasamarTloSi gamocxadebuli mxaris sasargeblod gamohqonda. Lex iulia,

iudicia legitima-sadmi, davis sasamarTlo ganxilvis maqsimalur vadad 18 Tves adgenda,

xolo iudicia legitima-sTvis pretoris Tanamdebobaze yofnis erTwliani vada iyo

gaTvaliswinebuli. aRniSnuli vadis amowurvis Semdeg, litis contestatio Zalas kargavda,

anu saxeze iyo `davis gardacvaleba~ (mors litis), anu mosarCelis moTxovna gaqviTulad

iTvleboda. Tu mopasuxe process Segnebulad aWianurebda, misi qmedeba mosamarTlis

mier aRikveTeboda. procesis am stadiaze davis monawile piris Secvla

(gardacvalebis gamo an cognitos et procurator daniSvnisas) daiSveboda, rasac

magistratis mier formulaSi cvlilebis (translatio iudicii) Semotana moyveboda, magram

ara axali litis contestatio-s dadgena. saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, pretori mosamarTles

cvlida (mutatio iudicii). yvela aRniSnuli cvlileba mxareTa Tanxmobas iTxovda, xolo

Tu mopasuxe uars ityoda, es dacvaze uaris Tqmad (indefensio) ganixileboda. procesis

erTianobaze mosamarTlis Secvla zegavlenas ar axdenda, radgan litis contestatio

ucvleli iyo.

romSi mosamarTle iyo kerZo piri, romlis saqmianoba sasamarTlo magistratis

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imperium-sa da mis iussum iudicandi-ze (mosamarTlisaTvis gacemuli brZaneba mis mier

saqmeze gadawyvetilebis gamosatanad) iyo damokidebuli. sakuTari Zalauflebis

safuZvelze, pretors saqmis warmoebis (procesis) SeCereba da mosamarTlisaTvis

saqmeze gadawyvetilebis gamotanis akrZlava SeeZlo, rac procesis CaSlas iwvevda.

procesSi Carevis SesaZlebloba hqonda sxva pretorsac, romelic kolegis

gadawyvetilebaze veto uflebiT (intercessio) iyo aRWurvili.

a) Iudicatum (sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba)

Res iudicata (saqme, romelzec sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba gamoitanes); obligatio iudicati

(sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze warmoSobili valdebuleba); actio iudicati

(sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebis Sesaxeb Setanili sarCeli); auctoritas rei

iudicatae (sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis normatiuli Zala).

garda sasamarTlos winaswari mosmenis, sasamarTlo ganxilva mTavrdeboda an

adiudicatio-Ti _ mosarCelisaTvis sadao nivTis garkveuli nawilis mikuTvnebiT

(TanasakuTrebis an memkvidreobis gayofis saqmeebSi), an condemnatio-Ti _ yvela

danarCen saqmeebSi, mopasuxis mimarT garkveuli Tanxis gadaxdevinebis moTxovniT.

mosazreba (sententia) iyo mosamarTlis (kerZo piris) dadgenileba, gadawyvetileba

romelic savaldebulo Zalas mxareTa SeTanxmebisa da magistratis brZanebis (iussum

iudicandi) safuZvelze iZenda. Sententia-s gamotaniT (mopasuxis gamamtyunebeli an

gamamarTlebeli) sasamarTlo ganxilvis sagani gadawyvetilad iTvleboda _ res

iudicata) (D.42.1.1).

Res iudicata dicitur, quae finem controversiarum pronuntiatione iudicis accipit: quod vel condemnatione vel

absolutione contingit _ saqmeze sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba gamotanilad iTvleba, Tu

mosamarTlis gamatyunebeli an gamamarTlebeli gadawyvetilebiT dava sruldeba.

Iudicium legitimum-Si gamotanili sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba xdeboda procesis

gamarjvebuli mxaris axal uflebad, romelic, sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis

aRsrulebis Sesaxeb, actio iudicati-T unda daecvaT. aRniSnuli uflebiT, romelsac

wagebuli mxaris obligatio iudicati Seesabameboda, icvleboda moTxovna, romelic

sasamarTlo ganxilvis sagani xdeboda. iudicium imperium continens-iT gamotanili

ganaCenis savaldebulo Zala pretorul ediqts efuZneboda (D.42.1.4.3) da in factum

concepta formuliani actio iudicati-T iyo daculi.

Actiones in personam-iT mogebuli mosarCele axali piradi uflebis subieqti xdeboda,

actiones in rem-iT mogeba ki, mas uwindeli sanivTo uflebis subieqtad aqcevda da

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mopasuxis mimarT gadaxdevinebis axali, gansakuTrebuli moTxovnis litis aestimatio

(sadao nivTis Sefaseba) uflebas aniWebda. Tu mopasuxe nivTs daabrunebda, arbitrium

de restituendo-iT gamarTlebas eqvemdebareboda.

sasamarTlo gamoricxavda procesis ganmeorebas rogorc gamamtyunebel, (vinaidan is

exceptio rei iudicate-saTvis safuZvli xdeboda) anu prekluziuri efeqtisas, ise

gamamarTlebel SemTxvevaSi (vinaidan miRebuli gadawyvetileba momdevno sasamarTlo

ganxivlis aucileblobas gamoricxavda) anu preiudiciuri efeqtisas. magaliTad,

servitutis uflebis Sesaxeb sarCelis (vindicatio servitutis) SemTxvevaSi, sakuTrebis

ufleba mikuTvnebul nakveTze mosarCeles aRar unda emtkicebina, xolo Tu

servitutis ufleba ukve iyo sasamarTlo ganxilvis sagani, mopasuxis uari

mxedvelobaSi aRar miiReboda. Tanac, iudicatum-i nebismieri mesame piris mimarT

moqmedebda, servitutis Sesaxeb sarCeliT, da zemoxsenebuli magaliTiT moyvanil

mopasuxed SeiZleboda gamosuliyo sxva piri da ara is, vinc sakuTrebis Sesaxeb

uwindel sasamarTlo procesSi mxared iyo warmodgenili. sasamarTlo

gadawyvetilebiT, romliTac raime uflebis arseboba uariyofoda, amave uflebidan

gamomdinare an masze damokidebuli nebismieri ufleba Sewyvetilad cxaddeboda. am

movlenas romaelebma auctoritas rei iudicatae _ sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis iuridiulad

savaldebulo Zala _ uwodes.

b) interdiqtuli warmoeba

garda kerZo saqmis warmoebis (ordo iudiciorum privatum) Cveulebrivi sasarCelo wesisa,

arsebobda gansakuTrebuli interdiqtuli warmoebac, romelic Cveulebrivi

sasarCelo warmoebisagan imiT gansxvavdeboda, rom sasamarTlo magistrati, rogorc

uzenaesi xelisufali, moqalaqeTa mimarT brZanebebs gamoscemda. interdiqtebs

pretorebi saqmis gamoZiebis dros gamoscemdnen, ris gamoc, interdiqtebi iyo

upirobo da kategoriuli brZanebebi, romlebic jarimisa da giraos Setanis sanqcias

gascemdnen. interdiqtuli warmoeba pretoris aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis saxe

iyo. gaiusis azriT, klasikur epoqaSi pretoris interdiqti gaxda pirobiTi brZaneba,

romliTac interdiqtuli warmoeba iwyeboda. is sadao saqmis ganxilvis momdevno _

sasamarTlo warmoebis _ etapis safuZveli xdeboda da mmarTvelobis sferodan

marTlmsajulebis sferoSi unda gadasuliyo.

a) ganasxvavebdnen interdiqtis Semdeg saxeebs: 1. martivi da rTuli interdiqtebi _

simplicia, duplicia; (imis mixedviT, erT mxares exeboda, Tu orives); 2. aRmkveTi _

prohibitoria; 3. aRdgeniTi _ restitutoria; 4. warmdgeniTi – ex hibitoria.

interdiqtis upiratesoba is iyo, rom movale mxare faqts usityvod emorCilebida _

interdiqtSi miTiTebul faqts ar asaCivrebda da arc aRmkveTi interdiqtis

darRvevas amtkicebda.

Tu piri, vis winaaRmdegac pretori gamoscemda interdiqts, am ukanasknels, pretoris

oTaxidan gausvlelad gaasaCivrebda da mosamarTlis (arbiter) daniSvnas moiTxovda,

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misi moTxovna kmayofildeboda.

b) restituciis safuZvlebi iyo: 1. qmedebiT an daudevrobiT miyenebuli qonebrivi da

araqonebrivi ziani (laesio); 2. restituciis gamamarTlebeli safuZveli im SemTxvevaSi

arsebobda, roca mosamarTles mimarTavda mTxovneli: a) minor aetas (aranakleb 25

wlis asakis piri); b) quod metus causa (safrTxis SemTxvevaSi SiSis gamo); g) error

(iSviaT SemTxvevaSi); d) dolus malus (xSir SemTxvevaSi); e) ar yofnisas (iSviaT

SemTxvevaSi. magaliTad, tyveobisas). 3. drouli Txovna.

restituciis amoqmedebiT Zala ekargeboda faqts, romlis safuZvelzec axali

iuridiul urTierTobebi warmoiSva, ama Tu im konkretuli viTarebis gamo da

aRadgenda am urTierTobebis pirvandel mdgomareobas. restituciis mimRebi

mosarCele valdebuli iyo mopasuxisaTvis iuridiuli urTierTobebis gaqviTvidan

miRebuli sargebeli daebrunebina. kerZod, Tu myidveli mis mier gadaxdil safasurs

daibrunebda, mas gamyidvelisaTvis nayidi saqonlis dabruneba evaleboda.

g) saaRsrulebo warmoeba

Ductio iussu praetoris (kreditoris saxlSi mevalis miyvana); addictus (piri, romlis mimarT

gamotanilia sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba misi aRsrulebis moTxovniT da romelmac

sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba ar Seasrula); bonorum venditio (valauvali movalis

aRwera misi sakonkurso wesiT gayidvis mizniT); magister bonorum (konkursis

porganizatori); venditio ad hasta (auqcioni); bonorum emptor (eqspropriirebuli movalis

uflebamonacvle); cessio bonorum (mosarCelesaTvis qonebis nebayoflobiT daTmoba).

sasamarTlo procesis Sedegad wagebuli piri sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebas Tu ar

Seasrulebda, mis mimarT iyenebdnen sadamsjelo RonisZiebebs, romlebic an piradad

masze an mis qonebaze vrceldeboda. qr.Sobamde 17 w. lex Iulia iudiciorum privatorum-iT

gauqmda manus iniectio (xelis dadeba) anu simboluri aqti, romelic kreditors

mevalis piradad dauflebis kanonier saSualebas aZlevda da pretoris brZanebis

safuZvelze, piradi dasjis mxolod erTi forma _ ductio iussu praetoris (mevalis miyvana

kreditoris saxlSi) SenarCunda. sasamarTlo procesis mogebuls, pretoris

gadawyvetilebis (addictio) safuZvelze, mevalis miyvana SeeZlo sakuTar saxlSi, sadac

mas borkilebs adebda an ama Tu im samuSaos Sesrulebas aiZulebda. SedarebiT

gviandeli periodis cnobebiT, addictum-i sasamarTlo normebiT ar wesrigdeboda,

Tumca, mevalis gaTavisufleba, valis gadaxdis (an Sesrulebuli samuSaoTi valis

gaqviTviT) Semdeg, SesaZlebli iyo. amrigad, piradi sasjeli gamoiyeneboda

pragmatuli mosazrebiT: misi meSveobiT mevalis naTesavebsa da megobrebze

zemoqmedebiT, maTi axloblis valis dasafarad da iudicatum aRsrulebisaTvis.

sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis iZulebiTi aRsrulebis yvelaze gavrcelebuli forma

miyenebuli zianis anazRaurebis mizniTdamnaSavis qonebis bonorum venditio-s

(sakonkurso wesiT gayidva iyo) wesiT gayidva iyo. valauvali mevalis qonebis

sakonkurso wesiT gayidviT, mevale samoqalaqo-samarTlebrivi kavSirebis sistemidan

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amoiricxeboda, rac mis samoqalaqo sikvdils (kerZo piris, rogorc samoqalaqo

urTierTobis monawilis Taviseburi likvidacia) da samoqalaqo urTierTobaSi misi

sxva uflebamonacvle piriT Canacvlebas iwevevda.

dasja iwyeboda pertoris sagangebos dekretis gamocemiT, riTac sasamarTlo

procesis momgebi mxare mevalis qonebis mflobelad cxaddeboda _ missio in bona (in

possessionem). Tumca, am aqtis hipoTezad ediqti mainc iTvaliswinebda: dacvaze uaris

Tqmas (indefensio); sasamarTlo devnisagan Tavis aridebis mizniT, piris mimalvas

(latistatio); aseve, umemkvidreod gardacvlili mevalis sikvdils (cui heres non extabit).

momdevno 30 dRis (mevalis sikvdilis (missio) SemTxvevaSi) Semdeg, kreditori

sakonkurso gayidvis wesiT, savaraudo dRes _ proscriptio bonorum _ acxadebda. mevalis

qonebis mflobelebad gaxdoma sxva kreditorebs maSinac ki SeeZloT, roca

sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba maTi moTxovniT ar iyo gamotanili.

Semdeg kreditorebi irCevdnen konkursis mmarTvels (magister bonorum), romelic

adgenda konkursis wesebs/wesdebas (lex bonorum vendundorum), mevalis qonebis aqtivebsa

da pasivebs Soris Tanafardobas da Casatarebeli konkursis pirobebs.

pirvelyovlisa mxedvelobaSi miiReboda pirveli rigis kreditorTa interesebi:

xazinis (fiscus), adgilobrivi xelisuflebis, meurveobaSi myofi pirebis (Tu mevale

maTi meurve iyo), dakrZalvis xarjebis kreditorebis, saxlis saremonto samuSaoebis

kreditorebis moTxovnebi; aseve im kreditorTa interesebic, romelTa moTxovnis

sagani mziTevi (dos) iyo. aqtivebis Sesabamisad ganisazRvreboda is wili, romlis

farglebSic upiratesi kreditorebis moTxovnebi kmayofildeboda.

Tu pretori lex bonorum vendundorum-s moiwonebda, is gayidvis savaraudo dRes

(proscriptio) acxadebda. konkursis mmarTveli (magister bonorum), sakonkurso wesiT

gayidvis dros, warmoadgenda mevalis mTeli qonebis fass, romlis odenoba

kreditorTa moTxovnili Tanxis jamiT da ara qonebis saerTo RirebulebiT

ganisazRvreboda, vinaidan kreditorTa dakmayofilebis movaleoba gamyidvels

ekisreboda. wesisamebr, qonebis saaqciono gayidva `CaquCiT~ (venditio ad hasta) _ Ria

auqcionis formiT xorcieldeboda. gamarjvebulad cxaddeboda is myidveli,

romelic yvelaze met fass SesTavazebda. Tumca, Tu myidveli CaTvlida, rom

aqtivebis odenoba arasakmarisi iyo, mas SeeZlo valis mxolod nawilis gadaxda,

Tanac privilegirebuli kreditorebisaTvis, romlebic (aseT pirobebSi) kanoniT

dadgenili rigiTobis gaTvaliswinebiT kmayofildebodnen.

mevalis qonebis gayidvis Taobaze (bonorum venditio) garigeba ideboda saukeTeso

winadadebis avtorTan, rac gamyidvelis samoqalaqo sikvdilis tolfasi iyo.

gamocxadebuli fasis gadaxda ar xdeboda, vinaidan, faqtobrivad, qonebis gamyidveli

ar arsebobda, xolo myidveli mflobelobas, sakonkurso qonebis mmarTvelisagan

iZenda. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu auqcionis wesiT gayiduli qonebis myidveli (bonorum

emptor) nivTze mflobelobis uflebas dakargavda, igi sakuTar uflebas actio

Publiciana-Ti icavda.

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mevalis universaluri uflebamonacvle xdeboda bonorum emptor-i, romlis

winaaRmdegac kreditorTa sarCelebi iyo mimarTuli. am sarCelebs igi pasuxobda, mis

mier SeZenili nivTis Rirebulebis, Sesabamisi wilis moculobiT.

qonebis eqspropriacias (CamorTmeva) Tan sdevda pativis, Rirsebis ayra (infamia). unda

aRiniSnos, rom aseTi sasjelis mizezi ara valauvaloba iyo. Tu kreditorTa

moTxovnebis dakmayofileba mevales ar SeeZlo, igi lex iulia kanonis safuZvelze,

dasjisagan Tavis aridebis mizniT, mosarCeles sakuTar qonebas nebayoflobiT

gadascemda (cessio bonorum). Tu sasamarTlo procesis CaSla an sasamarTlo

gadawyvetilebis Seusrulebloba qmeduunaro piris (infans, furiosus, prodigus)

warmomadgenlis aryofnas ukavSirdaboda, iZulebiTi anazRaureba mxolod calkeuli

nivTebis mimarT (bonorum distractio) gamoiyeneboda da mas pativis ayra (infamia) ar

moyveboda.

da pirvelad, pretori, mxareebis mosmenis Semdeg, gascemda sarCelis formulas,

romelSic, modave mxareebis TxovniT, SesaZlebeli iyo cvlilebebisa da damatebebis

Setana. formula iyo pretoris mier mosamarTlisadmi gacemuli brZaneba, romliTac

pretori mas mouwodebda gamoetana iseTi gadawyvetileba, romelSic

gaTvaliswinebuli iqneboda miTiTebuli principebi; Tanac, mosamarTles, romelic

gaxldaT kerZo piri da sasamarTlo xelisuflebiT (iuris dictio) aRWurvili ar iyo,

aRniSnul saqmeze saWiro uflebamosileba eniWeboda. formulis Sedgenas Tan axlda

davis sagnis dadgena (litis contestatio). saqme gadaecemoda mosamarTles, romelic, Tavis

mxriv, pretoris moTxovnaTa Sesabamisad, faqtebs amowmebda da sasamarTlo

gadawyvetileba (iudicatum) gamohqonda.

formulis Sinaarsi winaswar iyo dadgenili (fiqsirebuli Sinaarsi _ concepta verba).

ediqtis principuli ganaxleba drois moTxovnebis gaTvaliswinebis saSualebas

iZleoda, raTa axali urTierTobebisaTvis, pretoruli dacvis Sesabamisi

saSualebebi, miecaT. pretoris mier gacemuli procesualuri dacvis axali formebi

ganviTarebuli marTlSegnebis moTxovnebs asaxavda. formulis SedgenaSi orive mxare

monawileobda. pretoruli formebis safuZvelze, mxareebs ufleba hqondaT,

mowinaaRmdegis mier moyvanil faqtebze, formulaSi sakuTari SeniSvnebi SeetanaT.

Tumca, sayovelTaod aRiarebuli normebisadmi mkacri Sesabamisoba mTavar pirobad

rCeboda, rac, Tavis mxriv, konfliqtis specifikis moqnilobas xels sulac ar

uSlida.

I. formulis nawilebi

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Praeiudicium (winaswari sasamarTlo procesi, romelzec piris uflebis dadgena

xdeboda); bona fides (keTilsindisiereba); iudicium bonae fidei (keTilsindisieri

sarCelebi); formula arbitraria (gansakuTrebuli fraza, romelic iudicia arbitraria sarCelis

formulaSi iyo Setanili); arbitrum (iussum) de restituendo (mosamarTlis mier

mopasuxisadmi gacemuli brZaneba, raTa mas mosarCelis moTxovna sasamarTlo

gadawyvetilebis gamotanamde daakmayofilos); contumacia (sasamarTlosadmi

daumorCilebloba); litis aestimatio (davis Sefaseba).

cnobilia formulis Semdegi ZiriTadi nawilebi (partes formulae): demonstratio, intentio,

adiudicatio, condemnatio (Gai.,4,39).

1. Adiudicatio (miniWeba) gvxvdeba mxolod iseTi saxis sarCelebSi, romlebic

TanasakuTrebisa da sazRvrebis ganawilebis Taobaze dgeboda. sarCelis am nawiliT

mosamarTles amcnobdnen imis Taobaze, TanamesakuTreTagan Tu romels ra odenobis

wili ekuTvnoda.

2. Intentio-Si (intencia) Camoyalibebuli iyo mosarCeles moTxovna, anu pretenzia

(desiderium suum); es nawili iwyeba sityvebiT: `Tu gairkva, rom (dadasturda, rom). . .~

da dasaxelebuli iyo is ufleba, romelsac mosarCeles moTxovna efuZneba.

3. Demonstratio-Si (demonstracia) Camoyalibebuli iyo saqmis arsi (Semadgenloba),

hipoTeza. is iwyeboda kavSiriT `vinaidan~ (quod) da saxeldeboda is faqtebi da

garemoebebi, romelTa safuZvelzec mosarCeleTa uflebebi da mopasuxes movaleobebi

(garigebebi) ganisazRvreboda.

4. Condemnatio-Ti (kondemnacia) mosamarTles mopasuxis dasjis an gamarTlebis

uflebamosileba eniWeboda.

Per formulas procesiT wagebuls, mogebuli mxaris sasargeblod mxolod fuladi

Tanxis gadaxda evaleboda. dauSvebeli iyo mopasuxis mimarT iseTi gadawyvetilebis

gamotana, romliTac mas garkveuli moqmedebis Sesruleba an sadavo nivTis naturiT

gadacema evaleboda. aRniSnuli saxis moTxovnis wamoyeneba subieqtis

avtonomiurobas da uSualod romis ius privatum-is principebs ewinaaRmdegeboda.

fuladi Tanxis miniWebis gansakuTrebuli principi – condemnatio pecuniaria, romelic

sasamarTlo procesis pretoruli formiT damkvidrda, mxareTa formaluri

Tanasworobis principis uSualo Sedegi iyo da samarTlebriv Tavisuflebas yvelaze

naTlad asaxavda. Condemnatio sintaqsurad ukavSirdeboda intentio-s da mis gareSe

Zala ar hqonda; xolo intentio, piriqiT, formulis sruliad damoukidebeli nawili

iyo da uflebis konstatacias (praeiudicium) ukavSirdeboda; es ukanaskneli

sasamarTlo ganxilvebze dasturdeboda; swored intentio asaxelebda faqts, romelzec

sasamarTlos sabraldeboda gadawyvetilebis gamotana iyo damokidebuli. amasTanave,

mxedvelobaSi miiReboda is garemoebac, rom swored aRniSnuli faqtis arsebobasTan

iyo dakavSirebuli garkveuli Sedegis dadgoma da mxareTa Soris iuridiuli

xasiaTis urTierTobis mogvareba. intenciis mTavar normatiul wyarod pretoruli

ediqti miiCneoda. Tumca, formulis Sedgenac swored faqtis safuZvleze xdeboda

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(formula in factum concepta), anu Tu intentio-Si ius civile-s mier aRiarebuli faqti iyo

moyvanili, formula samarTlis safuZvelze (formula in ius concepta) iqmneboda.

Inactum conceptae formulebi asaxavda pretoruli dacvis ganviTarebaSi uZvelesi

stadiis Taviseburebas, roca pretori, sakuTari imperium-iT, mosamarTlisagan

iTxovda mxedvelobaSi mieRo is faqtic, romelsac ius civile ar aRiarebda. amaTan

mimarTebiT, araferia naTqvami im ius-is Sesaxeb, romelzec actor-i sakuTar moTxovnas

afuZnebda da arc civiluri movaleobaa (reus oportere) miTiTebuli.

sarCels mxolod maSin hqonda in ius consepta formulis saxe, roca mosarCeles

moTxovna ius civile-s efuZneba. keTilsindisieri sarCelebi (iudicia bonae fidei) saocari

moqnilobiTa da mosamarTlis Zalze farTo uflebamosilebiT gamoirCeoda. aseTi

sarCelis meSveobiT mosarCele garigebidan iTxovda ara marto dadebiTi interesis

dakmayofilebas, aramed im Sedegis dadgomasac, romelic damatebiT SeTanxmebebs

efuZneboda. am ukanasknelTa dadeba SesaZlebeli iyo rogorc xelSekrulebis

dadebisas, ise mogvianebiTac. amave dros, mosarCeles, xelSekrulebis dadebisas,

nebelobiTi xarvezebis aRmoCenis SemTxvevaSi, amis Sesaxeb miTiTeba SeeZlo, Tanac

specialuri sasarCelo uaryofis (exceptio pacti, doli, metus) gamouyenebladac. aRniSnuli

sarCelebi konsesualuri da realuri kontraqtebidan warmoSobil uflebebs,

sameurveo piris (actio tutelae) da, qorwinebis Sewyvetis SemTxvevaSi, colis samziTvo

uflebebs (iucactio rei uxoriae) icavdnen.

Iudicia arbitraria-s SemTxvevaSi mosamarTle farTo uflebamosilebiT sargeblobda.

Iudicia arbitraria sarCelis is saxeobaa, romlis formula mocemuli iyo sagangebo

fraziT, romelsac, intentio-s Semdeg, condemnatio-s win urTavdnen xolme. formulis

teqstSi aseTi fraza yvela sanivTo sarCelSi (D.4.2.10.1; 6.1.68; 7.6.5,4a) da zogierT

pirad sarCelSic (actio aqua pluviae arcendae, actio Fabiana, actio Calviciana)

gvxvdeba.

aRniSnuli sagangebo frazis safuZvelze, Tavdapirvelad, mosamarTle arkvevda

hqonda Tu ara mosarCele mxares miTiTebuli ufleba – pronuntiatio de iure. uflebis

Sesaxeb dadebiTi mtkicebis SemTxvevaSi, brZanebis Semcveli fraziT, dadgenil

vadamde mopasuxes mosarCelisaTvis nivTis gadacema – iussum de restituendo _

evaleboda. mopasuxis Tanxmoba aTavisuflebda mas pasuxismgeblobisagan. formulis

Sesabamisad, mosamarTle valdebuli iyo gamamarTlebeli gadawyvetileba gamoetana.

xolo, Tu mopasuxe uars acxadebda (an braldebad ar miiCnevda sadavo faqts), misi

qmedeba sasamarTlosadmi daumorCleblobad (contumacia) ganixileboda da imiT

isjeboda, rom davis Sefaseba (litis aestimatio) xdeboda sadao nivTis RirebulebiT.

nivTis Rirebulebas, TavisTavad, mosarCele acxadebda daficebiT.

II. Condemnatio saSualebebi

Condemnatio certa (gansazRvruli kondemnacia); condemnatio incerta (ganusazRvreli

kondemnacia);

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kondemnacioSi (condemnatio) miTiTebuli miniWebis moculoba unda Seesabamebodes

intentio-Si mocemul formulirebas. imis mixedviT, iyo Tu ara gansazRvruli

dasaxelebuli Tanxa, ganasxvavebdnen condemnatio certa-s (gansazRvrul) da condemnatio

incerta-s (ganusazRvrel) kondemnacias. Condemnatio mxolod maSin iyo gansazRvruli,

Tu intentio-Si fulis garkveuli odenoba (mxolod gansakuTrebiT kondiqciur

sarCelSi – condictio certae pecuniae) iyo miTiTebuli. aseTi formulirebas adgendnen im

SemTxvevaSi, roca mosarCeles ufleba hqonda mopasuxisaTvis fuladi anazRaureba

moeTxova. yvela danarCen SemTxvevaSi es iyo condemnatio incerta. formulis am nawilis

ganusazRvreloba ori saxisa iyo: 1. zogjer mosamarTlesagan iTxoven mopasuxis

mimarT gamoetana iseTi gadawyvetileba, romliTac am ukanasknels garkveul

odenobaze meti Tanxa ar unda gadaexada. mosamarTle uflebamosili iyo gamoetana

iseTi gadawyvetileba, romelSic mopasuxes naklebi Tanxis gadaxdas avaldebulebda;

2. Tumca, ufro xSirad mosamarTles aseTi zusti SezRudvis gansazRvra ar

moeTxoveba. mas mxolod mopasuxisaTvis gadasaxdeli Tanxis odenoba unda daedgina.

III. moTxovnis gadameteba (iuris petitio)

Intentio incerta (ganusazRvreli intencia); pluris petitio re (moTxovnis gadameteba obieqtis

mimarT); pluris petitio tempore (moTxovnis gadameteba drois mimarT); pluris petitio loco

(moTxovnis gadameteba adgilis mimarT); pluris petitio causa (moTxovnis gadameteba

safuZvlis mimarT); intentio certa (gansazRvruli intencia); actio certi an condictio (sarCeli

gansazRvrulis Sesaxeb an kondiqciuri sarCeli); lis dividua (ganawilebuli dava); falsa

demonstratio (cru demonstracia).

fiqsirebuli xasiaTi moTxovnisa, romliTac mosamarTles mimarTavdnen,

ganapirobebda imas, rom Tu CamoTvlili faqtebiT ver dadasturdeboda mopasuxes

marTlac marTebda Tu ara is, rasac misgan mosarCele iTxovda; mosamarTle

valdebuli iyo gamamarTlebeli ganaCeni gamoetana. samarTliT dadgenilze (pluris

petitio) metis moTxovna uflebis dakargvas iwvevda, vinaidan erTsa da imave saqmeze

ganmeorebiTi sarCelis Setana dauSvebeli iyo. ganusazRvreli intenciis (intentio

incerta) SemTxvevaSi, gadametebuli moTxovnis wardgena SeuZlebeli iyo, miT ufro, Tu

misaniWebeli obieqtis odenoba gansazRvruli ar iyo.

Pluris petitio gamoiyeneboda obieqtis, vadis, adgilisa da samarTlebrivi safuZvlisa

mimarT: re, tempore, loco, causa.

1. Pluris petitio re _ dasaSvebze meti Tanxis odenobis nivTis moTxovnisas; 2. Pluris petitio

tempore _ dadgenil vadamde moiTxoveboda is, risi gadaxdac savaldebulo iyo; 3.

Pluris petitio loco _ danapirebis Sesruleba sxva adgilze moiTxoveboda; 4. Pluris petitio

causa gamoiyeneboda alternatiuli valdebulebis (alternatio) SemTxvevaSi, anu

rodesac, struqturiT gaTvaliswinebuli, valdebulebis arCevanis uflebas (ius

variandi), kreditori mevales arTmevda. (Gai.,4,53d).

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Tu garkveuli intenciis (intentio certa) mqone sarCelis formuliT miTiTebuli iyo

imaze naklebi moTxovna, risi uflebamosilebac mosarCeles hqonda, meore wels mas

procesis sxva pretorTan ganmeoreba SeeZlo, romlis drosac is danarCens iTxovda.

am SemTxvevaSi procesi ara ganmeorebiTi, aramed gayofili (lis dividua) iyo. Tu

condementio-Si warmodgenili moTxovnis gadameteba mxolod pretoris miTiTebebze

iyo damokidebuli, mosamarTle valdebuli iyo mopasuxisaTvis imaze metis gadaxda

daekisrebina, vidre amas mosarCele intentio-Ti iTxovda. am SemTxvevaSi, pretori

mopasuxes exmareboda, mosarCele ki _ pirvandeli mdgomareobis mdgomareobis

aRdgenis moTxovniT (in integrum restitutio) gamodioda, raTa amis Semdeg mainc miemarTa

sasamarTlosaTvis marTebuli kondemnaciiT.

Fi in demonstratione plus aut minus positum sit, nihil in iudicium deducitur, et ideo res in integro manet: et hoc

est quod dictur falsa demonstratione rem non perimi – Tu demonstraciaSi miTiTebulia

(saWiroze) meti an naklebi moTxovna, sasamarTlo ganxilvis usagnobis gamo, saqme

pirvandel mdgomareobaSi rCeba; swored aseT SemTxvevaSi igulisxmeba: cru

demonstraciis gamo saqme uqmdeba. (Gai.,4,58). Tumca, labeonis azriT, Tu

demonstracioTi moTxovnis nawili miTiTebuli iyo, is cru demostraciad ar

miiCneoda, (Gai.,4.59; D.19.1.3; 3.3.78.1; 13.6.17.4).

IV. Formulae ficticiae (fiqciis Semcveli formula) da pirTa monacvleobiT Sedgenili

formula

Fictio (fiqcia); fictio iuris (civiluri statusis mqone fiqcia).

Intentio-Ti pretors SeeZlo mosamarTlisagan moeTxova iseTi qmedebebis Sesruleba,

romelTa arsebiTi iuridiuli faqti, TiTqosda, realurad ar arsebobda, an piriqiT

_ aseTi faqti namdvilad arsebobda. pirvel SemTxvevaSi fiqcia pozitiuri iyo,

meore SemTxvevaSi _ negatiuri.

pozitiuri samarTlis srulyofis TvalsazrisiT (adiuvare ius civile), fiqcia (fictio)

pretoris umniSvnelovanesi instrumenti iyo. zogjer fiqcia pretoruli sarCelis

(actio Publiciana-s msgavsad) Seqmnis mizniT gamoiyeneboda. Tumca, rogorc wesi, fiqcia

tipuri sarCelis danamati iyo, raTa sasarCelo dacva mieniWebinaT im pirisaTvis,

romelsac mkacri samarTliT (ius strictum) amis ufleba ar gaaCnda, anda im piris

gasasamarTleblad, vinc, ius civile-s Tanaxmad, dasjas rom eqvemdebareboda.

magaliTad, pretoruli samarTlis safuZvelze (bonorum possessor), samkvidros

misaRebad mowveuli piris dasacavad. pretori mas aZlevda sarCels, romliTac

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mosamarTle valdebuli iyo mosarCele memkvidred ecno. aRniSnuli fiqciis gareSe,

pretorul memkvidres samkvidros moTxovna ar SeeZlo, vinaidan, ius civile-Ti igi

memkvidre (heres) ar iyo (Gai.,4,34).

msgavsi formulis Sedgena moiTxoveboda umemkvidreod darCenili valauvali

mevalis uflebamonacvlis (bonorum emptor) mimarT, romelic aseTi mevalis memkvidred

fiqtiurad cxaddeboda (Gai.,4,35).

yvelaze Zveli civiluri sarCelis forma im SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneboda, Tu

samarTaldarRvevis (ex delicto) erT-erT mxare ucxoeli (peregrinus) iyo, romelzec

romis civiluri samarTali ar vrceldeboda.

aseT SemTxvevaSi, formulaSi iwereboda fiqcia: “Si civis Romanus esset – is, rom romis

moqalaqe yofiliyo”. (Gai.,4,37). savaraudod, aRniSnul praqtikas peregrinebis

pretoris sasamarTloTi mieca dasabami. sagulisxmoa, rom dasaxelebul SemTxvevebSi

statusis fiqcia (fictio iuris), rogorc urTierTobaTa dacvis procesualuri saSualeba

maSin gamoiyeneboda, roca pretori, materialuri samarTlis TvalsazrisiT, uZluri

iyo: ius civile Tanaxmad, mas ufleba ar hqonda piri memkvidred (heres) an romael

moqalaqed gamoecxadebina.

roca erTi pirisaTvis miniWebuli ufleba meore pirs gadaecemoda, an erTi piris

pasuxismgebloba meore pirs ekisreboda, gamoiyeneboda fiqciis gansakuTrebuli

forma _ pirTa monacvleoba. aRniSnul fiqcias im SemTxvevaSi mimarTavdnen, roca

iuridiuli aqti vrceldeboda iseTi piris winaaRmdeg, romelsac aRniSnuli qmedeba

Cadenili ar hqonda; magaliTad, rodesac garigeba dadebuli iyo xelisuflebaSi

myofi piris (persona alieni iuris) an meurvis (tutor) mier. aseT SemTxvevaSi, demonstratio-Si

an intentio-Si pretori uTiTebda erT pirs (persona alieni iuris an tutor), xolo condemnatio-

Si meores _ ojaxis ufross (paterfamilias) an meurveobaSi myofs (pupillus).

V. eqscepcia (exceptio) da preskripcia (praescriptio)

Exceptiones peremptoriae (mudmivi eqscepciebi); exceptiones dilatioriae (droebiTi eqscepciebi);

replicatio (Sesagebeli uaryofa); praescrptio pro actore (uaryofiTi piroba, romelic

formulaSi intenciis win iwereba da davis sagans mosarCelis sasargeblod

zRudavs).

Praescriptio pro reo iyo uaryofiTi piroba, romelic formulis dasawyisSi, intenciis

win iwereboda da davis sagans mopasuxis sasargeblod zRudavda. Tu es piroba

namdvili aRmoCndeba, uqmdeboda davis safuZveli (litis contestatio), romelic,

procesualuri TvalsazrisiT, iyo sarCelze uaris Tqma (denegatio), im SemTxvevaSi, Tu

magistrati sarCels usafuZvlod miiCnevda. procesi Cerdeboda, Tumca mis qmedebas

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arc auqmebda da arc gamoricxavda. Exceptio iyo procesualuri daTqmis

gansakuTrebuli wesi, romliTac mopasuxe saerTod uaryofda mosarCelis uflebas

(mopasuxis dacva) an awmyo droSi raime qmedebis Sesrulebis Taobaze mopasuxis

valdebulebas.

garda formulis im ZiriTadi nawilebisa, romelTa gareSec formulas iuridiuli

Zala ar gaaCnda, arsebobda damatebiTi elementebic, romelTa meSveobiTac erT

sasamarTlo procesze mxareTa Sesagebeli moTxovnebis wamoyeneba an sarCelis

tipuri formuliT gaTvaliswinebuli garemoebebis miTiTeba daiSveboda.

formulis ZiriTad teqsts win uZRoda sasarCelo moTxovna (praescriptio).

Tavdapirvelad, praescriptio mopasuxis (reus) interesebis sasargeblod (praescriptio pro

reo) dgeboda da sasamarTlo procesis dawyeba garkveuli faqtebis gamovlenaze iyo

damokidebuli. Tu faqtebi ar dadasturdeboda, mosamarTlisagan litis contestatio-s

ararsebulad cnobas iTxovdnen; magaliTad, garigebis dadebisas, mopasuxis

interesebis sasargeblo moTxovna (sasarCelo uaryofis funqciiT), ganzraxvisagan

Tavis aridebis saSualebas iZleoda, anu es iyo e.w. exceptio doli (exceptio-s yvelaze

mniSvnelovani saxeoba), romelic interdiqtuli warmoebisas gamoiyeneboda. im axali

garemoebebis safuZvelze, exceptio-s savaldebulo Zalas rom erTmeoda, uaris Tqma

exceptio-ze mosarCelesac SeeZlo. Ea res agatur, extra quam si ita negotium gestium est, ut stari eo

non oporteat ex fide bona... dae, procesi am saqmeze dadgenilad mxolod im SemTxvevaSi

CaiTvalos, Tu garigeba keTili sindisis safuZvelze daido...

mogvianebiT, praescriptio pro reo Secvala exceptio-m, romelsac mopasuxis dacvis funqcia

daekisra. akvilius galusis droidan moyolebuli, mowinaaRmdegis dolus-ze

misaTiTeblad, mosarCele actio doli-s, xolo mopasuxe exceptio dolo-s iyenebda.

Praescriptio SenarCunebuli iqna rogorc mosarCeles (actor) interesebis dacvis

saSualeba – praescriptio pro actore. Intentio-s win exceptio-s CarTviT condemnatio-s

adgendnen.

dacvis aRniSnuli saSualeba, praescriptio pro reo-sagan gansxvavebiT, ufro qmediTi iyo,

vinaidan, aRniSnuli faqtis aRmoCenis SemTxvevaSi, mosamarTlis gamamarTlebeli

ganaCeni saboloo iyo: litis contestatio imgvarad auqmebda mosarCelis sarCels, rom

sasamarTlo procesis ganmeorebiTi wamowyebis mcdeloba gamoricxuli iyo.

gaiusisa da ulpianes Tanaxmad, Sedaveba SeiZleba yofiliyo droebiTic da mudmivi:

exceptiones dilatoriae (temporales) et exceptiones peremptoriae (perpetuae) (D.44.1.3; 44.2.4).

Peremptoriae sunt quae perpetuo valent, nec evitari possunt, velut quod metus causa, aut dolo malo, aut quod

contra legem senatusve consultum factum est, aut quod res iudicata est vel in iudicium delicta est, item pacti

conventi quod factum est, ne omnino pecunia peteretur – mudmivia Sedaveba, romelsac yovelTvis

gaaCnia mniSvneloba da misgan Tavis daRweva SeuZlebelia; magaliTad, (Sedaveba) imis

Taobaze, rom garigeba daido daSinebiT, motyuebiT an kanonisa da senatis

dadgenilebis gverdis avliT, an imis Taobaze, rac ukve iyo ganaCenis an sasamarTlo

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ganxilvis sagani, aseve araformaluri SeTanxmeba imis Taobaze, rom gadaxda

saerTod ar iqneba moTxovnili (Gai.,4,121).

Exceptio peremptoria aris sarCelis gauqmebis piroba, romlis gamoyeneba yovelTvis da

nebismieri mosarCelis winaaRmdeg SeiZleboda. Tu mopasuxe am pirobas formulaSi

ar Seataninebda, maSin procesis mimdinareobisas, mopasuxes SeeZlo sadavod eqcia

mxolod Tavad garigebis xarvezebi, xolo formulaSi gauTvaliwinebeli faqtis

gamo, yuradRebis gamaxvileba ar SeeZlo. Tu SecdomiT mopasuxe exceptio peremptoria-s

ar gamoiyenebda, am ukanasknels pretori, formulis sworad Sedgenis mizniT,

pirvandeli mdgomareobiT aRadgenda (in integrum restitutio), (Gai.,4.125). Tu droebiTi

uaryofa (exeptio dilatoria) gamoyenebuli ar iqneboda, msgavsi daxmareba mopasuxes veRar

gaeweoda.

Tu mosarCeles surda, rom mosamarTles mxedvelobaSi mieRo mopasuxis sasarCelo

Sedavebis sawinaaRmdego sxva faqti, pretori mas replicatio exceptio-ze Sedavebis

uflebas aniWebda. kerZod, sasarCelo moTxovnis wardgenaze uaris saTqmelad,

mxareebi sapirispiro rameze Tanxmdebodnen. msgavsi paqtebis araformaluroba

miuRebels xdida zogad princips imis Sesaxeb, rom sapirispiro SeTanxmebiT

(conventio contraria) winamorbedi SeTanxmeba baTildeboda. amitom mopasuxis mxridan

warmodgenili exceptio pacti conventi sagangebo replicatio-Ti unda gaeuqmebinaT (Gai.,4,126):

`si non postea convenerit ut mihi eam pecuniam peteri liceret... Tu daTqmuli ar

iyo, rom mogvianebiT me gamoTxovis neba meZleva... Sesabamisad, mosarCelis replicatio-ze

mopasuxes SeeZlo axali SedavebiT _ duplicatio-Ti, epasuxa (Gai.,4.127), xolo

mosarCeles ki axali Sedavebis (triplicatio) ufleba hqonda (Gai.,4.128).

sarCeli praescriptio pro actore moTxovnis sagnis danawevrebis mizniT gamoiyeneboda.

aseTi danawevreba savaldebulo iyo perioduli xasiaTis miniWebaTa SemTxvevaSi,

mTlianis magivrad moTxovnis nawilis dros, aseve moTxovnis ramdenime safuZvlis

arsebobis SemTxvevaSi.

Cveulebriv, valis nawilis gadaxdas iTxovdnen nawilobrivi gadaxdis vadis

dadgomis Sesabamisad (Gai.,4,131). Intentio incerta-s Semcveli sarCelis wardgeniT

kreditors, valis danarCeni nawilis mimarT, procesis ganmeorebis SesaZlebloba ar

eZleoda. Praescriptio: “Ea res agatur cuius rei dies fuit“ (dae, saqmis sagnad iTvlebodes

valdebulebis is nawili, romlis Sesrulebis vada ukve dadga). Praescriptio-s

aRniSnuli saxe erTsa da imave saqmeze sarCelis periodulad wardginis

SesaZleblobas iZleoda.

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$3. procesualuri warmomadgenloba

Cognitor et procurator ad litem (procesualuri rwmunebulis ori saxe); dominus litis

(marwmunebeli piri procesSi); datio cognitori (rwmunebulis sasamarTlo procesSi

daniSvnis Sesaxeb gakeTebuli gancxadeba); actio iudicati utilis (analogiis wesze

dafuZnebuli sarCeli sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebis sasarCelo

moTxovniT); cautio de rato (prokuratoris mier mosarCelis mxareze moqmedebaTa

mowonebis sajarimo garantia); cautio iudicatum solvi (prokuratoris mier mopasuxis

mxareze sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebis sajarimo garantia); procurator in rem

suam (sakuTar saqmeSi rwmunebulad myofi).

In iure tadiaze mxareebs SeeZloT warmomadgenlebis gamoyvana. Zvel romSi

procesualur warmomadgenelTa ori saxeoba iyo: cognitor et procurator ad litem. Cognitor

daniSvnis Sesaxeb mowinaaRmdege mxares atyobinebdnen calmxrivi aqtis _ datio

cognitori-iT. Cognitor-i saqmes sakuTari saxeliT awarmoebda, amitom gamoiyeneboda

formula, romliTac pirTa Tanmimdevroba gadaadgilebuli iyo: intentio-Si

marwmuneblis saxeli (dominus litis) aRiniSneboda, xolo condemnatio mimarTuli iyo

cognitor-isken. Tu cognitor mopasuxis mxareze iyo, intentio-Si aRiniSneboda dominus litis

saxeli, xolo condemnatio miniWebas eqvemdebareboda cognitor. Datio cognitoris meSveobiT

moTxovnis ganaxleba (novatio) xdeboda, amitom, Tu kognitori mosarCelis rwmunebuli

iyo, maSin misi moTxovna, litis contestatio (sarCelis gasaCivreba, sasamarTloSi

arabraleulobis Sesaxeb gancxadebiT) iqviTeboda. sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaSi

aRniSneboda cognitor-is saxeli da actio iudicati an mis sasargeblod, an mis

sawinaaRmdegod (Tu is mopasuxes warmoadgenda) gaicemoda. Tumca, sasamarTlo

gadawyvetilebaSi miTiTebuli sarCelis, analogiur sarCels _ actio iudicati ulitis.

pretori marwmunebeli mxaris sasargeblod (an sawinaaRmdegod) gascemda.

sasamarTlo procesSi prokuratoroba marwmuneblis mouravsac (procurator omnium

bonorum _ mTeli qonebis mmarTvels) SeeZlo. daSvebuli iyo, marwmuneblis (dominus

litis) nebiT, specialurad daniSnuli piris moadgilis (procurator ad lites) monawileoba,

brZanebis (iussum) an davalebis (mandatum) safuZvelze. Procurator ad litem-ad

iTvleboda is piric, romelic sasamarTlo procesSi monawileobis survils,

davalebis an brZanebis gareSe, keTili nebiT (bona fide) ganacxadebda. vinaidan aseT

SemTxvevaSi litis contestatio-Ti moTxovnis gaqviTva ar xdeboda, prokurators

nebayoflobiT unda mieca piroba, rom marwmunebeli piri xelaxla ar daiwyebda

process gansakuTrebuli cautio rem ratam dominum habiturum-iT (fici, rom marwmunebeli

moiwonebs mis moqmedebebs), romelsac cautio de rato-c ewodeboda. pretoruli dacvis

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aRniSnuli saSualeba, pirgasamtexlos Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis gansakuTrebul formas

warmoadgenda: im SemTxvevaSi, Tu rwmunebulis qmedebas ar moiwonebda dominus litis,

romelic xelaxla daiwyebda process (mas amaze sruli ufleba hqonda), arSemdgari

prokuratori dajarimdeboda mopasuxis sasargeblod, rac mTlianad gaabaTilebda im

danakargs, rasac mas saqmis wageba uqadda.

Tu prokuratori mopasuxes warmoadgenda, maSin prokuratori (mopasuxis Rirseul

moadgiled miCnevis mizniT) gansakuTrebuli cautio iudicatum solvi-is (sasamarTlo

gadawyvetilebis) aRsrulebis garantias iZleoda.

Cognitor-ad daniSvnis SemTxvevaSi, aseT cautio-s Tavad dominus litis (marwmunebeli piri)

iZleoda. logikuria, rom igi imavdroulad actio iudicati utilis-s gamoc (mis winaaRmdeg

an mis sasamrgeblod, sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis analogiuri sarCeliT) pasuxs

agebda.

prokuratori sakuTari saxeliT ebmeboda procesSi; aseT SemTxvevaSi, pretori

adgenda formulas, romelSic pirTa Tanmimdevroba gadaadgilebuli iyo. Tumca, am

SemTxvevaSi, marwmuneblis sasargeblod an sawinaarmdegod, actiones utilis-s pretori ar

gascemda.

prokuratorisa da dominus litis urTierTobebi davalebis xelSekrulebiT (mandatum)

an im urTierTobiT wesrigdeboda, romelTa safuZvelze procesSi monawile mxare

brZanebas (iussum) iZleoda.

warmomadgenlobis am saxeobis meSveobiT savalo moTxovnebis cesia (anu sxva pirze

sakuTari valis gadakisreba) miiRweoda. aseTi procesis dros prokuratori sakuTari

interesebis damcvelad _ procurator in rem suam (sakuTar saqmeSi rwmunebuli piri)

gamodioda. miuxedavad imisa, rom misi moTxovna sxvis uflebaze (an pasuxismgebloba

efuZneboda sxvis valdebulebas, Tu is mopasuxis rwmunebulad gamodioda) iyo

dafuZnebuli.

$4. dacvaze uaris Tqma (indefensio)

Bona (qoneba), missio in bona (pretoris mier sxva pirisaTvis qonebis mfarvelobis

uflebis miniWeba); indefensio (dacvaze uaris Tqma); translatio possessionis (mflobelobaSi

mxareTa mdgomareobis Secvla-monacvleoba).

sasamarTlo procesis dadgenaSi mopasuxis savaldebulo monawileoba gulisxmobda

misi qmedebis iseT gansakuTrebul kvalifikacias, romelic konfliqtis gadawyvetis

sasamarTlo formis CaSlisaken iqneboda mimarTuli. mxareTa damoukidebloba, davis

procesualuri wesiT gadawyvetisas, samarTlis ZiriTadi principis umniSvnelovanes

gamovlinebad miiCneoda. sasamarTlo procesze monawileobaze uaris Tqma ki,

pirovnebis avtonomiurobis dakargvad im moculobiT aRiqmeboda, rogoric iyo

sasamarTlo ganxilvis sagani. ramdenadac mopasuxe mxare uars acxadebda sistemis im

pirobebze, romlebic, sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis winaSe, mxareTa formalur

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Tanasworobas adgenen da icaven, igi sakuTar Tavs sazogadoebis miRma ayenebda im

zomiT, ra zomiTac samoqalaqo procesi mas TviTnebobisa da TviTgasworebisagan

icavda. am doneze piris monawileobas samoqalaqo brunvaSi ganasaxierebda misi

qoneba (bona), romelic, dacvaze uaris Tqmis SemTxvevaSi, individualurad

mizandakargulad aRiqmeba, radgan mis mepatrones aRniSnul qonebaze socialurad

aRiarebuli neba aRar gaaCnda.

yovelive zemoTqmulis logikur Sedegad mosarCelis im uflebis konstatacia iyo,

romelic mas am obieqtis gankargvis SesaZleblobas aniWebda, misive interesebis

farglebSi. aseTi qmedeba praqtikuliad administraciuli xerxebiT miiRweoda:

mosarCele mopasuxis qonebis nawilis _ missio in bona-s mflobeli xdeboda da

aRniSnuli qonebis auqcionze gatanisa da gayidvis ufleba eniWeboda.

sasamarTlo procesis dadgenaSi mopasuxis monawileoba savaldebulo iyo; masSi

monawileobaze uariT, socialuri normebiT aRiarebuli, misi uflebebi eWvqveS

dgeboda. dacvaze uaris Tqmad (indefensio) ara marto sasamarTloSi gamoucxadebloba

an litis contestatio (davis sagnis mimarT) uTanxmoeba kvalificirdeba, aramed

sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebisadmi (iudicatum) daumorCileblobac. procesis SesaZlo

CaSlisagan Tavis daRwevis mizniT, procesis pirvel stadiaze mopasuxes

sTavazobdnen sakuTari rolis ganmtkicebas da sasamarTlo ganxilvebSi sanivTo

sarCelis wardgenas. am mizniT mopasuxes evaleboda: 1. rigi valdebulebebis

sakuTar Tavze aReba, stipulaciiT garantiebis micemis gziT _ sadisdatio (cautio)

iudicatum solvi (procesualuri garantiebi). aseve misTvis savaldebulo iyo

sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebis utyuari garantiis micema _ ob rem

iudicatum; 2. sasamarTlo procesis ganviTarebis miznT, mopasuxe pirobas

iZleoda, rom sasamarTlo pocesze misi monawileoba konstruqciuli iqneboda _ ob

rem bene defensam; 3. Tavis Sekaveba iseTi ganzraxi qmedebebisagan, romlebsac procesis

CaSla (ob dolo malo) SeeZloT.

Indefensus-ad miCneuli piris mimarT gamoiyeneba mkacri sanqciebi, romelTa

gamkacrebis safrTxe, dadgenili marTlwesrigis moTxovnaTa darRvevis simZimis

kvalobaze, matulobda. sanivTo sarCelebis dros pretori Segnebulad cvlida

mxareTa mdgomareobas mflobelobaSi e.w. translatio possessionis, radgan, msgavsi

sarCelis Setanis SemTxvevaSi, dacvaze uaris mTqmeli mopasuxe, samomavlod,

mtkicebis tvirTis (onus probandi) mTel simZimes sakuTar Tavze iRebda. Tu sadavo

uflebis sagani moZravi nivTi iyo, miznis miRweva mosarCelis mier aRniSnuli nivTis

waRebis Sesaxeb, brZanebiT an nivTis gacemis Sesaxeb sarCeliT (actio ad exibendum)

xdeboda (imis mixedviT, iyo Tu ara sadao nivTi warmodgenili sasamarTloSi). Tu

mopasuxe sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebas ar emorCileboda da nivTs ar gadascemda,

pretori mosarCeles mopasuxis mTeli qonebis mflobelod (missio in bona) acxadeboda,

raTa mowyobiliyo mopasuxis qonebis auqcionis wesiT gayidva.

$5. davis sagnis dadgena (litis contestatio)

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Datio iudicii (sasamarTlo dacvis miniWeba); litis contestatio (sadao sagnis fiqsacia); iussum

iudicandi (brZaneba sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis gamotanis Sesaxeb); iudicium legitimum,

iudicium imperium continens, ipso iure (TviT samarTlis ZaliT); ope exepticiones (eqscefciis

ZaliT); exceptio rei iudicatae vel in iudicium deductae (eqscefcia imis Sesaxeb, rom saqmeze

ukve iyo gamotanili sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba an ukve dadginda procesi).

formulis Sedgenis Semdeg, roca pretori mxareTa molodinis pasuxad, maT

procesualur saSualebebs (datio iudicii) mianiWebda, mosarCele da mopasuxe (dictare et

accipere iudicium (sasamarTlo ganxilvis SemoTavazeba da miReba) SemoTavazebuli

formulaze Tanxmobas acxadebdnen. sami mxaris aseT SeTanxmebas litis contestatio

ewodeboda; es iyo sasamarTlo procesis ganviTarebis is gansakuTrebuli momenti,

romlis Semdegac procesualur uflebebsa da movaleobebSi mosarCelisa da

mopasuxis interesebi adekvaturad asaxulad iTvleboda. vinaidan formula

mosamarTlisadmi (vis saxelzec Seadgines) gagzavnilad iTvleboda, datio iudicii -Si

mocemuli iyo brZaneba mosamarTlisadmi _ iussum iudicandi, raTa mas saqmeze

gadawyvetileba gamoetana. aseTi mosamarTle iyo kerZo piri, romelsac aRniSnul

saqmeze uflebamosileba eZleoda. Litis contestatio-Ti iqviTeboda mosarCelis moTxovnis

ufleba da gamoiricxeboda imave sagnis ganmeorebiTi sasamrTlo ganxilvis

SesaZlebloba (prekluziuri efeqti). prekluziuri efeqtis gamoyeneba damokidebuli

iyo sasamarTlo ganxilvis tipze. Lex iulia sasamarTlo ganxilvis or etaps adgenda: 1.

iudiciorum privatorum iudicia legitima-s da 2. iudicia imperia continentia-s.

Tu procesi imarTeboda romSi, romael moqalaqeTa Soris da erTi mosamarTlis

(iudex unus) winaSe mimdinareobda (Tu mosamarTlec romis moqalaqe iyo), sasamarTlo

ganxilva legitimum-ad iTvleboda.

sasamarTlo ganxilvis yvela danarCeni saxe, romelic romSi ar imarTeboda, magram

rekuperatorebis SuamavlobiT warimarTeboda da erTi monawile romis moqalaqe ar

iyo, iudicia imperia continentia-d iTvleboda. aseTi sasamarTlo ganxilva magistratis

xelisuflebaze (imperia continentia) iyo dafuZnebuli. cxadia, iudicia legitima nasesxebi

iyo per legis actiones procesis uZvelesi formidan.

uZveles droSi, litis contestatio prekluziuri qmedeba samarTlis ZaliT (ipso iure)

gamoyeneboda ius civiles safuZvelze. Per formulas procesis dros sarCelis ganmeorebiTi

Setana an ipso iure ZaliT, an sasarCelo uaryofiT (ope exceptionis) gamoiricxeboda,

radgan moTxovna litis contestatio-s sagani ukve iyo.

dauZleveli Zalis zemoqmedebiT, sadavo sagnis ganadgureba mopasuxes

pasuxismgeblobisagan ar aTavisuflebda; piradi xasiaTis moTxovnebi: sajarimo

sarCelebi _ memkvidreobiTi xasiaTisaa da sasarCelo xandazmulobis vada

mxedvelobaSi ar miiReboda. Litis contestatio-s damayovnebeli Sedegi mxareTa

materialuri uflebebis procesualur uflebebad gardaqmnas ukavSirdeboda. Litis

contestatio-s ganmaaxlebeli motivi valdebulebiT urTierTobebze vrceldeboda da

mxolod piradi sarCelis safuZvelze saqmis ganxilvis dros (actio in personam)

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gamoiyeneboda. samarTalmcodneebi (prudentes) litis contestatio-s verbaluri saxis

xelSekrulebebTan aigivebdnen da misi Sedegis Sesaxeb davebs swored am safuZvelze

wyvetdnen. (D.45.1.83.1)

$6. sarCelebis konkurencia

pirTa alternatiuli konkurencia, sarCelebis alternatiuli da kumulaciuri

konkurencia; actiones in persecutoriae (qonebrivi sarCelebi); actiones poenales (sajarimo

sarCelebi); actions mixtae (Sereuli sarCelebi); infitiatio (valis uaryofa); in duplum

(ormagi anazRaurebiT); in simplum (martivi anazRaurebiT).

ganmeorebiTi procesis Catarebaze subieqturi da obieqturi SezRudvebis dadgena

Tavad moTxovnis tolfasi iyo. `erT saqmeze ori procesis Catareba dauSvelia _ bis

de eadem re ne sit actio~. es principi pirTa an sarCelTa konkurenciis cnebiT iyo

dakonkretebuli. Tu valdebulebis pasiuri mxare solidarulad, ramdenime mopasuxe

piris saxiT iyo warmodgenili, aseT saqmeze sarCelis Setana mxolod erT-erTi

movalis winaaRmdeg SeiZleboda: `rakiRa arCeulia erTi gza, meoris gamoyeneba

dauSvebelia _ electa una via, non datur recursus ad altem~. am princips pirTa alternatiuli

konkurencia ewodeboda. zog SemTxvevaSi erTi saxis urTierToba ramdenime sarCeliT

iyo daculi. yvela sarCelis paralelurad gamoyenebis SesaZleboba (sarCelebis

kumulaciuri konkurencia), an arCevanis mixedviT am saSualebebaTa gamoyenebis

aucilebloba (sarCelebis alternatiuli konkurencia) sarCelis xasiaTiT

ganisazRvreba.

Agimus autem interdum, ut rem tantum consequamur interdum ut poenam tantum, alias ut rem et poenam _

zogjer sarCeli mxolod interesis dasakmayofileblad, zogjer ki mxolod dasjis

mizniT Seitaneboda, sxva SemTxevvaSi _ saqmisa da dasjis gamoc.

Tavdapirvelad, sarCelebi mxolod qonebriv sarCelebad (actiones rei persecutoriae) da

sajarimo sarCelebad (actiones poenales) iyofoda. sarCelTa pirveli saxeoba

alternatiuli konkurenciis, meore ki kumulaciuri konkurenciis wess

eqvemdebareboda. kumulaciuri konkurenciis naTeli magaliTia qurdobis (furtum)

hipoTeza, roca dazaralebuls sajarimo sarCelic (actio furti) eniWeboda damnaSavis

dasasjelad da arasajarimo sarCelic (condictio ex causa furtiva) _ Tavad moparuli

nivTis gamoTxovisaTvis. nebadarTuli iyo ori sxvadasxva tipis sarCelis wardgena

TiToeuli damrRvevisaTvis. ase rom, sarCelebis kumulaciur konkurencias pirTa

kumulaciuri konkurenciac axlda. Tumca, nivTis gamoTxovisas piris winaaRmdeg

mxolod erTi _ arasajarimo sarCeli _ moparuli nivTis dabrunebis Sesaxeb

(condictio ex causa furtiva), an nivTis gamoTxovis Sesaxeb (rei vindicatio) miiReboda.

sajarimo sarCelebi mkacrad personaluri xasiaTisa iyo; memkvidreobiT isini ar

gadaicema da arc mopasuxe mraxis procesualuri warmomadegnloba daiSveboda,

radgan iTvleboda, rom damnaSavis dasasjelad dazaralebuls gansakuTrebuli

interesi amoZravebda.

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mogvianebiT, Sereuli xasiaTis sarCelebi _ actiones mixtae _ SeimuSaves. maTi mizani

erTdroulad piris dasjac iyo da zianis anazRaurebac. Tavis mxriv, sarCelebis es

saxeoba or jgufad iyofa: pirvel jgufs ganekuTvneboda is sarCelebi, romelTa

safuZvelzec nivTis Rirebulebis ormagi odenoba (in duplum) moiTxoveboda. im

SemTxvevaSi, Tu mevale sakuTar vals uaryofTa (infitiatio), sarCelis Semdegi saxeebi

gamoiyeneboda: 1. sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis Sesaxeb (actio iudicati), 2. valis

gadaxdis Taobaze davalebis mimcemi pirisaTvis xarjebis anazRaurebis Sesaxeb (actio

depensi) da sxva. am tipis sarCelebi zianis martivi anazRaurebis (in simplum)

moTxovnis, anu arasajarimo sarCelebis msgavsi iyo. aseT SemTxvevaSi, kumulaciur

konkurenciaze saubari zedmeti iyo.

$7. eqstraordinaluri procesi (extra ordinem cognitio)

Extra ordinem (dadgenili wesrigis miRma); cognitio (mokvleva); denuntiatio (sasarCelo

gancxadeba); evocatio (sasamarTloSi gamocxadebis uwyeba); in ipsam rem (piris iZuleba

nivTis naturaluris saxiT gadasacemad); sumptus litis (sasamarTlo xarjebi); sportulae

(sasamarTlo baJi); appellatio (apelacia); iudex a quo (mosamarTle, romlis

gadawyvetilebis gasaCivreba dasaSvebia); iudex ad quem (mosamarTle, romelic

sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebas saapelacio wesiT gadasinjavs); litterae dimissoriae

(saapelacio dokumentebi); pignus in causa iudicati captum (girao, romelic gamoiyeneba

sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebis uzrunvelsayofad).

klasikuri periodis iuristebi mogviTxroben extra ordinem procesualuri

saSualebebis Sesaxeb, romlebsac isini per formulas procesis gansakuTrebuli

procedurisgan ganasxvavebdnen. qr. Sobamde 17 w. kanoni per formulas process

iTvaliswinebda rogorc ordo iudiciorum privatorum-s. klasikur periodSi sasamarTlo

ganxilvis axali formebi _ cognitiones _ sul ufro met mravalferovnebas iZenda,

Tumca maT hqondaT saerTo niSnebi, romelTa garkveuli unificirebac moxda

postklasikur periodSi, gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca 342 wlidan per formulas warmoeba

gauqmda da mxolod cognitio procesis ordinalur saxeobad iqca. sasamarTlo

ganxilva mimdinareobda magistratis winaSe; aRar arsebobda mosamarTle _ kerZo

piri da in iure et apud iudicem stadiebi. mosamarTlis gadawyvetileba iZenda

saxelmwifo organos brZanebis Zalas da mas ukavSirdeboda (da ara litis contestatio-s)

procesis prekluziuri Sedegi. aseTi gadawyvetilebis Zala damokidebuli iyo

sasamarTlo instanciis ierarqiulobaze, romlis umaRles safexurzec imperatori

iyo. am periodSi qveda instanciis sasamarTlos mier gamotanil gadawyvetilebaze

umaRlesi instanciis sasamarTloSi apelaciis Setana daiSveboda. sasamarTlo

procesis daniSvnaSi mopasuxe ar monawileobda da, Tu igi gadawyvetilebas ar

daemorCileba, mis mimarT iZulebiTi RonisZiebebi gatardeboda. sasamarTlo

procesis dros administraciulma TviTnebobam imZlavra, ramac procesualuri

formis simkacre mniSvnelovnad Seasusta. imperiis epoqaSi, imperatoris absoluturi

xelisuflebis ganmtkiceba da kerZo saqmezec samarTalwarmoebis sajaro xasiaTi,

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uSualod piris avtonomiurobis TandaTanobiT degradaciaze mowmobda.

mokvlevis (cognitiones) warmoSoba avgustusis mmarTvelobasTan iyo dakavSirebuli,

romelmac jer kidev qr. Sobamde 30 w. xelT igdo uzenaesi saapelacio sasamarTlo

instanciis kompetencia, savaraudod im saqmeeebis mimarT, romlebsac magistratebi

ganixilebodnen. am periodSi lex Iulia iudiciorum privatorum-is miRebamde, extra ordinem-is

cneba saerTod ar gvxvdeba. pirveli instanciis mosamarTlis funqcia avgustusma qr.

Sobamde 23 w., imperium proconsulare maius et infinitum-Tan erTad miiRo. es iyo

uzenaesi prokonsularuli xelisufleba, romelic funqcionalur da teritoriul

SezRudvebs ar eqvemdebareboda; princefss sasamarTlo procesebis dadgena SeeZlo.

cxadia, lex Iulia iudiciorum privatorum-i princefsis sasamarTlo saqmianobis sferos

zRudavda, princefsi mxolod sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebs ganixilavda da

sxvadasxva cognitiones-Ti, gamotanili ganaCanebis saapelacio instancia gaxldaT.

romSi cognitiones-i im sxvadasxva urTierTobaTa mosawesrigeblad SemoiRes, romlebic

per formulas procesis sistemas ar Seesabameboda. TandaTanobiT, samoqalaqo saqmeTa

didma nawilma _ maT Soris iseTebmac, romelTa formula ediqtiT iyo Seqmnili _

Tavi moiyara praefectus urbi-s sasamarTloSi, romelmac III s. dasasrulidan

ordinaluri sasamarTlo mTlianad gaauqma. klasikuri epoqis cognitiones

sasamarTloSi, mosamarTlis zepiri gancxadebis (denuntiatio) safuZvelze mopasuxis

gamoZaxebiT iwyeboda. mosarCele ayalibebda saqmis arss da magistratTan

gamocxadebis vadas adgenda. zogjer, mosarCelis TxovniT, sasamarTlo funqcias _

evocatio-s (an denuntiatio ex auctoritate-s) _ sajaro xelisuflebis organo asrulebda. Tu

mopasuxe cxovrobda sxva qalaqSi, am qalaqis xelisufalT sasamarTlo magistrati,

mopasuxis sasamarTloSi gamoZaxebis Taobaze (evocatio litteris), werilobiTi TxovniT

mimarTavda. Tu aRniSnul moTxovnas mopasuxe yurad ar iRebda, maSin mas sajaro

wesiT evocatio edictis-iT iZaxebdnen. aseTi formiT mopasuxes samjer iZaxebdnen; Tu es

saSualebac warumatebeli aRmoCndeboda, maSin magistrati edictum peremptorium-s

gamoscemda, riTac urC, mopasuxes mis dauswreblad, saqmis ganxilvis safrTxe

emuqreboda (D.5.1.70-71). is mopasuxe, romelic sasamarTlo magistratis brZanebis

daumorCileblobas gabedavda, mosamarTlis avtoritetis Seuracxmyoflad (contumax)

cxaddeboda. sasamarTloSi gamoucxadeblobiT sasamarTlosadmi upativcemuloba

(contumatia), Tavdapirvelad, procesis avtomatur wagebas iwvevda, mogvianebiT, ki

saqmis dauswrebeli warmoebis dadgenis ZiriTadi safuZveli gaxda. amave dros,

mosarCele mxolod maSin agebda sasamarTlo process, Tu misi qmeduunaroba

dadgindeboda an gansaxilveli saqmisadmi sasamarTlos arakompetenturoba

gamomJRavndeboda. mosarCelis gamoucxadebloba sasamarTlo procesis Sewyvetas

iwvevda. magistratis winaSe wardgenis Semdeg, mxareebi, saqmis arss Tavisufali

formiT ayalibebdnen. procesis am stadiaze mopasuxes SesaZlo uaris mizezi unda

moeyvana (exceptiones, praescriptiones), mosarCelis moTxovnis mimarT (petitum). amas

moyveboda litis contestatio, romelic damabrkolebel Sedegs iwvevda. Semdeg, igive

magistrati saqmes an TviTon ganixilavda, an gadascemda daniSnul mosamarTles

(iudex datus), romlis arCevazec mxareebi gavlenas ver axdendnen. ukve III saukuneSi

condemnatio pecuniaria-s principi, in rem tipis sasamarTlo ganxilvisas, dairRva da

96

nivTis savaldebulo gadacemis in ipsam rem gadawyvetileba miiRes (C.3,34,5). mopasuxis

mimarT kidev erTi siaxle daadgines: sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba gamohqonda

sasamarTlo xarjebis (sumptus litis) dafarvis Sesaxeb, romelsac sajarimo xasiaTi

hqonda da sasamarTlo baJis (sportulae) saxiT, saxelmwifos sasargeblod gaiReboda;

aseTi praqtika gansakuTrebiT postklasikuri periodis sasamarTlo procesSi

ganviTarda.

Cognitio extra ordinem-Ti sasamarTlo procesis dros gamotanili gadawyvetileba

eqvemdebareboda apelacias (appellatio), romelic princefsis saxelze Setanili im

saCivrebis praqtikidan ganviTarda, romlebic sasamarTlos mier gamotanil

arasamarTlian gadawyvetilebebaze iwereboda. apelaciebis ganxilvas imperatori

qalaqis pretors (Tu ganaCeni romSi iyo gamotanili), an pretorianelTa prefeqts

(Tu saqme q. romis sazRvrebs iqiT ganixileboda) avalebda. apelaciis Setana

uSualod mosamarTlesTan ganaCenis gamotanisTanave zepiri formiT, an momdevno

dReebSi werilobiTi formiT xdeboda. mosamarTle magistrati, vis ganaCenzec

apelacia (iudex a quo) Sedioda, Tavad wyvetda (zogjer mdgomareobis borotad

gamoyenebiT) apelaciis sakiTxs. apelaciaze uaris Tqma motivirebuli iyo saCivris

formaluri xarvezebiT da mopasuxis ganzrax surviliT gaeWianurebina sasamarTlo

ganaCenis aRsruleba; Tu dadebiTi gadawyvetileba mainc gaicemoda, mopasuxe

mosamarTlisagan iRebda sasamarTlo uwyebas (litterae demissioriae (a postoli)),

romelic, garemoebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT, saqmis arsis dawvrilebiT Camoyalibebis

gareSe, saapelacio mosamarTles (iudex ad quem) egzavneboda. saapelacio instanciis

mosamarTlis gadawyvetilebiT, apelaciiT ganaCenis ZalaSi Sesvlis gadavadeba

xdeboda. Tu apelaciaze uari ar iyo naTqvami, sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba

icvleboda. Tu gadawyvetileba miRebuli iyo umaRles sasamarTlo instanciaSi (TviT

princefsis mier), misi aRsruleba dauyovnebliv xdeboda. ZalaSi Sesul

gadawyvetilebas prekluziuri Sedegi hqonda. saaRsrulebo sasamarTlo procesis

warmoeba ordinaluri procesisagan mxolod wvrilmani detalebiT gansxvavdeboda.

Tu mopasuxes in ipsam rem miesajeboda, gadawyvetilebis aRsruleba Zalis gamoyenebiT

xdeboda. antoninus piusis mmarTvelobis periodSi mniSvnelovani siaxle SemoiRes:

magistrati sakuTari pignore capere uflebis ZaliT, epatroneboda msjavrdebelis

calkeul nivTebs (pignus in causa iudicati captum), romlebsaic mogvianebiT sasamarTlo

procesis mogebuli mxare sajaro auqcionis wesiT hyidda. Tu myidveli ar

gamoCndeboda, septimius severusisa da karakalas ediqtiT nivTebi (D.42.1.15.3),

sasamarTo procesis mogebul mxares gadaecemoda, oRond im pirobiT, Tu nivTebis

saerTo Rirebuleba valis odenobas ar aRemateboda.

$8. postklasikuri procesi

Litis denuntiatio (sasamarTlo organos avtoritetiT, sasamarTloSi gamoZaxeba);

principium litis (saqmis ganxilvis pirveli stadia); medium litis (saqmis ganxilvis meore

stadia); praesumptio (prezumfcia); praesumptio iuris tantum (SedarebiTi prezumfcia);

97

praesumptio iuris et de iure (absoluturi prezumfcia).

IV-V saukuneebSi werilobiTi formiT sasamarTloSi gamoZaxebas, mosarCele

sasamarTlo organos meSveobiT axorcielebda (litis denuntiatio klasikuri periodis

denuntiatio ex auctoritate-s analogia). reagirebis niSnad mopasuxe sasamarTloSi

gzavnida contradictorii libelii-s, romelic sasamarTlos kancelariaSi inaxeboda.

sasamarTloSi gamocxadeba gamoZaxebidan oTxi Tvis vadaSi unda momxdariyo. VI

saukunis meore naxevridan gamoZaxebis es forma libelus conventionus-iT Seicvala,

romelsac sasamarTlo mopasuxes mosarCelis iniciativiT ugzavnida. mosarCele

mimarTavda mosamarTles da mopasuxis gamoZaxebas iTxovda. aseT SemTxvevaSi,

gamoZaxeba xdeboda mosamarTlis mier, romelsac jer unda mieRo gadawyvetileba,

mieca Tu ara saqmisaTvis msvleloba da Semdeg sasamarTloSi mopasuxis

gamocxadebis vadas adgenda. mopasuxis mier sasamarTloSi gamocxadebaze uaris

SemTxvevaSi, gamoZaxeba samjer meordeboda (rogorc klasikuri cognatio), Semdeg

procesi mis gareSe tardeboda. V-VI saukuneebSi, sasamarTlo procesis dauswrebeli

warmoebis dros, mosarCelisagan sakuTari uflebebis damtkicebas iTxovdnen.

mosarCelis gamoucxadebloba procesis Sewyvetas iwvevda.

am epoqaSi sasamarTlo ganxilvis pirvel stadiaze, romelsac principium (an

primordium) litis ewodeboda, mxareebi sakuTar moTxovnebsa (narratio) da pretenzias

(contradictio an responsio) werilobiT ayalibebdnen. yvelaferTan erTad, mopasuxes

saqmeze sasamarTlos arakompetenturobaze miTiTebac an teritoriuli qvemdebarebis

(mopasuxes sasamarTloSi gamoiZaxebdnen mxolod misi sacxovrebeli adgilis

mixedviT) principis gaTvaliswinebis moTxovnac SeeZlo. Litis contestatio-s Semdeg uari

apelaciis saxes iZenda. iustinianes droidan moyolebuli uaris miReba procesis

meore stadiazec daiSveboda. amieridan, litis contestatio-s Sedegad, mkacrad piraduli

xasiaTis moTxovnebma, imdenad srulyofili saxe miiRo, rom maTi memkvidreobiT

gadaicemac SesaZlebeli gaxda. procesis meore stadiaze (medium litis) mxareebi

sakuTari moTxovnebis mtkicebulebebs waradgendnen. am epoqaSi mtkicebulebaTa

ierarqiis dadgenis tendenciam, romelic ukve klasikur cognationes-ad Camoyalibda,

apelacia SesaZlebeli gaxada da man imdenad srulyofili saxe miiRo, rom swored

postklasikur procesSi sabolood damkvidrda is principebi, Sua saukuneebis

iuristebma TavianT maqsimebSi rom Camoyalibes: actore non probante reus absolvitur (Tu

mosarCele sakuTar moTxovnebs ver daamtkicebs, mopasuxe gamarTldeba) da in

excepiendo reus fit actor (sasamarTlos uaris SemTxvevaSi, mopasuxe mosarCele xdeba), anu

mtkicebis mTeli tvirTi mas ekisreboda. am periodSi procesualuri wesebis

arsenalSi gaCnda prezumfciis (praesumptio) cneba, romelic mtkicebulebis tvirTis

(onus probandi) ganawilebas ukavSirdeboda. normatiuli wesis mixedviT, zogierTi

faqti mosamarTlis mier ararsebulad iTvleboda manamde, vidre dainteresebuli

mxare sapirispiro mosazrebas ar daamtkicebda. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu aseTi faqti

damtkicdeboda, onus probandi mxareTa Soris gadanawildeboda. garda amgvari

SefardebiTi prezumfciisa (praesumptio iuris tantum), absoluturic (praesumptio iuris et

iure) arsebobda; vinaidan am epoqaSi werilobiT mtkicebulebebs eniWeba upiratesoba

98

mowmis zepir CvenebebasTan SedarebiT. mowmis Cvenebebs garkveuli tendenciurobiT

ganixilavdnen, rac maqsimiT `erTi mowme, ara mowme~ (testus unus, testus nulus)

gamoixateboda. werilobiTi dokumentis gabaTilebis SemTxvevaSi, savaldebulo iyo

mowmeTa raodenobis gazrda. SemoiRes procesis oqmebis werilobiT (per litteras)

Sedgena, rac did dros iTxovda da saqmis ganxilvas uazrod aWianurebda. uwindeli

cognatio-sagan gansxvavebiT, postklasikuri procesis dros mkvdari procesis (mors litis)

forma damkvidrda. iustinianes dros daadgines sasamarTlo procesis Sewyvetis vada

_ litis contestatio-dan sami wlis Tavze. Tumca, mosarCeles SeeZlo procesis gameoreba.

am periodis sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaTa Sinaarsi meti mravalferovnebiT

xasiaTdeboda. mas Semdeg, rac gauqmda litis contestatio-s prekluziuri Sedegi,

sasamarTlo procesis gameorebis SesaZlebloba damokidebuli iyo im

gadawyvetilebaze, romelic xSir SemTxvevaSi saqmis gadasinjvis SesaZleblobas

dasaSvebad miiCnevda.

da bolos, erTi sasamarTlo ganxilvis mimdinareobis dros (cognitio-Sic) ramdenime

gadawyvetilebis miReba saqmis calkeul sakiTxebzec SeiZleboda da mTel saqmazec.

saqmis ganxilvis TiToeuli forma apelaciis Setanas eqvemdebareboda, rac

sasamarTlo ganxilvis vadebs kidev ufro axangrZlivebda.

Tavi V. pirTa statusi romis samarTalSi

samarTlis subieqtebi samarTlebriv urTierTobebSi abstarqtuli pirebis (personae)

saxiT gamodian. piris (persona) statuss gansazRvravda, samarTlis normebiT

regulirebuli, samarTlebriv TvisebaTa is erToblioba, romelic uSualod asaxavda

sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis ama Tu im sferoSi subieqtis monawileobas.

rac ufro maRali iyo piris statusi, miT srulyofili iyo misi uflebaunarianoba _

uflebebisa da movaleobebis subieqtad yofnis SesaZlebloba; piris ufleba

moicavda klasifikaciis kriteriumebs, agreTve iuridiuli aqtebis realurad

ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobas _ qmedunarianobas.

samarTlis sistemis arsebobisa da funqciobis TvalsazrisiT, am sakiTxebs fundamen-

turi mniSvneloba hqondaT.

piris ufleba mxolod ius civile-s moqmedebis sferos ganekuTvneboda. aseTi SezRudva

pirdapir miuTiTebda kviritebis samoqalaqo Temze, romelic piris statusis

gansazRvrisas, sawyisi wertili iyo.

bunebiTi samarTliT (ius naturale) formalurad yvela adamiani Tanasworia;

`samoqalaqo samarTali ar miiCnevs monas samarTlebrivi urTierTobis subieqtad,

magram bunebiTi samarTlis Tanaxmad, yvela adamiani Tanasworia~ (D.50.17.32).

istoriulad gansazRvruli erovnuli samarTlebrivi sistemis (ius gentium)

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TvalsazrisiT,garkveuli SezRudvebi mainc moqmedebda: ius civile _ calkeuli

samoqalaqo Temis samarTali _ monebisa da ucxoelebis mimarT, mainc

privilegirebul samarTals warmoadgenda. am TvlasazrisiT, sruluflebian pirebad

mxolod civitas wevrebi (cives) miiCneodnen.

$1. monebi (servi)

Libertas (Tavisufali mdgomareoba); vindicatio in libertate (sarCeli Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb);

postliminium (tyveobidan dabrunebuli piris uflebebSi aRdgena); deditio (mtrisaTvis

moqalaqis gadacema); favor libertatis (TavisuflebisaTvis xelsayreli pirobebis Seqmna);

noxae deditio (sxvis xelisuflebaSi myofi, deliqtis Camdeni, piris

mowinaaRmdegisaTvis gadacema); actio noxalis (noqsaluri sarCeli); peculium (pekuliumi);

manumissio vindicta (gaazateba kverTxis dadebiT); manumissio censu (gaazateba cenzSi

SetaniT); manumissio testamento (gaazateba anderZiT); manumissio inter amicos (gaazateba

megobrebis wreSi).

Tavisufali mdgomareobis (libertas) sapirispiro iyo monoba. monisa da Tavisufali

adamianis mdgomareoba maT socialur urTierTdapirispirebas gamoxatavda. romael-

TaTvis Tavisufleba aramonuri mdgomareoba, anu negatiuri mdgomareobis sawinaaRm-

dego pozitivi iyo. iustinianes institituciebSi monobis statusi Tavisufali

adamianis mdgomareobasTanaa Sepirispirebuli. kerZod, iustinianes instituciebSi

mocemuli ganmartebis Tanaxmad: `ZiriTadi dayofis safuZvelze, romliTac pirTa uf-

lebebi ganisazRvreba, yoveli adamiani an Tavisufalia, an monaa~. (Inst. Iustin.,1).

1. sityvidan `Tavisufleba~ (libertas) warmodgeba saxelwodeba `Tavisufalni~ (liberti)

anu piris bunebrivi SesaZlebloba akeTebdes imas, rac surs, cxadia, Tu aseTi ram an

ZaliT, an samarTliT ar ikrZaleba.

2. xalxis samarTlis dawesebuleba monoba aris iseTi ram, rodesac bunebis

sapirispirod, erTi piri meore piris batonobas morCilebs.

3. Cveulebriv, imperatoris brZanebiT tyveebs yiddnen da ar klavdnen, sicocxles

unarCunebdnen (servare), aqedan mieca dasabami sityvas `mona~ (servus).

4. monebad an ibadebian, an (Semdeg) xdebian. monebad ibadebian Cvens mxevalTagan

Sobilni. tyved Cavardnilni monebad xdebian xalxis samarTliT, an civiluri

samarTliT im SemTxvevaSi, Tu oc wels gadacilebulma Tavisufalma adamianma,

gasayidi fasis garkveuli nawilis miRebis mizniT, sakuTari Tavis monad gayidvas

daTanxmda. monaTa orive tipis mdgomareoba identuri iyo, maT Soris sxvaoba ar

arsebobda.

sazogadoebis samoqalaqo organizaciiT ganisazRvreboda rogorc Tavisuflebis, ise

monobis institutis SesaZlebloba. monoba (servitus) aris ius gentium-is instituti,

romelic wminda romaul movlenad ar iTvleboda. monobas samoqalaqo Temis (civitas)

100

warmoSoba ganapirobebda. mona (servus homo) politikuri sazogadoebis miRma idga, is

arc ius civile-s da arc ius gentium-s subieqti iyo. sxva antikuri samarTlebrivi sisteme-

bis msgavsad, romis samarTaliT mona nivTad (res) iTvleboda. romauli monobis spe-

cifika is iyo, rom mebatoneebs monebi ekuTvnodaT kvirituli sakuTrebis uflebis

safuZvelze (dominium ex iure Quiritium), romelic mxolod romis moqalaqeebisaTvis iyo

xelmisawvdomi. monobis wyaros anu monad qcevis Sesaxeb ZiriTadi cnobebi gaiusis

instituciebSia Semonaxuli: `monebi Cvens sakuTrebaSi gadadian an civiluri samarT-

lis, an xalxis samarTlis safuZvelze: civiluri samarTliT _ Tu, 25 wlis asaks ga-

dacilebuli nebismieri piri safasuris nawilis miRebis mizniT gayidvas

daeqvemdebareba; xalxis samarTliT Tamaxmad, Cveni monebi arian mtrebTan brZolaSi

tyved Cavardnilni an Cveni mona-qalebis mier Sobilni. monur mdgomareobaSi gadasv-

lis civilur xerxad miiCneoda is vTareba, roca myidvelis motyuebis mizniT,

mimdobi vinmes Seagulianebs, rom man sakuTari Tavi monad gayidos, raTa SemdgomSi

garigeba baTilad gamoacxadon~. Tumca, aRniSnuli garigeba Seuqcevadad cxaddeboda:

jer erTi, motyuebuli myidvelis mimarT pretori Tavisuflebis winaaRmdeg

gansakuTrebul sarCels _ exceptio vindicatio in libertatem gamoscemda; meore, kanonTan

gaTanabrebuli normatiuli aqtebiT, romelTa safuZvlezec piris statusi gansazRv-

reboda, motyuebuli piris pirvandel mdgomarebaSi aRdgena gamoiricxeboda. amis ga-

moc, motyuebiT sakuTari Tavis monad gamyidveli piri monobaSi rCeboda. am konkre-

tul SemTxvevaSi, piris statusi sxva piris sakuTrebaSi gadasvlisTanave

ganisazRvreboda.

ara marto samxedro mowinaaRmdegis (hostis), aramed romTan megobrobis an

stumarTmoyvareobis xelSekrulebis armqone nebismieri xalxis warmomadgeneli,

romelsac tyved Caigdebdnen, dampyroblis sakuTreba xdeboda (Gai,4,16). samxedro

gamarjvebis SemTxvevaSi, senatTan SeTanxmebis Semdeg, romaeli mxedarTmTavari

tyvedCavardnilTa monad gayidvas sajarod marTavda (venditio ad hasta an sub corona).

tyvedCavardnili romaeli civitas-is wevrad aRar iricxeboda; igi ucxoeTSi gayidul

monad iTvleboda (`servus hostium~, Gai.,1,129). am hipoTeziT specifikuri instituti _

postliminium (sazRvris xelmeored gadalaxvis Semdeg damdgari viTareba)

ganisazRvreboda. dakargul status tyveobidan dabrunebuli romis moqalaqe kvlav

ibrunebda. piris yvela uflebamosileba mas srulad ubrundeboda, garda

mflobelobisa da qorwinebisa (D.49.15.12.49.15.8), vinaidan maTi aRdgena xelaxali nebis

gamovlenas iTxovda.

piradi Tavisuflebisa da moqalaqeobis dakargva maSinac xdeboda, roca samxedro

mtrebs sakuTar moqalaqes (deditio) Tavad saxelmwifo gadascemda. am proceduras

eqvemdebareboda yvela is moqalaqe, romelmac Segnebulad Seuracxyo ucxoeli elCe-

bi.

Ius gentium-is mixedviT, kanonieri qorwineba (iustum matrimonium) mona qalTan dauSvebe-

li iyo. amitom misgan Sobili bavSvi monis statuss iRebda, anu bavSvi monad

ibadeboda. Tu bavSvis Casaxvis dros an orsulobis periodSi, deda mcire xniT Tavi-

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sufali iyo, bavSvi Tavisufal moqalaqed ibadeboda (D.1.5.5.3).

Tavisuflebisadmi aseTi keTilganwyoba (favor libertatis) klasikur periodSi dadginda.

romSi monad qcevis sxva civiluri wesebic arsebobda: 1. iudicium publicum-iT sikvdi-

liT dasjis an katorRuli samuSaoebis Sesrulebis sasjeli monad gayidviT (servus

poenae) icvleboda, anu sikvdilmisjil an katorRul samuSaoebze gamwesebul pirebs

sasjeli monad gayidviT ecvlebodaT. 535 w. iustinianem im pirebis monad qceva,

romelTac katorRuli samuSaoebi (in metalum) hqondaT misjili, gaauqma; 2. mona

xdeboda is moqalaqec, romelic ver gaivlida perioduli qonebriv cenzs (in census),

an romelic samxedro samsaxurs TaRliTurad aaridebda Tavs; 3. klavdiusis dros

miRebuli senatuskonsultis (SC) Tanaxmad, monasTan mruSobaSi mxilebuli Tavisufa-

li matrona, monis mebatonis samgzis gafrTxilebis miuxedavad, masTan akrZalul

kavSirs Tu ar Sewyvetda, monis mebatonis mona-qali xdeboda. monadqceuli yofili

matronas Svilebi monebad ibadebodnen. Tumca, dedis monobis miuxedavad, aseTi

qalis mier kanonier qorwinebaSi Casaxuli bavSvi, Tavisufal adamianad ibadeboda.

sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulis (crimen) Camdeni mona, samarTlebriv dacvas ar

eqvemdebareboda da mas mxolod, magistratis imperium-is an sakuTari batonis

potestas-is gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze (sasamarTlos gareSe), gamotanili mZime

sasjeli efardeboda. Delictum-is Cadenis SemTxvevaSi, XII dafis kanonebis Sesabamisad,

monas dazaralebuls gadascemdnen (noxae deditio). Tu monis batoni monis dacvas saku-

Tar Tavze aiRebda, (riTac arsebiTad am monaze sakuTrebis uflebas icavda),

sasamarTlo procesis wagebis SemTxvevaSi, monis batons, TiTqosda aRniSnuli delic-

tum-is uSualod Camdenis msgavsad, pasuxismgebloba ekisreboda.

akviliusis kanoniT (lex Aquilia) actio noxalis-is wesi, monis mier sxva mesakuTrisaTvis

zianis miyenebis SemTxvevaSic (damnum iniuria datum) igulisxmeboda. Tu mona, ganizra-

xavda qurdobas da mas danaSaulis adgilze daakavebdnen (furtum manifestum), XII

dafis kanonebis Tanaxmad, mas jer rozgavdnen (verberatio), Semdeg ki tarpeusis

kldidan agdebdnen (praecipitatio). monisaTvis sxeulebrivi zianis miyeneba iniuria-ad ga-

nixileboda da misi batonis sasargeblod jarimis gadaxdiT isjeboda. XII dafis

kanonebis Tanaxmad, sxeulis mZime zianis miyenebis SemTxvevaSi (os fractum), monisaTvis

gansazRvrul jarimis odenoba, Tavisufali adamianisaTvis dadgenil jarimaze,

orjer meti iyo.

monis mowmeobas, Tundac samoqalaqo davaze, mxolod im SeTxvevaSi hqonda Zala, Tu

gamoZiebis dros misi Cveneba wamebiT moipoveboda (quaestio). monas evaleboda sakuTa-

ri mebatonis usafrTxoebaze zrunva, radgan winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, verc erTi sax-

li misTvis usafrTxo ver iqneboda (D.29.5.1).

qr. Sobamde 10 w. miRebul SC Silanianum-iT dadgenda, rom batonis mkvlelobis

SemTxvevaSi, yvela mona, romelic moklulTan erT WerqveS cxovrobda, dakiTxvas

eqvemdebareba. Tu romelime mona sakuTar udanaSaulobas ver daamtkicebda

(magaliTad, Zalze sapatio mizeziT, ver daexmara sakuTar batons), sikvdiliT

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isjeboda. imave senatuskonsultis safuZvelze, Tu sakuTari batonis mkvlels, mona

xelisufalT warudgenda, is Tavisufali adamiani xdeboda (D.29.5.3.139; 35.2.39).

klasikuri periodis romis sazogadoebaSi, stoelTa filosofiis ideebis gavleniT,

monisadmi damokidebuleba Seicvala da es kanonmdeblobiTac ganmtkicda. imperator

klavdiusis mmarTvelobis dros gamocemuli lex Petronia-Ti, batons monis TviTneburad

dasja (misi mxecebisaTvis migdeba) ekrZaleboda; dasabuTebuli braldebis SemTxveva-

Si, aRniSnuli sasjeli damnaSaves sasamarTloTi efardeboda. markus avreliusisa

da lucius verusis reskriptiT, mebatones ekrZaleboda monebis (msgavsi wesiT

dasjis mizniT) gayidva. sxvisi monis mkvleloba ara mxolod zianis miyenebad, ara-

med sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulad ganixileboda. imperator klavdiusis ediqtiT,

sakuTari monis dausabuTebeli mkvlelobac dasjadi iyo. batonis mier uyuradRebod

mitovebuli avadmyofi mona Tavisufldeboda da mas laTinTa moqalaqeoba eniWeboda

(D.40.8.2). cnobilia, rom imperatorma adrianem erT-erTi matrona romidan xuTi wliT

gaZevebiT dasaja imitom, rom igi sakuTari mona-qalebis usafuZvlo dasjaSi amxiles

(D.1.6.2). gansakuTrebuli SemwynareblobiT gamoirCeoda imperator antoninus piusis

mier gamocemuli reskripti (D.1.6.2; Gai.,1.53), romelic monaTa usafuZvlo

dasjamkvlelobisaTvis sastik sasjels awesebda. qristianul epoqaSi, antoninus

piusis reskriptis nawili imperator konstantines ediqtiT dadasturda, amave

reskriptis preambula moxseniebulia iustinianes institutebSi (Inst. Iustin.1,8,2). am

periodSi humanizmis ideebis progresulobaze metyvelebs monebisaTvis naTesaobisa

da ojaxis yolis uflebis micema. marTalia, monas araviTari qoneba ar gaaCnda,

magram, uZvelesi droidanve, meurneobis ganviTarebis mizniT, qonebis garkveuli

nawili (peculium) maT marTvis uflebiT gadaecemoda. pekuliumis Semavali nivTebis

Taobaze, monis mier dadebul garigebaze pasuxismgebloba monis batons ekisreboda.

aseTi viTareba mebatonisTvisac xelsayreli iyo, radgan Tu mona gaazatebas

moindomebda, monis mier mebatonisaTvis moparuli an gadamaluli Tanxebidan, mebato-

nes didi gamosasyidis miRebis SesaZlebloba eZleoda. gamosasyidis Taobaze monasa

da mebatones Soris SeTanxmeba mesame pirebisaTvis iyo mniSvnelovani. Peculium-i meba-

tonis sakuTrebaSi rCeboda da mebatones nemismier dros SeeZlo misi CamoerTva

monisaTvis.

Tavisuflebis statusis Taobaze fiqtiuri sasamarTlo procesis dros, monis batoni

damcvelis gancxadebas (adsertor in libertatem) ar ewinaaRmdegeboda, riTac, faqtobrivad,

monis gaTavisuflebis procesSi Tanamonawileobda. aRniSnuli sasamarTlo procesi

monis gaazatebiT sruldeboda (manumissio vindicta). saritualo kverTxiT (festuca)

sagangebod aRWurvil nebismier moqalaqes SeeZlo adsertor in libertatem-is funqciis

Sesruleba. monis mimarT, SeuzRudavi ganmkargvelis poziciis dakavebiT, damcveli,

faqtobrivad, monis batonis status (rogorc vindikaciis SemTxvevaSi) utoldeboda.

Tumca, am SemTxvevaSi, vindikantis pretenzia sxva piris kerZo uflebis uaryofas ki

ar aRniSnavda, aramed sajaro samarTlis sferos ganekuTvneboda. aseT pirobebSi,

gaazatebis proceduris damswre magistratis mier warmoTqmuli Tavisufali

statusis dadastureba (addictio secundum libertatem) sabolood adgenda yofili monis

pirad statuss da misi gaazatebis sakiTxi gasaCivrebas aRar eqvemdebareboda.

103

sajaro bunebis iyo monis gaazatebis sxva wesebic: 1. batonis brZanebiT monis Seyvana

sacenzo siebSi (manumissio censu), romelsac xuT weliwadSi erTxel adgendnen; 2. mo-

nis gaazateba anderZis safuZvelze (manumissio testamento), romelic Tavdapirvelad

komiciebSi mtkicdeboda an brZolisaTvis mzadmyofi jaris winaSe warmoiTqmeboda

(Gai., 1,77).

amgvarad, samoqalaqo erToba, mxolod piris statusis Secvlis, dasaSvebi formebis

dadgeniT ar ifargleboda. imavdroulad, is sajaro organoebis meSveobiT

akontrolebda moqalaqeTa rangSi im pirTa Seyvanas, romlebic manamde nivTebad

iTvlebodnen. mebatonis nebis gamovlineba, monis mesakuTreobaze uaris TqmiT ar

izRudeboda da, uSualod daqvemdebarebuli, piris statusis Secvlas isaxavda

miznad. es Tavisebureba Zalze naTlad gamoixata winaklasikur periodSi SemoRebul

gaazatebis wesSi _ gaTavisufleba megobrebis wreSi (manumissio inter amicos).

gaazatebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebas, zepiri an werilobiTi formiT, acxadebdnen,

raTa aRniSnuli aqti yru-munjebisaTvisac gasgebi yofiliyo. Semdeg, am

gadawyvetilebis Sesaxeb atyobinebdnen patronis megobrebs.

aRniSnuli aqtis struqturiT naTlad ikveTeba ori etapi: 1. batonis nebis gamovlena

da 2. amis Sesaxeb, megobrebisaTvis Setyobineba. Tumca mebatonesTan,

keTilSobilebis (fides) safuZvelze, dakavSirebuli megobrebis roli, mxolod faqtis

martivi dadastureba-damowmebiT rodi ifargleboda; mebatonis nebis Sesrulebis

garantiasa da gaazatebulis piradi statusis gansazRvris uzrunvelyofas isini

sakuTar Tavze iRebdnen. aRniSnuli aqtis kerZo xasiaTi monis statusis Secvlas ar

iwvevda, Tumca, ndobis faqtoriT, keTilSobilebisa (fides) da micemuli sityvisadmi

erTgulebis principebi, faqtobrivad, monis mdgomareobas Tavisufali piris

statusTan aTanabrebda (in libertate morari), ris gamoc es procesi Seuqcevadi iyo.

keTilsindisierebis (fides) darRvevis saSualebas pretori Tavidan icilebda, radgan

igi ar uSvebda yofili mebatonisagan gaazatebulis vindicatio in servitutem-s, romelic,

ius civle-Ti, amis SesaZleblobas iZleoda.

qr. Sobis 18 an 19 w. miRebuli lex Iunia Norbana-Ti, msgavsi wesiT gaazatebuli pirebi,

laTinur moqalaqeobas iRebdnen, ris gamoc kerZo xasiaTis manumisia, ius civile-s

Tanaxmad, namdvili da, maSasadame, savaldebulo Zalis mqone xdeboda. qr. Sobamde 2

w., avgustusis dros miRebuli lex Fufia Caninia-Ti, anderZis safuZvelze monaTa gaTavi-

suflebis kvota dadginda; kerZod, aTi monidan mxolod xuTis gaTavisufleba iyo

SesaZlebeli, xolo maqsimumi iyo _ 500-dan 100 mona (Gai.,1,42). qr. Sobis 4 w. lex Aelia

Sentia-Ti kreditorebis sazianod ganxorcielebuli (in fraudem creditoris) manumisia

baTilad cxaddeboda (Gai.,1,13;18,23). imave kanoniT, 20 wlamde piris gaazateba, mxolod

vindicta-Ti daiSveboda; Tanac batons, monis gaazatebis safuZvlianoba (iusta causa

manumissionis) xuTi senatorisa da xuTi mxedris (romSi) an oci romaeli moqalaqisa-

gan (provinciebSi) Semdgari krebis (consilium) winaSe unda daemtkicebina. aseTi

gaazatebis safuZvlad sisxlis naTesaoba, an batonis mier monis sakuTar pedagogad

aRiareba, an monis mebatonis meurneobis mmarTvelad daniSvna, an mona qalTan kano-

nieri qorwinebis dadeba miiCneoda (Gai.,1,19). es SezRudvebi vrceldeboda 30

104

wlamde asakis gaazatebulebzec, romelTa manumisia, causa probatio-s gareSe, maT latini

coloniarii-ebad xdida xolme. elius senciusis kanonis Tanaxmad, danaSaulis Camdeni

damRadadebuli monebis gaazateba, iaraRiT dapyrobili ucxoelebis (peregrini dediticii)

statusis miniWebiT xdeboda. gaiusi aseT statuss `pessima libertas~ _ yvelaze cud

Tavisuflebas _ uwodebda, vinaidan misi mflobeli romis moqalaqeobas verasodes i-

Rebda.

klasikur periodSi gaazatebis erT-erT saSualebad fideikomisi (libertas

fideicommissaria) iqca _ saanderZo danakisris saSualebiT moanderZis mier

memkvidrisaTvis, monis gaazatebis moTxovna. gaazatebulis axali patroni moanderZis

memkvidre xdeboda. Tu memkvidre moanderZis nebas ar Seasrulebda, monas sakuTari

uflebis dacva, sagangebo pretorTan (praetor fideicommissarius) saCivris SetaniT

SeeZlo. qr. Sobis 103 w. gamocemuli SC Rubrianum-iT dadginda: Tu memkvidre sasa-

marTlo gadawyvetilebas ar daemorCileboda, mona, magistratis pronuntiatio ZaliT,

Tavisuflebas iRebda, rac ius honorarium-iT gansazRvruli iyo (D.40.5.26.7).

$2. gaazatebulebi (liberti)

Libertus, libertinus (gaazatebuli); patronus (patroni); obsequium (pativiscema); operae

libertorum (patronisaTvis gaweuli momsaxureba); ingennus (Tavisuflad Sobili).

iustinianes instituciebis pirveli wignis III Tavis 5 punqti da V Tavi gaazatebul-

Ta statuss ganmartaven.

III Tavis 5 punqtis Tanaxmad: `TavisufalTa Soris ki mravali gansxvaveba arsebobs,

vinaidan isini an dabadebiT Tavisufalni arian, an _ gaazatebiT~. V Tavi mTlianad

gaazatebulTa statuss exeba: `gaazatebulni arian is pirebi, romlebic kanonieri

monobidan ganTavisufldnen. xolo gaazateba ki Tavisuflebis micemaa, vinaidan vid-

re vinme monobaSia, igi (sxvis) xelsa da xelisuflebas eqvemdebareba, xolo gaazate-

buli (am) xelisuflebidan Tavisufldeba. am viTarebas dasabami eZleva xalxis

samarTlidan, vinaidan bunebiTi samarTlis Tanaxmad, yvela Tavisufali ibadeba;

radgan monoba ar arsebobda, monis ganTavisuflebac (gaazatebac), ucnobi iyo... gaa-

zateba mravalnairad xdeboda: saxeldobr, an wminda konsituciiT wminda saxalxo

krebebze, an vindiqtiT, an megobrebis winaSe, an weriliT, an anderZiT, an sxva nebis-

mieri saxiT ukanaskneli nebis gamovleniT...

Tavisuflad Sobili romaeli moqalaqeebisagan, gaazatebulni (liberti, libertini), sajaro

uflebebis moculobiT gansxvavdebodnen. kerZo samrTlis mixedviT, maTi mdgomareo-

bis Taviseburebas, yofili batonis (patronus) da misi ojaxis mimarT, garkveuli damo-

kidebuleba ganapirobebda.

sakuTari patronis mimarT gaazatebulebs (libertis) pativiscema hmarTebdaT (obsequium),

rac sajaro saqmeebSi, TanadgomiT da momsaxurebis gaweviT (operae libertorum)

igulisxmeboda. cxadia, msgavsi SezRudvebi ar vrceldeboda im monebze, romelTac

105

Tavisufleba anderZis safuZvelze hqondaT mopovebuli. rogorc wesi, obsequium

patronis daRmavali xazis naTesavebzec vrceldeboda. liberts ar SeeZlo: 1. sakuTa-

ri patronis an misi Svilebis crimen publicum CadenaSi dadanaSauleba (D.48,2,8); 2.

xolo patronis an misi memkvidreebis sasamarTloSi (in ius vocatio) gamoZaxeba mxolod

pretoris TanxmobiT SeiZleboda (D.2,4,4).

patronisaTvis gaweuli momsaxureba SromiTi saqmianobiT gamoixateboda: garkveuli

drois ganmavlobaSi, sazeimo ficis ZaliT, gaazatebuls, sakuTari ostatobis

farglebSi, batonisaTvis sasargeblo Sromis Sesruleba evaleboda. gaazatebulis

mimarT mebatonis mier Tavisi mdgomareobis borotad gamoyenebis faqtebma (uzomo

valdebulebebis dakisrebam, Tavisuflebis sanacvlod Zvirfasi saCuqrebis

moTxovnam) pretor rutiliusis ukmayofileba gamoiwvia, ris gamoc man qr. Sobamde

118 w. ediqtSi Seitana debuleba, romlis Tanaxmadac, normalur SemTxvevaSi,

samarTlebriv dacvas (iudicatum operarium) mxolod patronis ufleba operae-ze

(Tavisufali adamianebisaTvis Rirseuli, inteleqtualuri saqmianoba)

eqvemdebareboda. sasamarTlo dacva (actio societatis) safuZvelze, im garemoebebzec

vrceldeboda, roca gaazatebulsa da mis mepatrones Soris arsebuli obsequium-is

Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba irRveoda da maT Soris libertis mTeli qonebis momcveli

amxanagobis (societas) xelSekruleba warmoiSoboda. (D.38,2,1,1). mogvianebiT, pretori,

patronis sasargeblod, anderZis sawinaaRmdegod samkvidros floba (bonorum possessio

contra tabulas) daadgina im SemTxvevisTvis, Tu gaazatebuli uSvilod gadagvardeboda

an sakuTar Svilebs memkvidreobis uflebas CamoarTmevda. Tu liberti momsaxurebis

gawevis Taobaze, patronisaTvis sazeimod micemul fics darRvevda, yvela SemTxveva-

Si, gaazatebulis samkvidro qonebidan patroni naxevar wils iRebda.

XII dafis kanonebis interpretaciis safuZvelze, pretoruli dadgenilebis gareSec,

uanderZod gardacvlili gaazatebulis qoneba patrons adgnatio-s uflebiT

gadaecemoda.

Lex Papia Poppea, mdidari gaazatebusli mimarT Semdeg moTxovnebs adgenda: 1. Tu

gaazatebuli (liberti) flobda 100 aTas sisterciis Rirebulebaze met qonebas (anu igi

Zalian mdidari iyo), patronis sasargeblod mas samkvidros naxevris gadacema evale-

boda (Tu mxolod erTi memkvidre hyavda, xolo ori da meti memkvidris yolis SemTx-

vevaSi _ qonebis 1/3). im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mas sami da meti Svili (memkvidre) rCeboda,

gaazatebuli am movaleobidan Tavisufldeboda; 2. Agnatio uflebis Tanaxmad, yvela

SemTxvevaSi, patroni sakuTari gaazatebuli qalis meurved da mis memkvidred xdebo-

da; 3. kanoni meurveobidan aTavisuflebda mxolod oTxi Svilis gaazatebul dedas.

patronatis urTierTobebi mamidan Svilze gadadioda, patronis Svilebs

gaazatebulis memkvidred yofna SeeZloT.

patronatis urTierTobebi samisdReSio xasiaTis iyo.

gaazatebulis (libertati) Svilebi TavsufladSobilebad (ingenui) iTvlebodnen. principa-

tis periodSi, imperatoris nebiT, TavisufladSobilis statusis miniWeba gaxSirda

(nalatium restitutio) (D.40,11,1).

106

$3. ucxoelebi (peregrini)

Commercium (samoqalaqo brunva); ius commercii (civiluri garigebis dadebis ufleba);

ius migrandi (romSi gadasaxlebis ufleba); ius conubii (qorwinebaSi Sesvlis ufleba); ius

honorum (pasiuri saarCevno ufleba - Tanamdebobebze arCevis ufleba); ius suffragii

(aqtiuri saarCevno ufleba); Latini prisci (Zveli laTinebi); Latini coloniarii (koloniebis

laTinebi); Latini Iuniani (gaazatebuli, romelmac moqalaqeoba iunia norbanas kanoniT

moipova); peregrini nullius civitatis (ucxoelebi, romlebic samoqalaqo Temebs ar miekuTvne-

bian); iura peregrinorum (adgilobrivi araromauli samarTali); peregrini dediticii (iaraRiT

dapyrobili Temebi).

Ius civile samoqalaqo eqskluziuroba (rogorc mxolod romis moqalaqeebis ufleba)

aramoqalaqeTa (hostes, peregrini) gansakuTrebul samoqalaqo-samarTlebriv status gana-

pirobebda. maTTan dadebuli garigebebis namdviloba _ commercium _ specialuri

kanoniT iyo gansazRvruli. XII dafis kanonebiT ukve iyo gaTvaliswinebuli ramdeni-

me saxeobis iuridiuli aqti, romelTa gaformeba dasaSvebi iyo ucxoelTa im katego-

riasTan, romelic romael xalxTan megobrobis xelSekrulebas debda. maTve eniWebo-

daT sasamarTlo ganxilvebSi monawileobis miRebis ufleba. TandaTanobiT, maTi

statusis Sesabamisad, SemuSavebuli iqna ucxoelebis zogadi klasifikacia.

1. romis moqalaqeebTan yvelaze meti siaxloviT uZvelesi laTinebi (latini prisci) _

laciumis teritoriaze mdebare qalaqebis moqalaqeebi gamoirCeodnen. isini romis

egidiT Seqmnil laTinuri ligis SemadgenlobaSi Sediodnen, xolo qr. Sobamde 338 w.

misi daSlis Semdeg, maT yvela is ufleba SeinarCunes, romlebsac qr. Sobamde 493 w.

flobdnen: a) laTinebs (ligis nebismieri qalaqis mcxovrebs) romaelebTan ius civile-Ti

garigebebis dadeba (ius commercii), b) romis teritoriaze dasaxleba, g) romis moqala-

qed gaxdoma (ius migrandi) da d) romaelebTan kanonier qorwinebaSi Sesvla (ius

conubii) SeeZloT.

qr. Sobamde II saukunidan, romis respublikis periodSi, dapyrobil miwebze

romaelebma koloniebi Seqmnes, xolo kolonistebs laTini moqalaqeebis statusi

(colonii civium Latinorum) mianiWes. 338 wlis Semdeg, aRniSnuli koloniebis moqalaqeebma

gansakuTrebuli statusi _ latini coloniarii _ miiRes. am kategoriis pirebs miniWebuli

hqondaT ius migrandi da ius commercii, magram ius conubii-s ufleba maT ar gaaCndaT. amave

periodSi is laTinebi, romlebmac sakuTar TemebSi umaRlesi Tanamdebobebis dakaveba

SeZles, romis moqalaqeobas iRebdnen da romSi politikuri karieris gakeTebis, anu

e.w. ius honorum-is uflebis mopovebis SesaZlebloba eZleodaT. aRniSnuli viTarebis

Sedegad, laTinuri qalaqebisa da koloniebis politikurma elitam ormoqalaqeoba

miiRo; Tumca, isic unda aRiniSnos, rom realurad es faqti aseTad ar miiCneoda,

radgan, Cveulebriv, latini coloniarii romauli warmomavlobisani iyvnen. Tu amasve davuma-

tebT romis saxalxo krebebze (daswrebis SemTxvevaSi) xmis micemis uflebas (ius

suffragii), romelic laTinuri qalaqebisa da koloniebis mosaxleobas hqonda miniWebu-

107

li, cxadi gaxdeba, rom romaul da laTinur moqalaqeobas Soris sxvaoba araarsebi-

Ti iyo da Tavisuflad SeiZleboda erTi moqalaqeobis meoreTi Secvla.

gansxvavebis ZiriTadi kriteriumi iyo: 1. faqtobrivi sacxovrebeli adgili da aqedan

gamomdinare 2. garkveuli samoqalaqo Temisadmi (civitas) kuTvnileba. laTinur kolo-

niaSi gadasaxlebis Semdeg, romaeli laTini moqalaqe xdeboda, Tumca romSi dabru-

neba Tavisuflad SeeZlo.

ori statusis siaxloveze naTlad metyvelebs is wesic, romelic gaazatebulis samo-

qalaqo statuss gansazRvravda: 1. kanonieri qorwinebis Semdeg, laTinuri statusis

mqone gaazatebuli (Latini Aeliani), romis moqalaqeobas Tavisuflad iZenda (elius

senciusis kanoniT _ 30 wlamde axalgazrdebi, xolo vespasianes droidan _ ukleb-

liv yvela); 2. Tu laTini romis moqalaqeze iqorwinebda, adrianes dros miRebuli

senatuskonlustiT, am qorwinebis Sedegad Sobili bavSvi romis moqalaqe xdeboda; 3.

klavdiusidan moyolebuli traianemde, laTinebis mier romis moqalaqeobis miReba

princefsebis konstituciebiT wesrigdeboda.

axal laTinur TemebSi sabazo samarTls sistemad ius civile iTvleboda (lex irnitana, 93),

maSin, roca politikuri sistemisa da sasamarTlo organizaciis specifika erTnairi

municipaluri kanoniT gansazRvreboda. romis moqalaqeebsa da laTinebs Soris

warmoqmnili qonebrivi da piradi urTierTobebi romauli samarTlebrivi institute-

bis Tanaxmad regulirdeboda.

Lex Iunia Norbana safuZvelze gaazatebuli pirebis (Latini Iuniani) samarTlebrivi

statusi mniSvnelovani TaviseburebiT xasiaTdeboda. am kategorias ganekuTvnebodnen

is pirebi, romlebic arc erT laTinur Tems ar miekuTvnebodnen da amrigad,

samoqalaqo kavSirebis sistemaSi, maTi laTinuri statusi erTgvar defeqtur

mdgomareobaze metyvelebda. romis moqalaqeTa mimarT, latini Iiniani arc ius conubii-iT da

arc aqtiuri an pasiuri anderZis datovebis an anderZiT qonebis miRebis (testamenti

factio), uflebas flobdnen. danarCen SemTxvevaSi, sruli uflebaunarianoba gaaCndaT

(universaluri fideikomisebis mixedviT, romis moqalaqeebidan samkvidros miRebis

uflebac ki hqondaT); laTinebis mimarT, romis samarTliT daculi maTi statusi

araviTar SezRudvas ar eqvemdebareboda. romis an laTinuri moqalaqeobis uflebebs

provinciebis ZiriTadi mosaxleoba (samokavSireo omamde italiac) ar flobda.

provinciebis samoqalaqo Temebs romTan xelSekrulebebi hqondaT dadebuli,

romlebiTac maTi avtonomiis xarisxi ganisazRvreboda.

erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebdnen: 1. formalurad damoukidebel Temebs _ civitates

peregrinae liberae et foeredatae; 2. damokidebul Temebs _ civitates nostro iure obstictae,

romlebic, Tavis mxriv, iyofodnen: a) avtonomiis uflebebis mqoned; b) dapyrobil

Temebad _ peregrini dediticii, romlebic uSualod romis provinciuli administraciis

gamgeblobaSi Sediodnen. avtonomiuri Temebis moqalaqeebze maTive, adgilobrivi

samarTali vrceldeboda.

dapyrobili Temebis mosaxleoba, anu samoqalaqo Temis miRma myofi, ucxoelebi

108

(peregrini nullius civitatis) eqvemdebareboda romaeli nacvlis xelisuflebas, romlis

imperium-ze formaluri SezRudvebic ki ar vrceldeboda. Tumca, praqtikulad, maT

mimarT mainc adgilobrivi samarTlis normebs (iura peregrinum) iyenebdnen. nebismier

peregrins SeeZlo moeTxova romaeli provinciuli magistratis sasamarTlos iuris-

diqcia da misi saqme am provinciaSi moqmedi, ius gentium, an ius honorarium samarTlis

normebis mixedviT ganixileboda.

212 wels imperator karakalas ediqtis (constitutio Antoniniana) miRebis Semdeg, pirTa

statusis TvalsazrisiT, mdgomareoba radikalurad Seicvala. aRniSnuli ediqtiT,

imperiis mTel mosaxleobas romis moqalaqeoba mieniWa. yvela saxis civitates peregrinae

gauqmda da ius civile xmelTaSuazRvis auzis samarTlis ZiriTad sistemad iqca. Tumca,

aRmosavleTis provinciebSi, sadac maRalganviTarebuli adgilobrivi samarTlebrivi

kultura hqondaT, jer kidev adgilobrivi samarTlis normebs iyenebdnen. romis mo-

qalaqeoba eniWeboda soflis im mosaxleobas, romelic arc erT TemSi ar Sedoda. am

dromde gavrcelebuli T. momzenis azri, TiTqos Constitutio Antoniniana ar vrceldebo-

da peregrini nullius civitatis (peregrini dediticii)-ze, mTlad safuZvliani ver iqneba, vinaidan,

am kategoriidan dediticii Aeliani da latini Iuniani gamoiricxebodnen.

$4. sxvis xelisuflebaSi myofi pirebi (personae alieni iuris)

Personae in potestate (daqvemdebarebaSi myofi piri); in manu (xelisuflebaSi yofna); in

mancipio (sxva pirisaTvis mancipirebuli, xelqveiTi piri); paterfamilias (ojaxis

ufrosi); persona aliena iurus (sxvisi xelqveiTi piri); persona sui iuris (TviTxelisuflebis

piri); filius familias (ojaxis vaJiSvili); filiae familias (ojaxis qaliSvili); filiae loco (cum

manu tipis qorwinebisas cols ojaxis ufrosTan mimarTebiT SviliSvilis statusi

hqonda, xolo qmarTan mimarTebiT _ qaliSvilis).

Sequitur de iure personarum alia divisio. Nam quaedam personae sui iuris sunt, quaedam alieno iuri subiectae

sunt _ pirTa uflebebis sferoSi sxva dayofac arsebobs. vinaidan zogierTi piri

TviTxelisuflebis, zogic sxvisi uflebis xelqveiTia.

Rursus earum personarum, quae alieno iur, subiectae sunt, aliae in potestate, aliae in manu, aliae in mancipio

sunt _ Semdeg, im pirTa Soris, vinc sxvisi xelisuflebis morCilia, erTni ojaxis

ufrosis xelisuflebaSi, meoreni qmris xelisuflebaSi, sxvebi ki gankargviT xeli-

suflebaSi imyofebian (Gai,1,48-49).

iustinianes institutebis pirveli wignis VIII TavSi ganmartebulia damoukidebeli

da sxvebze damokidebuli pirebis mdgomareoba: `pirTa uflebebis sxvagvar dayofas

iyenebdnen. vinaidan zogi piri sakuTari uflebis mqone (e.i. Tavisufali) iyo, zogic

sxvis uflebas eqvemdebareboda; meore mxriv, maTgan, vinc sxvis uflebas eqvemdebare-

boda, zogi mSoblis xelisuflebaSi imyofeboda, zogi ki _ batonebisa (monaTmflo-

belobis)~.

monebi sxvis xelisuflebaSi (in potestate) imyofebodnen; monaze batonis xelisufleba

xalxis samarTals (potestas iuris gentium) miekuTvneba. ojaxis Tavisufali wevrebi

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(liberi) _ vaJiSvilebi (filii familias) da qaliSvilebi (filiae familias), daRmavali xaziT sxva

naTesavebi, ojaxis ufrosis (paterfamilias) xelisuflebaSi imyofebodnen; bavSvebze

xelisufleba (patria potestas) ius civile-s instituti iyo (ius proprium civium Romanorum

(Gai.,1.55).

kanonieri meuRle, romelmac conventio in manu ganaxorciela, qmris xelisuflebaSi (in

manu) imyofeboda. Tu misi qmari sakuTari ojaxis ufrosis xelisuflebaSi (in

potestate) iyo, maSin coli, erTdroulad, sakuTari qmrisa (in manu mariti) da misi

ojaxis ufrosis xelisuflebaSi (in potestate) Sedioda; amiT mas ojaxSi qmris

qaliSvilisa da ojaxis ufrosis SviliSvilis adgili hqonda mikuTvnebuli (filiae

loco).

qmris xelisuflebaSi gadasvliT qali sakuTari ojaxis ufrosis xelisuflebidan

Tavisufldeboda da sxva piris xelisuflebaSi gadadioda. Tu qali

TviTxelisufali piri iyo, qorwinebis Semdeg sxvis xelisuflebaSi myofi piri

xdeboda.

In mancipio imyofeba sxva ojaxis ufrosisadmi mancipirebuli xelqveiTi piri

(Cveulebriv, miyenebuli zaralis anazRaurebis mizniT _ Gai.,1,140). aseTi piris

Svilebi sakuTari ojaxis ufrosis _ papis _ xelisuflebaSi imyofebian, anu

xelisuflebaSi myofi (in mancipio) piri, imavdroulad, potenciurad sakuTari ojaxis

ufrosis in potestate-Si imyofeba. mancipacia (mancipium) da mamis xelisufleba (patria

potestats) erTmaneTs brunvadi (samoqalaqo brunvisadmi mikuTvnebuli) da statikuri

uflebamosilebis saxiT Seefardeboda. sxvis xelisuflebaSi yofna piris sajaro

uflebebze gavlenas ver axdenda (D.1.6.9), Tumca, kerZo samarTlis sferoSi mis ufle-

bauunarobis ganmsazRvreli iyo.

sxvis daqvemdebarebaSi myof pirebs sakuTreba ar gaaCniaT, maT mier SeZenili raime

nivTi, ojaxis ufrosis sasargeblod SeZenilad iTvleboda. aseT pirebs

damoukideblad ar SeeZloT iseTi iuridiuli garigebis dadeba, romelic maT

mdgomareobas daamZimebda (magaliTad, gasxviseba, sakuTar Tavze valdebulebebis aRe-

ba). aseTi aqtebis namdvilobisaTvis savaldebulo iyo ojaxis ufrosis nebis gamov-

lena (auctoritas). xelisuflebaSi myofi piri qorwinebaSi mxolod ojaxis ufrosis

(paterfamilias) Tanxmobis Semdeg Sedioda. ojaxis ufrosi avtomaturad xdeboda mis

xelisuflebaSi myofi piris (Tavisuflis an monis) mier, xandazmulobiT SeZenili

qonebis (usucapio) mflobeli.

romis samarTalSi uflebaunarianobis aRniSnuli SezRudva mxolod kerZo sawyiss

efuZneboda da winasaxelmwifoebrivi epoqis socialuri organizaciis _

patriarqaluri ojaxis (familia) _ xaziT Camoyalibebis principebisaTvis iyo

damaxasiaTebeli. adamians, geneologiurad, sakuTari Tavi garkveuli jgufis nawi-

lad miaCnda da sakuTari moqmedebebisa da gadawyvetilebebis siswores winaparTa

nebas usadagebda. winaparTa sulebsa da cocxlad myofTa Soris mediatorad, ojaxis

yvelaze uxucesi da, Sesabamisad, winaprebTan yvelaze axlos myofi _ ojaxis

ufrosi (paterfamilias) iyo. winaparTa kultisa da saojaxo siwmindeTa (sacra familiares)

110

mcveli, Sesabamisad, winapris saqmeebisa da ojaxis wevrTa saqmianobaze

pasuxismgebeli piri iyo. Sidasaojaxo socialur sivrceSi am patara lideris

avtoriteti ojaxze (familia) mis pirad Zalauflebad _ patria potestas _ aRiqmeboda;

ojaxis wevrebs, ojaxis ufrosis mimarT, morCileba da pativiscema hmarTebdaT.

igives iTxovda dadgenili marTlwesrigic.

klasikuri gagebiT, ojaxis (familia) wevrebi _ sxvis xelisuflebaSi myof pirebad

(personae in aliena potestate), an iuridiulad sxvis xelisuflebas daqvemdebarebul

pirebad (personae alieno iuri subiectae), an xelqveiT pirebad (personae alieni iuris)

moixsenebian.

Sidasaojaxo socialur sivrceSi ojaxis ufrosi TviTxelisufal pirad _ persona sui

iuris-ad warmogvidgeboda. ojaxis ufrosi (paterfamilias) sakuTar xelisuflebasa da

uflebas morCilebda, imavdroulad, sakuTari Tavis baton-patroni da damoukidebeli

pirovneba iyo. xelisuflebaSi myofTa statusi, maTi TviTRirebuleba SefardebiTi

iyo da mxolod ojaxis ufrosis samarTalsubieqtobis anarekls warmoadgenda.

ulpianes azriT, potestatis verbum communiter accipiendum est tam in filio quam in servo _ sityva

`potestas~ (xelisufleba) ganzogadebuli mniSvnelobiT unda gavigoT rogorc xeli-

suflebaSi myofi vaJiSvilis, ise monasTan mimarTebiT (D.15.1.1.5).

Svilebis mimarT gamoyenebuli sityva _ liberi _ asaxavda im pirvandel viTarebas,

roca isini, xelisuflebis (potestas) saerTo safuZvelze, monebis msgavsad

ganixilebodnen; maT Soris sxvaoba mxolod sajaro samarTliT dasturdeboda,

romlis Tanaxmadac, liberi anu Svilebi, sityvasityviT Tavisufals niSnavda.

saojaxo erTeulis _ potestas _ cneba saojaxo struqturis yvela doneze vrcelde-

boda, anu es iyo zogadi cneba, romelic xelisuflebaSi myof pirTa yvela saxis

mdgomareobasa da garemoebas moicavda. In potestas-ad yofna ara mxolod morCilebas,

aramed, garkveuli damoukideblobis mqone, socialuri erTeulisadmi kuTvnilebasac

niSnavda. In potestate an cum potestate pirebs romaelebi upirispirebdnen imaT, vinc

potestate-dan gamoricxuli an, saerTod, mis miRma iyo. es viTareba iuridiul

konstruqciaSic aisaxa da Semdegs gulisxmeboda: ojaxidan gasvlas Tan sdevda

TviTxelisuflebis SeZena da uflebaunarianobis Semcireba (capitis deminutio minima).

Sui iuris pirad qcevis Semdeg (Tumca, sakuTari familia-s miRma) piri ara imdenad saku-

Tari ojaxis ufrosis (patesfamilias) mimarT damoukideblobas iZenda, ramdenadac

mfarvelobasa da socialur stabilurobas kargavda, romelic pirdapir da

uSualod, garkveuli avtonomiuri erTeulisadmi, kuTvnilebis princips

ukavSirdeboda.

$5. uflebaunarianobis damcroba (capitis deminutio)

Status libertatis (Tavisufali mdgomareoba); status civitatis (moqalaqeoba); status familiae (oja-

111

xisadmi kuTvnileba); capitis deminutio maxima, media, minima (uflebaunarianobis sruli,

nawilobrivi, minimaluri damcroba); peculium castrense (sabanako pekuliumi); bona materna

(dedis qoneba).

romis samarTali piris sam statuss ganasxvavebda: status libertatis, status civitatis, status

familiae, anu romis moqalaqeebi, romlebic im ojaxs (familia) ekuTvnodnen, romelSic

daibadnen da samive statuss flobdnen; sakuTari ojaxis ufrosis (paterfamilias)

xelisuflebidan gasuli da ojaxis miRma myofi pirebi or status, xolo Tavisufa-

li ucxoelebi (peregrini) _ mxolod erT statuss flobdnen. Patria potestas da patriar-

qaluri ojaxi _ familia _ wminda romauli institutebia.

iustinianes instituciebis I wignis IV TavSi mocemuli ganmartebis Tanaxmad,

`Tavisuflad (Tavisufal pirad) dabadebulia is, vinc dabadebisTanave Tavisufalia,

gind igi ori Tavisuflad dabadebuli [piris] qorwinebisgan daibados, gindac _ ori-

ve gaazatebulis da gindac _ erTi Tavisuflad dabadebulis da meore gaazatebu-

lis. xolo Tu vinme Tavisufali dedisa da mona mamisgan ibadeba, igi mainc Tavisu-

fal [pirad] ibadeba, zustad iseve, rogorc is, vinc Tavisufali dedisa da ucnobi

mamisgan daibada, radgan igi [kanonieri] qorwinebis gareSe Caisaxa. meore mxriv, sakma-

risia, rom deda Tavisufali iyos im dros, rodesac [bavSvi] ibadeba, Tundac [igi man]

mxevlad yofnisas Casaxos, da piriqiT, Tu Tavisufalma Casaxa da Semdeg mxvlad

gamxdarma dabada, dadgenilia, rom is, vinc ibadeba, Tavisufali daibados, vinaidan

dedis ubedurebam ar unda avnos mas, vinc muclad aris...

1. xolo Tavisuflad dabadebuls ar avnebs is [garemoeba], rom igi monobaSi iyo da

Semdeg iqna ganTavisuflebuli (gaazatebuli), radgan mravaljer daadgines, rom gaa-

zateba dabadebis mdgomareobas ar vnebs~.

piris sami statusis Tanadroulad, arsebobda uflebaunarianobis damcrobis sami xa-

risxic: capitis deminutio maxima, media et minima (Gai.,1,158-162). D.4.5.11 digestebSi uflebau-

narianobis damcrobis aRniSnuli xarisxebis Sesaxeb weria: `im sami mdgomareobis _

Tavisufleba, moqalaqeoba, ojaxi _ mixedviT, romelTac Cven vflobT, arsebobs

uflebaunarianobis damcrobis sami xarisxi: sruli, nawilobrivi da minimaluri. yve-

la maTganis, anu Tavisuflebis, moqalaqeobisa da ojaxis statusis dakargviT, ufle-

baunarianobis yvelaze didi damcroba xdeba; moqalaqeobis dakargvisas radgan

Tavisufleba SenarCunebulia, uflebaunarianobis saSualo damcroba xdeba; xolo

Tavisuflebisa da moqalaqeobis SenarCunebisas, Tu mxolod saojaxo statusi

ikargeba, maSin uflebaunarianobis damcroba minimalurad iTvleba~.

`Caput~ _ uflebaunarianobas niSnavda da uSualod adamianis erTiani koleqtivis

wevrobaze miuTiTebda. Tavdapirvelad, capitis deminutio-s mxolod or safexurs ganasx-

vavebdnen: maxima da minima, rac uSualod Tavisuflebisa (libertas) da moqalaqeobis

(civitas) institucionaluri urTierTkavSiris pirobebs Seesabameboda. termini `capitis

deminutio~ iTargmneba, rogorc `erTi TaviT Semcireba~, da sazogadoebrivi kavSiris

wevrobis Sewyvetaze miuTiTebda (cvlilebis arsi swored es iyo).

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piri, romelic gamovidoda jgufidan, statuss icvlida, radgan masze jgufuri privi-

legiebi veRar gavrceldeboda. sazogadoebrivi kavSirebidan gamodevna ki, pirs jgu-

fSi dadgenili normebis moqmedebis miRma tovebda da mis daucvelobas

ganapirobebda. uflebauunarobis ori xarisxis arseboba or socialur kavSirze _

Temsa (civitas) da ojaxze (familia) miuTiTebda. maTdami kuTvnileba piris samarTlebri-

vi statusis sisrules uzrunvelyofda, statusTa ierarqia ki samoqalaqo Temisadmi

ojaxis morCilebaze metyvelebda.

imavdroulad, ojaxis ufrosis (paterfamilias) gardacvalebis Semdeg, statusis Secvla

capitis deminutio minima-s gareSec SeiZleboda; ojaxis ufrosis daRmavali xazis naTe-

savebi (Svilebi, cum manu qorwinebaSi myofi meuRle), TviTxelisufalni (persona sui

iuris) xdebodnen da aRniSnul ojaxSi yvela uflebas inarCunebdnen. Tu ojaxis erTi

wevri meore ojaxSi qmris xelisuflebaSi (conventio in manum mariti) gadasvliT, an

Svilad ayvanis (adoptio) gziT, piri kvlav xelisuflebaSi myofad (alieni iuris) rCeboda,

rac misi statusis ucvlelobaze metyvelebda. Tumca, ojaxis Secvla Zvel ojaxTan

uSualod dakavSirebuli uflebebis _ memkvidreobiTi, sameurveo da sxva uflebebi _

dakargvas niSnavda. sxva ojaxSi analogiuri uflebebis mopoveba mxedvelobaSi ar

miiReboda. ojaxisadmi kuTvnileba ara marto dadebiT uflebamosilebebs

uzrunvelyofda, aramed piris statussac adgenda praqikulad, es Semdegs niSnavda:

saojaxo solidarobas, erTi ojaxis yvela wevrTa urTierTpasuxismgeblobasa da

samarTalsubieqtobis erTobliobas.

$6. piri (persona)

romis samarTalSi `piris~ (`persona~) cnebiT, samarTlebrivi urTierTobis subieqtis

tipuri, universaluri idea aRiniSneboda. yvela SemTxvevaSi, piri (persona) urTierTo-

bebis monawile piris iuridiul mniSvnelobaze miuTiTebda.

adamianuri arseba fizikur pirad (persona) mas Semdeg miiCneoda, rac: 1. Cvili dedis

sxeuls gamoeyofoda, 2. daibadeboda cocxali, 3. adamianis ier-saxiT da 4.

fizikurad sakmarisad Camoyalibebuli.

dedis saSoSi myofi bavSvi (nasciturus, venter, partus nondum editus) ara fizikur pirad,

aramed dedis sxeulis nawilad miiCneoda. axali drois iuristebis formulirebis

Tanaxmad, igi iyo dedis saSoSi myofi Cvili, romelsac hqonda yvela is ufleba

(socialuri statusi, memkvidred yofna), rac dabadebisTanave eniWeboda (nasciturus pro

iam nato habetur, quoties de commodis eius agitur). aRniSnuli uflebebis dasacavad, jer

kidev ardabadebul bavSvs qonebis ganmkargvelad mzrunveli (curator ventris)

eniSneboda. amis gamo, SesaZloa Svili gansakuTrebuli zrunvis sagani gamxdariyo.

magaliTad, fexmZimobis periodSi dedas mis sakvebad sarCo (alimenta) eniSneboda.

iuridiuli TvalsazrisiT, dedis sxeulisagan Svilis gancalkevebas mniSvneloba ar

hqonda Semdeg viTarebaTa gamo: 1. iustinianes Tanaxmad, Cvilis

sicocxlisunarianobis dasadgenad sakmarisad iTvleboda axalSobilis dayvireba.

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piris cnebis dasadgenad sicocxlis xangrZlivoba mxedvelobaSi ar miiReboda;

2. umniSvnelo gadaxra normalurad miCneuli adamianis sxeulisagan (sxeulis

nawilebis uCveulo raodenoba, siamis tyupebi da sxva) axalSobilisaTvis piris

statusis CamorTmevis safuZvlad ar miiCneoda. Zvel romaelebs sagagebod ar

daudgeniaT is naklovanebebi, romelTa safuZvelzec adamiani maxinjad (monstrum)

unda miCneuliyo. zogierTi iuristis azriT, uCveulo Tavis formis mqone Cvili

maxinjad (monstrum) iTvleboda; 3. axalSobilis samarTlis subieqtad miCnevis

TvalsazrisiT, iyo sadavo viTareba, roca bavSvis saTanado ganviTarebis done

eqspertTa daskvnas saWiroebda. ase magaliTad, muclis mowyvetis Sedegad

cocxladSobili bavSvi pirad (persona) ver CaiTvleboda; samagierod, dRenakluli,

magram saTanadod ganviTarebuli Cvili, pirad (persona) iTvleboda.

romis samarTlis Tanaxmad, dadgenili iyo iuridiuli mniSvnelobis mqone arsebiTi

xasiaTis sxvaobebi piris mimarT; kerZod, es iyo: sqesi, asaki, janmrTelobis

mdgomareoba, naTesauri kavSiri, samoqalaqo Temisadmi kuTvnileba da sacxovrebeli

adgili.

1). sqesi (sexus)

romis samarTali mxolod or sapirispiro sqess _ mamrobiT da mdedrobiT _

aRiarebda. Sesabamisad, arasrulyofili sqesobrivi monacemebis mqone pirebs

(hermaphroditae) im sqess akuTvnebdnen, romlisadmi midrekilebac individSi ufro

Warbobda. sajaro samarTlisagan gansxvavebiT (saidanac momdinareobda qalis

uunaroba sameurveo saqmianobis TvalsazrisiT), adamianTa sqesobriv sxvaobas kerZo

samarTali did mniSvnelobas ar aniWebda. romis samarTali mxedvelobaSi iRebda

qalis, SedarebiT swarf mowifulobas da aqedan gamomdinare, qalis srulwovanebis

asakad 12 wlis asaks adgenda. imavdroulad, romis samarTlis qals SedarebiT

naklebi damoukidebloba eniWeboda, radgan, sayovelTado miRebuli azris Tanaxmad,

mamakacisagan gansxvavebiT, qali naklebad icnobda samarTals, rac mas xels uSlida

sakuTari uflebebis dacvaSi. amis gamo, zogjer, qals samudamo meurveobasac ki

uwesebdnen.

2). asaki (aetas)

romis samarTliT, adamianis qmedunarianoba, ZiriTadad, asakis safuZvelze

ganisazRvreboda. Cveulebriv, nebis gamovlenis unari adamianSi TandaTanobiT

viTardeboda da yoveli adamiani am viTarebas gansxvavebulad ganicdida. amitom,

samarTliT dadginda is ori, tipuri da sayovelTaod aRiarebuli asakobrivi etapi,

SeZlebisdagvarad rom asaxavda adamianis gonebrivi da fizikuri ganviTarebis dones

anu arasrulwlovanebis asaki (impuberes anu pupilli) da srulwlovanebis asaki

(puberes). Tavis mxriv, TiToeuli maTgani kidev or periodad dayves:

1. arasrulwlovanebis asaki (impuberes anu pupilli) iyofoda: a) Svid wlamde asakis

(infantes, qui fari non possunt) bavSvebi, romlebic sruliad qmeduunaroni iyvnen; b) vaJebi

14 wlis asakamde da gogonebi 12 wlis asakamde (qui fari possunt, e.w. infantia maiores,

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prokulianes Tanaxmad, rasac iustinianec daeTanxma). aRniSnuli asakis orive piri

raimes SesaZenad qmedunarianad, magram valdebulebebis dasadebad, qonebis

gasasxviseblad, anderZiT memkvidreobis gansakargavad qmeduunarod miiCneoda.

2. srulwlovanebis asaki (puberes) miiCneoda vaJebisaTvis 14, xolo gogonebisaTvis 12

wlis asaki. Zveli romauli samarTliT, srulwlovani mamakacebi srulad

qmedunarianni, qalebi ki _ nawilobriv qmedunarianni iyvnen da amitom mancipaciis

(mantipatio) damoukideblad ganxorcielebisa da anderZis datovebis ufleba ar

hqondaT. mogvianebiT, 25 wlamde srulwlovanebs (minores viginti quinque annis) zogi

upiratesoba miecaT. magaliTad, restitutio in integrum. ojaxis ufrosis (paterfamilias)

xelisuflebaSi armyof arasrulovnebs (minores) ki garkveuli saxis meurveoba (cura)

an mzrunveloba (tutela) eniSneboda.

sqesis ganurCevlad ganasxvavebdnen srulwlovanebis or periods: a) arasrulyofil

srulwlovnebs (puberes minores), romlebic mamis xelisuflebaSi aryofnis SemTxvevaSi

srulad uflebauunaroTa (infantia maiores) mdgomareobas iZendnen da SeZenis,

valdebulebis aRebis, marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebaze pasuxisgebis ufleba ar

hqondaT. Tumca, pirTa aRniSnuli kategoria (impuberes infantia-sa da maiores-gan

gansxvavebiT) anderZiT memkvidreobiT gadacemisa da ficis dadebis upiratesobiT

sargeblobda. gansakuTrebul SemTxvevaSi, 20 wels gadacilebuli vaJebi da 18 wels

gadacilebuli qaliSvilebi, imperatoris reskriptiT, srulwlovanebas iZendnen

(veniam aetatis impetrare).

b) 25 wels gadacilebuli pirebi (puberes maiores legitimae aetatis) sruli moculobiT

srulwlovanebad iTvlebodnen. zogadi wesis Tanaxmad, kanoniT maT sruli

qmedunarianoba eniWebodaT.

3). janmrTeloba (sanitas)

piris qmedunarianobaze uSualo gavlenas axdenda daavadeba (farTo gagebiT, gadaxra

adamianis sxeulis normaluri ganviTarebidan). ganasxvavebdnen fizikur da sulier

daavadebas: a) fizikur daavadebad miiCneoda sxeulis aranormaluri mdgomareoba an

raime fizikuri nakli (vitium: yru-munji, brma, kastrati, an calkeul organoTa

daavadeba (morbus), uSviloba (spadones)). qmedunarianobis TvalsazrisiT, aRniSnul

pirTa mimarT, garkveuli SezRudvebi arsebobda; magaliTad, yru-munji ver dadebda

iseT garigebas, romlis drosac aucilebeli iyo sakuTari nebis sityvieri gacxadeba

an meore mxaris pirobis mosmena; kastrats ar SeeZlo qorwineba da Svileba. b)

fsiqikur daavadebad miiCneoda Wkuasustoba (dementes), Seuracxadoba (furiosi). suliT

avadmyofi anu Seuracxadi sruliad qmeduunaro iyo. ramdenadac sulier daavadebas

axasiTebda gamonaTebis periodebi (lucida intervalla), maTi qmedunarianoba SeiZleba

aRdgebiliyo.

romis samarTliT SezRuduli qmedunarianobis kategorias miekuTvnebodnen

ugunurebi (stulti) da gulubryviloebi (simplices). aseTi pirebi savsebiT qmedunarianni

iyvnen, magram ar SeeZloT sakuTari ugunuri qmedebiT miRebuli zianis anazRaurebis

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moTxovna. aqedan mieca dasabami gamoTqmas stultis non succurritur _ ugunurebas

gamarTleba ara aqvs.

4). naTesaoba (gentilitas)

romis samarTali ganasxvavebda naTesaobis or saxes: bunebriv, sisxlismiersa da

wmina iuridiul naTesaobas.

1. bunebrivi naTesaobiT (naturalis cognatio an, ubralod, cognatio) igulisxmeboda

sisxliT naTesaoba, romelic warmoiSoboda sqesobrivi kavSiris Sedegad da

moyveboda STamomavloba. gansxvavebuli tipis sqesobrivi kavSiris (saqorwino,

naturaluri, konkubinati da a.S.) Sedegebic gansxvavebuli iyo. a) romis samarTali

ganasxvavebda kanonier qorwinebas (matrimonium iustum an iustae nuptiae), romlis

drosac, ius civile-Ti orive mxares kanonieri qorwinebis (ius connubii) ufleba

moeTxoveboda. kanonieri qorwinebis Sedegad Sobili bavSvebi (filii legitimi) mamis

xelisuflebas eqvemdebarebodnen da iuridiulad sxvis xelisuflebaSi myof pirebad

(persona alieni iuris) miiCneodnen; b) zemoaRniSnul moTxovnaTa daucvelad

dadebul qorwinebas, naturaluri qorwineba (matrimonium non legitimum) ewodeboda;

Sesabamisad, aseTi tipis qorwineba, kanonieri qorwinebisagan SedegebiTac

gansxvavdeboda. iustinianes kanonmdebloba orive tipis qorwinebas aRiarebda.

daqorwinebul meuRleTa naTesavebs (affinitas) Soris, vidre maTi naTesavi wyvili

qorwinebaSi imyofeboda, yovelgvari sqesobrivi urTierToba ikrZaleboda,; maTi

ganqorwinebis SemTxvevaSi, aseTi akrZalva uqmdeboda.

2. qalsa da mamakacs Soris mudmivi Tanacxovrebis saxiT sqesobrivi kavSiris

SemTxvevaSi, igulisxmeboda, rom mamakacs daqorwineba surda (affectio maritalis), xolo

qals daqorwineba qmris xelisuflebaSi Seusvlelad (dignitas uxoris), anu konkubinatis

pirobad iTvleboda wyvilis iseTi kavSiri, romlis drosac coli da Svilebi (liberi

naturales) qmris ojaxSi (familia) ar Sediodnen. romis samarTliT aseTi kavSiri

dasaSvebad miiCneoda.

3. iuridiuli TvalsazrisiT, sqesobrivi kavSiri monasa da Tavisufal qals Soris

(contubernium) imiT gansxvavdeboda, rom aRniSnuli kavSiris Sedegad Sobili bavSvebi

romis moqalaqeebi xdebodnen, Tu qali ar iqneboda monad dasjili, imis gamo, rom

is sajer iyo gafrTxilebuli Seewyvita ukanono kavSiri monasTan.

4. mamakacsa da Tavisufal gasaTxovar qals (stuprum) Soris droebiTi sqesobrivi

kavSiris Sedegad Sobili bavSvebi mouwesrigebeli sqesobrivi urTierTobis Sedegad

Sobilebad miiCneodnen (spurii, vulgo concepti, vulgo quaesiti), ris gamoc, maTi mamis dadgena

SeuZlebeli iyo. Liberi naturalis-gan gansxvavebiT, meZavis ukanono Svilebs mamis

memkvidred yofnis ufleba ar hqondaT.

5. mamakacsa da sxvis meuRlesTan sqesobrivi kavSiris, mruSobis (adulterium) Sedegad

Sobil bavSvebs, iuridiuli TvalsazrisiT, arasrulyofilni, arasrulfasovanni

(adulterini) ewodebodaT.

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6. sqesobrivi kavSiri pirdapiri xazis naTesavebsa da moyvrebs Soris, sisxlaRreviTi

sqesobrivi kavSiri aRmavali da daRmavali xazis naTesavebs (incestus iure gentium,

incestae ac nefariae nuptiae, damnatus coitus), yvela drosa da yvela qveyanaSi ikrZaleboda.

7. naTesaoba ganisazRvreboda Semdegi pirobebis safuZvelze: a) bavSvebi sakuTari

dedisa da misi naTesavebis mimarT, sisxlismier naTesavebad iTvlebodnen, mSoblebs

Soris sqesobrivi kavSiris iuridiuli formis (anu qorwinebis Tu qorwinebis gareSe)

miuxedavad. gansxvavebuli viTareba iyo bavSvebsa da maT mamas Soris naTesauri

kavSiris dadgenisas. kerZod, maT Soris naTesaobis dasadgenad savaldebulo

pirobad bavSvebis kanonier qorwinebaSi dabadeba da mamis mier maTi aRiareba

miiCneoda. bavSvebi filii legitimi-s statuss, mxolod aRniSnul pirobaTa dakmayofilebis

SemTxvevaSi iZendnen, ase rom, qorwinebis gareSe Sobil bavSvebs, iuridiuli

TvalsazrisiT, mama da mamis mxridan naTesaoba, ar hyavdaT. Tumca, romis samarTliT,

konkubinatis Sedegad Sobil bavSvebs (liberi naturales) mamis mimarT alimenta da

kanonismieri sagangebo memkvidreobis ufleba eniWebodaT.

romis samarTlis Tanaxmad, naTesaobis ramdenime saxes ganasxvavebdnen: 1. aRmavali

(linea superior, ascendens) da daRmavali (linea inferior, descendes) xazis naTesaobas, anu

naTesaoba im pirTa Soris, romelTaganac erTni warmoiSobodnen meoreTagan.

naTesaobis aRmniSvneli xazisagan ganasxvavebdnen 2. gverdiTi xazis (linea transversa)

naTesaobas, anu naTesaur kavSirs saerTo mesame pirisagan CamomavalTa Soris.

gverdiTi xazis naTesavebs or jgufad yofdnen: a) srulyofil (RviZli da-Zma _

germani consangvinei) da b) arasrulyofil (naxevari da-Zma, romelTaganac mamiT erTni

consangvinei-ebad, xolo dediT erTni uterini-ebad iwodebodnen) naTesavebad. 2. rTuli

da martivi naTesaoba. rTul naTesavebad miiCneodnen is pirebi, romlebic ori Zmis

or daze qorwinebis Sedegad iyvnen Sobilni.

axla ganvixiloT ara bunebrivi, aramed wminda iuridiuli naTesaoba, anu naTesaobis

meore didi safuZveli.

wminda iuridiuli TvalsazrisiT, naTesaobad miiCneoda im pirTa erToba (agnatio),

romelnic saerTo mamis _ paterfamilias _ xelisuflebas eqvemdebarebodnen. aseTi

naTesaoba erTian civilur ojaxs (familia) efuZneboda. Paterfamialia-s mis

xelisuflebaSi myof pirebTan erTad (persona alieni iuris) hqmnida ojaxs, viwro gagebiT,

(familia proprio iure), xolo misi gardacvalebis Semdeg (posthumi) ojaxis wevrebi,

mogvianebiT Sobil pirebTan erTad, warmoadgendnen ojaxs, am sityvis farTo gagebiT

(familia communi iure, familia agnatorum). agnaturi naTesaoba SeiZleba dakavSirebuli

dakavSirebuli yofiliyo kognatur naTesaobasTan (kanonier qorwinebaSi Sobili da

legitimuri Svili). Tumca, zogjer, aseTi kavSiris arseboba ar SeiniSeneboda

(magaliTad, agnatio-d miiCneoda Svilad ayvana mSvilebesa (arrogator) da Svilad

ayvanils (arrogatus) Soris; aseve cognatio _ paterfamilias da mis emancipirebul vaJiSvils

Soris). aRniSnuli magaliTi eWvqveS ayenebs prof. baronis ganmartebas: sunt agnati,

qui per virilis sexus personas cognatione iuncti sunt, quasi a parte cognatis.

naTesaobis orive saxes Tanabari iuridiuli mniSvneloba mxolod iustinianes

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kanonmdeblobiT mieniWa, ris Sedegadac dadginda Tanabari samemkvidreo uflebebeli

da meurved yofnis movaleoba. uZveles ius civile-Ti martiv cognatio-s araviTari

iuridiuli Sedegi ar mohyveboda. gviandeli respublikis periodidan cognatio

naTesaobas samarTlebrivi Sedegebis dadgomis ufleba mieca, xolo aRniSnuli

naTesauri samarTlebrivi aRiareba uSualod aisaxa pretorul ediqtebSi,

imperatoris kanonebsa da gansakuTrebiT, iustinianes kanonmdeblobaSi. Cognati

naTesavebi igive uflebebs iZendnen, rac, ius civile-Ti agnat naTesavebs hqondaT. aqedan

mieca dasabami Semdeg iuridiul debulebas: Tu agnatia, maSin kognaticaa _ qui est

agnatus, et cognatus est.

5). saqalaqo Temisadmi (civitas) kuTvnileba da sacxovrebeli adgili (loco habitare)

apeninis naxevarkunZulis teritoria gansazRvruli raodenobis saqalaqo Temebad

(civitates respublicae) iyofoda. qalaqi da mis garSemo mdebare sasoflo arsebuli

sasoflo dasaxlebebi politikur kavSirs qmnida. klasikuri periodis iuristebi

imave principiT ganixilavdnen romis imperiaSi Semaval provinciebsac. amrigad, erTi

saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi Semavali xalxi, Cveulebriv, romelime saqalaqo Temis

wevric iyo.

1. saqalaqo Temisadmi kuTvnileba eguZnebod: a) saqalaqo Temis moqalaqeobis

uflebas (origos, domus - samSoblo). aRniSnuli ufleba SeiZineboda: moqalaqesTan

kanonier qorwinebaSi myofi piris mier bavSvis gaCeniT an moqalaqis mier bavSvis

gaCeniT (origo, nativitas), saqalaqo Temis wevris mier piris SvilebiT (adoptio), piris

saqalaqo Temis wevrad miRebiT (allectio) da monis gaazatebiT (manumissio); b)

sacxovrebel adgils (domicilium) piri irCebda raime saqmianobis gansaxorcieleblad

da sxva pirebTan urTierTobebis dasamyareblad. Tumca, SerCeul adgilze mudmivad

yofna savaldebulo ar iyo. sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT, qalaqisadmi

kuTvnilebas incolae ewodeboda, xolo sacxovrebeli adgilis sakuTari nebiT

SerCeveas domicilium voluntarium. Tu sacxovrebeli adgilis arCevas samarTlis norma

adgenda, mas domicilium necesarium ewodeboda. jariskacebis, moxeleebis, colebis, mamis

xelisuflebaSi myofi Svilebis sacxovrebeli adgilis Secvla damokidebuli iyo

piris Tavisufal nebaze an samarTlebriv normaze. kanoniT daSvebuli iyo ramdenime

sacxovrebeli adgilis qona an, saerTod, misi uqonloba _ aseTi cxovrebis wesi

moxetiale adamianebisaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli.

2. gansazRvruli saqalaqo Temisadmi kuTvnileba adgenda: a) saqalaqo valdebulebis

Sesrulebis movaleobas (munera); b) saqalaqo xelisfulebis moTxovnebisadmi

(sasamarTlo qvemdebareobis principis dacva); g) konkretul qalaqSi moqmedi

samarTlisadmi piris morCilebas (lex originis, lex domicilii).

$7. koloni (colonus)

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Colonus (koloni); servi terra (miwis monebi); coloni adscripticii (sagadasaxado reestrSi Seta-

nili kolonebi); dominus fundi (miwis nakveTis batoni).

III saukuneSi, ekonomikuri krizisis gaRrmavebis pirobebSi, damokidebuli mosaxleo-

bis gansakuTrebuli kategoria _ miwaze mimagrebuli glexoba (coloni) warmoiSva.

Tavdapirvelad, miwaze mimagrebis procesi mxolod imperatoris miwaze monebis,

gaazatebulebisa da moijareTa (coloni) Sromis gamoyenebas iTvaliswinebda; amiT maT

sakuTari nebiT sadme wasvla ekrZalebodaT. kolonatis institutis iuridiuli

fgaformeba IV saukunis bolos dasrulda. aRniSnuli institutis farglebSi moxda,

profesiul kavSirebsa (collegia, corpora) da adgilobriv sabWoebSi (curia),

memkvidreobiTi wevrobis zogadi principis damkvidreba da aseT gaerTianebaTa

kuTvnili qonebis aRwera funqciis mixedviT. amave dros imperatorebis Teodosius I-

is, arkadiusisa da honoriusis konstituciam coloni-s statusi miwis monad (servi terrae)

gansazRvra: `Licet conditione videantur ingenui, servi tamen terrae ipsius cui nati sunt aestimentur _

miuxedavad imisa, rom isini TavisufladSobilni arian, isini im miwis monebad

ganixilebian sadac daibadnen. kolonis qonebas ewodeboda peculium-i, romelis

gasxviseba, memamulis Tanxmobis gareSe, dauSvebeli iyo. imperiis aRmosvleT nawilSi

kolonebs, sagadasaxado reestrSi (coloni adscripticii), miwasTan erTad aRnusxavdnen.

V saukunis II naxevarSi gamwvavebuli ekonomikuri krizisis pirobebSi, kolonebis am

kategoriis mdgomareoba, praqtikulad monobisagan ar gansxvavdeboda. kolons ekrZa-

leboda mamulis mesakuTris (dominus fundi) Tanxmobis gareSe miwis nakveTis mitoveba,

mesakuTres ki am miwebidan kolonebis gandevna; mesakuTres mxolod kolonebis erTi

mamulidan meoreSi gadayvanis ufleba hqonda. statusis SezRudva administraciuli

mizniT iyo ganpirobebuli: samoqalaqo samarTlis TvalsazrisiT, kolonsa da mamu-

lis mesakuTres Soris urTierTobebi qiravnobis xelSekrulebiT (locatio conductio

operarum) an saijaro xelSekrulebiT (locatio conductio rei) wesrigdeboda. Tu maT Soris

dadebuli xelSekrulebis pirobebi sagadasaxado reestrSi iyo gatarebuli, am

urTierTobebis TviTneburi, an Tundac, urTierTSeTanxmebiTi moSla, mxareebs ar

SeeZloT. mesakuTris mxridan xelSekrulebis pirobebis darRveva sasamarTlo wesiT

isjeboda, vinaidan sasamarTlo procesze koloni damoukidebel mxared gamodioda.

kolonis mdgomareoba memkvidreobiTi iyo.

a) kolonatis warmoSobis safuZvlebi iyo: 1. Tu erT-erTi mSobeli koloni iyo, bavS-

vi dedis mdgomareobas iRebda; 2. Tu piri 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi koloni iyo,

xandazmulobis vadis ZaliT, igi miwaze mimargebas eqvemdebareboda.

b) kolonatis Sewyvetis pirobebi iyo: 1. memamules kolonisadmi sakuTar uflebaze

uaris Tqma, mxolod miwaze uariT (peculium-is gadacemasTan erTad monis gaazatebis

msgavsad) SeeZlo. es iyo kolonatis urTierTobis Sewyvetis mTavari piroba; 2. Tu

koloni, 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi, Tavisufali piris statusiT cxovrobda, misi

ganTavisufleba xandazmulobiT xdeboda; 3. Tu koloni 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi

xelisuflebis adgilobrivi organos wevri _ dekurioni _ iyo, kolonati wydeboda;

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4. Tu miwis mesakuTris (dominus fundi) TanxmobiT koloni episkoposobas miiRebda an

monazoni gaxdeboda, kolonati wydeboda.

$8. iuridiuli pirebi (universitates)

Pagus (sasoflo Temi); Sodales (TanamesufreTa kavSiri); collegium (profesiuli gaerTia-

neba); lex collegii (gaerTianebis wesdeba); actor (kolegiis warmomadgeneli); arca (kole-

giis xazina); universitas (adgilobrivi Temi); municipium (municipaliteti); persona certa

(ganszRvruli piri); fiscus (saimperatoro xazina); aerarium populi Romani (romaeli

xalxis xazina); ius fisci (fiskaluri (sagadasaxado) samarTali); beneficium (beneficiumi,

saeklesio (sataZro) qoneba); piae causae (samlocvelo)

samarTlebrivi urTierTobis monawiled _ subieqtad _ SeiZleba iyos ara marto fi-

zikuri piri, anu calkeuli adamiani, aramed adamianTa gaerTianeba, romelic

samarTlebriv urTierTobaSi erTveboda rogorc erTiani mTeli da am ukanasknelis

Semadgeneli calkeuli subieqtebisagan, Tvisobrivad gansxvavdeboda. kerZo pirTa

uflebebiT aRWurvili, socialuri erTeulis saxiT, romis samarTlis subieqtebad

gamodiodnen: profesiuli da religiuri kavSirebi (collegia, sodalicia, societates, corpora),

TviTmmarTvelobis mqone adgilobrivi samoqalaqo Temebi (municipia, coloniae),

saxelmwifo xazina (fiscus).

kerZo asociaciebis Tavisufleba XII dafis kanonebiT iyo dadgenili, romelic maT

wesdebebs (lex collegii) Sidasavaldebulo Zalas aniWebda, Tumca, im pirobiT, rom isini

kanonis moTxovnas ar ewinaaRmdegebodnen. am normis wyarod miiCnevdnen solonis ka-

nons, romlis teqstSic CamoTvlili iyo rogorc Zveli, ise klasikuri epoqis cnobi-

li kolegiebis saxeobebi: sasoflo Temi (pagi), meomarTa da TanamesufreTa gaerTiane-

ba (curiales, sodales), religiuri da damkrZalavi kavSirebi, romelTa umravlesobac Ra-

rib mosaxleobaSi arsebobda, vinaidan glexebs dakrZalvisaTvis saWiro saxsrebi ar

hqondaT; maT ricxvs aseve miekuTvneboda sawarmoo da savaWro korporaciebi.

mogvianebiT, kanonmdeblobiT kerZo gaerTianebebis Tavisufleba araerTgzis

SeizRuda, vidre avgustusis kanoniT (lex Iulia de collegiis) kolegiaTa dasaSvebi saxeebis

CamonaTvali ar dadginda. amgvari gaerTianebebis Seqmnis SezRudva saimperatoro

konstituciebiTa da senatuskonsultebiTac gagrZelda. korporaciebs ufleba

hqondaT sasamarTloSi gamosuliyvnen. am mizniT iniSneboda korporaciaTa

warmomadgeneli (actor), romlis kompetencias kolegiis gadawyvetileba

gansazRvravda. kolegiis pasuxismgebloba samarTlebrivi urTierTobis obieqtis

saerTo qonebisa da xazinis (arca) moculobiT ganisazRvreboda.

TiTqmis msgavsi sistema gamoiyeneboda adgilobrivi Temebis mimarTac, romlebic, ase-

ve korporaciis (universitas) saerTo qonebis subieqtad gamodiodnen, magram maTi qone-

ba korporaciaSi Semavali calkeuli piris kerZo qonebisagan gansxvavdeba.

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TanasakuTrebis uflebis Sesabamisad, Temis kuTvnili mona Temis moqalaqeTa mona ar

iyo; igi ganixileboda mTeli Temis saerTo sakuTrebad; kerZod, misTvis SeeZloT

moeTxovaT Cvenebis micema Temis calkeuli moqalaqis winaaRmdeg.

Temis mier gaazatebuls, magistratis Tanxmobis gareSe, calkeuli moqalaqis sasa-

marTloSi gamoZaxeba SeeZlo, vinaidan misi patroni mTlianad Temi iyo da ara Temis

calkeuli moqalaqe. Tavdapirvelad, adgilobriv samoqalaqo Tems pativs miagebdnen

rogorc koleqtivs, rac terminologiaSic aisaxa: municipium nacvlad, mas, rogorc

kerZo samarTlis subieqts, xSirad municipes (municipali) ewodeboda, rac piris certa

persona-ad dadgenis proceduras arTulebda da Temis memkvidred (heres) daniSvnas

SeuZlebels xdida.

iuridiuli piris gansakuTrebul saxeobas saimperatoro xazina (fiscus) warmoadgenda,

xolo mogvianebiT _ mTeli saxelmwifo qoneba. romaeli xalxis qonebas princefsis

sakuTrebaSi arsebuli saxelmwifo qonebisagan ganasxvavebdnen; romaeli xalxis

qoneba (populus Romanus) iuridiuli piri ar iyo da samoqalaqo brunvaSi ar

monawileobda. samagierod, sxva subieqtebis msgavsad, princefss SeeZlo

kerZosamarTlebriv urTierTobebSi Cabma, garigebis dadeba, mosarCeled an mopasuxed

gamosvla ara mxolod rogorc piradi sakuTrebis mqone kerZo pirs (patrimonium

principis), aramed rogorc romis saxelmwifos warmomadgenel sajaro pirsac.

arsobrivad, xazina (fiscus) gansakuTrebuli samarTlebrivi formis saxelmwifo sakuT-

reba iyo da kerZo sakuTrebis specialuri reJimiT regulirgeboda, riTac mTeli

romaeli xalxis sakuTrebas emijneboda. dominantis damyarebisTanave aRniSnuli

gansxvaveba gauqmda, radgan saerTo-saxalxo xazina (aerarium populi Romani) saimperato-

ro xazinas (fiscus) Seerwya.

princefsis gardacvalebis Semdeg, res fiscales romis saxelmwifos saTaveSi myof

princefsis memkvidres (monacvles) gadaecemoda, xolo princefsis piradi qoneba _

mis pirad memkvidreebs (ojaxis wevrebs) ekuTvnoda. saxazino qonebis mmarTvelad

specialuri piri _ procuratores _ iniSneboda. mogvianebiT, xazina (fiscus) ganixileboda

samarTlis damoukidebel subieqtad, iuridiuli pirad, romlis Tavisebureba

administraciuli xasiaTis upiratesobad ganixileboda.

xazinis (fiscus) samarTlebrivi reJimi samarTlis gansakuTrebul dargad _ ius fisci

(D.49,14) Camoyalibda; im sasamarTlo ganxilvas, romelSic xazina (fiscus) erT-erT

mxared gamodioda (causae fiscales), specialuri sasamarTlo magistrati,

eqstraordinaluri sasamarTlo procesis wesiT warmarTavda.

313 w. miRebuli, milanis (mediolanis) ediqtis Semdeg, gansakuTrebul iuridiul pi-

rad iqca qristianuli eklesia, romelsac mis morwmuneTagan damoukidebel

subieqtad ganixilavdnen. TandaTanobiT, saeklesio qoneba damoukidebeli iuridiuli

piris niSnebs iZenda, romelic, sabolood, Sua saukuneebSi regulirebis sagangebo

subieqtad (beneficium) Camoyalibda. garda amisa, arsebobda saeklesio qonebis gansa-

kuTrebuli saxeoba _ samwysos mier saqvelmoqmedo mizniT Sewiruli qoneba _ piae

causae, romlis marTva saeklesio qonebis marTvisagan gansxvavdeboda da samoqalaqo

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brunvaSi uflebaunarian da qmedunarian pirad gamodioda. aRniSnuli qoneba arafriT

gansxvavdeboda, Tanamedrove kerZo samarTliT gansazRvruli, fondebis samarTleb-

rivi reJimisagan.

$9. warmomadgenloba

Dominus negotii (marwmunebeli); procurator (rwmunebuli); actiones adiecticial qualitatis (damate-

biTi Tvisebis sarCelebi); actio de peculio (pretoruli sarCeli pekuliumis Sesaxeb); actio

de in rem verso (ojaxis ufrosis mimarT Setanili sarCeli, Tu xelisuflebaSi myofi

piris mier SeZenili qoneba paterfamilias qonebad CaiTvala); excercitor (xomaldis

mepatrone); institor (mmarTveli); actio excercitoria (mepatronis winaaRmdeg Setanili

sarCeli, romelic xomaldis meTaurad myofi misi monis mier dadebul xelSekrule-

bas exeba); actio institoria (mepatronis winaaRmdeg Setanili sarCeli, romelic, meurneo-

bis mouravad myofi, misi monis mier dadebul xelSekrulebas exeba); actio quod iussu

(kreditoris mier mebatonis winaaRmdeg Setanili sarCeli, romelic sakuTari

batonis saxeliT, monis mier dadebul xelSekrulebas exeba); par condicium creditorum

(kreditorebis Tanabari mdgomareoba); ratihabitio (rwmunebulis qmedebis mowoneba).

garigebis dadeba samarTlis subieqts uSualod yovelTvis ar SeeZlo. zogjer mas

sxva piris sakuTar warmomadgenlad gamoyeneba esaWiroeboda. aseTi viTareba Semdeg

SemTxvevebSi warmoiSoboda: 1. roca samarTlis subieqti daTqmul adgilze ar

imyofeboda (Tumca, saqme saswrafod unda gadawyvetiliyo) an 2. roca viTareba

statusis xarvezs _ qmeduunarobas _ ukavSireboda da uflebamosil subieqts

nebelobiTi qmedebiT misi ganxorcieleba ar SeeZlo. pirvel SemTxvevaSi sakiTxi

exeboda nebayoflobiT warmomadgenlobas, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi _ aucilebel an

kanoner warmomadgenlobas. kerZod, Wkuasusti (furiosus) mzrunvelobas iZulebiTi

wesiT, xolo mcirewlovani bavSvi da qali _ meurveobas (tutela) eqvemdebarebodnen.

warmomadgenlobis cnebiT igulisxmeboda: marwmuneblis saxeliTa da mis sasargeb-

lod (dominus negotii), rwmunebulis mier dadebuli garigebis Sedegi uSualod marwmu-

nebels exeboda. am garigebidan warmoSobili uflebebi da movaleobebi marwmunebls,

da ara rwmunebuls, ekuTvnoda. aRniSnuli instituti romis samarTlisaTvis ucxo

iyo. pirdapiri warmomadgenlobisagan gansxvavebiT, brunvis (obieqturad arsebuli)

moTxovnis dakmayofileba moadgileobis meSveobiT SeiZleboda. moadgile saqmes sa-

kuTari saxeliT awarmoebda, garigebis dadebiT uflebebs da movaleobebs iZenda,

Tumca, imavdroulad, maTi sxva pirisaTvis gadacema evaleboda. aseT SemTxvevaSi, saq-

me irib warmomadgenlobas (an moadgileobas) exeboda, romelic warmomadgenloba

arc iyo, am sityvis pirdapiri gagebiT. romis samarTalSi moadgilisa da

marwmuneblis urTierTobas davalebis xelSekruleba (mandatum) an davalebis gareSe

sxvisi saqmeebis warmoeba (negotiorum gestio) SeiZleba ewodos. romis samarTliT aseTi

urTierTobebi, roca erTi piris mier dadebuli garigeba Sedegs meore piris

sasargeblod iZleoda, warmomadgenlobis instituts saeTod ar ukavSirdeboda.

warmomadgenlobad aseve ver iqneba miCneuli ojaxis ufrosisa (paterfamilias) da

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daqvemdebarebuli pirebis (in potestate) urTerTobebi, vinaidan am ukanasknelTa mier

SeZenili uflebebi da movaleobebi uSualod maTi ojaxis ufross (paterfamilias)

exeboda, maSinac ki, roca xelisuflebaSi myofni sakuTari saxeliT an ojaxis ufro-

sis nebarTvis gareSe moqmedebdnen.

pekuliumi (peculium) iyo mebatonis mier monisaTvis, an ojaxis ufrosis (paterfamilias)

mier mis xelisuflebaSi myofi pirisaTvis gamoyofili qoneba, romlis farglebSic,

xelisuflebaSi myof (in potestate) pirs sakuTari saxeliT garigebebis dadebis ufleba

hqonda. pekuliumis Sesaxeb mecnierTa mier gamoTqmuli mosazrebebis mizani qonebis

am saxeobis raobis formaluri gansazRvra iyo. ojaxis biujeti ojaxis ufross

unda gaeyo da amis Sesaxeb mesame pirebisaTvis ecnobebina. pekuliumis dadgena Wkua-

sustsa da mcirewlovans ar SeeZloT, vinaidan pekuliumis gamoyofa ganixileboda

iseT iuridiul aqtad, romelsac realuri Sedegi mohyveboda. pekuliumis dadgenisas

savaldebulo iyo nivTebis materialurad gadacema (traditio) an, Tundac, gadacemis

ceremoniis imitireba. pekuliumis odenobis gaangariSebisas, mxedvelobaSi miiReboda,

ojaxis ufrosis mimarT xelisuflebaSi myof pirTa valebi.

ulpianes Tanaxmad, `Peculium autem Tubero quidem sic definit, ut Celsus libro sexto digestorum refert,

quod servus domini permissu separatim a rationibus dominicis habet, deducto inde si quid domino debetur _

pekuliums tuberoni iseve ganmartavs, rogorc celsusi digestebis VI wignSi:

pekuliumi aris is, rasac mona, batonis nebarTviT flobs, mebatonis Semosavlebis

garda da im valis gamoklebiT, rac monas mebatonisagan marTebs~.

respublikis periodis bolos pekuliumis aRniSnuli cneba ganxilvis sagnad iqca.

cnobilia, rom serviusi pekuliumis am cnebas Semdegs umatebda: monis vali, monis

batonis xelisuflebaSi myofTa mimarT, TviT monis batonis mimarT vals utoldeba,

da aseve pekuliumis moculobis gansazRvrisas gamoklebuli unda iqnes.

principatis epoqaSi, garigebis dadebisas, ojaxis vaJiSvili (filius familias in potestate)

piradad xdeboda pasuxismgebeli. Tumca, valis gadaxdaze uaris (indebensio) SemTxveva-

Si, kreditorebs ufleba ar hqondaT valis asanazRaureblad moeTxovaT is qoneba,

romelsac ius civile-Ti alieni iuris piri ar flobda.

mevalis mier valis individualurad gadaxdis SesaZlebloba ojaxis ufrosis

ukmayofilebas iwvevda, radgan igi uflebamosili iyo Tavad gadaexada mis

xelisuflebaSi myofi piris vali da igi kvlav Tavis xelisuflebaSi daetovebina.

aRniSnulis miRweva jer kidev winaklasikur epoqaSi, pekuliumis Sesaxeb pretoruli

sarCeliT (actio de peculio) iyo SesaZlebeli. am sarCelis formulis safuZvelze (in

factum concepta formula), xelisuflebaSi myofi piris (Tavisufalis an monis) mier

dadebul garigebebze, pekuliumis moculobis gaTvaliswinebiT, pasuxs ojaxis

ufrosi (paterfamilias) agebda; pasuxismgeblobas Tan axlda ojaxis ufrosis

winaaRmdeg sarCeli _ actio iudicati de peculio, im sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis

aRsrulebis Taobaze, romelic gamotanili iyo misi xelisuflebaSi myofi piris

winaaRmdeg; es iyo pasiuri uflebamosileba. Tu sxvis xelisuflebaSi myofi piri,

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batonis Tanxmobis gareSe, raime qonebas SeiZenda, aRniSnuli SenaZeni im SemTxvevaSi

CaiTvleboda pekuliumad, Tu amas ojaxis ufrosi moiwonebda. Tu SeZenili qoneba am

ukanasknelis sakuTreba xdeboda, sarCeliT actio de in rem verso, SenaZenze

pasuxismgebloba ekisreboda. analogiur SemTxvevad ganixileboda, Tu sxvis

xelisuflebaSi (in poteste) myofi piri xomaldis meTauri an misi mepatrone (exercitor)

xdeboda; aseve, Tu mas sawarmos mouravoba-mmarTveloba (institor) evaleba. garigebebis

safuZvelze miRebuli sargebeli ojaxis ufrosis (paterfamilias) angariSze iricxeba.

amgvari garigebis Tanaxmad, kreditorebs, sxvis xelisuflebaSi myofi pirebis

mimarT, ufleba hqondaT ojaxis ufrosis winaaRmdeg mTeli valis farglebSi

sarCeli _ actio exercitoria da actio institoria _ SeetanaT. aseTive pasuxismgebloba

ekisreba paterfamilias-s Tu in potestas piri misi brZanebiT (iussum) moqmedebda; aseT

SemTxvevaSi, igi pasuxs actio quod iussu-Tu agebda. Tumca, am urTierTobis arsi

principulad gansxvavdeba pirdapiri warmomadgenlobis cnebisagan: roca sxvis

xelisuflebaSi myofi (in potesta) piri ojaxis ufrosis (paterfamilias) saxeliT ar

moqmedebda, maSin SeZena maT Soris arsebul daqvemdebarebiT urTierTobebs

Seesabameboda; ojaxis ufrosis (paterfamilias) pasuxismgebloba ki pretoris Carevis

Semdeg dgeboda.

pekuliumis SemTxvevaSi, sxvis xelisuflebaSi myofi piri garigebas ojaxis ufrosis

xarjze ar debda, rac warmomadgenlobis ideas gamoricxavda. dabolos, pekuliumiT

(peculium) ojaxis ufrosis pasuxismgeblobis moculoba ganisazRvreba im valis

gamoklebiT, romelic, mis xelisuflebaSi myofs, paterfamilias-gan emarTa; aqedan

gamomdinare, ojaxis ufrosi, in potestas piris pekuliumis mimarT, privilegirebul

kreditorad xdeboda. danarCeni kreditorebis moTxovnaTa dakmayofileba pretenziis

wayenebis rigiTobis gaTvaliswinebiT anu prior tempore, prior iure (vinc ufro adre;

visac meti ufleba aqvs) xdeboda. gamonaklisi iyo is SemTxveva, roca savaWro

saqmianobis gansaxorcieleblad, ojaxis ufrosi pekuliums uSualod

iTvaliswinebda. aseT SemTxvevaSi, kreditorebi iZendnen actio tributoria-s uflebas,

romlis meSveobiT, paterfamilias-s valis gadaxdas, sakuTari moTxovnebis

proporciulad, Tanabar pirobebSi _ par condicium creditorum _ aiZuleben.

Tavi VI. Zveli romis saojaxo samarTali

$1. ojaxi da naTesaoba (familia et gentilitas)

Familia (ojaxi); paterfamilias (ojaxi mama, ojaxis ufrosi,); adgnatio (ojaxis ufrosis

xelisuflebaSi myofi naTesavi); adgnatus proximus (uaxloesi agnati naTesavi); patria

potestas (mamis xelisufleba); cognatio (sisxliT naTesaoba);

cnobili frangi filosofosis J.J. rusos TqmiT, ojaxi aris .`sazogadoebaTa Soris

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uZveles da erTaderT bunebrivi sazogadoeba~.

Tanamedrove gagebiT, ojaxi (familia) iseTi socialuri institutia, romliTac qalsa

da mamakacs Soris saqorwino kavSiri, mSoblebsa da Svilebs Soris sisxliT

naTesaoba, maT urTierTsanacvlo uflebebi da movaleobebi igulisxmeba.

amrigad, ojaxi aris naTesauri kavSiriT an qorwinebiT dakavSirebul pirTa

erToblioba.

romis samarTalSi qorwinebis ori oficialuri gansazRvreba iyo. kerZod, 1. `Nuptiae

sunt coniunctio maris et feminae et consortium omnis vitae, divini et humani iuris communicatio _

qorwineba aris mamakacisa da qalis kavSiri, mTeli cxovrebis erTianoba, RvTiuri da

adamianuri samarTlis erToba~ (D.23.2.1) da 2. `Nuptiae autem sive matrimonium est viri et

mulieris coniunctio, individuam consuetudinem vitae continens _ ...qorwineba (nuptiae) anu

colqmroba (matrimonium) aris mamakacis da qalis kavSiri, romlis arsi erTobliv

cxovrebaSi mdgomareobs~. (Iust. Inst.1.9.1)

m. bartoSeki naSromSi `romis samarTali~ ojaxis sakmaod vrcel ganmartebasa da

daxasiaTebas iZleva. misi TqmiT, ojaxi aris mTeli saojaxo qonebisa da aseve

ojaxis wevrebis gaerTianeba. ojaxi es aris romauli ojaxis meurneobis ZiriTadi

qoneba, romelic Tavdapirvelad ojaxis yvela Tavisufal wevrs Tanabrad ekuTvnoda,

mogvianebiT ki _ mxolod ojaxis ufross, mamasaxliss (paterfamilias). romauli ojaxi

iyo yvela is piri da mTeli is qoneba, rac romis saojaxo meurneobas qmnida. ojaxi

aseve iyo monebis erToblioba, romelic ojaxis ufross ekuTvnoda da saojaxo-

sameurneo saqmianobas asrulebda.

romis samarTlis erT-erTi mkvlevaris r. zomis Tanaxmad, `romis civiluri

samarTlis gagebiT, ojaxi aris agnaturi kavSiri, anu erToblioba pirebisa,

romlebic urTierTdakavSirebulni arian patria potestas-iT.

Ius civile-Ti agnaturi ojaxi iyo saojaxo Temi, romlis ganmsazRvreli da erTianobis

ganmapirobebeli iyo naTesaoba mamis mxridan, xolo formaluri safuZveli _

xelovnurad Seqmnili iuridiuli urTierToba (patria potestas), romlis gauqmebac aseve

xelovnurad SeiZleboda.

Ius gentium-iT ojaxi gansxvavebulad ganimarteboda. kerZod, ojaxi iyo kognaturi

kavSiri, anu naTesaoba, romelic sisxlismier kavSirs efuZneba. ojaxis safuZveli

bunebrivi da ara iuridiuli urTierToba iyo.

Zveli romauli civiluri samarTali mxolod agnatur naTesaobas iTvaliswinebda;

mogvianebiT, kognaturi naTesaoba, imperatoris kanonmdeblobis wyalobiT, pretormac

aRiara da, sabolood, urTierTobis kognaturma principma gaimarjva.

romis saojaxo samarTali aRiarebda Semdegi saxis naTesaur kavSirebs: 1. agnatur

naTesaobas (adgnatio) anu rodesac ojaxis yvela wevri (coli, Svilebi, SviliSvilebi,

rZlebi da a.S.) ojaxis mamrobiTi sqesis ufrosis xelisuflebaSi iyo; 2. kognaturi

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anu sisxliT naTesaoba (cognatio), romelSic, garda zemoCamoTvli pirebisa, ojaxis

winaprebTan naTesauri kavSiriT yvelaze axlos mdgomi mamrobiTi sqesis agnati

naTesavic _ adgnatus proximus _ moiazreboda.

naTesaobis ori _ kanonieri da bunebrivi _ saxis urTierTSeTanxmeba `genus _ species~

sagangebo sqemas efuZneboda. digestebis Tanaxmad, `Svilad ayvanili naTesaobiT aris

dakavSirebuli im ojaxis wevrebTan, romelSic is Sevida da ara imaTTan, romlebic

am ojaxis wevrebi arian. vinaidan Svilad ayvana iZleva ara sisxlis naTesaobas,

aramed agnatobis uflebas~.

$2. niSnoba da qorwineba (sponsalia et nuptia)

Ius conubii (qorwinebis ufleba); persona sui iuris (TviTxelisufali); persona aliena iuris

(sxvis xelisuflebaSi myofi piri); cum manus mariti (qorwineba qmris xelisuflebiT);

sine manu mariti (qorwineba qmris xelisuflebis gareSe); confarreatio (qorwinebis sazeimo

rituali); sponsalia (niSnoba); nuptiae (qorwineba); deductio domum (qalis `saxlSi

Seyvana~); matrona (romaeli gaTxovili qalbatoni); uxor (meuRle, coli); struptum

(sqesobrivi kavSiri Tavisufal mamakacsa da gauTxovar qals Soris); contubernium

(mona-mamakacisa da mona-qalis Tanacxovreba).

ojaxis instituts romaelebi gansakuTrebuli yuradRebiT ekidebodnen. saojaxo

urTierTobebs romaeli iuristebi kanonmdeblobiT awesrigbdnen, riTac romael

moqalaqeebis waxalisebas cdilobdnen da maT, erTgvarad, ojaxis Sesaqmnelad

ganawyobdnen.

r. zomi sami saxis saojaxo xelisuflebas ganasxvavebs, romelTac sami saxis

qonebrivi urTierToba Seesabameba. esenia: 1. meuRleTa urTierToba (saojaxo-

qonebrivi urTierTobebis samarTali), 2. mamisa da Svilebis urTierToba (mamis

qonebrivi urTierTobebis samarTali) da 3. meurvisa da sameurveo piris urTierToba

(sameurveo urTierTobebis samarTali). Sesabamisad, saojaxo samarTali sam nawilad

iyofa: 1. saqorwino samarTali, 2. mamis xelisuflebis samarTali da 3.

sameurveo samarTali.

romaelebma qorwinebasa da bavSvebis raodenobas igive prerogativebi mianiWes, rac

moxucebulobas ekuTvnoda. daqorwinebulebs, romlebsac yvelaze meti Svili

hyavdaT, pativTa miRebisas da am pativTa gamoyenebisasac upiratesoba eZleodaT;

konsuli, romelsac meti Svili hyavda, pirveli Rebulobda sapatio niSnebs, SeeZlo

provinciis arCeva; senatori, romelsac yvelaze meti Svili hyavda, pirveli

iwereboda senatorTa siaSi, pirveli gamoTqvamda Tavis azrs senatSi. “dekurions,

romelsac yvelaze meti Svili hyavs, privilegiis Tanaxmad, pativi eZleva sakuTari

azri gamoTqvas pirvelma”. qali, romelic oTx an met Svils gaaCenda, daqvrivebis

SemTxvevaSi meurveobisagan Tavisufldeboda. Tumca, arsebobda iZulebiTi

RonisZiebebic; ase magaliTad, qr.Sobamde 18 wels miRebuli kanonis lex Iulia et

Poppea-s Tanaxmad, `romaelebi valdebulni arian 25-dan 60 wlamde qorwinebaSi

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cxovrobdnen [qalebi 20-dan 50 wlamde] da iyolion aranakleb 3 Svili

[gaazatebulebma 4 Svili]; qvrivebi da ganqorwilebulebi xelmeored unda

daqorwindnen: qvrivebi 2 wlis, xolo ganqorwinebulebi 18 Tvis ganmavlobaSi~.

dauojaxeblobis SemTxvevaSi, 65 wels miRweul mamakacs da 50 wels miRweul qals,

sasjeli saxiT, kanoniT jarima ekisreboda. ojaxis Sesaqmnelad dadgenili iyo

garkveuli winapiroba. kerZod:

1. qorwinebis ufleba. dasaqorwinebel pirebs romauli samarTliT aRiarebuli

qorwinebis ufleba anu ius conubii unda hqonodaT; am uflebiT mxolod romaeli

moqalaqeebi sargeblobdnen, xolo ucxoelebi (peregrini) amgvari uflebiT mxolod im

SemTxvevaSi sargeblobdnen, Tu maT mas sagangebod mianiWebdnen; 2. naTesauri

(rogorc agnaturi, ise kognaturi) kavSiris arqona. qorwineba ekrZalebodaT: a. erTi

ojaxis ufrosis (paterfamilias) xelisuflebaSi Semaval pirebs da b. meurvesa da

meurveobaSi myof pirebs; 3. meqorwineTa asaki. romSi qorwinebebi Zalian adreul

asakSi xdeboda. Cveulebriv, qaliSvilebisaTvis saqorwino asakad 12 weli, xolo

vaJebisaTvis 14 weli iyo dadgenili.

romaelebi qorwinebis or saxes _ sruluflebian da arasruluflebian _ qorwinebas

ganasxavavebdnen. sruluflebiani qorwineba mxolod romael moqalaqeTaTvis iyo

nebadarTuli; aRniSnuli tipis qorwineba ori saxisa iyo: 1. Tu coli qmris

xelisuflebaSi gadadioda, mas `ojaxis deda~, qalbatoni (matrona) ewodeboda; 2. Tu

igi mamis xelisuflebaSi rCeboda, mas `coli~, `meuRle~ (uxor) ewodeboda.

Zveli romauli tradiciis Tanaxmad, qorwineba ramdenime saxis ritualis dacviT

tardeboda. uZvelesi periodis romSi arsebobda sazeimo religiuri rituali _

confarreatio, romelsac aTi qurumi aRasrulebda da mxolod patriciebisaTvis iyo

nebadarTuli. ritualis dros sapatarZlo da saqmro wminda purs texdnen da

qurumebis miTiTebebs asrulebdnen. respublikis periodisaTvis niSandoblivi iyo

sapatarZlos simboluri yidva (coemptio), rasac win uswrebda an mosdevda

qorwinebaze Tanxmoba. sxva SemTxvevebSi saqorwino ritualebis dacva, garda qalis

`saxlSi Seyvanisa~ (deductio domum), savaldebulo ar iyo.

tradiciulad, qorwinebamde imarTeboda niSnoba (sponsalia). florentinusis Tanaxmad,

`Sponsalia sunt mentio et repromissio nuptiarum futurarum _ niSnoba aris momavali qorwinebis

daTqma (xseneba) da ormxrivi dapireba.~ (D.23.1.1)

Tavdapirvelad, niSnoba TiToeuli dasaqorwinebeli piris ojaxis ufrosebis

(paterfamilii) SeTanxmebiT xdeboda; mogvinebiT ki, Tavad meqorwineTa TanxmobiT _

`Nuptiae consistere non possunt nisi consentiant omnes, id est qui coeunt quorumque in potestate sunt _ ar

SeiZleba [da]qoriwneba, Tu ar aris Tanxmoba yvela im [mxarisa], e.i. im pirebisa,

romlebic qorwindebidan da aseve im pirebisa, romelTa xelisuflebis qveS isini

imyofebian~ (D.23.2.2).

kanonmdebloba uSvebda erT gamonakliss, roca qaliSvlis SeeZlo ar

damorCileboda mamis gadawyvetilebas. kerZod, _ `Tunc autem solum dissentiendi a patre

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licentia filiae conceditur, si indignum moribus vel turpem sponsum ei pater eligat _ ...mamis

SewinaaRmdegeba qaliSvils mxolod maSin eZleva, rodesac mama mas uRirsi znis an

saxelgatexil saqmros aurCevs~ (D.23.1.12$1)

niSnobis dros saqmros mxare sapatarZlos mxares niSnobis beWeds (patriciebi _

oqros, sxva socialuri fenis wevrebi SedarebiT dabali xarisxis liTonis, xolo

monebs rkinis beWeds) da sxvadasxva saxis moZrav nivTs gadascemda.

romaelebi gansakuTrebuli sifrTxiliT ekidebodnen qorwinebis TariRs, radgan

zogi dRe Tu Tve (magaliTad, maisi, ivnisis pirveli naxevari) ubedurebis momtanad

miaCndaT. qorwinebis dRes tardeboda auspicia (auspicia _ frinvelebsa da bunebaze

dakvireveba, rogorc RmerTisagan gamogzavnil miniSnebze). qorwilis dRes patarZali

qaliSvilobis droindel togas ixdida da mas bednierebis qalRmerTs swiravda;

Semdeg patarZals grZel TeTr tunikas acmevdnen, welze sartyels akravdnen da

Tavze mkveTri wiTeli feris Tavsaburavs afarebdnen. saqmros mosvlis Semdeg,

stumrebis TandaswrebiT, saqorwino rituali tardeboda: saojaxo keriaze msxverpls

swiravdnen, ris Semdegac lxini iwyeboda. imave dRes patarZali qmris saxlSi

Sedioda.

romis samarTlis Tanaxmad, qorwinebis ori tipi _ 1. qmris xeliT (cum manu mariti) da

2. qmris xelis gareSe (sine manu mariti) _ arsebobda.

Tavdapirvelad, iyo cum manu mariti tipis qorwineba, romlis Tanaxmadac, qali,

gaTxovebis Semdeg, mSoblebis ojaxTan iuridiul kavSirs kargavda da qmris

xelisuflebaSi gadadoda. Tuki qmari aravis xelisuflebaSi myofi piri (persona sui

iuris) iyo, maSin coli, Svilebis msgavsad, qmris daqvemdebarebaSi eqceoda. am tipis

qorwinebisas qmris xelisufleba colze, faqtiurad, ganusazRvreli iyo. qmars

colis monad gayidva, misi mokvlac SeeZlo. qonebrivi urTierTobebis TvalsazrisiT,

monebisa da Svilebis msgavsad, cols araviTari uflebaunarianoba ar gaaCnda.

yvelaferi, rac qorwinebamde cols (Tu igi persona sui iuris iyo) ekuTvnoda, qmris

sakuTreba xdeboda. qorwinebis periodSi colis saCuqari (magaliTad, mamisagan

miRebuli saCuqari) qmris sakuTrebaSi gadadioda. Tu qmari sxvas daqvemdebarebuli

piri (persona aliena iuris) iyo, maSin coli, qmarTan erTad, qmris ojaxis ufross

(paterfamilias) eqvemdebareboda.

iuridiulad colis aseT uuflebo mdgomareobas is awonasworebda, rom coli qmris

memkvidre _ heres sua iyo, Tuki mas kanonieri STamomavlebi ar hyavda; Svilebis yolis

SemTxvevaSi, isic, maT msgavsad, memkvidre iyo.

Cum manu mariti tipis qorwinebis dros qmris upiratesoba imdenad didi iyo, rom

mziTevi qmris qonebas erwymoda da mis sakuTrebad iTvleboda. cols sakuTrebis

ufleba ar gaaCnda da mziTevze aranairi samarTlebrivi ufleba ar hqonda.

digestebis Tanaxmad: `Constante matrimonio dotem in bonis mariti esse _ qorwinebis

ganmavlobaSi mziTevi qmris qonebaSi aris~.

colis qoneba qmris an ojaxis ufrosis (paterfamilias) sakuTreba iyo. amitom qmars

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(an ojaxis ufross) xelSekrulebis dadeba da sasamarTlo procesze gamosvla

colisagan damoukideblad SeeZloT. colis cxovreba saojaxo meurneobis gaZRoliT

ifargleboda. colis pirovnebaze qmris xelisufleba ara samarTliT, aramed

sazogadoebrivi azriT izRudeboda. Tumca isic unda aRiniSnos, rom realurad

romaeli moqalaqeebis colebi didi pativiscemiT sargeblobdnen.

colqmruli erTgulebis dacva mkacrad moeTxoveboda qals. colis Ralati qmars

ganqorwinebis moTxovnis safuZvels da mis sasargeblod mziTevis datovebis

uflebas aZlevda. am SemTxvevaSi, Ralati (qonebrivi mdgomareobis TvalsazrisiT)

colisaTvis ufro mZime iyo, vidre qmrisaTvis. colis mizeziT ganqorwinebis

SemTxvevaSi, mziTevis qalisaTvis datoveba jarimis tolfasi iyo.

respubilikis bolos, cum manu mariti qorwineba sine manu miriti tipis qorwinebiT

Seicvala, ramac, Sesabamisad, gavlena moaxdina meuRleTa qonebriv uflebebze da

romauli ojaxis wevrTa uflebrivi mdgomareoba mniSvnelovnad Secvala. ojaxis

ufrosis xelisuflebisagan TavdaRweuli coli iuridiulad ara qmris, aramed

mSoblebis ojaxis (familias) wevrad iTvleboda. am periodSi qmris Zalauflebac

sagrZnoblad SeizRuda.

qmris xelisuflebis gareSe (sine manu mariti) qorwinebis dros, qmars colis

pirovnebasa da mis qonebaze ufleba aRar hqonda, vinaidan coli qmris

xelisuflebaSi aRar imyofeboda. Tu gaTxovili qali damoukidebeli piri (persona sui

iuris) iyo, e.i. mamis xelisuflebas ar eqvemdebareboda da qorwinebamde sakuTari

qoneba hqonda, gaTxovebis Semdeg Tavis qonebaze sakuTrebis uflebas inarCunebda.

amgvari saxis qorwinebis periodSi meuRleTa qoneba gancalkevebulad rCeboda.

qorwinebis dros mziTevi, rogorc qmrisaTvis gadacemuli qoneba, gansakuTrebuli

samarTlebrivi reJimiT regulirdeboda. colis qonebis marTvis ufleba qmars

mxolod im SemTxvevaSi hqonda, Tu amas Tavad coli gadascemda. „Quamvis in bonis mariti

dos sit, mulieris tamen est _ Tumca mziTevi qmris qonebaSi Sedis, is mainc cols ekuTvnis~.

(D.23.3.75)

respublikis periodSi, rodesac saojaxo instituti mniSvnelovnad Seirya, mziTeviT

manipulirebis erTgvari kanonieri safuZveli Seiqmna. kerZod, mamakacs SeeZlo

daqorwinebuliyo mxolod mziTevis miRebis mizniT, raTa igi sakuTari

Sexedulebisamebr ganekarga da ganqorwinebis SemTxvevaSi TavisTvis daetovebina. am

arasasurveli faqtis Tavidan asacileblad, coli da mziTevis damdgenlebi qmars

pirobas arTmevdnen, rom ganqorwinebis an qmris gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi, mziTevi

cols daubrundeboda.

mogvianebiT, qmris uflebebis SezRudvis mizniT, romis imperatorma avgustusma

gamosca kanoni `iuliusis kanoni samziTvo miwis nakveTebis Sesaxeb~ (lex Iulia de fundo

dotali). am kanoniT, romelmac mniSvnelovnad SezRuda qmris uflebebi,

imperatori or mizans isaxavda: jer erTi, gasxvisebisagan daecva italiis

teritoriis Semadgeneli miwis nakveTebi da meorec, igi imedovnebda, rom amiT qalis

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uflebebis dacvas SeZlebda. isic aRsaniSnavia, rom aRniSnuli kanoni uSualod

italiis teritoriaze arsebul samziTvo miwis nakveTebze vrceldeboda.

digestebSi ulpiane samziTvo miwis nakveTs Semdegnairad ganmartavs: „Dotale praedium

accipere debemus tam urbanum quam rusticum: ad omne enim aedificium lex Iulia pertinebit _ [termin]

`samziTvo miwis nakveTSi“ unda vigulisxmoT, rogorc qalaqis miwis nakveTebi [e. i.

saxlebi], aseve – soflis, radgan iuliusis kanoni yvela nagebobas exeba. (D.23.5.13)

kanonSi araferi iyo naTqvami arc mziTvad gacemul moZrav qonebaze da arc italiis

sazRvrebs miRma mdebare miwis nakveTebze. amrigad, aRniSnuli kanonis Tanaxmad,

colis Tanxmobis gareSe, qmars ekrZaleboda mziTevis rogorc mTliani, ise

nawilobrivi gasxviseba. am akrZalvam mziTevis, rogorc qonebis _ manamde arsebuli

gankargvis formaSi, arsebiTi gardatexa Seitana, da mziTevis samarTlebrivi

institutis raobis TvalsazrisiT, mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula. mogvianebiT, igive

akrZalva imperatorma iustinianem provinciaSi mdebare samziTvo miwis nakveTebzec

ganavrco.

rogorc aRvniSneT, colis Tanxmobis gareSe, qmars mziTevis gasxvisebis ufleba

aRar hqonda; Tu samziTvo qoneba qmris samkvidro qonebas erwymoda da qmari

sakuTari Tavis gaSvilebaze Tanxmobas ganacxadebda, maSin mziTevi gasxvisebas

eqvemdebareboda; aseve, Tu mziTevi Seadgenda meuRleTa saerTo qonebas, romelsac

qmarTan erTad kidev ramdenime Tanamflobeli hyavda da Tu es ukanasknelni qonebis

gasxvisebas moiTxovdnen, maSin qmars uaris Tqmis ufleba ar hqonda.

amrigad, romaeli iuristebis mier zustad iyo gansazRvruli mziTevis, rogorc

kerZo sakuTrebis erT-erTi saxe; qorwinebis ganmavlobaSi aseve sagangebo

samarTlebrivi reJimiT regulirdeboda col-qmris damokidebuleba mziTevisadmi.

unda aRiniSnos, rom romSi, `xelis gareSe~ (sine manu) qorwinebis gavrcelebis

paralelurad, ganqorwinebebic gaxSirda. bunebrivia, sazogadoebaSi gaCnda qalis

interesebis dacvis moTxovnilebac. am viTarebis Sedegi iyo is, rom VI saukunidan

moyolebuli sacole an misi ojaxis ufrosi (paterfamilias) saqmrosTan an misi ojaxis

ufrosTan (paterfamilias) aformebda stipulacias (xelSekrulebas), romlis ZaliTac,

qorwinebis Sewyvetis SemTxvevaSi, qmars mziTevis dabruneba. aRniSnul

xelSekrulebas cautio rei uxoriae ewodeboda.

aqedan mieca dasabami mziTevis dabrunebis Sesaxeb sarCelsac, romelsac actio ex

stipulatu ewodeboda. mogvianebiT, mziTevis gamosaTxovad kidev erTi saxis sarCeli

gaCnda.

romauli samarTali qalsa da mamakacs Soris erTaderT kanonier kavSirad

qorwinebas aRiarebda. Tumca, Zvel romSi qalisa da mamakacis kanonieri

qorwinebisagan gansxvavebuli sxva saxis urTierTobebic iyo cnobili.

$3. konkubinati (concubonatus)

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Concubinatus (qalisa da mamakacis ukanono Tanacxovreba); contubernium (mona-mamakacisa

da mona-qalis Tanacxovreba); liberi naturales (`bunebis Svilebi~, bastardebi).

romSi arsebobda qorwinebis gansakuTrebuli saxe konkubinati (concubinatus), anu

bunebiTi qorwineba, romlis Sedegadac Sobil pirebs bastardebi anu bunebis

Svilebi ewodebodaT. es iyo ara SemTxveviTi kavSiri, aramed qalisa da mamakacis

xangrZlivi Tanacxovreba, romelic ar pasuxobda qorwinebis kanonier moTxovnebs

anu rodesac maT raime kanonieri damabrkolebeli garemoebis gamo daqorwineba ar

SeeZloT. magaliTad, qorwinebis uflebis (ius conubii) arqona, socialuri

uTanasworoba (magaliTad, qorwineba senatorsa da gaazatebuls Soris, lex Iulia et

Poppaea-s kanonis Tanaxmad, Tavisufal romael moqalaqes `uRirsi saqcielis~ qalze

daqorwineba ekrZaleboda) da sxva.

konkubinatis dros mamakacis socialuri mdgomareoba mxedvelobaSi ar miiReboda;

konkubinatis Sedegad dabadebuli bavSvebi _ liberi naturales _ mamis kanonier Svilebad

ar iTvlebodnen da mamis xelisuflebas ar eqvemdebarebodnen; konkubinatSi qali

kanonieri colis uflebebiT ar sargeblobda. miuxedavad imisa, rom romauli ojaxi

monogamiuri iyo, adreuli respublikis periodSi qmars, kanonieri ojaxis

paralelurad, sxva qalTan konkubinatSi Tanacxovrebis uflebac hqonda, xolo

qals, qmris garda sxva mamakacTan Tanacxovrebis ufleba ar gaaCnda.

postklasikuri periodis romSi konkubinatSi dabadebuli bavSvebis dakanoneba gaxda

dasaSvebi; maT alimentis miRebisa da SezRuduli memkvidreobiTi uflebac hqondaT.

kanoniT lex Iulia de adulteriis akrZaluli iyo struptum, adulterium da incestum. Struptum iyo

sqesobrivi kavSiri Tavisufal kacsa da gauTxovar qals Soris; Adulterium-is

SemTxvevSi erT-erTi mxare qorwinebaSi imyofeboda; Incestum-i iyo kavSiri im

naTesavebs Soris, romelTac erTmaneTze daqorwineba kanoniT ekrZalebodaT.

SemTxveviTi da droebiTi kavSirebi monebTan, meZavebTan da msubuqi yofaqcevis

qalebTan, rogorc wesi, sasjels ar iTvaliswinebda.

Contubernium iyo mona-mamakacisa da mona-qalis kavSiri, romelic faqtobriv, Tumca

iuridiulad akrZalul Tanacxovrebad ganixileboda. postklasikur periodSi

amgvari kavSiri garkveulwilad mowesrigebuli iqna samarTlebrivad, roca separatio

dura anu contubernium-Si myofi monebisa da maTi Svilebis sxvadasxva adgilsa da

sxvadasxva patronisaTvis miyidva aikrZala.

$4. mziTevi (dos)

Dos (mziTevi); dos profecticia (ojaxis ufrosisagan miRebuli mziTevi); dos adventicia

(mesame pirisagan miRebuli mziTevi); dos aestimata (Sefasebuli mziTevi); actio rei uxoriae

(colisaTvis micemuli sarCeli); dos necessaria (savaldebulo mziTevi); pactum dotalis

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(samziTvo SeTanxmeba); dotis promissio (mziTevis dapireba); dotis dictio (mziTevis daTqma);

dotis datio (mziTevis micema); donatio (Cuqeba); donatio ante nuptias (qorwinebamdeli saCuqari);

donatio propter nuptias (saqorwino saCuqari, qorwinebis Semdgomi saCuqari); traditio

(gadacema); stipulatio (dapireba); parapherna (mziTevs garda).

Zvel romaelTa yofaSi mziTevs imdenad did mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen, rom igi

saxelmwifo interesis sagans Seadgenda da mziTevTan mimarTebiT saojaxo

urTierTobebis garkveul reglamentacias adgenda. iustinianes digestebis Tanaxmad:

`Rei publicae interest mulieres dotes salvas habere, propter quas nubere possunt _ saxelmwifosaTvis

mniSvnelovania, rom qalebi uzrunvelyofilni iyvnen mziTviT, romlis meSveobiT maT

gaTxoveba SeuZliaT~. (D.23.3.2)

qr.Sobamde III saukunidan mziTevis gacema moralur valdebulebaSi gadaizarda da

savaldebulo xasiaTi SeiZina. erTi mxriv, ekonomikis ganviTarebis kvalobaze am

periodSi conventio in manum-is gareSe qorwinebebma imata, meore mxriv, mkveTrad

gaizarda ganqorwinebaTa ricxvic. aseT viTarebaSi mziTevis gacemis aucileblobas

sazogadoeba sul ufro da ufro uWerda mxars, radgan mziTevi ojaxis materialuri

safuZvlis garanti iyo. kanonmdebelmac ar daayovna da mziTevi, rogorc sakuTrebis

erT-erTi saxeoba, kanoniT gansazRvra.

mziTevi _ qorwinebis SemTxvevaSi qmrisaTvis gadacemuli rogorc moZravi, ise uZravi

qoneba _ Cuqeba ar iyo da amitom masze Cuqebis (donatio) wesebi ar vrceldeboda.

iuridiul literaturaSi mziTevis cneba TiTqmis yvela mecnieris mier identuradaa

definicirebuli.

ase magaliTad, n. bogolepovis Tanaxmad, mziTevi, rogorc sayofacxovrebo

instituti, odiTganve arsebobda romSi; Cveulebriv, mama Rirsebis saqmed miiCnevda

qaliSvili mziTevis gareSe ar gaeTxovebina. magram Cven ar mogvepoveba cnoba imis

Sesaxeb, samarTliT iyo Tu ara gansazRvruli mziTevis, rogorc qonebis raoba.

i. baronis ganmartebiT, mziTevi aris yovelive is, rac qmars (an mis mamas Tu igi

kvlav mamis xelisuflebaSia) colisagan an mis nacvlad sxva pirisagan, saojaxo

cxovrebis xarjebis Sesamsubuqeblad gadaecema.

d. grimis azriT, mziTevi ewodeba qonebas, romelic qmars colisagan an mesame

pirisagan saerTo meurneobis xarjebis nawilis dasafaravad gadaecema

istoriulad, mziTevis instituti alimentaciur valdebulebaTa ganviTarebis

safuZvelze dawesda. mSoblebi an maTi uflebis monacvleebi, ojaxidan gareT

gaTxovil qals, romelic, Tavis mxriv, axal ojaxs qmnida, mziTevis saxiT garkveul

qonebas aZlevdnen.

i. novickis Tanaxmad, am terminiT aRiniSneba nivTebi an sxva raime qonebis nawili,

romelic gadaeca qmars colisagan, misi ojaxis ufrosis an mesame pirisagan saojaxo

cxovrebis materialuri sirTuleebis Sesamsubuqeblad.

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v. xvostovis azriT, mziTevi gulisxmobs qmrisaTvis qonebis gadacemas, raTa mas

saojaxo cxovrebis simZime Seumsubuqdes.

m. bartoSekis naSromSi `romis samarTali~ terminebi `mziTevi~ (dos) da `colis

qoneba~ (res uxoriae) sinonimuri rigis cnebebadaa warmodgenili.

zemoaRniSnul ganmartebebs Tu SevajerebiT, mziTevis met-naklebad amomwurav

definicias miviRebT. amrigad, mziTevi es aris qoneba, romelic, saojaxo xarjebis

Semsubuqebis mizniT, qmars colis an mesame piris mier gadaecemoda.

sakuTriv romaul wyaroebSi mziTevi ganmartebulia Semdegnairad: `Dos est donatio mariti

delata ad onera, matrimonii ustinenda _ mziTevi aris meuRlis saCuqari qorwinebis periodSi

xarjebis asanazRaureblad~.

mziTevis institutis istorias sam ZiriTad etapad yofen; aseTi dayofa, romis

samarTlis Tanaxmad, uSualod qorwinebaSi myofi qalis socialuri da

samarTlebrivi statusiTaa ganpirobebuli.

v. xvostovi aRniSnavs, ,,mziTevis instituti jer kidev uZveles romis samarTalSi

cum manu mariti tipis qorwinebis dros arsebobda. Tu conventio manum-s axdenda sui

iuris coli, maSin manus mariti-s safuZvelze, colis mTeli qoneba qmris sakuTrebaSi

gadadioda da mziTevs cvlida.~

im epoqaSi, rodesac ojaxi agnaturi naTesaobis princips emyareboda da jer kidev

arsebobda qonebrivi damokidebuleba ojaxis ufrossa da sxvis daqvemdebarebaSi

myof (aliena iuris) pirebs Soris, mas Semdeg, rac ojaxi momxmarebelTa kavSirad iqca,

gansazRvruli odenobis qonebis Setanis movaleoba (meuRleTa Tanacxovrebis

materialuri mdgomareobis Sesamsubuqeblad) mxolod cols ekisreboda. Zvel romSi

mziTevi qmris srul sakuTrebaSi gadadioda, xolo ganqorwinebis SemTxvevaSi, mis

dasabruneblad araviTari iuridiuli norma ar arsebobda.

qmris xelisuflebiT (cum manus mariti) qorwinebis dros saqmros da sacolis ojaxis

ufrosebs (paterfamilias) Soris winaswari SeTanxmebis safuZvelze coli qmris

xelisuflebaSi gadadioda. marTalia, mziTevi colis qoneba iyo, magram

samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT, es viTareba qorwinebaSi myof qals aranair uflebas

ar aniWebda mziTevze, vinaidan samarTlebrivad igi uuflebo iyo.

Tu patarZali sxvis xelisuflebaSi myofi (aliena iuris) iyo, maSin, Cveulebis Tanaxmad,

mas mziTevs ojaxis ufrosi (paterfamilias) aZlevda. marTalia, es tradicia

materialurad axalisebda qalis Sesvlas qmris ojaxSi, magram imavdroulad igi

kargavda memkvidreobis kanonier uflebas mamis ojaxSi; meore mxriv, es

ganamtkicebda qalis pozicias qmris ojaxSi.

Tavdapirvelad, coli iuridiulad xelisuflebas daqvemdebarebuli piri (in manu)

iyo da amdenad, mas qonebis gankargvis ufleba ar hqonda; amitom colis mziTevi

qmris sakuTrebaSi gadadioda da mis qonebas erwymoda. qmris ufleba mziTevze

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imdenad didi iyo, rom mziTevis dabruneba qmars araviTar, Tundac ganqorwinebis

SemTxvevaSi (rac im dros Zalze iSviaTi iyo) ar evaleboda. Tu qorwineba wydeboda

qmris gardacvalebiT; in manu coli Svilebis msgavsad iRebda memkvidreobas, riTac

mas mziTevi unazRaurdeboda.

romSi samziTvo sagani SeiZleba yofiliyo nebismieri ram, rasac qonebirvi

Rirebuleba gaaCnda, anu es iyo rogorc materialuri, ise aramaterialuri qonebrivi

sikeTe; kerZod, mancipirebuli Tu amancipirebuli, sxeulebrivi Tu usxeulo, moZravi

Tu uZravi nivTi. magaliTad, miwa, fuli, pirutyvi, mona da sxva.

d. grimis Tanaxmad, mziTevis obieqti SeiZleba yofiliyo Rirebulebis mqone

nebismieri sikeTe. mziTevis gamcem pirs mziTvad SeeZlo daedgina sakuTrebis

ufleba, dotis causa-s mimarT savaldebulo moTxovnebi ganesazRvra, vali epatiebina da

sxva.

i. baronis TqmiT, mziTevis dadgena SeiZleboda sxvadasxva saxis garigebiT:

gadacemiT, dapirebiT an saanderZo danakisriT.

1. mziTvis gadacema gulisxmobda winaswari dapirebis gareSe samziTvo qonebis

qmrisaTvis dauyovnebliv gadacemas: a) Tu mziTevis sagani iyo sxeulebrivi nivTebi,

romlebze sakuTrebis uflebac qmars unda moepovebina, maSin gadacema (traditio) unda

gamoeyenebinaT;

b) qmrisaTvis mziTevad aseve SeiZleboda servitutis, emfiTevzisisa da

superficiumis gadacema; g) qmrisaTvis mziTevad SeiZleboda gadaecaT moTxovna

mesame pirTa winaaRmdeg cesiis an delegaciis saxiT; Tu mevale Tavad qmari iyo,

maSin vali unda epatiebinaT; d) Tu mziTevis sagani iyo raime erTi, mTliani

qoneba, maSin misi Semadgeneli nawilebis mimarT gansxvavebuli garigebebi

gamoiyeneboda; e) Tu mziTevis dadgeniT memkvidreobisagan gandgoma an memkvidreobaze

uari unda gaeTvaliswinebinaT, maSin, amgvari nebis ubralo gamovlinebac kmaroda.

2. mogvianebiT, klasikur periodSi samziTvo dapireba (stipulatio) mziTevis dapirebis

(dotis promissio) an mziTevis daTqmis (dotis dictio) saxiT gaicemoda; iustinianes

samarTaliT mziTevis daTqma (dotis dictio) gauqmda, samagierod, dadginda

araformaluri xelSekruleba.

3. saanderZo danakisri. legati colisaTvis imis gansazRvriT, rom gasces

uarnaTqvami qoneba mziTevad, ar iqneba mziTevis dadgena, aramed mxolod sababi mis

dasadgenad.

digestebis Tanaxmad, mziTevis dadgenis ramdenime saSualeba arsebobda: dos aut datur

aut dicitur aut promittitur Ulp. Reg., 6,1], anu dotis promissio, dotis dictio da dotis datio.

Dotis promissio (igive stipulatio dotis), stipulaciuri formiT qmrisaTvis mziTevis

dapireba.

Dotis dictio _ es iyo calmxrivi sityvieri valdebulebis gansakuTrebuli forma,

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romliTac ganmcxadebeli saqmros winaSe kisrulobda valdebulebas Semdegi

formulis warmoTqmiT _ mziTevad gadmogecema (dotis tibi erunt) _ da samziTvo

obieqtebs asaxelebda. es forma nebadarTuli iyo patarZlisaTvis, misi mamasaxlisisa

da mevalisaTvis, vinc uSualod saqmrosaTvis valis gadaxdis _ delegatio solvendi _

pirobas debda. amgvari SeTanxmeba qorwinebis dadebis Semdeg Sedioda ZalaSi.

Dotis datio realuri SeTanxmeba iyo. Tu qorwineba ar moxdeboda, maSin qmars condictio

ob rem dati causa non secuta-iT pasuxismgebloba ekisreboda. Tu gadacema (datio)

mancipaciiT an uflebis daTmobiT (in iure cessio) xdeboda, mziTevad dasaxelebuli

nivTebi qmars dauyovnebliv gadaecemoda. gadacemis (traditio), rogorc kazualuri

garigebis, realur Sedegs, qorwineba ganpirobebda: Tu qorwineba ar Sedgeboda, maSin

mziTevi rei vindicatio-s meSveobiT ukan gamoiTxoveboda.

isic unda aRiniSnos, rom mziTevad gaRebuli Secvladi nivTebi Tanabari odenobiTa

da saTanado xarisxiT dabrunebas eqvemdebareboda. digestebSi gaiusi sagangebod

aRniSnavs: `Res in dotem datae, quae pondere numero mensura constant, mariti periculo sunt, quia in hoc

dantur, ut eas maritus ad arbitrium suum distrahat et quandoquo soluto matrimonio eiusdem generis et qualitatis

alias restituat vel ipse vel heres eius _ mziTevad micemuli is nivTebi, romlebic woniT,

raodenobiTa da zomiT ganisazRvreba, qmris risks warmoadgens, radgan maT im mizniT

aZleven, rom qmarma isini Tavisi Sexedulebisamebr gankargos da ganqorwinebis

SemTxvevaSi Tavad an misma memkvidreebma imave saxisa da Tvisebebis (xarisxis) sxva

nivTebi daabrunos.~ (D.23.3.42)

xSir SemTxvevaSi, swored amiT iyo ganpirobebuli qmris daintereseba imiT, rom

mziTevad gacemuli nivTebi _ gansakuTrebiT ki pirutyvi an tansacmeli _ ar

Sefasebuliyo, aRniSnuli nivTebis mziTevad gacemisas qmris gansakuTrebuli

sifrTxile imiT aixsneboda, rom, ganqorwinebis albaTobis SemTxvevaSi, mas zedmeti

xarji da maTze pasuxismgebloba ar dakisreboda. amis Taobaze ulpianec sagangebod

miuTiTebs digestebSi: `umravles SemTxvevaSi qmrisaTvis mniSvneloba aqvs imas, rom

[mziTevad micemuli] nivTebi ar iqnes Sefasebuli, raTa am nivTebis [dakargvis,

dazianebis] riski masze ar gavrceldes. gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac igi mziTevad

pirutyvs an im tansacmels iRebs, romelsac coli xmarobs. vinaidan, Tu nivTebi (e.i.

tansacmeli) Sefasebulia, da Tu colma is gacviTa, ise xdeba, rom qmarma [mziTevis

dabrunebis SemTxvevaSi] [tansacmlis] fasi mainc unda warmoadginos. da ramdenadac

mziTevad Seufasebel nivTebs iZlevian, amdenad maTi gaumjobesebac da gauaresebac

colis [angariSSi] iTvleba~.

Zvel romSi Sefasebuli nivTebi mziTevis gansakuTrebul saxes warmoadgenda da maT

Sefasebul samziTvo nivTebs (dos aestimata) uwodebdnen. mziTevis Sefaseba ori

mosazrebiT xdeboda: 1. daedginaT is maqsimaluri Rirebuleba (taxationis causa),

romlis farglebSic qmars, ganqorwinebis SemTxvevaSi, mziTevi unda daebrunebina da

2. ganesazRvraT gasayidi fasi (venditionis causa), anu fuliT SeefasebinaT im

SemTxvevisaTvis, Tu qmari colis mevale iyo.

romauli kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, mziTevad gaRebuli nivTidan yovelgvari namati –

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pirutyvis, monis, produqtis Tu sxva sargeblis saxiT – qmris qonebas erwymoda.

sizustis moyvarul romaelebs yoveli aseTi SemTxveva kanoniT hqondaT

regulirebuli. ase magaliTad, digestebSi araerTgzisaa aRniSnuli Semdegi: `magram

[mziTevad micemuli] pirutyvis namati qmars ekuTvnis...~ aseve: `Tu qorwinebamde

mziTevad micemuli mona aseve qorwinebamde naCuqrobiT an legatiT rames SeiZens,

mziTevi gaizrdeba iseve rogorc izrdeba nayofiT is miwis nakveTi, romelic [qmars]

qorwinebamde gadaeca.~ `Tu [mziTevad micemul] monebs bavSvebi gauCndaT es [bavSvebi]

qmris mogeba ar aris.~

mogvianebiT, roca qaliSvilis gamziTveba dedasac daevala, mas garkveuli moZravi

qonebis gadacema SeeZlo. amis Taobaze digestebSi vkiTxulobT Semdegs: `Tu dedam

[Tavis] qaliSvils sargeblobis uflebiT oqrouloba gadasca, mamam ki es

oqrouloba momaval qmars mziTvad misca...~

romaelebi gansakuTrebuli yuradRebiT ekidebodnen im SemTxvevebs, rodesac `cols

mziTevSi miwis nakveTi hqonda...~. digestebis Tanaxmad: `Tu mama keTilsindisierad

nayid miwis nakveTs mziTevad gascems, maSin es [mziTevi] Tavad misgan warmoqmnil

mziTevad ganixileba.~

faqtobrivad, mziTevad gaRebuli miwis nakveTi saxelmwifo zrunvis gansakuTrebul

sagans Seadgenda. swored amitom, qorwinebis ganmavlobaSi samziTvo miwis nakveTebis

gasxvisebis wess saxelmwifo aregulirebda. Tavdapirvelad, qmars samziTvo miwis

nakveTis gasxvisebis sruli ufleba hqonda. mogvianebiT ki, samziTvo miwis nakveTTan

dakavSirebiT qmris aRniSnuli ufleba mniSvnelovnad SeizRuda, xolo lex Iulia de

fundo dotali-s Tanaxmad, samziTvo miwis nakveTebis gasxviseba saerTod aikrZala. amis

Taobaze digestebSi pavlusi sagangebod aRniSnavs: `xolo miwis nakveTis gasxviseba

arc erT SemTxvevaSi ar SeiZleba, rodesac qals (cols) samziTvo sarCeli ekuTvnis

an aucilebelad unda miekuTvnos.~

mziTevad gaRebuli fulis Taobaze sagangebodaa aRniSnuli iustinianes digestebSi.

ase magaliTad, `...romelmac qmars mziTvad fuli gadasca~ an kidev `Tu vinmem mamas

gansazRvruli Tanxa aCuqa, raTa mamas es qaliSvilisaTvis (mziTvad) mieca, maSin,

rogorc amas „digestebis“ meCvidmete wignSi iuliane wers, ar iqneba „profeqticia“…es

mziTevi aris „adventicia“.

xSiri iyo iseTi SemTxvevebic, rodesac samziTvo nivTi fuliT icvleboda an piruku.

`Cven vambobT, rom qorwinebis arsebobis dros mziTvis Secvla [im SemTxvevaSi]

SeiZleba, Tu es qalisaTvis sasargebloa, Tu [magaliTad], fuli icvleba nivTiT, an

nivTi – fuliT. da es [wesi] miRebulia.~

garda amisa, mziTevad aramaterialuri qonebrivi sikeTec gaicemoda. romSi aseTad

miCneuli iyo, magaliTad, legati anu `rodesac mama [Tavisi] qaliSvilisaTvis [qmars]

mziTevs hpirdeba da [Semdeg] am mziTevs legatis saxiT tovebs...~, an aseTi saxis

dapireba: `rodesac [movale valis sanacvlod] mziTevis dapirebas iZleva, misi

saxeliT valdebuleba am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT daniSnul fideiusors ekisreba.~

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romSi arsebobda mziTevis gansakuTrebuli saxe e.w. parapherna. termini parapherna

berZnuli warmoSobis sityvaa da niSnavs „garda mziTevisa“ anu igulisxmeba

gaTxovili qalis sakuTrebaSi arsebuli qoneba. mziTvis es saxeoba mogvianebiT

qmris xelisuflebis gareSe (sine manu mariti) qorwinebis dros Seiqmna da mas, rogorc

qonebis kerZo saxes, gaTxovili qali Tavisuflad gankargavda. romis samarTalSi

parapherna-s sinonimebad m. bartoSeki bona recepticia-sa da res extra dotem-s miiCnevs da

wers: `ceterum si res dentur in ea, quae Graeci paraferua dicunt quaeque Galli peculium appellant… _

amrigad, Tu [mziTevad] aZleven im nivTebs, romlebsac berZnebi `paraferna~-s (paraferua)

uwodeben, xolo galebi – `pekulium~-s...~ (D.23.3.9.3)

Pecullium-is, rogorc qonebis saxiT, wvrilfexa saqonlis jogi moiazreboda;

mogvianebiT pecullium-ad miiCneoda nebismieri saxis qoneba, romelsac meurneobis

gaZRolis mizniT ojaxis ufrosi (paterfamilias) gadascemda pirs, romelic alieni iuris

iyo da romelsac amis Semdeg meurneobis damoukideblad marTva SeeZlo.

qalis mziTevis gankargvasTan dakavSirebiT, romaelma iuristebma SeimuSaves

samarTlis normaTa mTeli sistema, romlis mixedviTac Zalze kargad iqna

damuSavebuli mziTevis institutis arsi rogorc qorwinebis periodSi, ise

qorwinebis Sewyvetis SemTxvevaSi. mogvianebiT, samarTlis normaTa aRniSnul

sistemas romis samziTvo samarTali ewoda. swored mis ZiriTad debulebebzea

efuZneba Tanamedrove evropis mravali qveynis (safrangeTi, belgia, italia da a.S.)

samziTvo samarTali.

Tavis mxriv, i. baroni aRniSnavs, rom amgvari saxeldeba Seuferebelia; marTebuli

iqneba, Tu vityviT `qonebis gayofis sistema~.

amrigad, moxmobili iuridiuli da istoriuli wyaroebis Tanaxmad, naTlad

dasturdeba is faqti, Tu iuristebis mier raoden zustad iyo gansazRvruli da

regulirebuli mziTevis, rogorc kerZo sakuTrebis erT-erTi saxeobis, raoba da

sagani romis samarTalSi.

$5. Svileba (adoptio)

Adrogatio (Svileba); adoptio (Svileba); filius familia (ojaxis Svili); legitimatio (dakanoneba).

rogorc iustinianes digestebidan irkveva, romSi Svilad ayvanis ori saxe arsebobda:

1. adoptio (araTavisufali piris Svilad ayvana) da 2. adrogatio (Tavisufali piris

Svilad ayvana).

Adoptio niSnavda ojaxis Svilis (filius familia) Svilad ayvanas, xolo adrogatio

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Tavisufali piris Svilebas. gaiusis Tanaxmad, adrogatio-Ti princefsisa da

magistratis nebarTviT mSoblis xelisuflebaSi myofi pirebis Svileba xdeboda.

Svilad ayvanis dros aucilebeli iyo ramdenime pirobis dacva. magaliTad, ar

SeiZleboda erTze meti piris, sxvis mier gaazatebulis Svileba, aseve samoc wlamde

asakis pirs an meurves Svilebis ufleba ar hqondaT, akrZaluli iyo, rom asakiT

umcross asakiT ufrosi eSvila, sxvagan myofis an im piris Svileba, vinc Svilebaze

Tanaxma ar iyo. Svilebis dros agnati naTesavebis Tanxmoba aucilebeli ar iyo;

obolis Svilebis dros misi kognati naTesavebis Tanxmoba iyo saWiro, agreTve,

daiSveboda Tavisufali qalis da brma piris Svileba.

Svilebis Zveli forma iyo adrogatio, romlis drosac ojaxis mama sxva ojaxis mamis

xelisuflebaSi gadadioda da misi uflebamosilebac srulad xvdeboda mSvileblis

xelSi.

Svilad ayvana kuriis komiciebSi tardeboda da mTeli Semadgenlobis mier

mtkicdeboda.

Adoptio magistratebis nebarTviT daiSveboda da sxvis xelisuflebaSi myofi piris

erTi ojaxidan meoreSi gadasvla gulisxmobda. aRniSnuli procedura

pontifikosebis mier dadgenili wesebis mixedviT tardeboda da mesame pirisaTvis

sammagi mancipaciis principidan momdinareobda.

i. pereterski aRniSnavs, klasikur periodSi Svilad ayvana imperatoris reskriptis

safuZvelze xdeboda. amisaTvis saWiro iyo, rom `mSvilebeli 60 wlis yofiliyo da

sakuTari Svilebi ar hyoloda.~

ukve klasikuri periodis romSi Svilad ayvanis paralelurad moqmedebda dakanoneba

(legitimatio), anu qorwinebis gareSe dabadebuli bavSvisaTvis kanonieri Svilis

uflebebis miniWeba.

$6. qorwinebis Sewyveta (divortium)

Divortium (ganqorwineba ormxrivi nebiT); repudium (ganqorwineba calmxrivi nebiT);

divortium sine causa (usafuZvlo ganqorwineba); antipherna (mziTevis sapirispiro).

istoriulad romis saxelmwifos evoluciis yvela etapze, qorwineba erTi da imave

safuZvliYwydeboda. digestebis 24-e wignSi sagangebodaa miTiTebiuli qorwinebis

Sewyvetis sami kanonieri safuZveli: ganqorwineba, erT-erTi meuRlis gardacvaleba

da erT-erTi meuRlis mier Tavisuflebis dakargva. Tumca, zogierTi teqstis

Tanaxmad, romelTa auTenturoba saeWvoa, dasaSvebad miiCneva qorwinebis SenarCunebas

gaZevevis (interdictio aquae et ignis) an gadasaxlebis (deportacio in insulam) SemTxvevaSi,

rodesac piri moqalaqeobas kargavda. mTavari iyo, rom meuRleebs affectio maritali

SeenarCunebiTaT.

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rogorc v. xvostovi aRniSnavs, Tavdapirvelad, romis samarTaliT ganqorwinebis

moTxovnis uflebas mxolod qmars, da isic gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSi, eZleoda.

kerZod, Tu coli Caidenda iseT mZime danaSauls, rogoric iyo Svilebis mowamvla,

Rvinis sacavis gasaRebis aslis damzadeba an mruSoba.

plutarqes cnobiT, `romulusma ramdenime kanoni miiRo, romelTagan erTi

gansakuTrebuli simkacriT gamoirCeva, cols ukrZalavda qmris mitovebas, magram

qmars ufleba aZlevda mowamvlaSi, bavSvebis Secvlasa da mruSobaSi mxilebuli

coli gaegdo. Tu vinme [qmari] sxva mizeziT ganqorwindeboda, maSin kanoni mas

avalebda qonebis erTi nawili colisaTvis mieca, xolo meore nawili [qalRmerT]

cererasTvis mieZRvna saCuqrad. xolo colis gamyidveli [qmari] qvesknelis

RmerTebisaTvis unda SeewiraT~...

romis samarTlis Tanaxmad, qorwinebis Sewyveta daiSveboda meuRleTa

urTierTSeTanxmebiT da mas divortium ewodeboda. Tumca, Tavdapirvelad, mxolod

calmxrivad daiSveboda.

ganqorwineba gacxadeba xdeboda am macnis meSveobiT, an werilis gagzavniT, an

qr.Sobamde 18 w. miRebuli avgustusis kanoniT lex Iulia de adulteriis. aRniSnuli kanoni

ganqorwinebas mxolod colis Ralatis SemTxvevaSi iTvaliswinebda; Tu moRalate

colTa qmari Tanacxovreba ganagrZobda, qmars sasjeli emuqreboda. zogjer

ganqorwineba xdeboda obieqturi mizeziTac xdeboda. ase magaliTad, qmris qurumad

gaxdomis, samxedro samsaxuris an mZime daavadebis SemTxvevaSi, normalur viTarebaSi

colqmruli Tanacxovreba SeuZlebeli iyo. ganqorwinebis bunebriv safuZvlad

miiCneoda qalis uSvilobac.

romSi zneobis dacemis kvalobaze, gaxSirda ganqorwinebebi araseriozuli mizezebiT.

praqtikaSi damkvidrda cautiones rei uxoriae, romlis Tanaxmadac, ganqorwinebis

SemTxvevaSi, qmari mziTevis ukan dabrunebis valdebulebas kisrulobda. mogvianebiT,

pretorma Tavisi ediqtiT sarCeli actio rei uxoriae cols misca. Tavdapirvelad,

ganqorwinebis, Semdeg qmris gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSic. pretoris mier

daniSnuli mosamarTle (arbiter) sakuTar Tavze iRebda im funqcias, romelsac adre

qmris saojaxo sabWo asrulebda. saqme isaa, rom sasarCelo formula qmars

avaldebulebda colisaTvis mziTevidan mieca is, rac cols samarTlianad

ekuTvnoda. mosamarTle (arbiter) am saqmes cenzoris msgavsad, Tavisi nebis

Tavisufali gadawyvetilebiT (arbitrium) ganixilavda. aseT SemTxvevaSi, sarCelis

ufleba mxolod colis kerZo piradi ufleba iyo.

qorwinebis periodSi colis mziTevad dadgenili rogorc moZravi, ise uZravi qoneba,

qorwinebis Sewyvetis Semdeg, qmris sakuTrebaSi rCeboda, magram Tu qmari

ganqorwinebas sapatio mizezTa ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi moiTxovda, i. baronis TqmiT,

kanoni mas avaldebulebda Tavisi qonebis erTi naxevari ganqorwinebuli colisaTvis

mieca, xolo meore naxevari miwaTmoqmedebis qalRmerT cererasaTvis Seewira.

mogvianebiT, respublikis periodSi ganqorwineba SesaZlebeli gaxda ormxrivi da

calmxrivi moTxovniT rogorc colis, ise qmris mier. ganqorwinebas ormxrivi nebiT

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divortium-i ewodeboda, xolo calmxrivi nebiT _ repudium-i. (repidium niSnobis

calmxrivad CaSlasac niSnavda). digestebis ormocdameaTe wignSi es ori termini

asea ganmartebuli: `ganqorwinebasa~ da `repudiacias~ Soris is sxvaobaa, rom

`repudiacia~ SesaZlebelia rogorc qorwinebamde, ise mis Semdeg, magram sityviT

`ganqorwineba~ igulisxmeba gaTxovili qali, radgan `ganqorwineba~ niSnavs qonebrivi

kavSiris Sewyvetas meuRleebs Soris, ris Semdegac TiToeul meuRles sruli

ufleba aqvs wavides iq, sadac surs.~ (D.50.16.191)

calmxrivi nebiT ganqorwinebisas moqmedebda mziTevis gankargvis Semdegi wesi: Tu

coli iyo TviTxelisufali piri (persona sui iuris) (imis miuxedavad, mziTevi mamis,

mSoblebisagan miRebuli iyo (profecticia) Tu gareSe, mesame pirisagan miRebuli

(adventicia) da repudiacias iTxovda qmari, es ukanaskneli qorwinebis calmxrivi nebiT

Sewyvetis mizezi iyo, mziTevi mxolod rCeboda cols; Tu coli kvlav mamis

xelisuflebaSi imyofeboda anu persona aliena iuris iyo, maSin mziTevi, misi

warmomavlobis miuxedava (anu profecticia iyo Tu adventicia), repudirebul colsa da

mamamiss rCeboda; Tu ganqorwineba colis iniciativiT an misi saqcieliT xdeboda,

maSin mziTevi qmars rCeboda.

iustinianemdeli periodis samarTlis Tanaxmad, mziTevis bedi qorwinebis Sewyvetis

SemTxvevaSi arsebiTad mziTevis dabruneba-ardabrunebis pirobis daTqmaze iyo

damokidebuli. aseTi daTqmis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi, mziTevs dos recepticia

ewodeboda da qorwinebis SewyvetisTanave qmars mziTevis dabruneba (aucilebeli

xarjebis gamoklebiT) evaleboda.

i. baronis Tanaxmad, aRniSnuli daTqmis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi ki mziTevs dos non

recepticia ewodeboda, ris gamoc qmars mziTevis dabruneba ar evaleboda; magram Tu

qorwinebis Sewyveta gamowveuli iyo colis gardacvalebiT, maSin mziTevi _ dos

adventicia _ qmars rCeboda, xolo mziTevi _ dos profecticia _ (Tu misi damdgeni

cocxali aRar iyo) qmars rCeboda, xolo Tu mziTevis damdgeni cocxali iyo, maSin

TiToeul Svilze qmars mziTevis 1/5 wilis gamoqviTva SeeZlo.

imperiis periodSi Zalze gaxSirda qorwinebis Sewyveta rogorc divortium-i, ise

repudium-i. ganqorwineba did zneobriv zians ayenebda saxelmwifos, magram Tu

qorwinebis Sewyveta mainc garduvali iyo, saimperatoro kanoni ganqorwinebisaTvis

seriozul safuZvels iTxovda. Tu ganqorwineba am pirobas ar akmayofilebda, mas

usafuZvlo ganqorwineba anu divortium sine causa ewodeboda da ganqorwinebis

iniciators mkacri qonebrivi sasjeli ekisreboda.

i. baronis Tanaxmad, amiTve iyo ganpirobebuli iustinianes mier gatarebuli

RonisZiebebic. kerZod, imperatoris gankargulebiT ganqorwineba ormxrivi

SeTanxmebiT (divortium communi consensu) aikrZala; gamonaklisi iyo is SemTxveva,

rodesac, xorcieli siyvarulisagan TavSekavebis mizniT, meuRleebi sakuTari

surviliT Sordebodnen erTmaneTs; magram Tu am pirobas meuRleTagan romelime

daarRvevda, mas mTeli qoneba Svilebis sasargeblod CamoerTmeoda; Svilebis ar

yolis SemTxvevaSi ki qoneba xazinis gankargulebaSi gadadioda.

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erT-erTi meuRlis gardacvalebiT qorwinebis Sewyvetis SemTxvevaSi, mamis mier

dadgenili mziTevi (dos profecticia), kanoniT qmars rCeboda; Tu qorwineba qmris

gardacvalebiT wydeboda, maSin mziTevi mxolod cols, an colsa da mamamiss orives

erTad ubrundeboda. pavlusis Tanaxmad, `Tu mamam misca da SeTanxmeba dado, rom

qorwinebis ganmavlobaSi qaliSvilis sikvdilis SemTxvevaSi mziTevi qmars rCeba,

maSin, Cemi azriT, SeTanxmeba daculi unda iqnes, Tundac bavSvebi ar arsebobdnen~.

aseTi gaxldaT qorwinebis Sewyvetis SemTxvevaSi romaeli xalxis sxvadasxvagvari

dadgenileba mziTevis gankargvasTan dakavSirebiT. mziTevze qmris uflebebi Tavad

samziTvo sagnis raobaze da mxareTa nebaze iyo damokidebuli.

yvelaze xSirad qmars sakuTrebaSi sxeulebrivi nivTebi eZleoda da imavdroulad,

samziTvo saganTan dakavSirebiT, misi uflebebi ganisazRvreboda.

imperiis meore naxevarSi mziTevis (dos) paralelurad axali instituti saqorwino

saCuqari (donatio propter nuptias) damkvidrda. ase ewoda manamde arsebul qorwinebis

Semdgom saCuqars (donatio ante nuptias). qmari an mis magier sxva (kanoniT aseTi ram

mamas ar evaleboda) piri, mziTevis sanacvlod colisaTvis gansazRvruli

raodenobis qonebas (antipherna) adgenda. saqorwino saCuqari (donatio propter nuptias)

mziTevis (dos) tolfasi unda yofiliyo. aseTi samziTvo qonebidan qmris wils coli

winasawar gansazRvravda da qmars im SemTxvevaSi eZleoda, Tu coli qmarze adre

gardaicvleboda; Tavis mxriv, qmaric gansazRvravda samziTvi qonebis wils, romelic

cols im SemTxvevaSi gadaecemoda, Tu qmari masze adre gardaicvleboda.

colis mizeziT ganqorwinebis SemTxvevaSi, igi samziTvo qonebas kargavda. aseve

kargavda ganqorwinebis iniciatori qmari saqorwino saCuqars (donatio propter nuptias).

Tu qorwinebidan meuRleebs Svilebi ar hyavdaT, maSin qorwinebis Sewyvetis

SemTxvevaSi, kanoniT cols saqorwino saCuqarze (donatio propter nuptias) aranairi

ufleba ar hqonda; Tu qorwinebidan maT hyavdaT Svilebi, maSin qorwinebis Sewyvetis

SemTxvevaSi, coli aRniSnul qonebaze coli uzufruqts iRebda, xolo qonebaze

sakuTrebis uflebas _ SvilebTan erTad inawilebda.

rac Seexeba erT-erTi meuRlis mier Tavisuflebis dakargvis mizeziT qorwinebis

Sewyvetas, (magaliTad, Tu meuRle Cavardeboda tyved da misi bedi _ gardacvlili

iyo Tu cocxali _ ucnobi iyo), xuTi wlis gasvlis Semdeg qorwineba Sewyvetilad

iTvleboda da cols kvlav daqoriwnebis ufleba eZleoda. am SemTxvevaSi, qonebrivi

zaralis anazRaureba meuRleTagan arc erTs ar ekisreboda; Tu gaazatebuli qali

Tavis patronze gaTxovdeboda, maSin mas ganqorwinebis moTxovna ekrZaleboda da

amdenad, arc mziTevis moTxovnis ufleba hqonda.

qorwinebis Sewyvetis SemTxvevaSi, ZiriTadad aseTi gaxldaT is sxvadasxvagvari

dadgenileba, riTac romaeli xalxi xelmZRvanelobda.

$7. ojaxis ufrosi (paterfamilias)

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Ius vitae et necis (sicocxlisa da sikvdilis ufleba); potestas (mamasaxlisis

xelisufleba); emancipatio (mamis xelisuflebidan gaTavisufleba); patria potestas (mamis

xelisufleba).

romis samarTali erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebda pirTa or kategorias: araxelqveiT

(sui iuris) da xelqveiT (aliena iuris) pirebs. Zvel romSi mTeli samoqalaqo sazogadoebis

wyoba pirTa aRniSnul dayofas efuZneboda.

romauli ojaxis saTaveSi idga ojaxis ufrosi, mamasaxlisi, romelsac romaelebi

paterfamilias-s uwodebdnen. mis daqvemdebarebaSi Sedioda yvela alieni iuris piri: coli

(romelsac qaliSvilis mdgomareoba hqonda _ loco filiae), vaJiSvilebi da maTi colebi,

romlebic qmris xelisuflebaSi iyvnen (isini SviliSvilis statusiT sargeblodbnen

loco nuptis), qaliSvilebi da monebi. Tavdapirvelad, ojaxis ufrosis uflebamosileba

SeuzRudavi iyo da colze, Svilebze, monebze Tu nivTebze erTnair xelisuflebas

(manus) axorcielebda; droTa ganmavlobaSi mamasaxlisis xelisufleba (potestas)

daixvewa da ramdenime ZiriTadi saxe gamoikveTa. 1. xelisufleba colze (manus); 2.

xelisufleba Svilebze (patria potestas); 3. xelisufleba monebze (dominica potestas).

Sesabamisad, TandaTanobiT, aRniSnulma xelisuflebam, diferenciaciis Sedegad,

gansxvavebuli saxeldebebi miiRo: manus mariti (xelisufleba colze), patria potestas

(xelisufleba Svilze), dominica potestas (xelisufleba monebze) da a.S. mogvianebiT,

imperator iustinianes samarTliT mamasaxlisis (paterfamilias) xelisufleba SeizRuda.

roca misi, rogorc ojaxis ufrosis uflebamosileba mxolod monebsa da mis

xelqveiT myof Svilebze vrceldeboda.

romaul ojaxSi qveynis umaRles xelisufals ojaxis ufrosi (paterfamilias) cvlida.

misi Zalaufleba sakmaod farTo iyo: igi gankargavda ojaxis mTel qonebas,

ganagebda ojaxis wevrTa beds da a.S.

1. gayidvis ufleba (ius vendendi). ojaxis vaJiSvilis sxva qveynis teritoriaze monad

gayidva. aRniSnuls XII dafis kanonebis Tanaxmad, mesame gayidvis Semdeg Svili mamis

xelisuflebidan Tavisufldeboda; 2. zaralis asanazRaureblad gadacema (ius noxae

dandi). mamas ufleba hqonda xelqveiTi vaJiSvili miyenebuli zaralis

asanazRaureblad gadaeca dazaralebulisaTvis da Tavad zaralis anazraurebis

pasuxismgeblobisagan gaTavisuflebuliyo. aRniSnuli ufleba iustinianes

kanonmdeblobiT aikrZala; 3. Cvilis gadagdebis ufleba. klavdiusis epoqaSi

daiSveboda, rom mamas axalSobilze uari eTqva da gadaegdo. es qristianTa mxridan

kritikis safuZveli gaxda da mxolod im SemTxvevaSi daiSveboda, Tu Cvili maxinji

daibadeboda.

aRniSnuli Zalaufleba imdenad didi iyo, rom mas ojaxis wevris sikvdiliT dasjis

uflebas ki hqonda (sicocxlisa da sikvdilis ufleba (ius vitae et necis). yvelaferi,

rasac Svilebi iZendnen, mamas ekuTvnoda. h. dernburgis Tanaxmad, iuridiuli

TvalsazrisiT, ojaxis mama erTaderTi da SeuzRudavi mesakuTre iyo im qonebisa,

romelsac is da misi xelqveiTni SromiT, memkvidreobiT an raime sxva xelsayreli

SemTxvevis wyalobiT iZendnen.

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aRniSnuli wesis paralelurad sazogadoebaSi arsebobda xalxis erTgvari

Sexeduleba, romelic sagangebod aRniSna iurist pavlusma. am TvalsazrisiT, mTeli

qoneba mamisa da misi Svilebis saerTo qonebad iTvleboda. TavisTavad, iuridiuli

gankargvis wesze aRniSnul Sexedulebas araviTari gavlena ar hqonda (am

SemTxvevaSi, mamis `fiducialuri~ uflebis Sesaxeb saubari iseve umarTebulo iyo,

rogorc qmris fiducialuri sakuTrebis aRiareba colis mziTevze, romelic, xalxis

azriT, colis kuTvnileba iyo. mziTevis (dos) gankargvis wesis Tanadroulad,

arsebobda e.w. naturalisturi mosazrebac, romelic, Tavis mxriv, pozitiuri

samarTlis ganmartebis safuZveli SeiZleba gamxdariyo).

iustinianes samarTlis mixedviT, mama da Svilebi iZendnen yovelive imas, rac maT

xelSi a parte an ex re partis ar gadadioda. srulwlovanebis Semdeg, mamis xelqveiT

Svilebs SeeZloT sakuTar Tavze valdebulebebis damoukideblad miReba.

klasikur periodSi xelqveiTi Svilebis winaaRmdeg saCivris aRZvra da valauvalobis

gamo maTi dasja SeiZleboda. amasTan dakavSirebiT ismis kiTxva, SeiZleboda ki

realurad am daTqmis ganxorcieleba, radgam xelqveiTi Svilebs qoneba ar gaaCndaT.

SC Macedonianum-is Tanaxmad, xelqveiT Svils sesxis rom aeRo, mas mamis Tanxmoba

esaWiroeboda.

m. bartoSeki termins patria potestas Semdegnairad ganmartavs: ojaxis ufrosis

samisdReSio da absoluturi xelisufleba rogorc sisxlismier, ise ayvanil

Svilebze, maTi asakis miuxedavad.

romaeli iuristebi mamis xelisuflebas romis moqalaqeTa wminda erovnul

instituts _ ius proprium civium Romanorum-s uwodebdnen. germaneli mecnieri e.

Staermani ambobs, rom `is rkiniseburi disciplina da saxlis uflis Zalaufleba,

rac arsebobda familias-Si, saerTod iSviaTobas warmoadgenda msoflio istoriaSi.

romaeli didkacis ojaxi, garda jalabobisa, Sedgeboda monebisa da

mosamsaxureebisagan. . . . aseve laTinuri familia niSnavda ojaxs, jalabsa, da

nawilobriv, gvarsac.

iustinianes instituciebSi naTqvamia: ` Ius autem potestas, quod in liberos habemus, proprium est

ciuium Romanuorum: nulli enim alii sunt homines, qui talem in liberos habeant potestatem, qualem nos

habemus _ mamis xelisufleba, romelic bavSvebze gvaqvs, mxolod romaeli

moqalaqeebisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli; rameTu ar arsebobs sxva xalxi, romelsac

iseTive xelisufleba hqondes Svilebze, rogoric Cven, romaelebs gvaqvs~.

ojaxis ufrosi (paterfamilias) SeiZleba yofiliyo ojaxis mamrobiTi sqesis aRmavali

xazis asakiT uxucesi wevri, romelic romauli ojaxis erTaderTi TviTxelisufali

(persona sui iuris) iyo, romlis gardacvalebis Semdeg misi vaJebi, (manamde paterfamilias-is

daqvemdebarebaSi myofni) paterfamiliae-s Tavad xdebodnen.

Tavdapirvelad, paterfamilias-is TiTqmis absoluturi Zalaufleba ojaxis yvela wevrsa

da mTel saojaxo qonebaze upirobod vrceldeboda. sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi igi

mxolod Cveulebisa (regimen morum) da zneobis (leges regiae) normebiT izRudeboda.

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mogvianebiT kanoniTac da cxovrebis wesiTac mamis Zalaufleba Sesustda.

ojaxis yvela Tavisufali wevri ojaxis ufrosis (paterfamilias) xelisuflebas

eqvemdebareboda, xolo colis daqvemdebareba ormagi xasiaTisa iyo; erTi mxriv, igi

qmris xelisuflebas (manus mariti), meore mxriv ki, ojaxis ufrosis (paterfamilias)

xelisuflebas eqvemdebareboda.

amgvari xelisuflebis arsi Tavad misi bunebiT aixsneboda da ojaxis ufrosis

pasuxismgeblobas ukavSirdeboda, raTa mas modgmis gagrZeleba uzrunveleyo.

mamis xelisuflebis warmoiSoboda: 1. kanonier qorwinebaSi myof meuRleTa

vaJiSvilis an qaliSvilis dabadebiT; 2. dakanonebiT; 3. SvilebiT.

mamasaxlisis (paterfamilias) absoluturi xelisuflebis (patria potestas) ramdenime saxe

arsebobda: 1. piris sicocxlisa da sikvdilis ufleba (ius vitae ac necis) mamasaxlisis

umTavresi ufleba iyo, romelic man klasikur periodamde SeinarCuna. aRniSnuli

ufleba Zalze ulmobeli ufleba iyo; es ufleba dionise halikarnaselis Tanaxmad,

`sxva Zveli xalxebis mier tiranulad iyo miCneuli~. romaelebis am uflebis

realurad gamoyenebisaTvis aucilebelad miiCnevdne saojaxo sabWos (iudicium

domesticum) mowvevas. cenzors ufleba hqonda Careuli mamis gadawyvetilebaSi. ojaxis

ufrosisadmi daqvemdebarebul pirTa sasikvdilod gameteba uSualod misi funqcia

iyo da sajaro xelisuflebas exeba, roca ojaxis ufrosi (paterfamilias)

daqvemdebarebul pirs sjida, am dros mas disciplinaruli mosazrebebi amoZravebda.

konstantines dros mamasaxlisis zemoxsenebuli ufleba (vitae necisque potestas)

SeizRuda; 395 wlidan ki mas TviTneburad umizezod daqvemdebarebuli pirebis

sikvdiliT dasja aekrZala. mkacri RonisZiebebis gamoyeneba mas aekrZala. Vitae

necisque potestas akrZalva iustinianes kodeqsiT dasturdeba.

ojaxis mamas (paterfamilias) ufleba hqonda axalSobili Svilad ar eRiarebina.

saerTod, ojaxis wevrad da mamis ZalauflebaSi myof pirad mxolod mamasaxlisis

mier aRiarebuli Svilis xdeboda. sxva SemTxvevaSi (magaliTad, aSkara simaxinjisas)

bavSvs Tavidan icilebdnen _ expositio filii. rogorc XII dafis kanonebisa da ciceronis

Tanaxmad, ...“cito necatus tamquam ex XII tabulis insignis ad deformitatem puer _ rogorc XII dafis

kanonebidan Cans, Cvils, romelic gamoirCeoda gansakuTrebuli simaxijniT, aseve

iolad gamoasalmebdnen sicocxles.~ Tavdapirvelad, mamasaxlisis aRniSnul

uflebas mezoblebi da naTesavebi akontrolebdnen.

daqvemdebarebaSi myofi pirebi ojaxis ufross SeeZlo zaralis anazRaurebis an

ubralod, muSa xelis gaqiravebis mizniT, mesame pirebisaTvis mancipaciiT gadaeca

(mancipio dare). es praqtika romSi odiTganve iyo cnobili. dionise halikarnaselis

gadmogvcemiT, romulusma miiRo kanoni, romlis Tanaxmadac, `romaelma

kanonmdebelma... neba darTo mamas vaJiSvili ise gaeyida, rom yuradRebas ar aqcevda

imas, Tu romelime mama arajansaR da miT ufro damamZimebeli an bunebiT miuRebeli

gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi eWvmitanili iqneboda... igi mamas nebas rTavda vaJiSvilis

samgzis gayidviT gamdidrebuliyo; amiT mamas gacilebiT ufro didi Zalaufleba

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eniWeboda, vidre batons monasTan mimarTebaSi... magram samgzis gayidvis Semdeg

vaJiSvili Tavisufldeboda mamis Zalauflebisagan/~ aRniSnuli norma mocemulia XII

dafis kanonebSi ` Si pater filium ter venum du[it], filius a petre liber esto _ Tu mama samjer

gayidis Svils, Svili mamisagan Tavisufali iyos.~

dionise halikarnaselis cnobiT, romelic romis meore reqs numa pompiliuss

periods ekuTvnis, ambobs: `Tu mama vaJiSvils nebas darTavs moiyvanos coli,

romelic wminda saqmeebisa da qonebis monawile gaxda, kanonis Tanaxmad, mamas ar

eqneba ufleba gayidos vaJiSvili~.

XII dafis kanonebis interpretaciis safuZvelze pontifikosebma dadgines, rom

kanonSi, romelSic mocemulia sityva `filius” mamrobiTi sqesis xelqveiTi pirebi

igulisxmebian, da ara daRmavali xazis calkeuli pirebi da qalebi, romlebic

paterfamilias xelisuflebisgan erTjeradi mancipaciiT Tavisufldebodnen.

rogorc wyaroebidan irkveeva, romSi daiSveboda vaJiSvilis mancipireba; rac Seexeba

qaliSvils, erTgvarad, rCevis saxiT, kanonmdebeli acxadebda, rom jobda

qaliSvilis mancipaciisagan ojaxis ufross Tavis Seekavebina, raTa momavalSi misi

gaTxoveba ar gaZneleboda.

amrigad, praqtikulad ojaxis ufrosis mier mancipaciis gamoyeneba postklasikuri

periodis wyaroebSi noxae dedilio aRar ixsenieboda, xolo iustinianes instituciebiT

igi gauqmebulad cxaddeboda.

kanoniT pontifikosebma daaregulires mamis xelisuflebidan samjeradi mancipaciis

gziT, Tavdaxsnili Svilebis saboloo ganTavisufleba emancipatio-Ti. emancipacia iyo

winaswari SeTanxmebis safuZvelze, Svilebis an SviliSvilebis gaTavisufleba mamis

xelisuflebidan. vaJiSvilis SemxvevaSi, emancipacia samjer gamoiyeneboda,

qaliSvilis mimarT mxolod erTxel. vaJiSvilis mesame emancipaciis Semdeg, ndobis

aRWurvili piris mier mamisaTvis Svilis dabrunebis Sedegad, mama parens manumissor-i

(Svils an SviliSvils Tavis xelisuflebidan ganmaTavisuflebeli mSobeli)

xdeboda. emancipaciis Sedegad, emancipirebuli piri sui iuris xdeboda, magram mis

Svilebze emancipatio ar vrceldeboda. kanonis Tanaxmad, emancipacias qonebis

danawevreba ar unda gamoewvia, Sesabamisad, igi mxolod erT vaJiSvilze

vrceldeboda. aqedan gamomdinare, mama cdilobda, rom emancipaciis meSveobiT sxva

SvilebisaTvis damoukideblad arsebobis pirobebis Seeqmna (ZiriTadad, maTTvis

pekuliumis micemiT).

konstantines periodidan moyolebuli, Svilebis umadurobis SemTxvevaSi, mamas

SeeZlo uari eTqva Svilebis emancripacioze. qr.Sobis VI saukunidan, imperatoris

reskriptiT (e. Anastasiana) armyofi Svilebis mimarT emancipaciis gamartivebuli

forma an saTanado organoebSi registrirebuli mamis ubralo gancxadeba (e.

Iustiniana) gamoiyeneboda. CveulebiTi samarTliT, vaJiSvilis mier sakuTari

meurneobis Seqmna am qaliSvilis gaTxoveba (e. Saxonica, e. iuris germanici) mamis

xelisuflebis Sewyvetis erT-erTi forma iyo.

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Emancipatio iyo winaswari SeTanxmebis safuZvelze nacnobisaTvis daqvemdebarebuli

piris gadacema, romelic kanoniT, mas aTavisuflebda (manumissio vindicta). pirveli da

meore mancipaciis Semdeg, mancipirebuli piri kvlav mamasaxlisis xelisuflebaSi

brundeboda. mesame mancipaciis Semdeg vaJiSvilsa da mamas Soris urTierToba in causa

mancipi-s efuZneboda. manumisiis Sedegad vaJiSvli Tavisufldeboda mamis

xelisuflebisagan, xdeboda persona sui iuris da mSobel mamasTan kvazipatronatis

urTierTobaSi imyofeboda.

postklasikur periodSi emancipaciis aRniSnuli forma mniSvnelovnad gamartivda:

dasavleT romis imperiaSi arsebuli wesis Tanaxmad, kuriis winaSe, Svidi mowmis

TandaswrebiT, mamam acxadebda vaJis gaTavisuflebis Sesaxeb, xolo aRmosavleT

romis imperiaSi imperatoris reskripti gamoicemoda, vidre 531 wels es arafris

mTqmeli da miuRebeli rTuli wesi imperatorma iustinianem sabolood ar gaauqma da

Sesabamis Tanamdebobis pirebTan gancxadebis gakeTeba sakmarisad scno.

ojaxis ufrosis (paterfamilias) daqvemdebarebaSi myofi pirebis gafarToebuli

uflebaunarianoba da cognatio-si agnatio-ze damkvidrebuli primati mamis

xelisuflebidan gaTavisuflebis mniSvnelobas amcirebda, rac, praqtikulad,

aRniSnuli aqtis arss cvlida. postklasikur periodSi damkvidrebuli principis

Tanaxmad, mancipirebulis piris Tanxmobis gareSe misi gaTavisufleba ar daiSveboda.

amrigad, Zvel romSi mamis xelisuflebis Sewyvetas Semdegi safuZvlebi

ganapirobebda:

1. ojaxis ufrosis gardacvaleba. Tu mis xelisuflebaSi Svili da SviliSvili iyo,

maSin mamis xelisufleba SvilTan da ara SviliSvilTan mimarTebaSi wydeboda;

2. daqvemdebarebuli Svilis gardacvaleba; 3. mamis mier garkveuli saxis danaSaulis

Cadena: bavSvis migdeba, uzneo cxovrebisaken qaliSvilis biZgeba, sisxlisaRreviTi

qorwinebis dadeba; 4. xelqveiTi piris mier garkveuli sasuliero Tu saero wodebis

miReba;

5. emancipacia.

$8. mzrunveloba da meurveoba (tutela et cura)

Tutela (mzrunveloba); cura (meurveoba); tutela mulierum (mzrunveloba qalebze); tutela

impuberum (mzrunveloba bavSvebze); auctoritas (gankargvis Zalaufleba, qmedunarianoba);

fraus (mzakvroba, veragoba); actio tutelae (sarCeli mzrunvelobaze); munus publicum

(sazogadoebrivi valdebuleba); tutela legitima (kanonismieri mzurveloba); tutela

testamentaria (anderZismieri mzruneloba); tutela dativa (mzrunveloba magistratis

gadawyvetilebiT); cura furiosi (meurveoba Wkuasustze); cura prodigi (mzrunveloba

mflangvelze); bonorum interdictio (qonebis marTvis akrZlava).

Zveli romauli samarTliT, saojaxo samarTlis sferos ganekuTvneboda

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mzrunvelobisa da meurveobis institutebi. meurveoba iyo mzrunveloba da

warmomadgenloba, romelic samarTliT uwesdeboda im pirs, romelsac saerTod an

jerovnad ar SeeZlo zrunva sakuTar pirovnebasa Tu qonebaze.

Tutor da curator _ orive am institutiT gulisxmoboda yuradRdeba, mzrunveloba

rogorc pirovnebis, ise qonebis mimarT.

Tutela arasrulwlovnebsa da qalebze (imperiis Sua periodamde) wesdeboda, xolo

cura suliT avadmyofebze, mflangvelebze, mcirewlovnebze, avadmyofebze, zogjer

arasrulwlovnebzec(imperiis periodamde).

aRniSnuli institutebi ganpirobebuli iyo qmedunarianobiT. uflebaunariani pirebi,

romelTa sazogadoebriv urTierTobaSi monawileobisaTvis samarTali

iTvaliswinebda nebis formirebis zogad defeqts, (dakavSirebuls pirovnebis

fiziologiur da fsiqologur TaviseburebebTan) da Sesabamisi gankargvis

SeuZleblobas (auctoritas _ SesaZlebloba, auctor _ iuridiuli qmedebis subieqti);

aseTi piri qmedunariani piris mzurnvelobaSi an meurveobaSi gadadioda, riTac mis

samoqalaqo brunvaSi monawileobis SesaZleblobas xels uwyoda da aRniSnuli

xarvezi aRmoifxvreboda.

fizikuri piris uflebaunarianoba misi dabadebis momentidan warmoiSoboda da

empiriulad dgindeboda. cnobili romaeli iuristis labeonis mimdevrebi fizikuri

piris uflebaunarianobis warmoSobis aucilebel, savaldebulo momentad bavSvis

yvirils (emittere vocem) miiCnevdnen; maSin, rodesac meore skolis warmomadgenelTa

azriT, saamisod sicocxlis nebismieri niSnis gamovlinebac kmaroda. iuridiulad

maxinjis (monstrum, portentum, ostentum, prodigium, debilis) dabadeba mniSvnelovan

movlenad ar miiCneoda. pavlusi wers: `dabadebiT Tavisufal bavSvad ar iTvleba is,

vinc adamianTa modgmis Cveulebrivisagan gansxvavebuli garegnobiT ibadeba,

magaliTad, rodesac qali raRac gonjsa da maxinjs Sobs, magram nayofi, romelsac

sxeulis nawilebi gamravlebuli aqvs, ramdenadme srulyofilad iTvleba da amitom

mas dabadebiT TavisufalTa kategorias miakuTvneben.~ (D.1.5.14)

Tumca, Tu normidan gadaxra (contra formam humani generis) asatani iyo, maSin maxinji

persona-ad ganixileba. ulpiane wers: `SesaZloa daibados kiTxva: Tu qali amqveynad

moavlens maxinjs an dambladacemuls, romelic uCveulo saxis an xmis gamo cxovels

ufro Camohgavs, vidre adamians, CaiTvleba Tu ara igi mSobel dedad? ufro

gonivrulia sakiTxi gadawydes dadebiTad, radgan amis gamo verc mamas

daadanaSauleben da verc dedas, romlebic, TavianTi mxriv, SeZlebisdagvarad,

akmayofilebdnen sakuTar movaleobebs; xolo is, rac moxda, ubeduri SemTxvevis

gamo, amisaTvis pasuxi dedas ar moeTxoveba~. (D.50.16.135.)

marTalia, bavSvis Casaxvis moments misi statusis gasnsazRvris mizniT eqceoda

yuradReba, magram Tavad Canasaxi (conceptus, venter, uter) samarTlis subieqtad ar

miicneoda. Tu nayofis arseboba zogjer adamianis bunebriv arsebobas uTanabrdeboda

(trifoniusis Tanaxmad, `Qui in utero sunt, in toto paene iure civili intellegunrur in rerum natura esse _

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is, vinc muclad aris, TiTqmis mTeli samoqalaqo samarTliT [ukve] dabadebulad

ganixileba~) (D.1.5.26) an kidev, `fraza: `bavSvi, romelic unda daibados uaxloes

droSi, iTvleba ukve am qveynad arsebulad~ _ sworia, mxolod im SemTxvevaSi,

rodesac sakiTxi exeba am bavSvis uflebebs. sxva SemTxvevaSi igi maSin CaiTvleba

dabadebulad, roca realurad moevlineba am qveyanas~ (D.50.16.231). Tumca, zogjer,

magaliTad, kanonismiT memkvdireobisas, nayofi socialur subieqtad miiCneoda.

fexmZime qalis moTxovniT, samemkvidreo uflebebis dacvis mizniT, pretori muclad

myof bavSvs uniSnavda mzurnvels (curator ventris), romlis funqcia iyo im qonebis

marTva (administractio), romelsac, dabadebis SemTxvevaSi, bavSvi miiRebda. muclad

myofis saxeliT, misive interesebidan gamomdinare, samemkvidreo qonebis

mflobelobaSi SeiZleboda dedis Seeyvanac, Tuki axaldabadebulis memkvidreobaze

anderZis sawinaaRmdegod (bonorum possessio contra tabulas) deda pretenzias acxadebda,

rogorc mxedvelobidan gamorCenili pirveli rigis memkvidre.

h. dernburgis Tanaxmad, markus avreliusis droidan arasrulwlovnebs aiZulebdnen,

rom qonebis ganmkargvelad mzrunveli (curator) moeTxovaT. mTel qonebas mzrunveli

zedamxedvelobda da mas faqtobrivad zaralisagan icavda.

Tavdapirvelad, mzrunvelis daniSvna arasrulwlovanebs qonebis gasxvisebisa da

xelSekrulebiT movaleobebis miRebis SesaZleblobas ar arTmevda; magram Tu isini

zarals ganicdidnen, maSin uwindeburad maT restitucia eZleodaT.

dabolos, mzrunvelobas daqvemdebarebuli arasrulwlovnebi diokletianem sakuTari

qonebis gasxvisebis uflebauunarod gamoacxada. aqedan gamomdinare, qonebaze

xelSekrulebis dadeba maT mxolos im pirobiT SeeZloT, Tu amiT maTi qonebrivi

mdgomareoba ar uaresdeboda.

mcirewlovani persona sui iuris srulwlovanebamde qmeduunaro iyo. amis gamo,

garigebebSi monawileobisaTvis mas meurved zrdasruli mamakaci (tutela impuberum)

eniSneboda, xolo sui iuris qals (asakis miuxedavad) tutela mulierum eniSneboda.

respublikis periodis iuristebis Tanaxmad, aseTi dadgenileba Tavad qalebis

qarafSutobam (levitas animi) ganapiroba.

imisTvis, rom meurveobaSi myof pirs iuridiuli mniSvnelobis raime qmedeba

ganexorcielebina, saWiro iyo meurvis Tanxmoba da mis mier damowmebuli aqti _

auctoritatis interpositio. Auctor (moqmedi piri) anu iuridiuli aqtis damdebi iyo meurve.

srulwovan qals meurve esaWiroeboda anderZis Sesadgenad, res mancipis

gasasxviseblad, uzufruqtis dasadgenad, aseve stipulatio-sa da acceptilatio-s

gansaxorcieleblad, xolo mcirewlovanis SemTxvevaSi, nebismieri aqtis dadeba

valdebulebis dadgenas ukavSirdeboda. mcirewlovanis mier auctoritas (meurvis)

gareSe dadeuli garigeba, rogorc obliogatio naturalis, gvian periods ganekuTvnebas da

marTalia, aseTi garigebis namdvilobas ar uaryofda, magram arc baTlad miiCnevda.

winaklasikur periodSi, Tu qalis meurve ara agnati naTesavi iyo, maSin, mas

148

simboluri funqcia hqonda, rameTu igi, Tavisive nebis sapirispirod, SeiZleba

pretors eiZulebina auctoritas (auctor fieri) mieca. gaiusi akritikebda mosazrebas,

romlis Tanaxmadac, qalebi, maTTvis niSandobilivi qarafSutulobis gamo,

aucileblad saWiroebdnen meurves, raTa, mcirewlovanTa msgavsad, isinic ar

moetyuebinaT. realurad ki, qalebi, romelTac meurvis gareSe xeli ar miuwvdebodaT

civilur garigebebze, umal pragmatulad moqmedebdnen. ase magaliTad, liviusis

Tanaxmad, qr.Sobamde II saukuneSi, patronis gardacvalebis Semdeg, gaazatebuli qali

anderZis Sesadgenad magistratebs meurvis dasaniSnad TxovniT mimarTavda.

maSasadame, faqtobrivad, meurvis instituti qmedunarianobis xarvezis

aRmosafxvrelad gamoiyeneboda da ganisazRvreboda formalurad, xolo sameurveo

piris fsiqologiuri aspeqti meorexarisxovani iyo.

meurveobas mcirewlovans, Cvilis, infans da qalis qonebis (bonorum administratio)

mimarT meurve savaldebulo wesiT axorcielebda. am SemTxvevaSi, sakuTrebis

uflebis gaganawileba xdebdoa: qonebis statikuri da abstraqtuli mesakuTre

sameurveo piri iyo, xolo ganmkargveli da mmarTveli _ meurve. srulwlovanebis

miRwevis Semdeg, sameurveo piri meurveobisagan Tavisufldeba da yovelgvari

formaluri aqtis gareSe, sakuTari qonebis sruli mesakuTre xdeba.

pirovnebis iuridiuli statusis xarvezis Sesavsebad dadgenili meurveoba

winaklasikur periodSi moRvawe servius sulpicius rufusma Semdegnairad gansazRra:

`vis ac potestas in capite libero _ Zala da xelisufleba Tavisufal adamianTan mimarTebaSi~

(D.26,1,1). am formulis iuridiuli arsis Tanaxmad, meurve sameurveo piris (sui iuris)

Tanasworuflebiani iyo. meureobis instituti persona sui iuris-zec vrceldeboda.

Tavdapirvelad, meurveobis safuZveli iyo ndoba (fides) da piradi kavSirebi, rac

samoqalaqo brunvaSi erT mTlian pirad (persona) aRiqmeboda. meurve mflobelobasa

da sakuTrebas iZenda, xolo nivTebs uSualod sameurveo piris interesebidan

gamomdinare asxvisebda; Tu sameurveo piris qonebidan meurve raimes Tavis

sasargeblod SeiZenda, maSin igi analogiaze (actiones, utiles) dafuZnebuli pretoris

sarCeliT sakuTrebis an fulis dabrunebis Sesaxeb pasuxs agebs.

meurvisadmi wayenebuli moTxovnebi uZveles epoqas ganekuTvneba. meurvis mier ndobis

(fides) darRveva saTaves iRebs XII dafis kanonebidan da ius civile-s sferos

ganekuTvneba. `Atque iste dolus malus et legibus erat vindicatus, ut tutela XII tabulis… _ es boroti

ganzraxva eqvemdebareboda sasamarTlo ganxilvas da kanonis safuZvelze, rogorc

meurveoba XII dafis kanonebis mixedviT~.

meurvis mier ndobis (fides) darRveva mzakvrobad (fraus) ganixileba da XII dafis

kanonebiT isjeboda: `Si ... tutores rem pupilli furati sunt, videamus an ea actione, quae proponitur ex lege

XII tabularum adversus tutorem in duplum, singuli in solidum teneantur _ meurveebis mier sameurveod

gadacemul pirTa qonebis gaflanvis SemTxvevaSi, unda dadgindes, dasaSvebia Tu ara

TiToeuli meurvis mimarT cal-calke im sarCelis ormagi odenobiT Setana, romelic

gaTvaliswinebulia XII dafis kanonebSi meurveTa winaaRmdeg~.

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romaeli iuristi ulpiane meurvis pasuxismgeblobis (accusatio suspecti tutoris)

safuZvlad asaxelebs borot ganzraxvas (dolus), rac vlindeboda

arakeTilsindisierebiT, wuwuraqobiT, motyuebiT an misi nivTebis miTvisebiT, rac

sameurveo pirs gamanadgurebel zians ayenebda. (D. 26.10.1.2) terminebis dolus _ boroti

ganzraxva da fraus _ angareba, mzakvroba, paralelurad gamoiyeneboda termini

corrupta fides ndobadakarguli piri.

meurvisaTvis pasuxismgeblobis dakisreba (accusatio suspecti tutoris) xdeba cognitio-s

formiT. Accusatio suspecti tutoris meurvis winaaRmdeg nebismieri piris gancxadebis

safuZvelze sajaro, sisxlissamarTlebrivi saqmis aRZvra. meurve, romelic ganzrax

da TaRliTurad miayenebda zians sameurveo pirs da cognitio-s warmoebaSi misi

brali dadasturdeboda, magistrati meurves arasando pirad (tutor suspectus) acxadebda

da meurveobis uflebas arTemvda (remotio suspecti tutoris), yofili meurve pativayril

pirad (infamia) cxaddeeboda. postklasikur periodSi zemoaRniSnuli wesi

mzrunvelis mimarTac gamoiyeneboda.

savaraudod, arqaul periodSi sasamarTlo procesi legis actio sacramento in personam-is

formiT warimarTeboda. Accusatio suspecti tutoris-i anderZiT daniSnuli meurvis (tutor

testamentarius) mimarT gamoiyeneboda. meurveobis dasrulebis Semdeg, kanonier meurves

(tutor legitimus) boroti qmedebebisaTvis _ piradi gamdidirebis mizniT, sameurveo piris

qonebidan garkveuli wilis miTvisebis SemTxvevaSi _ sarCeliT actio rationibus

distrahendis-iT pasuxi moeTxoveboda. aRniSnuli sarCeli XII dafis kanonebs

efuZneboda. yofili meurve ormagad _ in duplum _ isjeboda. (D.27,3,2,2), meurvis

qmedeba ndobis, erTgulebis (fides) Ralatad miiCneoda da danaSaulis (crimen)

kvalifikacia eZleoda. aqedan gamodinare, arakeTilsindisieri meurve, aRniSnuli

sarCeliT, dasjas eqvemdebareboda.

winaklasikur periodSi dadginda bonae fidei-is erT-erT uZveles sarCelTagani _ actio

tutelae, romliTac meurveobasTan dakavSirebuli yvela SesaZlo zaralis anazRaureba

xdeboda; maT Soris, yofili sameurveo piris mier meurvisaTvis miyenebuli

zaralisac. am SemTxvevaSi, yofili meurve iRebda sarTels actio tutelae contraria

yofili sameurveo piris winaaRmdeg. uZveles princips _ uRalatobasa da pirad

erTgulebas (fides) gamdidrebis survili enacvleboda da sameurveo urTierTobas

ekonomikur xasiaTs sZenda. aseTma damokidebulebam civiluri xasiaTi miiRo da ise

rogorc yvela actiones bonae fidei, actio tutelae-sac in ius concepta formula hqonda.

meurveobis institutisadmi individualuri midgomis damkvidreba, `meurve~ _

`sameurveo~ pirebis urTierTobis tandemad garegnulad meurves warmoaCenda da misi

funqcia sazogadoebriv valdebulebad _ munus publicum _ aRiqmeboda. qr.Sobamde 210

w. atiliusis kanoniT (lex Atila), umeurveod darCenil pirebs, meurves magistrati

uniSnavda. iustinianes dros, magistratis gadawyvetilebiT daniSnuli meurve _ tutor

Atilianus, klasikuri periodis anderZiT daniSnuli meurvis msgavsad, tutor dativus-ad

iwodeboda. aRniSnuli sameurveo urTierTobebi regulirdeboda sarCeliT actio tutelae.

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winaklasikuri periodis iuristebi meurvis daniSvnis ramdenime safuZvels

asaxelebdnen. kvintus muciusi meurveobis xuT saxes ganasxvavebda, servius

sulpiciusi _ sams (1. tutela testamentaria, 2. tutela legitima da 3. tutela dativa), labeoni

mxolod ors (1. tutela impuberum da 2. tutela mulierum). gaiusis Tanaxmad,

meurveobis imdenive gvari iyo (genera), ramdenic saxe (species).

meurveobis uZvelesi forma iyo tutela legitima, romlis Tanaxmadac, ojaxis ufrosis

(paterfamilias) gardacvalebis Semdeg arasrulwlovnebi da qalebi sui iuris pirebi

xdebodnen da maT meurved uaxloesi agnati an kognati naTesavi eniSnebodaT.

Tavdapirvelad, qals ar SeeZlo persona sui iuris statusis miReba da amdenad, igi ara

meurveobaSi, aramed axali ojaxis ufrosis xelisuflebaSi (paterfamilias potestas)

gadadioda.

a) meurveobis Sewyvetis safuZvelebi iyo: 1. saerTo safuZveli iyo: sameurveo piri

gardacvleba, srulwlovnobis miRweva, perpsona sui iuris statuss mopoveba, avadmyofi

sameurveo piri gamojanmrTeleba, mflangvelis SemTxvevaSi ki _ misi gamosworeba;

2. meurvis gardacvaleba, meurvis uflebis dakargva (aseT SemTxvevaSi axali meurve

iniSneboda); 3. sameurveo piris gardacvaleba, meurvis uRirsi saqcieli (infamia).

romis samarTalSi, sameurveo insititutis msgavsad, arsebobda erTi institutic,

romelsac axali drois iuristebi protutor-is instituts uwodebdnen. Pro tutore, pro

curatore sameurveo piris qonebas gankargavd, misi aqtebis ganxilvis dros

mxedvelobaSi miiReboda protutor-is damokidebuleba sameurveo pirsa da mesame

pirebTan.

1. sameurveo pirTan mimarTebiT, protutor-i sakuTar Tavs avaldebulebda da uflebebs

iZenda negotiorum gestor-is saxiT; sameurveo pirsa da protutor-s Soris sarCels actio

protutelae directa da contraria ewodeba; 2. mesame pirebTan mimarTebiT, protutor-s sameurveo

pirad gamosvlis uflebamosili ar hqonda; amitom protutor-is mier dadebuli

garigebiT, mesame pirebis mimarT, sameurveo piri valdbuleba ar ekisreboda.

sasamarTlo procesis dros, SecdomaSi Seyvanis Sedegad, mesame pirs SeeZlo

moeTxova in integrum restitutio. Tu protutori saziano (dolo) garigebas dadebda, maSin

mesame pirisaTvis zaralia anazRaureba ekisreboda.; protutoris winaaRmdeg

wardgenil sarCels sagangebo saxeli ar hqonda; es iyo sarCeli actio in factum,

romelsac erTi wliT (anuus utilis) da memkvidreebs pasuxismgebloba ar ekisrebodaT.

serviusis ganmarteba aRniSnuli institutis pirvandel struqturasa da

daniSnulebas asaxavda. arqauli periodis samarTlis Tanaxmad, Tavisufali pirebi

(personae sui iuris), romlebic flobdnen qonebas, magram misi damoukideblad marTva ar

SeeZloT, yoveli SemTxvevisaTvis, dacvas saWiroebdnen. aseT pirebad miCneulni

iyvnen: asakis gamo _ arasrulwlovanebi, sqesis gamo _ qalebi, qmeduunarobis gamo _

Wkuasustebi da mflangvelebi. ojaxis ufrosis (paterfamilias) gardacvalebis Semdeg,

arasrulwlovani da qali meurveobas, xolo Wkuasusti da mflangveli, maTi

qmeduunarobis aRiarebisTanave, mzrunvelis meTvalyureobas eqvemdebarebodnen.

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Tavdapirvelad, meurveobas mamasaxlisis (paterfamilias) uzanaesi ZalauflebaSi mTeli

saojaxo qonebis TavmoyriT ganapirobebda. misi aryofnis dros aucilebeli iyo sxva

piris daniSvna, im pirTa dasacavad da mfarvelobis gasawevad, visac saojaxo qonebis

marTvis ufleba ar hqonda.

amrigad, meurve iyo anderZiT daniSnuli piri, an axlo naTesavi (agnatus proximus),

romelic memkvidreobis marTvas Tavis Tavze iRebda. rogorc irkveva, Tavdapirvelad,

sameurveo piris qoneba ojaxSi iyo da meurvis mier, sakuTari qonebis msgavsad,

imarTeboda. XII dafis kanonebiT, sameurveo piris qonebis mimTvisebeli meurvis

winaaRmdeg sarCeli gaicemoba.

rodesac agnaturi ojaxis uwindeli raoba daikarga, meurveobam da mzrunvelobam

sameurveo piris dacviTi xasiaTi SeiZina da sazogadoebrivi movaleobad

ganixileboda; qalebze meurveobis gauqmebis Semdeg, ori instituti _ meurveoba da

mzrunveloba _ sabolood Seerwya erTmaneTs.

Tavi VII. Zveli romis memkvidreobiTi samarTali

Mortis causa (gardacvalebis momenti); de cuius (mamkvidrebeli); successio (monacvleoba);

successio legitima (universaluri monacveloba kanonis ZaliT); successio per universitatem,

successio in universum ius (universaluri monacvleoba); successio in singulas res (singularuli

monacvleoba).

samarTlis subieqtis gardacvalebis Semdeg, misi qoneba memkvidreobiTi samarTliT

regulirdeboda. samarTlis am dargis ZiriTadi cnebiT igulisxmeboda piris

sikvdilis Semdeg (mortis causa), misi samarTlebrivi viTarebis sxva piriT (de cuius)

monacvleoba (successio). ganasxvaveben 1. universalur memkvidreobas (successio per

universitatem, in universum ius), roca winamorbedi piris samarTlebrivi viTareba

mTlianad sxva pirze gadadioda da 2. singularul memkvidreobas (successio

singularis, in singulas res), roca memkvidreobis subieqti iZenda mxolod im uflebebis

nawils, romelic manamde mis winamorbeds ekuTvnoda.

$1. kanoniT memkvidreoba

Heres (memkvidre); hereditas (memkvidreoba, samkvidro); hereditatis (mesame pirisaTvis mTeli

samkvidros gadacemis Sesaxeb); bonorum possessio (pretoruli ediqtiT gansazRvruli

samkvidro); legatum (legati) ; fideicommissum (fideikomisi); restitutio universum ius defuncti

(gardacvlili piris erToblivi samarTlebrivi mdgomareoba); sacra familares (saojaxo

religiuri ritualebi); familiam habere (ojaxis ufrosis wodebis miReba); pecunia et bona

(qoneba); ius patroni (patronatuli samarTali);

universalur memkvidreebad (monacvleebad) iTvlebodnen: in manu colis qmari (an

misi ojaxis ufrosi (paterfamilias), mSvilebeli sui iuris (adrogatio-s Sedegad) Svilad

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ayvanilis mimarT.

piris gardacvalebis Semdeg (mortis causa), universaluri memkvidreoba ius honorarium-is

safuZvelze, ius civile-sa da bonorum possessio-is mixedviT xorcieldeboda, rasac

memkvidreoba (hereditas) ewodeboda. Mortis causa-s singularuli memkvidreobis

hipoteziT igulisxmeboda anderZze uari (legatum) da fideikomisebis (fideicommissum)

memkvidrisaTvis mamkvidreblis sando danakisri. periodi, roca fideikomisi

universaluri memkvidreobis saSualebad gamoiyeneboda, (roca mamkvidrebeli

memkvidres akisrebda samkvidros gadacemas mesame pirisaTvis (restitutio hereditatis)

xanmokle droiT grZeldeboda. Mortis causa-s universaluri memkvidreobis obieqti iyo

mamkvidreblis (de cuius) samarTlebrivi mdgomareoba sruli moculobiT;

memkvidreobiT, mxolod mamkvidreblis valdebulebidan warmoSobili wminda, piradi

xasiaTis moTxovnebi da sajarimo sarCelebiT daculi samarTaldarRvevebi (actiones

poenales) ar gadaicemoda.

kerZo samarTliT regulirebul erTobliv obieqts samkvidro masa (universitas,

universum ius) ewodeboda. Tumca romis samarTalSi memkvidreobis cneba ufro vrceli

iyo, vidre gardacvlilis uflebebisa da movaleobebis memkvidreobiT gadasvla; am

cnebiT, aseve, igulisxmeboda iseTi urTierTobebic, romelic samoqalaqo brunvis

obieqti (res in commercii) ar SeiZleboda yofiliyo; (magaliTad, saojaxo wminda

adgilebi da sakulto nagebobebi (sacra familiares).

universaluri urTierToba (civiluri da pretoruli samarTlis safuZvelze)

xorcieldeboda: 1. anderZiT (ex testamento), 2. anderZis gareSe (ab intestato), 3. aseve

(pretoruli samarTliT) anderZis gareSe (bonorum possessio contra tabulas).

anderZis gareSe memkvidreobis miRebis ufleba memkvidreebisaTvis iyo samarTlebrivi

molodini, romelsac mamkvidreblis (de cuius) sicocxleSive mniSvneloba hqonda

mesame pirebisaTvis, upirvelesyovlisa, TviT mamkvidreblisaTvis, romlis nebasac

(gardacvalebis (mortis causa) Semdeg) sakuTari qonebis gankargvasTan dakavSirebiT,

aseTi memkvidreebis uflebebi zRudavda. kerZod, anderZSi mas ar SeeZlo, misdami

uSualod daqvemdebarebuli, memkvidreebis (sui heredes) ugulebelyofa. samkvidros

gaxsnisa da samemkvidreos misaRebad memkvidreebis mowvevis momentidan,

memkvidreobaze ufleba SeZenil samarTlebriv moTxovnad (ius successionis)

ganixileboda.

samkvidros gaxsna (deletio hereditatis) iyo iuridiuli faqti, romliTac memkvidres

samkvidros miReba SeeZlo. iqmneba Taviseburi iuridiuli viTareba, rodesac

mamkvidreblis (de cuius) uflebebs realuri subieqti ar hyavda, Tumca, arsebobda

potenciuri memkvidre (heres), romlis sasargeblod samkvidro ixsneboda.

amrigad, memkvidred mowveva samkvidros gaxsnis erT-erTi aucilebeli piroba iyo. Tu

anderZiT memkvidreebi, samkvidros misaRebad, garkveuli pirobiT moiwveodnen, aseT

SemaTxvevaSi, samkvidro, aRniSnuli pirobebis realizaciis momentidan, gaxsnilad

iTvleboda.

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Ius civile-s Tanaxmad, pirebs, romlebic memkvidreobis miRebis upiratesi uflebiT

sargeblobdnen, anu daqvemdebarebul memkvidreebs (sui heredes), erTdroulad

memkvidreobis miRebis uflebac hqondaT da memkvidred yofnis movaleobac:

memkvidreobaze uaris Tqmis ufleba maT ar SeeZloT. amrigad, isini aucilelebl,

savaldebulo memkvidrebad (heredes sui et necessarii) miiCneodnen. es is SemTxveva iyo,

rodesac anderZiT memkvidres memkvidreoba savaldebulo wesiT gadaecemoda.

memkvidreoba garkveuli pirebis sasargeblod ixsneboda. maTi moqmedeba, samkvidros

miRebis mizniT (aditio hereditatis) Semdegs ganapirobebda: mamkvidreblis uflebebi axal

subieqts iZenda, riTac, faqtobrivad, memkvidreobis viTareba amowurulad

iTvleboda. Tanamemkvidreobis SemTxvevaSi, samkvidros umemkvidrod darCenili wili

sxva memkvidreebze nawildeboda. postklasikur periodSi, gamonaklisis saxiT,

samkvidros transmisia dauSves: anu im SemTxvevaSi, Tu erT wlamde asakis (Cvilobis

asaki) memkvidre, samkivdros miRebamde gardaicvleboda, maSin misi samkvidro wilis

miRebis ufleba mamamis gadaecemoda, rasac samkvidros transmisia ewodeboda. sxva

pirisaTvis memkvidreobis uflebis daTmoba magistratis winaSe daTmobis sagangebo

formiTac (in iure cessio hereditatis) SeiZleboda. am SemTxvevaSi, samkvidro (hereditatis),

samemkvidreo uflebis (ius successionis), saxiT gasxvisdeboda da misi SemZeni memkvidre

xdeboda. samkvidros miRebamde, aucilebel memkvidreebsa da anderZiT memkvidreebs,

samkvidros (hereditatis) daTmobis ufleba ar hqondaT.

civiluri samarTliT, memkvidreobis misaRebad memkvidris uflebebi daculi iyo

civiluri sarCeliT (vindicatio hereditatis), romelsac hereditatis petitio ewodeboda.

moTxovna unda Camoyalibebuliyo agere in rem per sponsionem formiT da amis Taobaze

gadawyvetilebas centumvirebis sasamarTlo iRebda, romlis drosac procesi legis

actio sacramento in personam formiT mimdinareobda.

memkvidris uflebebis dacvis problematikam pretoruli memkvidreobis institutis

Camoyalibeba ganapiroba.

qr. Sobamde I saukunis Suaxanebidan, sisxlis naTesaobis (cognatio) mniSvnelobis

zrdis kvalobaze, pretorma samkvidro qonebis mflobelobaSi Seiyvana is pirebic,

visac ius civile-s mixedviT, samkvidro uflebebi ar gaaCnda. pretoris dasmuli

SekiTxvis pasuxad, mosarCeleni pretoruli memkvidreobas uanderZod (quorum

bonorum) iRebdnen interdiqtiT, romliTac sxva, mesame pirebisagan memkvidreobis

gamoTxova SeeZloT. mflobelobis moZiebis (interdicta ad ipiscendae possessionis) aseTi

interdiqti samkvidro qonebis mflobels eZleoda.

samemkvidreo monacvleobis uZvelesi forma, memkvidreoba anderZis gareSe (ab intestato)

iyo, romelic XII dafis kanonebiT regulirdeboda, ris gamoc kanonieri monacvleoba

(successio legitima) ewodeboda.

TavisufladSobil romael moqalaqeebs (ingenui) Soris, Tu ojaxis ufrosis

(paterfamilias) anderZiT, memkvidreoba ar rCebodaT, an Tu anderZi baTili iyo,

samkvidro ixsneboda agnatebis, xolo maTi ar arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, mogvareebis

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(gentiles) sasargeblod.

agnatebs Soris upiratesobiT sargeblobda ojaxis winaparTa sulebTan yvelaze

axlos mdgomi piri (adgnatus proximus). Tavdapirvelad, aseTad moiazreboda imave

Taobis piri rogorc mamkvidrebeli (de cuius) iyo (anu misi Zma), magram mamis statusis

ganmtkicebis kvalobaze, naTesauri kavSiris sawyisad realuri mamasaxlisi

(paterfamilias) (da ara saerTo winapari) miiCneoda, aseTebad ki mamkvidreblis

uaxloesi agnati misive vaJiSvili iyo. Tu ojaxis ufross (paterfamilias) mis

daqvemdebarebaSi aravin hyavda da ise gardaicvleboda, rom anderZs ar datovebda,

memkvidreebad sxva agnatebs (familia communi iure) iwvevdnen.

Cuus-isa da adgnatus proximus-is cnebaTa Tanxvedris gamo, pontifikosebma XII dafis

kanonebi, masSi cvlilebis gareSe, ganavrces; Tu mamkvidrebeli anderZSi memkvidred

Tavis daqvemdebarebuls ar ixseniebda, gardacvalebis Semdeg, ojaxis ufrosi misi

vaJiSvili xdeboda.

XII dafis kanonebiT, daRmavali xazis uSualo naTesavebis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi,

memkvidris adgils ikavebda mamkvidreblis (de cuius) gverdiTi xazis naTesavi.

naTesaobis siaxlove konkretuli mamkvidreblisgan (de cuius) aiTvleboda. Tu mas

RviZli Zma (meore rigis naTesaoba) hyavda, maSin imave Taobis biZaSvili, rogorc

ufro Soreuli naTesavi (mesame rigis naTesavi) memkvidred ar moiwveoda.

meore rigis naTesavebi (mamkvidreblis gverdiTi agnati naTesavebi), kanonis Tanaxmad,

aucilebeli memkvidreeebi ar iyvnen; amitom memkvidreobis miReba sagangebo aqts

saWiroebda. Tumca, isic unda aRiniSnos, rom maTTvis memkvidreobis transmisia mainc

ar daiSveboda. Tu mamkvidreblis uaxloesi gverdiTi xazis naTesavi samkvidroze

uars amobobda an ise gardaicvleboda, rom mis sasargeblod gaxsnil samkvidros

miRebas ver moaswrebda, maSin momdevno rigis agnatebi samkvidros misaRebad ar

daiuSvebodnen. armyof memkvidreTa wili danarCenebis wils emateboda, xolo aseT

pirTa ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi, samkvidro sxva mogvareebs (gentiles) gadaecemoda.

Tumca, civiluri samarTliT gaTvaliswineuli mesame rigis memkvidreebis (gentiles)

monacvleobis wesi adreve gauqmda da naklebad cnobilia.

amrigad, ius civile mixedviT, anderZis gareSe memkvidreoba agnatur kavSirs efuZneboda

da is pirebi, romelTa mimarTac minimaluri statusuri damcroba (capitis deminutio

minima) ganxorcielda, memkvidreebad ar daiSvebodnen. civiluri samarTlis (ius

strictum) aseTma simkacrem, romelic sisxliTi naTesaobis (cognatio) Sesaxeb

sazogadoebriv azrs ar Seesabameboda, mravali problema warmoSva. amitom, agnaturi

kavSirebis ararsebobis miuxedavad, pretorma uaxloesi naTesavebis memkvidreebad

mowveva dauSva da anderZis gareSe memkvidreTa Svidi rigi daadgina.

memkvidreebis pirvel rigs gardacvlilis rogorc sui Svilebi (liberi), aseve

emancipirebuli RviZli Svilebi ganekuTvnebodnen, aseve isini, vinc, dabadebis Semdeg,

romis moqalaqeoba imperatoris gadawyvetilebiT moipova. gamonakliss warmoadgenda

sxva ojaxSi (familia) Sesuli pirebi (Svilad ayvanili da qalebi in manu). pirveli

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rigis pretoruli memkvidreebi konkurencias uSualod sui heredes uwevdnen, romelTa

upirates uflebas memkvidreobaze ius civile iTvaliswinebda.

memkvidreTa meore rigs legitimi ewodeboda; ius civile-s mixedviT, maTi ufleba agnatebis

memkvidreobis tolfasi iyo

mesame rigis memkvidreebs ganekuTvnebodnen RviZli naTesavebi (cognati) meSvide Taobis

naTesaobamde. Unde cognati-s memkvidreobaze pretenziis gacxadeba sxva ojaxSi

gaSvilebul Svilebsac SeeZloT. Cognatio-s aRiareba qorwinebis kanonierebaze

damokidebuli ar iyo. Svilebs dedis qonebis memkvidreobac SeeZloT da piruku.

Tumca, agnatebTan SedarebiT, maTi memkvidreoba ufro dabali xarisxis iyo.

pretoruli samarTliT memkvidreTa meoTxe rigs ganekuTvnebodnen gaazatebulis

patronis meuRle da misi Svilebi (maT Soris emancipirebulebic). Tavad patrons

gaazatebulis (liberti) memkvidred mowvevis ufleba, agnatobis safuZvelze hqonda da

amiT is mxolod gaazatebulis daqvemdebarebul memkvidreebs (sui heredes) Tu

CammorCeboda.

mexuTe rigis memkvidreobas miekuTvneboda gaazatebulebis (liberti) memkvidreoba

bonorum possessio, romelsac patronis patroni (Tu ki aseTi piri arsebobda) iRebda.

memkvidreebis meeqvse rigs cocxlad darCenili meuRle ganekuTvneboda.

pretoruli memkvidreebis meSvide rigs Seadgendnen patronis naTesavebi, romlebsac

ufleba hqondaT gaazatebulis beiTalman qonebaze.

postklasikur periodSi, ius civile yvela SezRudvis TandaTanobiTi SemsubuqebiT,

kanoniT memkvidreobis miRebis procesi gamartivda. cvlilebebi Seexo im

SezRudvebsac, romlebic pretorul samarTalSi aisaxa da iustinianes samarTliT

sabolood gauqmda adgnatio-s upiratesoba cognatio-s winaSe, xolo mdedrobiTi xazis

naTesavebis memkvidreobiTi uflebebi sabolood gauTanabres mamrobiTi xazis

memkvidreebs. 543 wels 118 noveliT, kanonT memkvidreTa (ab intestato) oTxi rigi

dadginda: memkvidreTa pirvel rigs Svilebi da maTi daRmavali xazis naTesavebi

(naTesaobis rigiTobis miuxedavad) ganekuTvnebodnen, memkvidred wardgenis ufleba

SeuzRudavi iyo; meore rigSi aRmavali xazis naTesavebi (mSoblebi), RviZli da-Zma

(maTi Svilebi) moiazrebodnen. Tavis mxriv, aRmavali xaziT memkvidreoba mamisa da

dedis mxridan naTesaobis mixedviT iyofoda; erT-erTi mSoblis arseboba sxva pirTa

memkvidreobas gamoricxavda. Tu gverdiTi xazis memkvidreebi mSoblebis

konkurentebad gamodiodnen, maSin samkvidro suladobis mixedviT iyofoda;

memkvidreTa mesame rigiT moiazreboda naxevari da-Zma da maTi Svilebi, romelTac,

maTi mSoblebis cocxlad aryofnis SemTxvevaSi, memkvidreebad iwvevdnen; kanoniT

memkvidreTa meoTxe rigs sxva sisxlismieri naTesavebi ganekuTvnebodnen.

$2. anderZiT memkvidreoba (successio testamentaria)

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Ex testamento (anderZiT memkvidreoba); ab intestato (kanoniT memkvidreoba); ius successionis

(samemkvidreo monacvleobis ufleba); delatio hereditatis (samkvidros gaxsna); heres

(memkvidre); sui heredes (xelisuflebaSi myof pirTagan dasaxelebuli memkvidreebi);

hereditatis (samkvidros miReba); transmissio (samkvidros transmisia); in iure cessio hereditatis

(samkvidros cesia); hereditas iacens (`dadebuli~ samkvidro); cretio (samkvidros sazeimo

miReba); pro herede gestio (memkvidris Sesabamisi qmedeba); bonorom possessio sine tabulis

(pretoruli memkvidreoba anderZis gareSe); bonorum possessio contra tabulas (anderZis

sapirispiro pretoruli memkvidreoba); bonorum possessio edictalis (pretoruli

memkvidreoba ediqtis safuZvelze); bonorum possessio decretalis (pretoruli memkvidreoba

dekretiT); successio testmentaria (anderZiT memkvidreoba); testamentum (anderZi); ex heredatio

(samkvidros CamorTmeva); legata (saanderZo danakisri); codex (kodeqsi); codicillii (mcire

kodeqsi); petitio (persecutio) fideicommissi (sarCeli fideikomisis Sesaxeb).

anderZi iyo piris nebis samarTlebrivad dadgenili da sazeimo formiT Sedgenili

gadawyvetileba, romelsac savaldebulo Zala moanderZis gardacvalebis Semdeg

eniWeboda.

anderZis arsi mamkvidreblis (de cuius) monacvlis garkveva iyo. mamkvidreblis

gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi, misi qoneba ara ubdalod sxvisdeboda, aramed is Tavis

magivrad asaxelebda sxva pirs, romelic, misi amqveynad aryofnisas, mas Secvlida.

amiT universaluri da singularuli monacvleoba arsebiTad gansxvavdeba

erTmaneTisagan. samoqalaqo brunvaSi sakuTari poziciis gankargviT, mamkvidrebeli

ara mxolod misi, individualuri nebiT dadgenili, materialuri sagnebis

aRiarebuli mepatrone xdeboda, aramed sruli moculobiT, formalurad

gansazRvruli nebis, warmarTvelic _ anu sakuTari samarTlebrivi usafrTxoebis

subieqturi mxaris mepatronec iyo. individualuri Tavisuflebis aseTi xarisxi,

samarTlis ganviTarebis maRal doneze metyvelebda da subieqtur da formalurad

aRiarebul funqciaTa Soris sxvaobaze mowmobda. romis sazogadoebis ganviTarebis

sxvadasxva etapze, samarTlis subieqtis evolucia samemkvidreo monacvleobis arsisa

da memkvidris funqiaTa evoluciazec aisaxa, razec romauli anderZis istoriuli

formebic metyvelebda. arqaul periodSi, individualuri interesebis wina planze

wamoweva da sakuTari pirovnebis mniSvnelobis damkvidreba, uSualod ukavSirdeboda

Zveli mamasaxlisis (paterfamilias) swrafvas _ ojaxis ufrosoba sakuTari

vaJiSvilisaTvis daetovebina, da amiT, winaprebTan yvelaze axlos mdgomi, sxva

agnati naTesavi Camoecilebina. aseTi survili saxalxod gacxadebas (testamentus)

saWiroebda, rac kuriis wminda krebaze (comitia calata) formalur dadasturebasa da

damowmebas iTxovda. wminda krebaze, romelic weliwadSi orjer moiwveoda, ojaxis

ufross (paterfamilias), daRmavali xazis naTesavebis sasargeblod, gakeTebuli misi

arCevanis obieqturi mizezebi unda daesaxelebina (zustad ise, rogorc Svilad

ayvanis (adrogatio) dros xdeboda). romaeli xalxis sayovelTao azriT,

individualuri nebis aseTi formiT ganzogadeba, saomrad gamzadebuli jaris winaSe

gacxadebuli anderZis (testamentum in procinctu) analogi iyo.

anderZis mesame saxis _ anderZi libraluri ritualis (testamentum per aes et libram) _

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dasadebad saWiro iyo xuTi mowme da mesaswore. aRniSnuli ritualis

gansaxorcieleblad moanderZis is xelqveiTebi (potestas) an misi megobrebi, romlebic

ojaxs (familia) iRebdnen, mowmeebad ar daiSvebodnen, radgan es aqti uSualod

monawile pirTa interesebs exeboda. anderZi iuridiul Zalas iZenda, magram, teqstis

gacxadeba ar daiSveboda. anderZis teqstiani firfitebi erTad ikvreboda da maT

mowmeTa beWdebs artyamdnen. sul iyo Svidi beWedi: xuTi mowmeebis, erTi ojaxis

mimRebis da erTic magistratis. beWedTa am raodenobas iTxovda pretori, raTa

pretoruli samarTliT dacul sabuTs, anderZis forma mieRo. mogvianebiT, sabuTze

xelis mowerac savaldebulo gaxda. msgavsi formiT anderZi klasikur epoqaSi

dgeboda. anderZis mTavar arsobriv elements warmoadgenda memkvidreblis

dasaxeleba (heredis institutio), romelsac gaiusi, mTeli anderZis, dasawyisad da

dasasrulad miiCnevda. Tu memkvidris daniSvnas ar hqonda iuridiuli Zala, anderZi

mTlianad baTilad iTvleboda.

memkvidreis dasaxelebas (heredis institutio) globaluri mniSvneloba hqonda da im

SemTxvevaSi, Tu mamkvidrebeli samkvidros Tundac mcire nawils anderZiT memkvidres

utovebda, ab intestato memkvidreebis moiwveva aRar daiSveboda; garda amisa,

romis samarTalSi damkvidrda cneba `erTxel memkvidre, samudamod memkvidre _ semel

heres, semper heres~, ras Semdeg niSnavda: memkvidre arc rezoluciuri pirobiT da arc

raime vadiT ar iniSneneboda.

romis samarTalma daadgina, rom mamis gardacvalebidan mTvaris aTi Tvis

ganmavlobaSi dabadebuli bavSvi (postumus), mamis memkvidre (de ciuis) xdeboda.

anderZiT moanderZes samkvidrodan calkeuli nivTebis mesame pirebisaTvis gadacemac

SeeZlo. aseT gankargulebas saanderZo danakisri (legatam) ewodeboda. saanderZo

danakisris (legata) mizani legetariumisaTvis mogebis motana da ar memkvidris

mdgomareobis gaeuareseba iyo. Tu saanderZo danakisri (legatum) memkvidris dasja _

(legatum poenae nomine (causa) isaxavda, maSin is baTildeboda. amitom, savsebiT

marTalia modestinusi, romlis Tanaxmadac, `legati aris anderZiT Cuqeba _ legatum est

donatio testamento relicta~ (D.31.36) florentinusis azriT, `legati aris memkvidreobis

Semcireba, riTac moanderZes surs mesame pirs gadasces im qonebis nawili, rasac

memkvidre mTlianad miiRebs _ legatum est delibatio hereditatis, qua testator es eo, quod universum

heredis foret, alicui quid collatum velit~ (D.30,116 pr).

legatis gadacema mxolod memkvidreze SeiZleboda, xolo legatariumisaTvis

dakisrebuli valdebuleba baTilad iTvleboda. legatis ZalaSi Sesvla

ganisazRvreboda heres testamentarius-is sasargeblod, universaluri monacvelobis

ganxorcielebiT. memkvidreobis miRabaze memkvidris nebayoflobiTi uari,

legetariums molodins ucruebda. qr. Sobis II saukunemde moanderZes,

legatebis saxiT, mTeli samkvidros gankargva da memkvidrisaTvis mxolod pasivebis

datoveba SeeZlo. aseTi viTareba kreditorTa uflebebs mZime tvirTad awva da

mamkvidreblis gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi (mortis causa), moTxovnaTa mTel brunvas

safrTxeSi agdebda. swored am dros gamoica lex Furia testamentaria, romliTac,

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Tu legatebis Rirebuleba 1 000 ass aRemateboda, legatebis datoveba im pirTa

sasargeblod, romlebic moanderZis meeqvse rigi kognati naTesavebi mainc ar iyvnen,

ikrZaleboda. kanonis gverdis avliT Sedgenili legati Zalas inarCunebda, magram

legatariumi, memvkidris sasargeblod, oTxmagi jarimis gadaxdas eqvemdebareboda.

aRniSnuma kanonma ver gaamarTla. mamkvidrebels SeeZlo gaeca uamravi legati,

romelic mTlianobaSi 1 000 ass ar aRemateboda, magram memkvidres usaxsrod

tovebda.

qr. Sobis 40 w. gamoica lex Falcidia, romliTac dadginda: nebismier SemTxvevaSi,

samkvidro masidan aqtivebis 1/4 mainc _ e.w. falcidiuri meoTxedis wili, memkvidres

unda darCenoda. am kanoniT, legatariumis moTxovnaTa obieqti mxolod legatis

garkveuli nawili iyo.

klasikuri romis samarTlis Tanaxmad, legatebis oTxi saxe arsebobda: 1. Legatum per

vindicationem (vindikaciis meSveobiT); 2. Legatum per damnationem (ganaCenis meSveobiT);

3. Legatum sinendi modo (nebarTvis gziT); 4. Legatum per praeceptionem (gamoyofis

meSveobiT).

legatebis uZvelesi saxis legatum per vindicationem meSveobiT, mamkvidreblis

gankargulebiT, legetariumis sakuTrebaSi samkvidros nawili gadadioda; legatum per

damnationem-iT, legatariumis sasargeblod, mamkvidrebeli memkvidres, uSualod,

anderZiT avalebda garkveuli nivTis sakuTrebaSi gadacemas (dare) an raime qmedebis

Sesrulebas (facere, non facere). pirvel SemTxvevaSi legatis obieqti SeiZleba

yofiliyo mxolod is nivTi, romelic, kvirituli samarTliT, gardacvalebamde

mamkvidrebels ekuTvnoda. uSualod am nivTze legatariumi sakuTrebas srulad im

momentSi iZenda, roca memkvidre samkvidros miiRebda da memkvidris winaaRmdeg

savindikacio sarCelis Setanac (Tu legatis moculobiT falcidiuri meoTxedis

wesi irRveoda, legatis nawili vindikacias eqvemdebareboda) SesaZlebeli iyo.

Legatum sinendi modo-sac valdebulebiTi Sedegi hqonda; moanderZis brZanebiT,

memkvidres, legatariumisaTvis mikuTvnebuli garkveuli nivTis waRebis neba eZleoda.

legatariumis uflebebi daculi iyo actio incerti ex testamento-Ti. Tu legatis obieqti

mamkvidreblis nivTze servituti an uzufruqti iyo, maSin memkvidres in non faciendo

(mesame pirisaTvis valis patieba an legetariumisaTvis mamkvidreblis mier ijariT

aRebuli nivTiT usasyidlod sargeblobis ufleba) eniWeboda.

Legatem per praeceptionem-s realuri Sedegi hqonda da samkvidrodan raime nivTis

winaswar gamoyofas gulisxmobda, magram memkvidreTa wilis gansazRvrisas legatis

es nairsaxeoba mxedvelobaSi ar miiReboda.

postklasikur periodSi legatebis sxvadasxva saxis TandaTanobiTi

urTierTSerwymiT singularuli monacvleoba (mortis causa) dadginda, rac

ganpirobebuli iyo formalur moTxovnaTa simkacris SesustebiT. 529 w. iustinianem

sabolood daadgina: formis miuxedavad, legats, mamkvidreblis nebis Sesabamisad,

hqonda Zala, rac legatebisa da fideikomisebis TiTqmis gaigivebas niSnavda. amis

Taobaze sagangebod aRiniSna iustinianes digestebSi `legatebisa da fideikomisebis

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Sesaxeb~ (D.30). faqtobrivad, legati da fideikomisi yovelmxriv gaTanabrda.

imperiis periodSi, gansakuTrebuli sityvieri an werilobiTi Txovnis safuZvelze,

ganviTarda saanderZo danakisris sxva forma _ fideikomisebi (fideicommissa)

sicocxlis bolo wuTebSi mamkvidrebeli memkvidres mimarTavda TxovniT, romlis

Tanaxmadac, memkvidres, romelime piris sasargeblod, raime qmedeba unda

Seesrulebina an misTvis raime nivTi unda gadaeca. Tavdapirvelad, aseTi Txovna

mxolod fides (memkvidris Rirsebaze) iyo damokidebuli da mas iuridiuli Zala ar

hqonda. Tumca, avgustusis droidan moyolebuli, eqstraordinaluri wesis

safuZvelze, fideikomisariusi uflebamosili Seiqna waredgina fideicommissi persecutio,

romelic, eqstraodinaluri sasamarTlo procesis damkvidrebiT, TiTqmis actio

testamenti-s Seerwya.

anderZs erTvoda ramdenime firfita an pergamentis furceli, romelic Seicavda

memkvidris mimarT moanderZis Txovnas, raTa mas mesame piris sasargeblod raime

gaekeTebina. aseTi mcire kodeqsi, romelsac mogvianebiT codicilli ewoda,

samarTlebrivad avgustusis dros aRiares.

mogvianebiT dadginda, rom Tu kodicilebSi gamovlenili neba anderZis sityvebiTac

(codicilii testamento confirmati) dasturdeboda, maSin es Tavad anderZiT datovebuli nebis

gamovlinebad iTvleboda. gamonaklisi iyo memkvidris da meurvis daniSvna, romlis

sisworec mxolod anderZis safuZvelze miiCneoda. dadasturebuli kodicilebis

iuridiuli Zala anderZis namdvilobaze iyo damokidebuli. Tu kodicilebi anderZiT

ar iyo dadasturebuli, maSin maT fideikomisebis mniSvneloba hqondaT. Tu anderZi

baTili iyo, kodicilebi ZalaSi rCeboda da masSi Camoyalibebuli Txovnebi da

brZanebebi, kanonis ZaliT, mamkvidrebels ekisreboda. fideikomisebTan dakavSirebul

saqmeebs, Tavdapivelad, konsulebi extra ordinem wesiT ganixiladvnen, xolo Semdeg

specialuri pretorebis _ praetor fideicommissarius-is iurisdiqcias dauqvemdebares.

sarCeli fideikomisebis Sesaxeb (persecutio fideicommissi) pirs piradi sarCelis saxiT

waredgineboda. fideikimisis obieqti iyo samkvidros nemismieri nivTi, aseve mesame

pirTa nivTebi. fideikomisi ar gansxvavdeboda legatum per damnationem-sgan. moanderZes

memkvidrisaTvis SeeZlo moeTxova, fideikomisariumisaTvis samkvidros nawilis an

mTeli samkvidros gadacema. am orive SemTxvevaSi universaluri fideikomisi

igulisxmeboda.

fideikomisis sagani SeiZleboda monisaTvis Tavisuflebis miniWebac (lebertas

fideicommissaria) yofiliyo. Tu mona mamkvidrebels ar ekuTvnoda, maSin fideikomisiT

datvirTul memkvidres monis gamosyidva da gaazateba evaleboda. magram Tu monis

batoni monis gayidvaze uars amobobda, an ararealurad did fass iTxovda, maSin

monis fideikomisi iqviTeboda.

Tavi VIII. romis sanivTo samarTali

adamianebs Soris nivTebis Taobaze warmoqmnili urTierTobebi sanivTo samarTliT

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wesrigdeboda, romliTac calkeul pirTa an pirTa jgufebisaTvis nivTebis

kuTvnilebis forma da maTi sruli gankargvis dadgena xdeboda. nivTze sakuTrebis

uflebis (dominium) safuZvleze, nivTis mimarT nivTis mesakuTres absoluturi

samarTlebrivi pozicia hqonda. nivTze sakuTrebis uflebis Taobaze gamarTul

sasamarTlo procesze (in rem), mesakuTres, nebismier mesame pirze _ maT Soris, imave

nivTze raime sxva uflebis mqoneze, _ gacilebiT myari samarTlebrivi mdgomareoba

hqonda. amitom, sakuTrebis uflebiT, yovelgvari samarTlebrivi SezRudvis gareSe,

nivTze piris abstraqtuli kuTvnileba (proprietas) sruli moculobiT igulisxmeboda.

maSasadame, mxolod mesakuTres SeeZlo eTqva, rom nivTi mxolod mas ekuTvnoda

(meum esse aio). Tumca, nivTze uflebas da nivTis uSualo flobas, romaeli

samarTalmcodneebi (prudentes) yvela SemTxvevaSi rodi ganasxvevabdnen

erTmaneTisagan. faqtia, rom nivTis kuTvnilebis formebi mxolod sakuTrebis

uflebiT ar amoiwureboda. nebismieri nivTi mTeli rigi iseTi TvisebebiT

xasiaTdeboda, romelTa gamoyeneba sxva pirebs, _ aramesakuTreebsac SeeZloT.

aRniSnuli uflebebi uSualo obieqts ukavSirdeboda da sruliad realuri,

nebisieri sxva pirisaTvis savaldebulo da mniSvnelovani iyo.

sanivTo samarTliT nivTze subieqtis piradi neba da misi gankargvis SesaZlebloba

dgindeboda. yvelaze srulyofilad nebis avtonomiuroba, pirTa romelime

jgufisadmi individis kuTvnilebis miuxedavad, nivTis gamo realur samarTlebriv

urTierTobebSi, piris individualur subieqtad CabmiT vlindeboda. aqedan

gamodinare, sanivTo urTierTobebis samarTlebrivi mowesrigeba xels uwyobda,

socialuri urTierTobis TvlasazrisiT, individis poziciis ganmtkicebas da misi

nebis avtonomiurobis aRiarebas.

I. qoneba

romaelebi TandaTanobiT mividnen im azramde, rom arsebobda sameurneo

daniSnulebis erTiani qonebrivi kompleqsebi. moqalaqeTa qonebis yvelaze Zveli

gansazRvreba (monebisa da saqonlis erToblioba _ familia pecuniaque) XII dafis

kanonebSia mocemuli; mogvinebiT, familia-d, mTeli qoneba aRiniSneboda. civiluri

samarTliT damkvidrda qonebis cneba, romelic mopovebuli iyo ojaxis ufrosis

(paterfamilias) SromiT da mas ewodeboda patrimonium _ mamuli, romelic, Sesabamisi

sakulto movaleobebis gaTvaliswinebiT, memkvidreebs gadaecemoda.

pretorul samarTalSi zogjer gvxvdeba termini `mamis~ da `papis~ qoneba. Tumca,

qonebiT igulisxmeboda yovelive is, rac aRniSnuli piris kuTvnileba iyo,

miuxedavad imisa, qoneba misi SeZenili iyo Tu memkvidreobiT miRebuli. mesakuTris

sicocxleSi misi sikeTe (bona) kreditorisaTvis valis gadaxdis garanti iyo.

II. nivTebi

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digestebis Tanaxmad, garda qonebisa, arsebobda iseTi nivTic, romelic aseve

moicavda iuridiul urTierTobebsa da uflebebs.

Gai., 2,2. Summa itaque rerum diviso in duos articulos diducitur: nam aliae sint divini iuris, aliae humani _

amrigad, nivTebi ZiriTadad or kategoriad iyofoda: RvTaebrivi samarTlis nivTebad

(res divini iuris) da adamianTa samarTlis nivTebad (res humani iuris). RvTaebiT, bunebrivi

ZalebiT, mTeli sazogadoebis mier aRiarebuli Sexedulebebi moiazreboda; amdenad,

TiToeuli individis neba mis nebas eqvemdebareboda. ama Tu im nivTis RvTis

kuTvnilebad aRiarebiT, aRniSnuli nivTi Tavisufali nebis qmedebis sferos aRar

ganekuTvneboda da samoqalaqo brunvidan amoiReboda. brunvaSi arsebuli nivTebis

saxiT, aRniSnuli nivTebi aravis ekuTvnoda:

Quod autem divini iuris est, id nullius in bonis est _ is, rac RvTaebriv samarTals miekuTvneba,

ar SeiZleba vinmes qonebaSi imyofebodes Gai., 2,9: (Gai, 2,3; D.1,8.1.pr). romaelebi

ganasxvavebdnen wminda nivTebs (res sacrae) da saTayvanebel nivTebs (res religiosae).

sajaro gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze, nivTebis pirveli kategoria RvTaebis

kuTvnilad miiCneoda (D.1,8,6,3; 1,8,9,pr.1), xolo meore kategorias ganekuTvneboda iseTi

nivTebi, romlebic, adamianis saqmianobiT, saTayvanebel adgilebad (religiosus locus)

miiCneoda, anu es iyo winaparTa saflavebi. (Gai. 2,6; D.1,8,6,4). nivTis wminda (sacra)

nivTad aRiarebisaTvis mxolod kerZo iniciativa ar kmaroda, xolo nivTis

saTayvaneblad (religiosae) aRiareba ki mxolod kviritul mesakuTres (dominus) SeeZlo

(Gai., 2,7; D.1,8,6,4). RvTaebrivi samarTlis nivTebis (res divini iuris) mxolod sakraluri

samarTliT (ius sacrum) regulirebas eqvemdebareboda, samoqalaqo samarTlis normebi

masze ar vrceldeboda. amitom, provinciebSi, sadac miwa dominium ex iure Quiritium-is

obieqti ar iyo, sasaflaoebi saTayvanebel adgilebad (religiosus loco) ar miiCneoda,

Tumca, fiqtiurad, mainc aseTebad iTvleboda (Gai, 2,7).

Hae autem quae humani iuris sunt, aut publicae sunt aut privatae _ xolo is nivTebi, romlebic

adamianTa samarTals ganekuTvneba, sajaro an kerZo nivTebad iyofa Gai, 2,10.

nivTebis am kategoriaTa paralelurad arsebobda res privata, anu is nivTebi,

romelTac sazogadoebis wevrebi kerZo pirTa saxiT flobdnen.

Privatae sunt quae singulorum hominum sunt _ kerZoa is nivTebi, romlebic calkeul

adamianebs ekuTvnis. (Gai., 2,11.)

termini `singulus~ (termini `privatus~ uZvelesi ekvivalenti) am cnebis arss yvelaze

zustad asaxavda: es iyo indivi, danarCen subieqtTagan gancalkevebuli piri.

aRniSnuli cnebiT, yuradReba calkeuli subieqtis damoukidebel rolsa da mis

avtonomiurobazea gamaxvilebuli, rac samarTalze dafuZnebuli sazogadoebis,

sociumis, mTavar subieqtad Tavisufal individs amkivdrebda.

aRniSnuli mosazreba samoqalaqo brunvis, rogorc kavSirebis sistemis, axsna-

ganmartebaSi aisaxa. brunvaSi arsebuli qoneba (bona) is ekonomikurad mniSvnelovani

obieqti iyo, romlis individualurad gankargva xelisuflebis prerogativad iqca.

162

Quae publicae sunt, nullius videnturin bonis esse, ipsius enim universitatis esse creduntur _ is nivTebi,

romlebic sajaroa, ver iqneba vinmes brunvadi qoneba, maT rogorc TviT Temis

sakuTrebas ganixilaven Gai.,2,11. cnebas `nullius in bonis~ (Gai.,2,9; D.1,8,1,pr.) gaiusi iyenebs

ara mxolod saRvTo samarTlis nivTebisa (res divini iuris) da sajaro nivTebis (res

publicae), aramed im kerZo nivTebis (res privata) aRsaniSnavad, romelTac aqtualuri

mesakuTre ar hqyavdaT (res nullius _ aravis nivTebi), anu samkvidro mis miRebamde.

Gai.,2,1 werda: …modo videamus de rebus: quae vel in nostro patrimonio sunt vel extra nobstrum

patrimonium habentur _ ...axla ganvixiloT nivTebi: isini an Cveni mflobelobis sferoSi

arian, an Cveni mflobelobis sferos miRma.

Tumca, cneba Cvens qonebaSi (in nostro patrimonium) gulisxmobda, res humanis iuris

kategoriis im nivTebsac, romlebic gansakuTrebuli wesiT gankargvas

eqvemdebareboda, anu brunvidan amoRebuli qoneba (in bonis esse).

nivTTa gamijvna Cvens qonebaSi (in nostro patrimonium) da Cveni qonebis miRma (extra

nostrum patrimonium) mxolod gaiusTan gvxvdeba, sxva samarTalmcodneebi (prudentes)

ganasxvavebdnen brunvaSi arsebul (res in commercio) da brunvidan amoRebul (res extra

commercium) nivTebs. romaeli iuristi celsusi (yidva-gayidvis konteqstSi) brunvidan

amoRebul nivTebs (res extra commercium) saTayvanebeli nivTebis (res religiosae)

sapirispirod miiCnevda. (D.18,1,6 pr): …ut sacra et religiosae loca aut quorum commercium no sit, ut

publicae, quae non in pecunia populi, sed in publico usu habeantur, ut est campus Martius _ rogorc

wminda da saTavyvanebeli miwebi an iseTi, romlebic brunvidan arian amoRebuli;

rogorc sajaro nivTebi, romlebic xalxis qonebas ar ganekuTvneba, marsis moednis

msgavsad, sajaro sargeblobas eqvemdebarebian.

sajaro sargeblobis nivTebi (res in usu publico) brunvidan amoRebul nivTebad (res extra

commercium) iTvleboda (maT rigs ganekuTvneboda, saxelmwifosa da kerZo pirebs

Soris garigebebis dadebisas gamoyenebuli, brunvidan amoRebuli nivTebi _ res extra

commercium-s). Res publicae kategoriis nivTTa Soris arsebuli gansxvaveba, gaiusis

azris sapirispiroa, radgan yvela sajaro nivTs, RvTaebrivi samarTlis nivTebis

msgavsad (res divini iuris), aravis nivTebad (nullius in bonis) kategoriad miiCnevdnen.

sinamdvileSi, maT Soris sxvaoba ar arsebobda.

gaiusis mgavsad, romaeli iuristis marcianes Tanaxmad, RvTaebrivi samarTlis

nivTebi (res divini iuris) aravis brunvadi qoneba ar SeiZleba iyos (in nullius bonis sunt) da

kuTvnilebis subieqtebis mixedviT, (ierarqiuli sistemiT) nivTebs Semdeg jgufebad

yofda: Quaedem naturali iure communia sunt omnium, quaedem universitatis, quaedam nullius, pleraque

singulorum, quae variis ex causis cuique adquiruntur _ bunebiTi samarTlis mixedviT, zogierTi

nivTi aris yvelasTvis saerTo, zogierTi, rogorc mTliani, ganekuTvneba erTs,

zogierTi _ aravis, xolo nivTebis didi nawili ekuTvnis kerZo pirebs da am

nivTebis SeZena sxvadasxva safuZvlis mixedviT xdeba. (Marc., 3 Inst., D.1,8,2,pr). bunebiTi

samarTlis mixedviT, nivTebis pirvel kategorias ganekuTvneba haeri, zRva, zRvis

napiri, gamdinare wyali, xolo TviT mdinares marciane sajaro nivTad (res publicae)

miiCnevda (D.1,8,2,1). am kategoriis nivTebis sayovelTao kuTvnilebas, is calkeul

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pirTa sakuTrebis uflebas upirispirebda (Solum dominus - D.1,8,6,pr.).

$1. brunvidan amoRebuli nivTebi (res extra commercium)

1. haeri, gamdinare wyali, zRva da mTeli simdidre; 2. sajaro nivTebi; am nivTebis

erT_erTi da ZiriTadi mepatrone iyo romaeli xalxi; 3. saerTo sazogadoebrivi

gamoyenebis nivTebi (gzebi, mdinareebi); 4. sakulto nivTebi (sacrum).

calkeuli samoqalaqo Temis nivTTa (res quae universitatis sunt) rigs ganekuTvneboda

Teatrebi da stadionebi _ samoqalaqo Temebis saerTo nivTebi (communia civitatum _

D.1,8,6,1), anu res in publico usu. nivTis individualur kuTvnilebas sazogadoebrivi

erTeulebis kuTvnilebisagan, gaiusis msgavsad, marcianec ganasxvavebda. gaiusis mier

SeTavazebuli nivTTa klasifikaciis kriteriumis universaluroba (in bonis esse),

Seesabameba imas, rom sistematizaciis safuZvelSi devs nivTis kuTvnilebis idea (am

ideis yvelaze adekvatur formaSi), anu individualuri sakuTreba.

romaeli iuristi celsusi, in pecunia populi-ze saubrisas, komerciuli saqmianobisaTvis

gankuTvnil sajaro nivTebs saxelmwifos individualizebuli sakuTrebis obieqtebad

ganixilavda.

$2. Familia et pecunia

uZvelesi romauli samarTliT, qoneba gamijnuli iyo or saxed _ familia da pecunia.

Familia-Ti ojaxis ufrosis (paterfamilias) xelisuflebas daqvemdebarebuli qonebrivi

da araqonebrivi sikeTe moiazreboda. Pecunia-sagan gansxvavebiT, familia statikurobiT

xasiaTdeboda. kerZod, ojaxis Tavisufali wevrebi (liberi), anu ara-monebi (nullius sunt)

brunvis obieqtebi ar iyvnen, vinaidan isini nivTebad (res) ar miiCneodnen. Familia

sasaflaoebsa da saojaxo wminda adgilebs (res extra commercium) moicavda.

Pecunia (pecus _ pirutyvi) ganekuTvneboda nivTTa is kategoria, romelic

samarTlebrvi aqtebis obieqti iyo. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, `pecunia~ iyo familias-s

Semadgeneli is qoneba, romelic, sxva adamianebTan (sxva saojaxo jgufis wevrebTan)

nebayoflobiTi urTierTobis safuZvelze, sasaqonlo brunvaSi iyo CarTuli. kerZod,

mona im SemTxvevaSi iyo pecunia, Tu sakuTari batonis mamasaxlisTan (paterfamilias)

dadebuli garigebis obieqti xdeboda, xolo meurneobaSi dakavebuli monebi, familia-d

iwodebodnen. amrigad, familia-pecunia-s aRniSnuli variacia, sxvadasxva urTierTobis

gaTvaliswinebiT (rogorc in patria potestas da rogorc res), obieqtisaTvis niSandobliv

mraval funqciebze metyvelebda. Familia-s saxiT arsebuli saojaxo kompleqsi

gamoxatavda ojaxis ufrosis (paterfamilias) mdgomareobas (status) saojaxo

sturqturaSi, xolo pecunia miuTiTebda im gankargviT uflebamosilebaze, romelic

ojaxis ufross (paterfamilias) gaaCnda saojaxo cxovrebis ekonomikuri sakiTxebis

gadawyvetis dros.

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$3. mancipirebadi da aramancipirebadi nivTebi (res manicipi et res nec manicipi)

Res mancipi (mancipirebadi nivTebi); res nec mancipi (aramancipirebadi nivTebi); mancipium

(mancipacia).

romis samarTliT, nivTebis dayofas mancipirebul da aramancipirebul nivTebad

arsebiTi mniSvneloba eniWeboda, rac imas mowmobda, rom samarTlebrivi forma

individualuri nebis gamovlinebas iTvaliswinebda; maSinac ki, roca nebis

gamovlena, realurad, jgufis interess gamoxatavda.

terminiT res mancipi aRiniSneboda is nivTebi, romlebic mancipaciis aqts (mancipium)

eqvemdebareboda. es iyo uZvelesi rituali, romlis dros iyenebdnen spilenZis

natexsa da sasworis (per aes et libram). klasikur epoqaSi am rituals mancipacia

(mancipatio) ewoda. misi mizani iyo mancipirebadi nivTebis (res mancipi) gankargvisaTvis

(sakuTrebaSi gadasasvlelad), aucilebeli sagangebo sazeimo ritualis Catareba,

radgan aseTi nivTebis SemZeni mxolod romis moqalaqe (cives) SeiZleba yofiliyo da

aRniSnuli gziT, warmoSobili sakuTrebis ufleba mxolod romauli sakurTebis

uflebas (dominium ex iure Quiritium) gulisxmobda. kerZod, mancipacia (mancipatio) an

nivTis daTmoba magistratis winaSe (in iure cessio). rac Seexeba aramancipirebadi

nivTebs (res nec mancipi), maTi gasxviseba, maTze sakuTrebis uflebis SeZenis mizniT,

martivi mflobelobis gadacemiT (traditio) xdeboda. (Gai.,2,19;22). nivTebis aRniSnuli

klasifikacia maTi gasxvisebis wess ganapirobebda (Gai.,1,120). aseT nivTebs gaiusi

mancipaciasTan kavSirSi ganixilavda. ulpianesaTvis mikuTvnebul postklasikuri

periodis erT-erT teqstSi mancipirebad da aramancipirebad nivTTa TiTqmis sruli

CamonaTvalia mocemuli: Omnes res aut mancipi sun taut nec mancipi/ Mancipi res sunt praedia in Italico

solo, tam rustica, quails est fundus, quam urbana, qualis domus: item iura praediorum rusticorum, velut via iter

actus aquaedictus: item servi et quadrepedes, quae dorso collore domnatur, velut boves muli equi asini. Ceterae

res nec mancipii sunt. Elefanti et cameli, quamvis collo dordove domentur, nec mancipi sunt, quoniam

bestiarum numero sunt _ yvela nivTi mancipirebadi an aramancipirebadia. mancipirebadi

nivTebia: italiis miwaze arsebuli mamulebi, rogorc sasoflo mindvrebis saxiT, ise

saqalaqo, saxlis saxiT; aseve sasoflo mamulebze fexiT an satransporto

saSualebiT gavlis, pirutyvis gadarekis, wylis milebis gayvanis uflebebi; monebi

da is oTxfexa cxoveli, romelic moTvinierebulia da miCveuli unagiris dadgmas an

uRelSi Sebmas, kerZod, kameCi, viri, cxeni, jorcxeni. yvela danarCeni nivTi

aramancipirebadia. marTalia, aqlemi da spilo, moTvinierebasa da uRelSi Sebmas

eqvemdebareba, magram mainc aramancipirebadi nivTebia, vinaidan gareul cxovelebs

ganekuTvnebian.

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$4. Genus et species

Genus (gvarobiTi nivTebi), species (individualurad gansazrvruli nivTebi); res quae

(primo) usu consumuntur (moxmarebadi nivTebi); aramoxmarebadi nivTebi; individeus, indiviseus

(ganuyofeli nivTebi); martivi, rTuli da Sedgenili nivTebi; pars rei (nivTis nawili);

mTavari nivTi; aramTavari nivTi; accessio (sakuTvnebeli); fructus (nayofi).

aRniSnuli dayofis msgavs logikas eqvemdebareboda nivTebis Semdegi dayofac: 1.

species _ TavisTavad Rirebuli nivTebi (res mancipi da saavtoro nakeTobebi) da 2.

genera _ is nivTebi, romelTa Rirebuleba, maTi gvarisa da odenobis mixedviT

ganisazRvreboda (fuli, masobrivi warmoebis nivTebi, nedleuli). romis samarTalSi

nivTTa dayofis aRniSnuli sistema mkacrad gansazRvruli ar iyo; xSir SemTxvevaSi

nivTebi Secvladi da Seucvladi saxiT iyo warmodgenili. Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi

aRniSnuli terminologia jer kidev fon savinis droidan gvxvdeba, Tumca nivTebis

aRniSnuli dayofa konceptualurad gansxvavebul safuZvels emyareboda.

individualurad gansazRvruli nivTebi (species) maTi mepatronis pirovnul

Tvisebebze (niSnebze) miuTiTebda. samoqalaqo brunvaSi am nivTebis mTlianobis

SenarCunebis aucileblobas, pirovnuli interesi ganapirobebda, rac nivTebis

mepatrones, Tavad nivTis dabrunebis moTxovnis uflebas aniWebda; mepatronis nebis

gareSe nivTebis dayofa an maTi Secvla ar daiSveboda.

romaeli iuristi iulianusis Tanaxmad: In stipulationibus alias species, alias genera debecuntur. um

species stipularum, necesse est inter dominos et inter heredes ita dividi stipulationem, ut partes corporum cuique

debentur. Quotienes autem genera stipularum, numero fit inter eos divisio… _ zogjer stipulaciis

sagani SeiZleba iyos individualurad gansazRvruli nivTi, zogjer ki _ gvarobiTi

nivTi. roca individualurad gansazRvrul nivTebs gvpirdebian, stipulaciis sagani

ramdenime pirsa da ramdenime memkvidres Soris ise unda gaiyos, rom TiToeuls

stipulaciis sagnis nawili Sexvdes, xolo roca gvarovnul nivTebs gvpirdebian,

maTi gayofa raodenobis mixedviT moxdeba. (D.45,1,54pr.)

nivTebis gamo warmoSobili urTierTobis formalizaciis Sedegad, ori kriteriumis

gaigivebam, nebelobiTi kriteriumi TandaTanobiT obieqturma Secvala. aqedan

gamomdinare, nivTebze saubrisas, romaeli klasikosebi sul ufro xSirad

amaxvilebdnen yuradRebas iseT nivTebze, romelTa Rirebulebac woniT, ricxviTa da

zomiT ganisazRvreba _ `res quae pondere, numero, munsura consistent (an continentur, an valent)~

(Gai.,3,90; D.12,1,2,1; 23,3,42; 30,30pr.; 35,2,1,7; 44,7,1,2).

(D.12,1,2,1,) romaeli iuristi pavlusi werda: Mutui datio consistit in his rebus, quae pondere

numero mensura consistent, quoniam eorum datione possumus in creditum ire, quia in genere suo functionem

recipient per solutionem quam specie: man in ceteris rebus ideo in creditum ire non possumus, quia aliud pro

alio invito creditori solvi non potest _ sesxad gaicema mxolod is nivTebi, romlebic woniT,

zomiT an ricxviT ganisazRvreba; am nivTebis sakuTrebaSi gadacemiT, SesaZlebelia

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sakredito SeTanxmebis dadeba, vinaidan gadaxdis dros, am nivTebis sanacvlod imave

gvaris da ara saxeobis nivTebi gadaicema; sesxis garigebis amave wesiT dadeba sxva

nivTebis mimarT ar SeiZleba, radgan, am SemTxvevaSi, kreditorisaTvis, misi nebis

sawinaaRmdegod, erTi nivTis nacvlad sxva nivTis gadaxda, SeuZlebeli iqneboda.

aRniSnuli teqstiT SesaZlebelia erTmaneTisagan ganvasxvavoT 1. Secvladi nivTi

(anu iseTi nivTi, romlis Secvlac imave nivTiT SesaZlebeli iqneba valdebulebis

Sesrulebisas) da 2. Seucvladi nivTi (romlis Secvlac, Cveulebriv, SeuZlebelia da

kvlav sakuTari gvarisa da saxeobis farglebSi rCeba). nivTebis am bolo kategorias

species ewodeboda. imave gvaris nivTebis dabrunebis SesaZlebloba aseTi nivTebis

gamoyenebis aucileblobas (fungi) mowmobda. aRniSnuli specifikuroba, nivTebis

axali klasifikaciis TvalsazrisiT, genera-species dapirispirebis Secvlis safuZvels

gansazRvravda. am klasifikaciiT, nivTebi iyofoda mosaxmar da mouxmar nivTebad.

Tumca, romaelebis azriT, gvarobiTi (fungibiles) nivTebis Sesanaxad (depositum)

gadacema, imave nivTis dabrunebis moTxovniT, SesaZlebeli iyo. (D.16.3.24). gvarovnuli

niSniT gansazRvruli nivTebi (genera), sameurneo mizniT gamoyenebisas,

individualuri niSniT gansazRvrul nivTebad (species), magram maTi _ rogorc

gvarobiTi nivTebis gamoyenebis moTxovna kvlav ZalaSi rCeboda.

aseTive obieqtur kriteriums efuZneboda nivTebis kidev erTi klasifikaciac:

gayofadi da gauyofadi nivTebi. bunebaSi yvela nivTi usasrulobamde gayofadia,

samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT ki, gayofadia mxolod is nivTi, romlis nawilebi,

nivTis gayofis Semdeg, nivTis Tvisebas da funqcias inarCuneben. individualurad

gansazRvruli nivTebi yovelTvis gauyofadia.

nivTebis aRniSnuli dayofa yovelTvis gansxvavdeboda nivTebis genera-species

dayofisagan, vinaidan is nivTis individualur gansazRvrulobas ugulebelyofda da

mxolod obieqtur kriteriums ganekuTvneboda. gayofad nivTebs romaelebi

aRniSnavdnen aRwerilobiT: res quae divisionem recipit (D.45,1,4,1), xolo ganuyofloba

aRiniSneboda ori terminiT: individuus et indivisus. bolo cneba nivTis aqtualur

mdgomareobaze miuTiTebda, xolo pirveli _ TviT nivTis dayofis SeuZleblobaze.

romaeli iuristis pomponiusis TxzulebaSi nivTebis klasifikaciis kidev erTi

kriteriumia mocemuli: Tria autem genera sunt corporum, unum, quod continetur uno spiritu et

Graecae…vocatur, ut homo tignum lapis et siila: alterum, quod ex contingentibus, hoc est pluribus inter se

cohaerentibus constat, ut aedificium navis armarium: tertium, quod ex distantibus constat, ut corpora plura

solute, sed uni nomini subiecta, veluti populus legio, grec _ arsebobs sxeulTa sami saxeoba:

pirveli gansazRvrulia mxolod suladobiT; berZnulad mas erToblioba ewodeba,

aseTTa ricxvs miekuTvneba mona, mori, qva da a.S; meore momijnave, anu erTmaneTTan

dakavSirebuli ramdenime nivTisagan Sedgeba da iwodeba naerTad, aseTia Senoba, gemi,

karada; mesame calkeuli nivTisagan Semdgari ramdenime gancalkevebuli sxeuli,

Tumca, erTi saxeldebis mqone, magaliTad, xalxi, legioni, jogi.

aRniSnul klasifikaciaSi, romaelebma nivTebis kidev sami _ martivi, rTuli da

Sedgenili nivTebi _ saxe gamoyves. romaelma samarTalmcodneebma (prudentes)

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sagangebod ganacalkeves pars rei, anu nivTis is nawili, romelic samarTlebrivad,

erTi mTelis iseTi elementi iyo, romlis gareSe nivTis mTlianobis raoba

ikargeboda; Tanac, aRniSnuli nawili materialurad mTelTan dakavSirebuli

SeiZleba ar yofiliyo da maT Soris mxolod funqciuri kavSiri arsebobda.

nebismier SemTxvevaSi, nawili mTelis kuTvnileba iyo da mTliani nivTis mimarT

dadebuli garigeba, aucileblad, nivTis nawilzec vrceldeboda. samarTlebrivad

Sedgenli an krebiTi nivTis nawili, SeiZleba mTeli nivTisagan gansxvavebuli

samarTlebrivi urTierTobis obieqti gamxdariyo. magaliTad, saketis gasaRebis

gasxviseba saketze uflebis gadatanas iwvevda, magram ara piruku. zog SemTxvevaSi

wilis an kvotisagan (pars, portio) unda ganvasxvavoT mTelis ganuyofeli nawili (pars

pro indiviso), romelic, samarTlebrivi aspeqtiT, wminda abstraqtuli cnebaa. saketi da

misi gasaRebi yovelTvis Senobis nawilia, miuxedavad imisa, rom isini konkretul

momentSi Senobisagan gancalkevebiT inaxeba. xolo, miwaSi Cafluli qvevrebi ara

saxlis nawili, aramed marnis nawilebia (D.18,1,76pr; 19,1,17pr). Tumca, niadagidan

amoRebuli miwa, qviSa, Tixa an moWrili nargavi nakveTis nawilebad ar iTvleba (D.

19,1,17,6; 18,1; 10,4,5,2; 50,16,241).

uZravi nivTebis kategoriis Sesaswavlad mniSvnelovania miwis nakveTis nawilisa

(pars fundi) da miwis dasamuSavebeli inventaris (instrumentum fundi)

urTierTSepirispireba, romelic, myarad nagebi Senobisagan gansxvavebiT,

stacionaluri samrewvelo uZravi qoneba ar iyo. miwis dasamuSavebeli inventari

(instrumentum fundi) damatebiTi nivTebis kategorias ganekuTvneboda, romlis marTvis

wesi ZiriTadi nivTis gankargvis wess arasodes emTxvevoda. aRniSnul kategorias

miekuTvneboda soflis meurneobaSi dasaqmebuli mona, mxvneli xarebi, guTani,

mosavlis asaRebi, mosavlis Sesanaxi da gadasamuSavebeli iaraRebi (D.39,7,9; 10,11,12pr;

16,1; 25pr; 26,1).

klasikur periodis romis samarTalSi nivTebis cneba farTo gagebiT gamoiyeneboda

da ara marto gare samyaros materialur sagnebs moicavda, aramed maTze iuridiul

uflebebsac.

$5. moZravi da uZravi nivTebi (res mobiles et res immobiles)

romis samarTliT nivTTa moZrav da uZrav nivTebad dayofas arsebiTi mniSvneloba

ar hqonda _ orive saxis nivTebi erTi da igive iuridiuli normebiT iyo daculi.

uZrav nivTebs ganekuTvneboda ara marto miwis nakveTi (praedia, fundi) da miwis wiaRi,

aramed miwis zedapirze sxvisi an mesakuTris SromiT Seqmnili sikeTe, romelic miwis

zedapiris xelovnur an bunebriv nawilad iTvleboda. am nivTebze vrceldeboda wesi

miwis zedapirze Seqmnilis superficies soli Taobaze, romelic miwis zedapirisagan iseve

ganuyofeli iyo, rogorc miwis zedapiris sahaero sivrce moiazreboda mis nawilad.

moZravi nivTebi (res mobiles an per re moventis) aveji, sayofacxovrebo sagnebi, monebi,

cxovelebi iyo. principatis periodSi nivTebis aseTma dayofam ufro farTo, aSkara

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saxe da mkveTri xasiaTi miiRo. am droisaTvis uZrav nivTebzec sabolood

Camoyalibda gansakuTrebuli uflebebi, kerZod: superficiumi, emfiTevzisi.

uflebebis SeZena mflobelobis xandazmulobis vadis gansazRvriT (2 weli uZrav

nivTebze, 1 weli moZrav nivTebze) xdeboda. Tanac yvela uZrav nivTze erTnairi

samarTlebrivi reglamentacia rodi iyo dadgenili. kerZod, miwis nakveTebi

adgilmdebareobisa da sameurneo daniSnulebis mixedviT, gansxvavebulad

regulirdeboda. erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebdnen qalaqis ganaSenianobasa (praedia

urbana) da soflad mdebare sameurneo miwis nakveTebs (praedia rustica): mindori,

saZovari, tye, sasoflo qoxebi, aseve italiisa da provinciis miwis nakveTebi

$6. gayofadi da gauyofadi nivTebi

ganasxvavebdnen gayofad da gauyofad nivTebs. gayofadi iyo iseTi nivTebi, romelTa

gayofis Sedegad maTi gvari (gens) da faseuloba ar icvleboda. aseTi nivTis

TiToeuli nawili erT mTlians warmoadgenda, Tumca, uwindel nivTTan SedarebiT,

naklebi zomis iyo: pro parte divisa. materialuri dayofis garda, romis samarTali

aseve icnobda nivTze uflebis gayofas, e.w. idealur wils. aseT SemTxvevaSi,

materialurad gauyofad nivTze ufleba ramdenime pirs, nivTis safasuris wilis

Sesabamisad, erTdroulad ekuTvnoda. kerZod, 1/2, 1/3 da a.S. TanasakuTrebis (anu erT

nivTze ramdenime piris Tanadrouli sakuTrebis ufleba) uflebis Sewyvetisas didi

mniSvneloba hqonda nivTis iuridiul gayofadoba-gauyofadobas: mxolod

samarTlebrivi gayofis SesaZleblobisas daiSveboda nivTis naturaluri gayofa

yofil TanamesakuTreTa Soris. meore SemTxvevaSi nivTi erT-erT maTganis

sakuTrebaSi rCeboda, xolo danarCeni pirebi fulad kompensacias iRebdnen.

$7. gamoyenebadi da gamouyenebadi nivTebi

gamoyenebadi iyo iseTi nivTi, romelic, misi daniSnulebidan gamomdinare, pirvelive

materialuri gamoyenebis Semdeg nadgurdeboda. magaliTad, fuli; angariSis

gasworebis Semdeg fuli mesakuTrisaTvis dakargulad miiCneoda. gamouyenebadi iyo

iseTi nivTi, romelic gamoyenebis Sedegad ar nadgurdeba. (magaliTad, Zvirfasi qva).

amave kategorias ganekuTvneboda iseTi nivTebi, romlebic TandaTanobiTi

ganadgurdebiT, fass kargavda da daniSnulebiT aRar gamoiyeneboda.

$8. martivi da rTuli nivTebi

martivi iyo iseTi nivTi, romelic materialurad erT mTlianobas qmnida. magaliTad,

mona, qva, mori. rTuli iyo iseTi nivTi, romelic Sedgeba erTmaneTTan materialurad

dakavSirebuli sxvadasxva elementisagan, romelTac erTi mTliani nivTis saxeli

hqondaT. magaliTad, nageboba, xomaldi, aveji. rTuli nivTebis nawilebi erT mTlian

nivTSi ar ikargeboda, radgan erT mTlianobad Seqmnamde, calkeuli nivTebis saxiT,

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sxvadasxva piris kuTvnilebac ki SeiZleba yofiliyo.

calke ganixileboda materialurad erTmaneTTan daukavSirebeli sxvadasxva

calkeuli nivTis erToblioba, romelTac, saerTo daniSnulebis safuZvelze, erTi

saxelwodeba hqondaT; magaliTad, jogi, legioni. es iyo nivTebis droebiTi

sameurneo an korporaciuli gaerTianeba. aseT SemTxvevaSi, samarTlebrivi

urTierTobis sagani mxolod erTi mTelis Semadgeneli calkeuli nivTebi iyo;

magram brunvis moTxovnidan gamomdinare, am nivTebze sruli uflebis damkvidrebac

daiSveboda. magaliTad, jogis mesakuTres SeeZlo moeTxova ufleba mTel jogze, Tu

igi jogis udides nawilze sakuTrebis uflebas daamtkicebda.

$10. ZiriTadi da damatebiTi nivTebi

damatebiT nivTad (res accessorium) iTvleboda iseTi nivTi, romelic ZiriTad nivTze

garkveuli wesiT damokidebuli da misgan iuridiulad damoukidebuli iyo.

damatebiTi nivTis yvelaze gavrcelebuli saxe iyo nayofi, nivTis nawili da

sakuTvnebeli. iuridiulad nivTis nawili damoukideblad ar miiCneoda. Tu

iuridiuli garigebis sagani mTliani nivTi iyo, maSin garigebis Sedegebi mis yvela

nawilze vrceldeboda. nivTis nawili damoukidebeli garigebis sagani mxolod im

SemTxvevaSi xdeboda, Tu misi mTliani nivTisagan gancalkeveba SeiZleboda.

$11. sakuTvnebeli

Accessio (sakuTvnebeli).

sakuTvnebeli iyo iseTi nivTi, romelic ZiriTad nivTs ara materialurad, aramed

ekonomikurad ukavSirdeboda; ZiriTadi nivTi srulad ar miiCneoda, Tu misgan

sakuTvnebeli gancalkevebuli iyo. sakuTvnebeli damoukidebladac arsebobda, oRond

sameurneo (ekonomikuri) Sedegi orives erTad gamoyenebiT miiReboda (klite da

gasaRebi); vinaidan sakuTvnebeli damoukidebladac arseboboda, damoukidebuli

uflebis saganic SeiZleba gamxdariyo. Tumca, Tu dainteresebul pirTa Soris ar

arsebobda specialuri daTqma, ZiriTad nivTze gavrcelebuli samarTlebrivi

urTierTobebi sakuTvnebelzec moqmedebda, rasac Semdegi aforizmis gavrceleba

mohyva _ sakuTvnebli ZiriTadi nivTis beds iziarebs.

$12. Fructus (nayofi)

Fructus (nayofi); instrumnetum fundi (inventari).

cnebiT nayofi (fructus) nayofis momcemi nivTi igulisxmeboda, romlis eqspluataciis

Sedegadac materialuri sikeTe warmoiqmneboda (namati, mosavali). nayofze ufleba

nayofis momcemi nivTis uflebaze damokidebuli, magram misi identuri ar iyo.

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nayofis momcemi nivTis keTilsindisieri mflobeli nayofis mesakuTre xdeboda.

yovelTvis, nayofis momcemi nivTis gasxvisebisas nayofze sakuTrebis uflebis

SenarCuneba daiTqmeboda.

drois faqtoris gaTvaliswinebiT, nayofis cnebiT yovelTvis igulisxmeboda nayofis

Semdegi formebi: 1. Camokiduli nayofi (fructus pendentes); 2. gancalkevebuli nayofi

(fructus separati); 3. Segrovebuli da aTvisebuli nayofi (fructus percepti); 4. gamoyenebuli

nayofi (fructus consumpti).

yvela SemTxvevaSi, ganuyofeli nayofi `deda-nivTis~ nawili iyo. gancalkeveba

(separatio) miTvisebisagan (perceptio) SemdegiT gansxvavdeboda: nayofis momcemi nivTi

SeiZleba yofiliyo im aramesakuTris xelSi, romelsac nayofis mokrefis

uflebamosileba hqonda (moijare); im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mesame piri (qurdi) nayofs

ganacalkevebda (separatio), nivTis mesakuTre nayofis mesakuTre xdeboda (D.7,1,12,5),

xolo nayofis miTvisebiT (perceptio) nivTiT mosargeble nayofis mesakuTre xdeboda.

aseT eqstraordinalur RonisZiebebs magistratebi mimarTavdnen rogorc mxedarTa

TxovniT, ise sakuTari SexedulebiT.

III. sakuTreba

$1. sakuTrebis ufleba

uZveles romaul samarTalSi sakuTrebis aRmniSvneli specialuri termini ar

arsebobda. vinmes xelisuflebaSi arsebuli raime nivTis aRsaniSnavad, yvela

SemTxvevaSi, batonobis aRmniSvneli Zalze Zveli termini dominium (zmna

moTvinierebidan) gamoiyeneboda. civiluri, kvirituli sakuTrebis uZveles saxes

dominium ex iure Quiritium ewodeboda.

sakuTrebis uflebis matarebels SeuzRudavi ufleba hqonda da nivTis (gasxviseba,

datvirTva) gamoyenebisa da gankargvis SesaZleblobas aZlevda. nivTze kerZo

mesakuTris ufleba ucxo pirebis Carevas gamoricxavda. klasikurma iurisprudenciam

nivTze sakuTreba miiCnia piris SeuzRudav da gansakuTrebul uflebad, romelic,

arsobrivad, SezRudvas ar eqvemdebareboda da absolutur uflebad moiazreboda.

iustinianes samarTliT, nivTze sakuTrebas srul Zalauflebad (plena in re potestas)

miiCnevdnen. klasikosebis mier aRiarebuli da kanoniT ganmtkicebuli, nivTze

mesakuTris batonobis sruli ufleba, klasikosi iuristebis azriT, sakuTrebis

uflebis arss, mis Semadgenel nawilebad, Slida. kerZod, pavlusis Tanaxmad,

sakuTrebis uflebis arsebiTi nawili (pars dominii) sargeblobisa (usus) da nayofis

miRebis ufleba (ususfructus) iyo.

miwis kerZo sakuTrebis ufleba uZvelesi droidan izRudeboda. imperiis epoqaSi

iuristebma sakuTrebis cneba daazustes, radgan am uflebis gageba yovelTvis

gansakuTrebul safuZvels iTxovda da mniSvnelovan Sedegebs iwvevda. sakuTrebis

uflebis mtkiceba mesakuTres ar evaleboda da piruku, savaldebulo iyo sakuTrebis

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SezRudvis safuZvlebis mkacrad gansazRvra, kerZod: 1. yovel meore dRes, miwis

mesakuTre valdebuli iyo sakuTar miwis nakveTze SeeSva mezobeli, mezoblis ezoSi

darguli xidan Camovardnili nayofis asakrefad; 2. mesakuTres ar evaleboda eTmina

mezoblis Senobis nawili, Tu misi nakveTis sazRvars mezoblis Senobis nawili

gadmoyurebda, an Tu mezoblis kedeli naxevar futze metad iyo gaweuli mis

nakveTze; 3. garkveuli anazRaurebis sanacvlod, mesakuTres Tavis nakveTze unda

gaetarebina yvela is piri, vinc misi nakveTis mezoblad mdebare sasaflaoze

midioda.

$2. sakuTrebis uflebis Sinaarsi

sagulisxmoa, rom provinciaSi arsebul miwis nakveTebze, sakuTrebis uflebis

daxasiaTebisas, SesaZlebelia dadgindes is samarTlebrivi formula, romelic

asaxavs `sakuTrebis~ cnebis Sinaarss: uti, frui, habere, possidere. amrigad, sargebloba

nayofis miReba da gankargva warmoadgens nivTis gamoyenebis sam saSualebas.

Uti _ iyo nivTidan raime sargeblis miRebis ufleba, misi gacvlis an nivTis moxebis

ganzraxvis gareSe, rac mxolod im qonebis mimarTaa SesaZlebeli, romelic mouxmar

qonebas warmoadgenda.

Frui _ sargeblobis im aqtebs ganekuTvneboda, romlebic iseTi deda nivTis mier

periodulad Seqmnili nayofis moxmarebas gulisxmobda ZiriTadi nivTis arsis

Seucvlelad. Habere (zmna `viqonio~-dan warmoiSoba) da gagebuli unda iqnas, rogorc

realuri Sedegis mqone floba (Ulp., D.50,16. 164.2). `iTvleboda, rom flobs (habere)

raimes is, visac aRniSnulis mimarT sarCelis wardgena SeuZlia; vinaidan habetur

(floben) mxolod imas, risi gamoTxovac rei vindicatio-s meSveobiT aris SesaZlebeli~

(Ulp., D.50.16. 143). Possidere miekuTvneba passessio-s, anu nivTis faqtobrivi flobis

viTarebas, romelsac protori icavda, sakuTari interdiqtebis (brZaneba) meSveobiT

$3. Communio (condominium _ TanasakuTreba)

sakuTrebis uflebis gansakuTrebuloba, romael iuristebs aiZulebda erTsa da imave

nivTze ramdenime piris sakuTrebis ufleba daeSvaT. maT aRiares TanamesakuTreTa

Tanamflobelobis ufleba anu nivTis erToblivi mflobeloba da nivTiT

sargebloba. nayofic maT mier idealuri wilebiT SeiZineboda. Tu nivTiT

sargebloba dadgenili wesebis zRvars scildeboda, maSin yvela mflobelisa da

mosargeblis Tanxmoba iyo saWiro. TanasakuTrebas (communio) condominium-i

ewodeboda.

TanasakuTrebis (communio) viTareba nebayoflobiT an SemTxveviT warmoiSoboda.

TanasakuTrebis nebayoflobiTi warmoiSoba amxanagobis xelSekrulebis meSveobiT an

ramdenime piris nebayoflobiTi moqmedebiT xdeboda, kerZod, es ukanasknelni,

TanasakuTrebaSi proporciuli wilebis SetaniT, aerTianebdnen sakuTar qonebas.

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qonebis SemTxveviTi gaerTianeba (communio incidens) ramdenime piris mier erTi da

igive nivTis SeZenis Sedegad xdeboda(memkvidreoba an legati, an im ramdenime nivTis

fizikuri Serwymis Sedegad, romelTa gancalkevebac SeuZlebeli iyo. confusio _

Txevadi, xolo commixtio _ mkvrivi masalis dros).

TanasakuTrebis uZvele saxe iyo e.w. consortium ercto non cito, romelic gardacvlili

paterfamilias ramdenime memkvidres (adgnatus et cognatus) rCeboda.

TanasakuTrebidan TiToeul mesakuTres sakuTari wilis gasxviseba da datvirTva

SeeZlo. amave moculobiT TanamesakuTreebs, mesame piris winaSe, sakuTari uflebebis

dacvis uflebac hqondaT. TanasakuTrebis gayofisas, TanamesakuTreTa wilebi

mosamarTles sakuTari Sexedulebisamebr SeeZlo gamoeyo, magram gayofadi nivTi

samarTlian fasad (iusto preto aestimare) unda Seefasebina.

$4. sakuTrebis SeZenis saSualebebi

romis samarTliT gaTvaliswinebuli, nivTze civiluri sakuTrebis uflebis SeZenis

formebis anu saSualebebis klasificireba, ramdenime kriteriumis mixedviT iyo

SesaZlebeli. Gai., `instituciebsa~ da Res cottidianal-Si, sakuTrebis uflebis SeZenis

saSualebis klasifikacias bunebiTi samarTlis (ius naturale), civiluri samarTlis (ius

civile) da xalxis samarTlis (ius gentium) safuZvelze axdenda. pirveli saSualeba, anu

_ ius naturale-Ti iyo is, romelsac xalxi iyenebda da romelic kacobriobasTan erTad

Seiqmna. aseT saSualebebs okupacia (occupatie), namati (nayofi) da nivTis gadamuSaveba

(specificatio) warmoadgenda sakuTrebis uflebis SeZenis is saSualebebi, romlebic ius

civile-Ti iyo mowesrigebuli, mxolod romis moqalaqeTaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli:

mancipatio, in iure cessio da usucapio (xandazmulobis vadiT). SeZenis am gansakuTrebuli

saSualebebidan (moqmedebebidan) Gai gamohyofs erTobliv SeZenas, anu mTliani

moculobiT an samkvidro qonebidan ganxorcielebul SeZenas (adquirere per universitet);

SeZenis aRniSnul saSualebebs ganekuTvneba: 1) ius civile-sa da ius preatorium-is

safuZvelze samemkvidreo uflebebSi Sesvla; 2) sxvisi mamulis Sesyidva (emptio

bonorum); 3) Svilad ayvana.

sakuTrebis uflebis SeZenis gansxvavebul saSualebebs gamoyofs Ulpianus; mancipatio,

traditio, in iure cessio, adiudicatio, lege.

romanistikis doqtrina yvelaze xSirad iyenebs sakuTrebis uflebis SeZenis

klasifikacias, Tavdapirvel da nawarmoeb saSualebebad dayofis principidan

gamomdinare.

sakuTrebis uflebis SeZenis Tavdapirveli saSualebebi gulisxmobda, nivTis

dauflebis mizniT, iseTi moqmedebebis ganxorcielebas, romlebic ar iqneboda sxva

mesakuTris nebaze damokidebuli. xolo sakuTrebis uflebis SeZenis nawarmoebi

saSualebebiT, mxedvelobaSi is faqti miiReboda, rom nivTs manamde sxva

mesakuTresTan hqonda kavSiri. nivTis Tavdapirveli mesakuTre nivTze yvela uflebas

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kargavda mas Semdeg, rac aRniSnul nivTs sxva, axali mepatrone SeiZenda, anu

sakuTrebis uflebis SeZenis nawarmoebi saSualebebiT nivTze erTi mesakuTris

uflebebi meore mesakuTres gadaecemoda, gamsxviseblisa da SemZenis

urTierTsanacvlo, nebelobiTi xasiaTis moqmedebis Sedegad (transferre dominio)

rodesac sakuTrebis uflebis SeZenis saSualebebze vsaubrobT, mizanSewonilia

gaviTvaliswinoT romaul Instituciones debulebebi da jer sakuTrebis uflebis

SeZenis is saSualebebi SeviswavloT, romlebsac ius gentium icnobda, Semdeg ki ius

civile-Ti dadgenili SeZenis saSualebebi.

a) okupacia (occupatio)

Occupatio iyo nivTebze sakuTrebis uflebis SeZenis yvelaze Zveli da universaluri

saSualeba, romelsac romaeli iuristebi ius gentium-is institutad miiCnevdnen.

Occupatio Seicavda nadirobisa da TevzWeris Sedegad, SeZenil nivTebs da isini

Cveulebriv flobad (possessio naturales) iTvleboda (Nerva, D.41.2.1.1.).

garda am isa, occupatio mxolod im SemTxvevaSi iyo SesaZlebeli, Tu nivTi aravisi

kuTvnileba ar iyo (res nullius).

Occupatio Semdegi saSualebebiT xorcieldeboda: a) gareul mxecebze (venatio),

frinvelebze (aucupium), nadiroba da Tevzaoba (piscatio). pirutyvi SeiZleba

mitacebuli, Tumca veluri da, maSasadame, bunebrivad Tavisufali yofiliyo.

miTvisebis saSualebebidan gamomdinare, pirutyvi sam kategoriad iyofoda: 1)

gareuli mxecebi (feral bestiae), romlebic bunebrivad Tavisufalni iyvnen da romelTa

dapatroneba nebismier pirs SeeZlo; 2) moSinaurebuli, an moTvinierebuli cxovelebi

(mansuefactae), romlebsac bunebrivad Tavisufleba ki hqondaT, Tumca adamianis

kontrolis qveS imyofebodnen da, Tanac, adamianTan dabrunebis Cvevac gauCndaT

(animus revertendi); 3) Sinauri pirutyvi, romelzec mudmivad xorcieldeba adamianis

Zalaufleba. cxovelebze nadirobis ufleba adamianis Tavdapirvel da bunebiT

uflebad (ius hominis) iTvleba, vinaidan, vidre adamiani miwaTmoqmedi an mesaqonle

gaxdeboda, is nadirobiT irCenda Tavs.

b) mowinaamdegisaTvis warTmeuli samxedro nadavli; g) zRvasi amoziduli kunZuli

da zRvis mier napirze gamoriyuli nivTebi; d) uwindeli mesakuTris mier

gadagdebuli nivTebi (res derefuctae) _ beiTalman qoneba.

b) ganZi

Paul., (D. 41.1.31.1) azriT, `ganZi _ dafluli nivTebis garkveuli raodenobaa, romelTa

mimarT SeuZlebelia mesakuTris dadgena; ganZi imis sakuTreba xdeba, vinc mas

aRmoaCens, vinaidan is sxvas aravis ekuTvnis; da piruku, Tu vinme angarebiT an SiSiT

Sepyrobili, an nivTis uke Senaxvis mizniT, daflavs nivTs miwaSi, aRniSnuli nivTi

ganZad ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos da, amrigad, SeiZleba qurdobis saganic ki gaxdes~.

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Tavdapirvelad ganZi im miwis nakveTis namatad iTvleboda, romelSic is iqna

aRmoCenili da misi aRmomCeni ganZis mesakuTre xdeboda; Tumca, imperator adrianes

reskriptiT (iustinianemac daadastura) dadginda ganZe arsebuli sakuTrebis

uflebis Tanabar wilad gayofa mis aRmomCen pirsa da im miwis nakveTis mesakuTres

Soris, sadac ganZi iqna aRmoCenili. Tu ganZi dafluli iyo wminda an religiur

adgilze, is mis aRmomCen pirs ekuTvnoda mTlianad. ganZis aRmoCena SemTxveviTi,

winaswar daugegmavi movlena iyo (data opera).

g) gadamuSaveba (specificatio)

Tu romelime piri qmnis axal formas an axal (adre ararsebul) nivTs (specium

aliquam), sxva pirisaTvis mikuTvnebuli masalisagan, glosatorTa azriT, adgili

hqonda nivTis gadamuSavebas (specificatio). Specificatio-s Taobaze azrTa sxvadasxvaoba

jer kidev sabinianelTa da prokurianelTa skolebis warmomadgenlebis mier

gamoiTqva. kerZod, sabinianelebs miaCndaT, rom axali nivTi im masalis mersakuTres

ekuTvnis, romlisganac es nivTi iyo damzadeb uli, xolo prokurianelebs miaCndaT,

rom nivTis mesakuTre misi Semqmneli iyo da swored mas aniWebdnen sarCelis

wardgenis uflebas, nivTis qurdobis SemTxvevaSi. `oqros Sualedad~ miCneuli iqna

is mosazreba, rom Tu SesaZlebeli iyo nivTisaTvis sawyisi mdgomareobis micema (mag.

larnaki), is im masalis mesakuTres ekuTvnoda, romlisganac nivTi iyo damzadebuli

da, piruku, nivTi mis damamxzadebel xelosans ekuTvnis, Tu SesaZlebelia

nivTisaTvis sawyisi mdgomareobis dabruneba (Gai, Inst. 2.79.).

d) Tu raime nivTi mTlianad STanTqmulia sxva nivTis mier, pirveli nivTis

mesakuTre iZens im nivTsac, romelic mas SeuerTes. saWiroa erTmaneTisagan

ganvasxvavoT saboloo da droebiTi namati. droebiT namats maSin aqvs adgili, roca

mogvianebiT SesaZlebeli xdeba ori SeerTebuli nivTis gayofa. aRniSnul

viTarebaSi, damatebiTi nivTis mepatrone uflebamosilia waradginos sarCeli _ actio

ad exhibendum (wardgenis Sesaxeb; piradi sarCeli, romliTac mosarCele iTxovda, rom

mopasuxes sasamarTloSi warmoedgina sadao nivTi. Tu mopasuxe uars ambobda nivTis

warmodgenaze, is daisjeboda, TiTqosda namdvilo davaSi, wagebuli mxaris msgavsad),

im pirobiT, rom damatebiTi nivTis gamocalkevebiT ar daazianebda ZiriTad nivTs.

miwebis an sxva uZravi qonebis nazrdis viTarebaSi saWiroa gamovacalkevoT sxva

miwaze Tesvis, mcenareTa dargvis an mSeneblobis warmoebis SemTxvevebi. kerZod, am

viTarebaSi moqmedebda principi `superficies misdevs miwis nakveTs (mis statuss)~ _

superficies solo adit, anu yvelaferi, rac sxvis miwazea darguli, daTesili an aSenebuli,

miwis nakveTis mepatronis sakuTrebaSi Sedis.

moZravi qonebis namatis SemTxvevaSi unda gamoiyos: 1) liTonisgan damzadebuli

nivTebi, romlebic isea erTmaneTTan SeduRebuli, rom SeuZlebelia maTi

gamocalkeveba (ferruminatio); 2) sxvis qsovilSi Catanebuli Zafi (textura); 3) maJdis

tilos SesaRebad gamoyenebuli saRebavi (tinctura); 4) sxvis dafaze daxatuli

naxatisaTvis gamoyenebuli saRebavi (pinctura) (am bolo SemTxvevis Taobaze Paul.

ambobda, rom suraTi eqvemdebareba im dafas, romelzec is aris dawerili (D. 6.1.23.3).

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namatis (nazrdis) yvela SemTxvevaSi, sakuTrebis uflebis dakargvis gamo, romaeli

iuristebi iTxovdnen dazaralebuli mesakuTrisaTvis kompensaciis gadaxdas, kerZod:

1) Tu is, vinc aerTianebs nivTebs an gadaamuSavebs maT, aris damatebiTi nivTis

mesakuTre, maSin mas, nivTis dauflebis SemTxvevaSi, SeuZlia exceptio doli (maSin eZleva

mxares, roca jer kidev ar momxdara motyuebiT damZimebuli garigebis aRsruleba)

warudginos ZiriTadi nivTis mesakuTres, mis mier wardgenili reivindicatio-s

sapasuxod, raTa moiTxovos kompensacia im nazrdis gamo, rac ZiriTadi nivTis

mesakuTrem miiRo damatebiTi nivTis mesakuTris Sromis Sedegad.

2) Tu is piri, vinc axorcielebda nivTebis gadamuSavebas an gazrdas, aris boroti

ganzraxviT moqmedi, ZiriTadi nivTis mesakuTre, an mesame piri, maT winaaRmdeg unda

gamoliyenon Semdegi saxis sarCelebi: a) actio furt, im motiviT, rom TiTqosda

mitacebuli iyo masala an damatebiTi nivTi; b) actio cognitio, im piris sasrgeblod,

visac CamoarTves nivTze sakuTrebis ufleba; g) Tu nivTebis gadamuSaveba an gazrda

SemTxveviT moxda an mesame piris mier iqna keTilsindisierad ganxorcielebuli

(bonae fidei), anazRaurebi moTxovna dauSvebelia.

$5. sakuTrebis uflebis SeZena xelSekrulebiT

sakuTrebis gadacema daiSveboda mxolod im pirebs Soris, romlebsac,

xelSekrulebebisa da garigebebis gziT, qonebis SeZenisa da gasxvisebis ufleba

hqondaT, aseve anderZis an kanonismieri memkvidreobis safuZvelze.

klasikuri periodis samarTliT sakuTrebis saxelSekrulebo SeZena sami wesiT iyo

dasaSvebi: mancipatio, in iure cessio, traditio. iustinianes samarTalSi mxolod traditio

iqna SenarCunebuli. saxelSekrulebo wesiT sakuTrebis uflebis gadasacemad,

aucilebeli iyo mxareTa SeTanxmeba sakuTrebis uflebis SeZenasa da gasxvisebaze.

a) mancipacia (mancipatio)

kvirituli sakuTrebis SeZenis uZvelesi wesi iyo mancipacia, romlis Tanaxmadac,

xuTi mowmisa da mesasworis TandaswrebiT, pirs, garkveuli safasuris sanacvlod,

nivTi realurad gadaecemoda. es iyo yidva-gayidvis erTdrouli aqti, nivTis

arasasamarTlo gziT gamoTxovis msgavsad. nivTis fasis sanacvlod, gamsxvisebels

gadaecemoda liTonis zodi, romlis asawonadac mesaswores uxmobdnen. aRniSnuli

wesi moqmedebda nebismieri nivTis SesaZenad, romlebic res mancipi-is kategorias

miekuTvneboda. Tavdapirvelad, gamyidvlis mier gadacemuli liToni realurad

iwoneboda, mogvianebiT, am ritualma simboluri xasiaTi miiRo; gaiusis dros

mancipacia fiqciur gayidvad – venditio imaginaria iqca.

mancipaciiT realurad SesaZlebeli iyo nivTebis gayidva ganvadebiT, aseve maTi

gaCuqeba da mziTevad gataneba, radgan garigebis momentSi gamyidvelisaTvis mxolod

Rirebulebis mcire nawilis gadaxda xdeboda. mancipaciiT igulisxmeboda, rom

mxareebs samoqalaqo brunvaSi Cabmis ufleba (ius commrecii) hqondaT. im SemTxvevaSi,

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Tu mancipirebadi nivTis gamsxvisebeli mesakuTre ar iyo, SemZenis sarCelis

safuZvelze, kanonieri mesakuTre SemZens nivTs sTxovda; gamsxvisebels nivTis ormagi

fasis, anu mancipaciis dros moTxovnil Tanxaze orjer metis gadaxda evaleboda

(qurdobis (furtum ) analogiurad).

b) in iure cessio

sakuTrebis uflebis gadatanis am wesiT moCvenebiTi sasamarTlo procesi

igulisxmeboda. sasamarTlo procesi, sakuTrebis uflebis Tanaxmad (gaiusi), SeZenis

mizans Seesabameboda. moCvenebiTi sasamarTlo procesis msgavsad, am wesiT procesze

mxolod is pirebi daiSvebodnen, visac romis sasamarTlo procesze daSvebis ufleba

hqonda. SemZeni iTxovda SesaZen nivTs, xolo gamsxvisebeli nivTze sakuTrebas

uaryofda an aRiarebda. pretori, romlis TandaswrebiTac in iure warmoebis dros

aseTi procesi tardeboda, mosarCelis uflebas adasturebda da mxareTa nebas

saTanado aqtiT adgenda.

g) gadacema (tradicio)

Tradicio _ sakuTrebis uflebis gadacemis forma, romis samarTlis nawilma _ xalxis

samarTalmac (ius gentium) aRiara. Traditio-Ti igulisxmeboda SemZenisaTvis

gamsxviseblisagan nivTis faqtobriv mflobelobaSi gadacema. nivTis gadacemis aseTi

forma mxareTa Soris winaswar dadebuli SeTanxmebis aRsruleba iyo. klasikur

periodSi res mancipi-s mimarT tradicio ara kvirituli, aramed pretoruli,

bonitaruli sakuTrebis SesaZenad gamoiyeneboda. Tradicio-Ti nivTze sakuTrebis

uflebis SesaZenad savaldebulo iyo piroba _ iusta causa possessionis, romlis

safuZvelzec nivTi gadaicemoda, anu nivTis gasxviseba-SeZena orive mxaris neba iyo.

aRniSnuli neba gamoixateboda nivTis gadacemamde, ris Semdegac xdeboda nivTis

gadacema.

d) specifikacia (specificatio)

erTi an ramdenime nivTisgan axali nivTis Seqmna. iuridiuli TvalsazrisiT,

specifikuri viTareba iqmneboda, roca axali nivTis Sesaqmnelad erTi piri sxva

piris kuTvnil nivTebs iyenebda. sabinianuri skolis mimdevari iuristebi Tvlidnen,

rom Tu piri (specifikatori) axali formis materialur nivTs daamzadebda, maSin

nivTi mas ekuTvnoda. prokulianuli skolis mimdevrebis Tanaxmad, axal nivTze

sakuTrebis ufleba mis Semqmnels hqonda, xolo masalis mesakuTres

damamzadeblisadmi, qurdobis gamo, jarimis gadaxdis (actio furtis) da mflobelobis

dabrunebis (condictio furtiva) moTxovnis ufleba hqonda, xolo Tu masalas ver

daibrunebda, maSin gasamrjelos gadaxdis ufleba eZleoda.

iustinianes samarTliT, Tu specifikatori axali nivTis Seqmnisas sxvis masalas

nawilobriv sakuTar masalasac daumatebda, yvela SemTxvevaSi igi misi mesakuTre

xdeboda.

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$6. sakuTrebis uflebis saxeebi

a) kvirituli sakuTreba

kvirituli samarTlis mixedviT, sakuTrebis ufleba (dominium ex iure Quiritium)

hqondaT sruluflebian romael moqalaqeebsa da res commercii-is mqone pirebs.

romauli samarTlis Tanaxmad, garda samarTalsubieqtobisa, saWiro iyo, rom

samoqalaqo brunvaSi monawileobis piroba hqonoda nivTsac. pirvel rigSi, aseTi

nivTebi iyo: res mancipi da, kvirituli sakuTrebis SesaZenad, xelSekrulebiT

dadgenili qonebis SeZenis iseTi specialuri saSualebebi, rogoric iyo mancipacia

(mancipatio). am uflebaTa obieqts ganekuTvneboda aseve res nec mancipi, romelTa SeZena

gansakuTrebul formalobebs ar iTxovda;

b) peregrinebis sakuTreba

araromaeli moqalaqeebi (laTinebi da peregrinebi) roms sakuTari samSoblos

uflebiT (origo) eqvemdebarebodnen. romauli samarTliT, ius gentium-is safuZvelze,

maT sakuTrebis ufleba mxolod moZravi nivTebis brunvis sferoSi hqondaT.

ucxoelebisaTvis sakuTrebis SeZenis ufleba mxolod peregrinebis pretoris

ediqtiT daiSveboda, `fiqtiuri” sarCeliT, romelic uflebis xSiri darRvevis

aRsakveTad, jarimas adgenda. savaraudod, ucxoelebi mxolod mflobelobiT

interdiqtebs sjerdebodnen. Dominium-is mflobeloba maT ar SeeZloT. Tumca,

ucxoelTa qoneba pretoris gansakuTrebuli sarCelebiT iyo daculi. im SemTxvevaSi,

Tu mesame piri pretenzias acxadebda im nivTebze, romlebsac ucxoelebi flobdnen

romSi, anda miwis im nakveTebze, romlebic italiis teritoriaze iyo, pretoris

sarCeli fiqcias (fictio) Seicavda da peregrinebis uflebebs icavda.

g) provinciuli sakuTreba

provinciuli miwaze romaeli xalxis sakuTreba dapyrobis uflebas efuZneboda. es

iyo sajaro-samarTlebrivi tipis sakuTreba _ res publicae. provinciuli sakuTreba,

romelzec sakuTrebis ufleba mtrisaTvis warTmeuli teritoriis (ager publicus)

mflobelobas (possessio) exeboda, mxolod populus Romanus gaaCnda. aseT miwas romaeli

ijariT gadascemda kerZo pirebs, romlebsac e.w. tributum an stipendium gadasaxadis

gadaxda evalebodaT. gaiusis Tanaxmad, provinciaSi mdebare miwis nakveTi romaeli

xalxis an keisris sakuTreba (dominium) iyo. kerZo pirebis faqtobrivi sakuTrebis

ufleba provinciebis mmarTvelTa dacvas eqvemdebareboda. postklasikur periodSi

provinciuli sakuTrebis uflebis wesi mflobelobis (possessio) instituts TiTqmis

Seerwya, rac ramdenime faqtorma ganapiroba: 1. civiluri da pretoruli

sarCelebis dualizmi aRar arsebobda; mas Semdeg, rac italiaSi arsebuli yvela

nakveTi tributiT (tributum) daibegra, romaeli moqalaqeebisa da provincielebis

sakuTrebis uflebaTa arsebuli sxvaobac mTlianad gauqmda; garda amisa, karakalam,

212 wlis ediqtiT, imperiis mTel Tavisufal mosaxleobas romis moqalaqeoba uboZa,

riTac romis moqalaqeebi da peregrinebi uflebrivad gaTanabrdnen; 2. am periodSi

moxda sakuTrebisa da mflobelobis Serwymac.

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d) bonitaruli anu pretonuli sakuTreba (res sua in bonis)

sakuTrebis aRniSnuli kategoria warmoiSoboda im SemTxvevaSi, roca pretori,

civiluri mesakuTris sarCelisagan, sakuTari sarCeliT icavda im pirs, romelmac

mancipirebadi nivTi SeiZina. Tumca, aRniSnuli nivTis gadacema mancipatio an in iure

cessio-s formebis daucvelad moxda. aseT SemTxvevaSi da im SemTxvevaSic, roca

pretoruli sarCeliT dacvas eqvemdebareboda iseTi piri, romelic ar iyo nivTis

mesakuTre, magram pretors Tavisi sarCeliT igi aseTad gamohyavda, pretori

TiTqosda mesakuTres, actio Publiciana ZaliT, mesame piris sasarCelo moTxovnisagan

icavda. aseTi sarCeli rei vindicatio sarCelis analogiuri iyo.

e) sakuTreba iustinianes samarTliT

miwis nakveTebis kviritul da provinciul sakuTrebad dayofis gauqmebis Semdeg,

yovelgvari garigebis mimarT, miwis erTiani sajaro registracia SemoiRes, romelsac

transcriptis ewoda. aqedan gamomdinare, iustinianes kanonmdeblobiT, mxolod dominum ex

iure Quiritium aRadgines.

kuTvnilebis istoriuli niSnis mixedviT, romaelebi erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebdnen,

sakuTrebis uflebis SeZenis saSualebebs civiluri samarTliT (ius civile) da xalxTa

samarTliT (ius gentium).

$7. SeZena xandazmulobiT (usucapio)

piri nivTze sakuTrebis uflebas maSinac iZenda, Tu igi garkveuli drois

ganmavlobaSi da garkveuli pirobebis dacviT flobda aRniSnul nivTs. sakuTrebis

uflebis SeZenis aRniSnul saSualebas xandazmulobiT SeZena (usucapio) ewodeboda.

Zveli civiluri samarTliT xandazmulobiT SeZeniT erT-erTi saxe iyo usucapio,

romlis SemTxvevaSi mflobelobis kanonieri safuZveli da keTilsindisieri

mflobeloba savaldebulo ar iyo. Tumca, ZvelTaganve es wesi naqurdal nivTebze ar

gavrcelda. maTi SeZena xandazmulobiT jer kidev XII dafis kanonebma, Semdeg

atiliusis (qr.Sobamde III s.), mogvianebiT ki plavtiusis (qr.Sobamde 70w.) kanonebiT

aikrZala.

nivTis xandazmulobiT SeZena SeeZloT mxolod romael moqalaqeebs; es wesi

mxolod italiur miwebze vrceldeboda. xandazmulobiT SeZena (usucapio) ar

daiSveboda res incorporales, res extra commercium da im nivTebze, romleTa xandazmulobT

SeZenas kanoni krZalavda. aseTebi iyo: naqurdali nivTebi (res furtivae), naalafari (res

vi possessae), nakveTebs Soris arsebuli sagnebi da servituti. XII dafis kanonebiT

ikrZaleboda qalis mier meurvis nebarTvis (auctoritas) gareSe, gasxvisebuli res mancipi

nivTebis xandazmulobiT SeZena. Usucapio-s erT-erTi maxasiaTebeli iyo nivTis

uwyvetad floba (possessio). xandazmulobis vada mflobelobisa da misi

samarTlebrivi safuZvlis darRvevisas Sewyvetilad miiCneoda. Usucapio-s meore

niSani iyo dro (tempus), riTac xandazmulobiT SeZeni kanoniT gnsazRvruli vada

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igulisxmeboda. kerZod, 2 weli uZrav da 1 weli moZrav nivTebze. (Gai.,2,42;54)

iustinianes samarTliT aRniSnuli vadebi Seicvala. kerZod, moZrav nivTze 3, xolo

uZrav nivTze 30 weli dadginda. principulad gansxvavdeboda e.w.

sasarCelo xandazmulobis vada (longi temporis praescriptio), romliTac, kanoniT

dadgenili vadis gasvlis Semdeg, nivTis vindicirebaze pretenziis mqone mesakuTres

uars uebnebodnen mflobelis mxridan Sesagebeli sarCelis wardgeniT. sasarCelo

xandazmulobis vada 10 wliT ganisazRvra, Tu modave mxareebi erT Tems (civitas)

ekuTvnodnen da 20 wliT Tu sxvadasxva Temis wevrebi iyvnen; garda amisa,

mflobeloba unda yofiliyo iusta causa-ze damyarebuli da keTilsindisierad

miCneuli.

$8. sakuTrebis uflebis marTlzomieri SezRudva

mesakuTres SeeZlo nebayoflobiT SeezRuda Tavisi sakuTrebis ufleba, Tu

servitutiT datvirTavda sakuTar qonebas. sakuTrebis uflebis sxvagvari SezRudvebi

ki samarTliT iyo gaTvaliswinebuli, sazogadoebrivi interesebidan gamomdinare.

Tunca, sakuTrebis uflebis SezRudva ar iyo gaerTianebuli raime zogadi xasiaTis

debulebiT an gvarobiTi kategoriiT, rogorc amas Tanamedrove amarTali

iTvaliswinebs e.w. iZulebiTi eqspropriaciis saxiT. am periodis zenonis (C1.8.10.12) da

iustinianes (C1.8.10.13) konstituciebSi, agreTve darTul interpolaciebSi naxsenebi

(erT miwis nakveTze meoris sasrgeblod) dadebuli SezRudvebic servitutes saxeliT

iyo cnobili.

sakuTrebis uflebis SezRudva xdeboda: 1. religiuri mosazrebiT. XII dafis

kanonebiT ikrZaleboda gvamebis dakrZalva da kremacia qalaqis teritoriaze da mis

irgvliv, Tu samarxsa da uaxloes Senobas Soris manZili 60 futze naklebi iyo,

aseve pontitikosebis Tanxmobis gareSe gvamebis eqsgumacia (D.11.7.8); 2. samSeneblo

normebis dacvis aucileblobiT. klasikuri samarTali Seicavda normebs, romlebic

gansazRvravdnen Senoba-nagebobaTa maqsimalur simaRles, Senobebs Soris manZilsa da

maT garegnul ier-saxes; 3. sazogadoebrivi gzebis gayvanis aucileblobiT. XII

dafis kanonebi iTvaliswinebda im miwis nakveTebis mesakuTreTa movaleobebs,

romlebic sazogadoebrivi gzebis gasswvriv iyo ganlagebuli. maT evalebodaT

gzebis saremonto samuSaoebSi monawileobis miReba. Tu sazogadoebrivi gza imdenad

dazianda, rom SeuZlebeli gaxda maszed Seuferxebeli gavla, mimdebare nakveTebis

daudevas mesakuTreebs evalebodaT, sakuTar miwaze, saWapane transportis gatareba;

4. zRvis napirze mdebare miwis nakveTebis mimarT dadgenili SezRudva gulisxmobda

misi mesakuTreebis movaleobas, Seuferxeblad gaetarebinaT sakuTar teritoriaze

mezRvaurebi da meTevzeebi, naosnobisa da meTevzeobis ganviTarebisaTvis

xelSewyobis mizniT; 5. miwis wiaRis sargeblobis motiviT. klasikuri samarTali

dasaSvebad miiCnevda materialuri resursebis mopovebas mxolod sazogadoebriv

teritoriebze da kategoriulad krZalavda sarewao saqmianobas kerZo pirebis

kuTvnil nivTebze; 6. sazogadoebrivi aucileblobiT ganpirobebuli eqspropriacia.

klasikuri samarTali ar iTvaliswinebda raime zogad princips, romlis

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safuZvelzec SesaZlebeli iqneboda moqalaqisaTvis qonebis usasyidlo CamorTmeva.

Tumca, magistrati sakuTari imperium-is ZaliT da senatis TanxmobiT rig konkretul

SemTxvevaSi mimarTavda moqalaqisaTvis qonebis CamorTmevas, konfiskaciis saxiT an

monis mier danaSaulis Cadenis gamo.

$9. sakuTrebis uflebis dacva

1. interdiqtebi

mflobelobis dacva sasamarTlos gziT ar xdeboda. mflobelobis dacvas pretori

sakuTari interdiqtiT (brZanebiT) axorcielebda. interdiqtebis meSveobiT pretori

mfarvelobda garkveul faqtobriv viTarebas (possessio ad interdicta). interdiqtebis

klasificireba ramdenime kriteriumiT xdeboda. kerZod, maTi miniWebis miznebidan

gamomdinare, interdiqtebi iyofoda: 1. gaqviTviTi interdiqti (retinendae possessionis) im

aqtebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, romlebic zians ayeneben an xels uSlian

mflobelobis ganxorcielebas; 2. aRdgeniTi interdiqti (recuperandae possessionis) im

piris sasargeblod, visi mflobelobac iqna xelyofili; 3. aRmWurveli interdiqti

(adipiscendae possessionis), romlis SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda specailuri interdiqti

memkvidreobis Sesaxeb, quod legatum (legatis flobis gamoTxovis ufleba pirisagan,

romelic mas daeufla memkvidris nebis sawinaaRmdegod) interdiqti da quorum

bonorum (interdiqti aniWebs pretorul memkvidres, romelic moiTxovda samkvidro

nivTebis mflobelobaSi dabrunebas im nebismieri pirisagan, romelic qoneba

memkvidris saxiT flobda, Tumca samarTlebrivi safuZvlis gareSe) interdiqti.

sakuTrebis uflebis dacva sasarCelo gziT iyo uzrunvelyofili. kerZod,

sakuTrebis uflebis dacva xdeboda savindikacio (rei vindicatio), negatoruli (actio

negatoria), miniWebis Sesaxeb (actio exhibitoria) sarCelebiT da actio Publiciana-s meSveobiT.

a) Rei vindicatio-s meSveobiT xdeboda im cikluri mesakuTris mflobelobis uflebis

dacva, romelsac misi nebis sawinaaRmdegod, CamoarTves nivTis flobis ufleba.

civilur mesakuTres SeeZlo savindikacio sarCelis wardgena im SemTxvevaSi, Tu

moxdeboda mis sakuTrebaSi arsebuli nivTis flobis ufleba. civilur mesakuTres

SeeZlo savindikacio sarCelis wardgena im SemTxvevaSi, Tu moxdeboda mis

sakurebaSi arsebuli, nivTis flobis xelyofa. mosarCele sasarCelo moTxovnas im

mopasuxes uyenebda, romelic uSualod flobda sadao nivTs da, Tanac, pretoruli

interdiqtiT iyo daculi. savindikacio procesSi mopasuxes ukeTesi mdgomareoba

hqonda, vbinaidan swored mosarCeles awva mtkicebis tvirTi imis Taobaze, rom sadao

nivTze sakuTrebis ufleba mxolod mas ekuTvnoda.

rogorc wesi, amis damtkiceba Zalze rTulia, xSirad – Seulebelic iyo. amitom,

mtkicebis proceduris gamartivebis mizniT, sargeblobdnen usucapio-Ti (SeZeniTi xan

dazmulobiT). Tu mopasuxe moigebda process da mis mimarT mosamarTles

gamamarTlebeli ganaCeni gamohqonda, nivTi mis mflobelobaSi rCeboda, radgan

sasamrTlos gadawyvetileba mxolod uaryofda mosarCelis sakuTrebis uflebas

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nivTis mimarT.

amitom xSirad savindikacio process win uswrebda imis ganxilva, Tu ramdenad

marTlzomierad gaica pretoruli mflobelobiTi interdiqti.

Tu savindikacio procesis gamarjvebuli mosarCele xdeboda, sasamarTlo mas

ubrunebda sadao nivTs; aRniSnuli aqti mosamarTlis SuamavlobiT tardeboda.

nivTze mflobelobis aRdgenis sami aspeqtis gaTvaliswinebiT unda momxdariyo: 1.

nivTi nayofisa da damatebiTi nawilebis daangariSeba; 2. im xarjebis dacva,

rolmlebic nivTis mflobelma nivTis mimarT gaswia; 3. nivTisaTvis miyenebuli

zianis an zaralis Sedegebi. samive aspeqtis Sinaarsze gavlenas axdenda

mosamarTlis gadawyvetileba imis Taobaze, iyo Tu ara nivTis faqtobrivi mflobeli

_ mopasuxe keTilsindisieri an arakeTilsindisieri (possessio icesta, possesssio inuista

(vitiosa)) SemZeni: a) nivTi mesakuTres ubrundeboda, nayofisa da namatis CaTvliT; b)

mflobelis mier nivTis mimarT gaweuli xarjebi sami kategoriiT iyo

gaTvaliswinebuli: 1) aucilebeli xarjebi, romelTa gaweva gardauvali iyo, nivTis

Senaxvis mizniT; 2) sasargeblo xarjebi, romlebmac xeli Seuwyves nivTis gadidebas

an gaumjobesebas; 3) TviTneburi an fuWi xarjebi, romelTa mizani ar iyo sameurneo

efeqtis miReba da, Sesabamisad, ar SeiZleboda maTi xarjebis safasurSi CaTvla.

klasikur samarTalSi, keTilsindisieri mflobelis mier gaweuli saWiro da

sasargeblo xarjebis anazRaureba nivTis mesakuTres evaleboda, Tu aseTi xarjebis

gaweva litis colntestatio-s dadgenamde moxdeboda.

g) keTilsindisieri mflobeli mxolod im zianis gamo agebda pasuxs, romelic nivTs

misi braleuli qmedebis edegad miadga, Tumca mxolod litis colntestatio-s dadgenamde da

araviTar SemTxvevaSi mis Semdgom. arakeTilsindisieri mflobeli ki pasuxismgebeli

iyo nebismier viTarebaSi.

b) Actio negatoria (negatoruli sarCeli). civiluri mesakuTre uflebamosili iyo

waredgina sanivTo sarCelebis mTeli seria, raTa uareyo im momijnave uflebebis

arseboba, romelTa mizani iyo nivTis mimarT misi sakuTrebis uflebis SezRudva.

aRniSnuli kategoriis sarCelebi erTiani saxeldebiT _ negatoruli sarCeli (Actio

negatoria) gaerTiandnen. mesakuTres awva mtkicebis movaleoba im faqtis mimarT, rom

nivTi swored misi sakuTreba iyo da adgili hqonda am sakuTrebis uflebis

SezRudvas an misi ganxorcielebisaTvis xelisSeSlas. mopasuxe, Tavis mxriv,

dasabuTebulad uaryofda mosarCel, is pretenzias da sapirispiros amtkiceb da.

mosamarTlis gamamtyunebeli ganaCenis Sedegebi gulisxmolbda: 1. sadavo nivTis

gaTavisuflebas raime saxis momijnave uflebebisagan; 2. nivTi uwindel

mdgomareobaSi unda aRdgeniliyo (anu aRdgeniliyo is viTareba, romelic mesakuTris

uflebebis darRvevamde moqmedebda); 3. ganarjvebuli iRebda iseT uzrunvelyofas,

romelic, samomavl,od, daicavda mas nivTis mimarT raime uflebis darRvevisagan.

c) sarCeli miniWebis Sesaxeb (Actio exhibitoria). pretoruli sarCeli, mopasuxes SeeZlo

uari eTqva sakuTari mflobelobis dacvaze, iseve rogorc im mflobels, romelmac

ganzrax daTmo mflobeloba nivTis mimarT. aRniSnul viTarebaSi mesakuTres,

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pretoris mier miniWebuli dacvis ori sasualeba gaaCnda: 1. uZravi qonebis

mflobelobis moTxovnis Sesaxeb gacemuli pretoruli interdiqtum quem fundum

(aRdgeniTi interdiqti, romelic mosarCeles miecemoda rei vindicatio-s dros, im

faqtobrivi mflobelis winaaRmdeg, vinc ganzrax uars ambobs (miwis nakveTis gamo)

sasamarTlo davaSi monawileobaze an romelmac ganzrax moiSora arasasurve,li

mflobeloba); 2. Actio ad exhibendum _ miniWebis Sesaxeb sarCeli, romlis ZaliT

sasamarTloSi mopasuxe mxares unda warmoedgina sadao moZravi nivTi.

pretoris mier miniWebuli dacvis saSualebiT, mosarCele-mesakuTres SeeZlo

gamoeTxova sadao nivTi, rasac is sadamarTloSi ficis warmolTqmiT adasturebda

(iusiurandum in litem) da, damatebiT _ mopasuxis qonebis dayadaReba (mission in bona), Tu

mopasuxe uars ambobda sasamarTlo dacvaze.

d) actio Publiciana. sarCelis aRniSnuli nairsaxeoba rei vindicato-s msgavsi iyo da mis

paralelurad waredgineboda, radgan mas pretori bonotiJarul mesakuTres aniWebda,

dakarguli mflobelobis ukan dabrunebis Sesaxeb. pretori formulaSi

mosamarTlisgan moiTxovda fiqtiuri viTarebis Seqmnas, SeZeniTi xandazmulobis

vadis amowurvis Sesaxeb. Actio Publiciana icavda im pirs, vinc nivTi traditio-s meSveobiT

SeiZina da Semdeg jer kidev SesaZeni xandazmulobis vadis mflobelobis ufleba.

Actio Publiciana bonitarul mesakuTres nebismieri piris winaaRmdeg eniWeboda da

sxvadasxva samarTlebrivi Sedegi hqonda, imis mixedviT, Tu vin gamodioda mopasuxis

saxiT.

IV. mflobeloba

Possessio (mflobeloba); detentio (pyroba).

nivTze faqtobrivi batonoba mflobelobad (possessio) iwodeboda. es iyo

winaaRmdegobrivi xasiaTis instituti, vinaidan samarTlebriv da faqtobriv aspeqtebs

erTad moiazrebda.

mflobelobis obieqtad miiCneoda mxolod sxeulebrivi nivTebi (res corporales), xolo

sxva faqtobrivi SemTxvevebi, romlebic gansakuTrebuli interdiqtebiT _

servitutebisa da sxva sanivTo uflebebis (res incerporales-Ti) iyo daculi. romaeli

iuristebis ganmartebiT, es iyo TiTqos mflobeloba (quasi possessio).

uflebis msgavsad, mflobelobac pozitiuri samarTliT iyo aRiarebuli da daculi.

viwro gagebiT ganasxvavebdnen iuridiuli mflobelobasac, romlis safuZvelzec

mflobelobasa (possessio) da pyrobas (detentio) erTmaneTisagan mijnavdnen; sxeulebrivi

nivTis kuTvnilebis faqtobrivi viTareba individisaTvis oficialuri aRiarebisa da

dacvisagan damoukideblad miiReboda.

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mflobelobis, rogorc gansakuTrebuli sanivTo uflebis sagnisa da nivTis

faqtobriv materialur kuTvnilebaze dafuZnebul nivTisa da urTierTobis uSualo

kavSir-mflobeloba, rogorc iuridiuli viTarebis faqtobriv xasiaTs, romis

iuridiuli mecniereba gansazRvravda samarTlebrivi urTierTobis nebelobiTi

aspeqtis ganmartebiT anu corpus-iT. nivTTan piris materialuri, sxeulebrivi

kavSiris garda ganasxvavebdnen nivTis flobis gadawyvetilebas, survils (animus

possidendi). Animus – mflobelobis, rogorc faqtobrivi urTierTobis subieqturi

mxaris konceptualuri gancalkeveba ar uaryofda mflobelobis, rogorc

institutis samarTlebriv xasiaTs. Animus-ze gadatanili aqcenti am institutis

nebelobiT da samarTlebriv bunebas asaxavda.

ugunurs, mZinares, Cvils nivTTan kavSiris gacnobierebis unari ar SeswevdaT da

amitom mflobelis uflebis SeZena ar SeeZloT. nebelobiTi momentis arseboba

mflobels nivTTan materialuri kavSiris SenarCunebis aucileblobisa da

valdebulebisgan aTavisuflebda. mflobels SeeZlo, mesame piris meSveobiT,

sxeuliT (corpore) mflobeloba ganaxorcielebina, aseve SeenarCunebina mflobeloba

`SiSveli nebiT~ (solo animo) misi, anu mesame piri ararsebobis SemTxvevaSic.

romaelebi ganasxvavebdnen mflobelobis or saxeobas: marTlzomiers (possessio iusta)

da aramarTlzomiers (possessio in iusta (vitiosa)). aramarTlzomieri mflobeloba

SeiZineboda Zalis (vi) meSveobiT, farulad (clam) da faqtobrivad (precario).

marTlzomieri mflobeloba gansxvavdeboda keTilsindisieri mflobelobisagan

(possessio bonae fidei), rodesac mflobeli Tavs nivTis mesakuTred miiCnevda, Tumca,

realurad, ar uaryofda, rom nivTis mesakuTre ar iyo; misTvis safuZveli iyo is,

rom nivTis mflobelobiT igi zians aravis ayenebda. keTilsindisierad

mflobelobis gansazRvrebas didi mniSvneloba hqonda usucapio-sa da nayofis

SesaZenad separatio-s meSveobiT.

romaelebi ganasxvaveben possessio civitae, satitulo (romelsac win uZRoda iusta causa)

da utitulo mflobeloba, romelsac ewodeboda bunebrivi mflobeloba (possessio

naturalis), an pyroba (detentio). nivTis faqtobriv flobad mflobeloba (pyroba)

mxolod maSin miiCneoda, Tu warmoiSoboda im iuridiuli faqtis safuZvelze,

romelic sakmarisad miiCneoda mflobelobis SesaZenad. es faqti, rogorc wina

mflobelTan dadebuli garigeba, SeiZleba ecnoT marTlzomierad, an upatronod, an

mtris nivTis xelSi Cagdebad an nivTis aramarTlzomierad misakuTrebad, Tu mas,

uwindeli mflobelis nebis sapirispirod, igdebdnen xelSi. es iyo aramarTlzomieri

mflobelobis dasabami.

pyroba ar miiCneoda mflobelobad, roca nivTis flobis nebas ganapirobebda nivTis

mflobelTan dadebuli SeTanxmeba, an flobis neba damokidebuli im pirze, romlis

kavSiri nivTTan mflobelobis Sesazeb dadebuli SeTanxmebis safuZvlad miiCneoda.

amis gamo, romaelebi ganasxvavebdnen sakuTari saxeliT flobas (possessio suo nomine)

da sxvisi saxeliT mflobas (essere in possessione nomine alieno).

`In possessione (nomine alieno) esse~ formula Tan axlavs daqvemdebarebuli pirebis

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pyrobas, ijarasa da uzufruqts (anu im urTierTobebs, romleTa sagani ar aris TviT

nivTi, sakuTari funqcionaluri datvirTviT). sxvis xelifulaSi myofebis meSveobiT

ganxorcielebuli mflobeloba potestas-s efuZneba, ris gamoc, persona alieni iuris-is mier

dawyebuli mflobelobas, maT paterfamilias-is mier SeZenilad iTvleboda, miuxedavad

imisa, konkretul viTarebaSi, Tu vin flobda paterfamilias persona alieni iuris-s.

mflobelobis warmoSobisTvis (in iusta causa possessionis) samarTlebrivi safuZvlis

arseboba gansazRvravda sakuTrebaSi nivTis SeZenis marTlzomierebas an

xandazmulobas (usucapio), roca mflobelobisa da sakuTrebis uflebis SeZena

erTmaneTs Seesabameboda (possessio pro suo _ vmflob rogorc sakuTars).

mflobelobis, rogorc gansakuTrebuli sanivTo uflebis specifika, mflobelobis

dacvis gansakuTrebuli xasiaTiT vlindeboda, romlis dacva ara sasamarTlo

ganxilvis formiT, aramedDEpretoris brZanebiT _ interdiqtuli warmoebiT _

xorcieldeboda. mflobelobis, rogorc sanivTo uflebis dacvis Sesaxeb

administraciuli da sapolicio saSualebis erTobliobac mowmobda.

V. servituti (servitute)

mflobelobisa da sakuTrebis zemoCamoTvlili uflebebis garda, romis samarTliT,

nivTebis arsis garkveuli SezRudvebis gaTvaliswinebiT, mTeli rigi uflebebi

Camoyalibda da dadginda. aRniSnul uflebaTa obieqti, cxadia, iyo, sxvisi nivTebi,

ris gamoc maT iure in re aliena ewodeboda. am uflebebs Zalze adre mieca dasabami. maTi

TandaTanobiTi ganviTarebis safuZvelze sxvadasxva Sinaarsis uflebamosilebaTa

garkveuli jgufi Seiqmna. klasikuri epoqis dasasruls, am jgufs daemata

servitutis, superficiumisa da emfiTevzisis institutebi da giravnoba.

$1. servitutis cneba

servituti ewodeboda sxvisi nivTiT sruli an nawilobrivi sargeblobis uflebas,

romelic uSualod konkretul miwis nakveTs an konkretul pirs ukavSirdeboda

sargeblis miRebis mizniT.

sityviT servitus `nivTis mona~, `nivTiT sargebloba~ anu iseTi urTierToba

aRiniSneboda, romlis drosac nivTiT, miwis nakveTiT sargebels (praedium serviens)

iRebda ara mxolod batoni, aramed mezobeli nakveTis mesakuTrec. mesakuTris

uflebas momsaxure nivTze aseve servituti ewodeboda. SemdgomSi termini servitus

mTel rig msgavs urTierTobebze gavrcelda. momsaxure nivTis mesakuTres evaleboda

Tavi Seekavebina nivTebze im garkveuli zemoqmedebisagan, romelsac is SeuzRudavad

ganaxorcielebda sakuTar nivTze, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu sxva piris sanivTo

uflebebisagan Tavisufali iqneboda. kerZod, servitutiT igulisxmeboda Tavis

Sekaveba garkveuli qmedebisagan: 1. miwis nakveTis mesakuTres ekrZaleboda dadgenil

simaRleze maRali Senobis ageba; 2. mas evaleboda sxva piris iseTi qmedebis Tmena,

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romelic mesakuTres SeeZlo aRekveTa, Tu nivTi servitutiT ar iqneboda

datvirTuli, rac, faqtobrivad, imaze miuTiTebda, rom mesakuTrem mezobels neba

darTo, raTa mas misi nivTiT esargeblda. magaliTad, wyalsatevamde saqonlis

gadasarekad. pozitiuri qmedebebis Sesrulebis davaldebuleba servitutiT ar

SeiZleboda, magram romis samarTliT arsebobda kidev erTi saxeoba, romliTac,

servitutiT datvirTuli miwis nakveTis mesakuTres, sayrdenebis ganaxleba-SekeTeba

evaleboda. servitutiT datvirTuli nakveTis mesakuTres mudmivad evaleboda karg

mdgomareobaSi hqonoda ara mxolod miwis nakveTi, aramed masze arsebuli nagebobac,

romelzedac servituti sxva pirs ekuTvnoda. nivTze sakuTrebis ufleba yvelas, maT

Soris servitutis uflebasac moicavda. aRniSnulis safuZvelze SeimuSaves Semdegi

debuleba _ sakuTari nivTi aravis ar emsaxureba (nemini res sua servit) anu sakuTar

nivTze servitutis ufleba dauSvebelia.

$2. servitutebis warmoSoba

I. servitutis SeZena xdeboda realuri Sedegis mqone aqtebiT.

1. Mancipatio-Ti, Tu servitutiT datvirTuli iyo sasoflo-sameurneo daniSnulebis

mamuli da 2. in iure cessio-Ti, Tu servitutiT saqalaqo sa sasoflo miwebi iyo

datvirTuli. Tradicio aRniSnuli miznebisaTvis gamousadegari iyo, radgan servituti

usxeulo nivTebis (res incorporales) kategorias ganekuTvneboda.

II. servitutis dadgenis gansakuTrebuli saSualeba gamoiyeneboda maSin, roca miwis

nakveTis gansazRvruli nawilis mesakuTris Secvla xdeboda: gamsxvisebeli,

romelsac sakuTrebis ufleba miwis nakveTis meore nawilze rCeboda (riTac is,

faqtobrivad, zaraldeboda), Tavis sasargeblod servitutis dadgenas iTxovda

(exceptio (deductio) servitutis). am SemTxvevaSi, servitutis dadgena sagangebo daTqmiT _

mancipacia (mancipatio) an uflebis daTmoba (in iure cessio) _ xdeboda.

III. qr. Sobamde I saukuneSi servituti xandazmulobiT (usucapio) dgindeboda. Tumca,

aRniSnuli wesi lex Scribonia-Ti gauqmda. klasikur epoqaSi sargeblobis

xandazmulobas mxolod servitutis arsebobis mtkicebis mniSvnelba hqonda.

iustinianem servitutebze ganavrco xandazmulobis vada (longi temporis praescriptio),

romelic servitutis dadgenidan 10 an 20 wlis Semdeg Sedioda ZalaSi.

IV. servitutis miniWeba sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT, TanasakuTrebis gamoyofisas.

$3. servitutis saxeebi

uZvelesi romauli samarTlis Tanaxmad, mxolod sasoflo servituti arsebobda;

servitutis am saxiT, miwis erTi nakveTis mesakuTre miwis meore nakveTis

daqvemdebarebiT, gabatonebuli nakveTis sameurneo-ekonomikur mogebas Rebulobda.

wvrili miwaTmflobelebi meurneobas damoukideblad ver uZRvebodnen. mxolod

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sakuTari resursebiT aucilebeli sameurneo saWiroebis dakmayofileba maT ar

SeeZloT, axlomdebare nakveTebTan mudmivi kavSirisa da SemoerTebis gareSe.

Tavdapirvelad, miwis nakveTebi mxolod sasoflo-sameurneo daniSnulebiT

gamoiyeneboda da samarTlebrivad regulirdeboda. am mizniT, SemoiRes sasoflo

nakveTebis servituti – servitudes praediorum rusticorum. maT ricxvs ganekuTvneboda

miwis nakveTebi nagebobis gareSe an mxolod sasoflo-sameurneo samuSaoebis

sawarmoeblad damxmare nagebobebiT. mogvianebiT, roca q. romi uzarmazari imperiis

centrad iqca, ganaSenianebul miwis nakveTebTan dakavSirebiT, warmoiSva saqalaqo

servituti _ servitudes praediorum urbanorum. amis Semdeg, qalaqSic servitutis yvela

saxe sakmaod gavrcelda. gansxvavebul mosazrebas efuZneba piradi servitutebis

(servitutes personales irregulares) dadgena. Tu vinme, sxva pirisaTvis, Tavisi nivTis

samisdReSio gadacemas moisurvebda, es mas piradi servitutiT SeeZlo; am

SemTxvevaSi, nivTi aramesakuTris interesebs emsaxureboda. Tumca, piradi servituti

aucileblad gulisxmobda erTs _ nivTis mesakuTre yovelTvis rCeboda piradi

servitutis damdgeni piri an misi memkvidre.

$4. sasoflo (saadgilmamulo) servituti

yvela sasoflo servituti uSualod mTavar nivTs (praedium dominans) ukavSirdeboda.

sasoflo servitutiT miwis ori gancalkevebuli nakveTi igulisxmeboda – erTi

nakveTi emsaxureba meores (fundus servit funda). sasoflo servitutis arsi is iyo, rom

unda daekmayofilebina Semdegi ZiriTadi moTxovnebi: servituts unda daecva mTavari

nakveTi, raTa mas sargebeli moetana, Tumca ar iyo savaldebulo, rom servitutis

meSveobiT uSualod gaedidebina mTavari nakveTis Semosavali da gaezarda misi

Rirebuleba. mas unda daetvirTa mTavar nakveTTan dakavSirebuli nakveTi, raTa

SesaZlebeli yofiliyo misi momsaxureba; Tumca maT Soris uSualo Semxebloba unda

yofiliyo. am wesis arsis Tanaxmad, nakveTebi gverdigverd unda yofiliyo.

servitutis bunebriv resursebs mTavari nakveTis mesakuTris moTxovnilebebi unda

uzrunveleyo mudmivad, raTa TviTneburi da SemTvveviTi perpetua causa, utilitas perpetua

ar warmoqmniliyo; sanam aseTi mizani iyo, servituti arsebobda. sasoflo

urTierTobaTa subieqtebSi ra cvlilebebic ar unda momxdariyo (nakveTis

gasxvisebis an misi memkvidreobiT gadacemis miuxedavad), servituti ganuyofadi

rCeboda da mxolod saservituto uflebebi nawildeboda. Tu mTavari nakveTi

ramdenime memkvidreze gadavidoda, maSin TiToeul maTgans momsaxure nakveTis

Sesabamisi wiliT sargeblobis ufleba hqonda – servitus per partes retinetur, anu –

TiToeuli, misi navkeTis farTobis, Sesabamis wils iRebda.

$5. sasoflo servitutebis saxeebi

sasoflo-sameurneo nakveTebis Sesabamisad dadgenil servitutebs iura praediorum

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rusticorum ewodeboda. maT ricxvs ganekuTvneboda sagzao da wylis servitutebic, im

SemTxvevaSic ki, roca TiToeuli maTgani saqalaqo miwis nakveTebisaTvis iyo

gankuTvnili. sasoflo servitutis oTxi uZvelesi saxe arsebobda: 1. iter - qveiTad,

cxeniT gavlis ufleba; 2. actus – saqonlis gadarekis ufleba; 3. via – datvirTuli

urmiT an oTxTvalaTi gavlis ufleba;

4. aquaeductus – wylis gayvanis ufleba.

mogvianebiT, sasoflo servitutis ricxvs miakuTvnes wylis amoRebis ufleba,

wyalsacavamde saqonlis gadarekis ufleba, saqonlis saZovrad gadarekis ufleba.

$6. saqalaqo (saadgilmamulo) servitutebi

ganaSenianebuli nakveTebisaTvis Seqmnil servitutebs – saqalaqo servitutebi (iura

praediorum urbanorum) ewoda. maTi ZiriTadi saxeebi iyo: 1. servitus protegendi _ sxvis

nakveTze saxlis saxuravis gadawevis ufleba anu sxvis sahaero sivceSi SeWris

ufleba; 2. servitum tigni immittendi _ sxvis kedelze sayrdenebis damagrebis ufleba; 3.

servitus oneris ferendi _ sxvis kedelze nagebobis miSenebis an sxvis saZirkvelze

daSenebis ufleba.

mogvinebiT saqalaqo servitutebs miakuTvnes: 1. wvimis wylis Cadineba-gadinebis

ufleba; 2. wylis CaSvebis ufleba; 3. sakanalizacio arxebis mSenebloba-gayvanis

ufleba; 4. moTxovna, rom fanjrebi ar daefaraT da ar daerRviaT xedi,

dadgenil simaRleze maRali Senobis agebiT.

$7. piradi servitutebi

1. uzufruqti (usufructus)

sxvisi nivTiT samisdReSio sargeblobis uflebas piradi servituti ewodeboda.

piradi servitutebis ZiriTadi saxe iyo: uzufruqti, usus, habitatio, operae servorum vel

animalium. uzufruqti (usufructus) sxvisi nivTiT sargeblobis yvelaze gavrcelebuli

ufleba iyo. pirs, romelsac aseTi uflebamosileba hqonda uzufruqtuari

ewodeboda; mas SeeZlo nivTiT sargeblobac (uti) da misi nayofiTac (frui), oRond

nivTi ar unda daezianebina da arc misi nayofiT sargeblobis ufleba ar unda

daerRvia (misi sameurneo daniSnuleba ar unda Selaxuliyo). aseTi uflebis mqones

ise unda esargebla nivTiT, rogorc es karg, yairaTian meurnes ekadreba, anu nivTiT

sargeblobis yvela wesis dacviT. bunebrivi nayofis mokrefis momentidan misi

mesakuTre-mosargeble (perceptio) xdeboda; vidre uzufruqti moqmedebda, mesakuTres,

nivTidan miRebul Semosavalze, ufleba ar hqonda, radgan misi sakuTreba mxolod

SiSveli sakuTrebis ufleba (nuda proprietas) iyo, anu mesakuTres SeeZlo Tavisi

sakuTrebis ufleba sxva pirisaTvis gadaeca, daetvirTa is sxva servitutiT, magram

amiT uzufruqti ar unda dazianebuliyo. uzufruqtis sagani SeiZleba yofiliyo

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nivTi, romliT sargeblobac SeiZleboda maTi dazianebis an ganadgurebis gareSe.

uzufruqtuars SeeZlo ekisra garkveuli movaleobebi, romlebic, formalurad,

zepiri formis xelSekrulebiT (stipulatio) iyo dadgenili. mas yovelTvis unda ezruna,

rom nivTs mudmivad sargebeli da Semosavali moetana, faqizi da yairaTiani

mopyrobiT daecva dazianebisagan. nivTze yvela xarjs uzufruqtuari ixdida, maT

Soris gadasaxadebsa da gamosaRebs. dabrunebisas, Semdgomi gamoyenebisa da

sargeblis mosatanad, nivTi vargisi unda yofiliyo. am movaleobaTa Sesrulebis

uzrunvelsayofad, anda uzufruqtuaris gardacvalebis Semdeg, uzufruqtis

dasabruneblad, stipulaciis meSveobiT (cautio usufructuaria), pretoruli

uzrunvelyofa daadgines. uzufruqti, idealuri wilis saxiT, ramdenime piris

kuTvnileba SeiZleba yofiliyo. sakuTrebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi (partes pro indiviso,

usufructus) sxva danarCen nawilebze, erTi romelime wiliT, sargeblobac dasaSvebi

iyo. es iyo erTaderTi servituti, romlis drosac aseTi dayofa SeiZleboda.

wmindad piradi servitutis saxiT, memkvidreobiT gadacemasa da gasxvisebas,

uzufruqti ar eqvemdebareboda. Tumca, piradi sargeblobis (magram ara uflebis)

gasxviseba dasaSvebi iyo. uzufruqtuaris gardacvalebis Semdeg, uzufruqti

wydeboda da sargeblobis sagani mis memkvidres mesakuTrisaTvis unda daebrunebina.

sxvisi nivTiT SezRuduli moculobiT sargeblobis uflebis formas usus ewodeboda.

aseT mosargebles nayofidan imdeni eZleoda, ramdenic mas esaWiroeboda sakuTari

moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad. mosargebles arc Tavisi uflebis sxvisTvis

gadacema SeeZlo da arc am uflebis sxvisTvis gayofa. mosargebles ufleba hqonda

sargeblobis ufleba Tavisi axloblebisaTvis mieca. Tumca, usus SeiZleba ramdenime

piris kuTvnilebac yofiliyo, magram mosargeblis movaleobebi ar iyofoda.

sxvis saxlSi an saxlis nawilSi samisdReSio cxovrebis uflebas habitatio

ewodeboda. uflebamosil pirs SeeZlo Tavad ecxovra saxlSi an gaeqiravebina.

sxvisaTvis am uflebis usasyidlod daTmoba dauSvebeli iyo.

sxvisi miwiT an cxoveliT samisdReSio sargeblobis uflebas operae servorum vel

animalum ewodeboda. aRniSnulis gaqiraveba dasaSvebi iyo.

$8. servitutis Sewyveta

1. procesualuri formiT uflebamosili piris mier mesakuTrisaTvis sakuTari

uflebis daTmobiT (in iure cessio); 2. gaqviTviTi xandazmulobiT: piradi servituti _

misi Seusruleblobis (non usus) SemTxvevaSi; uZravi qonebis SemTxvevaSi _ 2 wlis

Semdeg iqviTeboda, xolo moZravi qonebis SemTxvevaSi _ 1 wlis Semdeg; iustinianes

samarTliT, Sesabamisad, 10 da 20 wlis Semdeg; 3. Tu momsaxure nakveTis mesakuTre

SeiZenda sakuTrebis uflebas mTavar nakveTze, ori uflebis SerwymiT (confusio)

servituti wydeboda (nemini (nulli) res sua servit). sasoflo servitutis msgavsad, piradi

servitutis SemTxvevaSi, erTi uflebamosili piris sakuTrebisa da samisdReSio

sargeblobis uflebis Serwymas iseTive Sedegi hqonda; 4. piradi servitutis obieqtze

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raime arsebiTi cvlilebebis Setanis SemTxvevaSi, rac piradi gamoyenebis arsebiT

Secvlas iwvevda, servituti wydeboda (magaliTad, Senobis dawva); 5. uflebamosili

piris gardacvaleba an misi uflebaunarianobis damcroba (capitis deminutio) pirad

servitutze igive gavlenas axdenda;

6. sanivTo servituti (rogorc nebismieri sanivTo ufleba) TviTmomsaxure nivTis

ganadgurebis SemTxvevaSi wydeboda, xolo piradi servituti _ misi arsebiTi

SecvliT.

$9. servitutis dacva

mesakuTris msgavsad, servitutze uflebamosil pirs, rogorc arsebuli, ise

samomavlo uflebebis darRvevisgan, Tavis dacva da warTmeuli servitutis _

usufructus – dabrunebis moTxovna SeeZlo; aseve misi uflebebis damrRvevi viTarebis

aRmofxvrac. Tavdapirvelad, mis sarCels vindicatio servitutis ewodeboda, mogvianebiT ki

_ actio confessoria. iustinianes samarTliT, aseTi sarCeli gaicemoda yvela im piris

winaaRmdeg, vinc uflebamosil pirs misi uflebebis ganxorcielebaSi xels uSlida,

imis miuxedavad, momsaxure nivTi damrRvevs ekuTvnoda Tu ara. Actio confessoria-s

mizani iyo mesakuTrisaTvis actio negatoria-s tolfasi uflebebi mieniWebina. sasarCelo

moTxovnis mizani sasoflo an piradi sargeblobis Sesabamisi mdgomareobis aRdgena

iyo, raTa samomavlod uzrunveleyo yovelgvari darRvevisa da zianis

anazRaurebisagan piris dacva.

$10. dacvis sxva saSualebebi

pretoruli ediqtiT sasoflo servitutis dacvis sxva, mflobelobiTi interdiqtis

analogiuri, saSualebebi _ interdicta utilita de aqua, de rivis, de fonte

aquaenaustu (wylis, sagzao da wylis dasalevad, wyalsatevze gasasvleli

interdiqti) dadginda. klasikur samarTalSi naxsenebia keTilsindisieri mflobelis

sarCeli (actio Publiciana), romelic actio confessoria-sagan gansxvavebiT, servitutebis

gamartivebuli dacvisas gamoiyeneboda. iustinianes samarTliT, konfesoruli

sarCeli gaicemoda im servitutebis dasacavad, romlebic nivTis gadacemiT (traditio),

sargeblobis pasiuri daSvebiT (pati-patientia) da mflobelobiTi xandazmulobiT (longe

possessio) iyo dadgenili.

VI. superficiumi da emfiTevzisi (surepficies et emphiteusis)

$1. superficiumi

superficiumi da emfiTevzisi, anu sxvisi nivTiT sargeblobis samemkvidreo da

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gankargviTi uflebebi, adgenda, SenobasTan erTad, sxvisi miwiT sargeblobis

(superficiumi) da damuSavebis (emfiTevzisi) uflebas. orive institutis elementebi

romisa da provinciuli samarTliT erTdroulad yalibdeboda, xolo sxvis nivTze

uflebis Zala da mniSvneloba am instituyebma gacilebiT gvian, pretoruli

samarTlis gavleniT SeiZina. Usufrustus da habitatio servitutisagan (sxvisi nivTiT

sargeblobis ufleba) Zalze vrceli uflebebiT gamoirCeoda. es iyo TiTqmis

sakuTrebis msgavsi ufleba da, rac gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia, memkvidreobiT

gadaicemoda da gasxvisebac SeiZleboda. qiravnobisa da ijarisagan superficiumi da

emfiTevzisi yvela saxis darRvevisagan, am uflebebis daculobiT gansxvavdeboda,

radgan ijara da qiravnoba valdebulebiTi urTierTobebi iyo da maTi dacva

mxolod piradi xasiaTisa iyo.

farTo gagebiT superficiumiT (surepficies) aRiniSneboda yovelive is, rac adamianis

mier iyo Seqmnili, mdebareobda miwis zemoT an miwis qveS da uSualo kavSirSi iyo

miwis zedapirTan. es iyo gansakuTrebuli samarTlebrivi urTierToba, romliTac

igulisxmeboda sxvis miwaze aSenebuli nagebobis xangrZlivad sargeblobis ufleba;

am uflebis memkvidreobiT gadacema da gankargva kanoniT daiSveboda. miwis nakveTis

damqiravebeli (superficiari) Senobas Tavisi xarjiT agebda. nagebobaze sakuTrebis

ufleba miwis mesakuTres eniWeboda; wesis Tanaxmad, yvelaferi, rac miwis zedapirze

iyo da miwas ukavSirdeboda, miwis mesakuTres ekuTvnoda. Tumca superficialuri

xelSekrulebis moqmedebis vadaSi, SenobiT sargeblobis ufleba mxolod

superficiars eniWeboda. klasikosi iuristebi superficiums sxvis nivTze uflebad

(ius in re aliena) ganixilavdnen, misi gadacema erTi piridan meoreze daiSveboda, imis

miuxedavad, miwaze sakuTrebis ufleba uwindel mesakuTres hqonda SenarCunebuli,

Tu sxva pirze iyo gasxvisebuli. istoriulad, superficiumis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba

warmoiSva saxelmwifos an qalaqis kuTvnili miwebis mimarT (loca publica), romelTa

gayidvac ar daiSveboda. es iyo sajaro-samarTlebrivi xasiaTis SeTanxmeba. nagebobis

asaSeneblad gacemuli miwis nakveTis safasurad, dadgenil vadaSi, damqiravebeli

saxelmwifos sasargeblod qiras – miwis gadasaxads (solarium) ixdida.

amrigad, es iyo valdeblebiTi xasiaTis urTierToba, romelic SemdegSi pretorma

ganaviTara da nivTze uflebis mniSvneloba (ius in re) SesZina. amis Semdeg

superficiumi ganixileboda, miwis zedapirisagan, iuridiulad gamocalkevebul

nivTad, romelic aseve gancalkevebul samarTlebriv wess eqvemdebareboda.

superficiumze interdiqti superficiars pretorma mianiWa (interdictum de siperficie), uti

possidentis interdiqtis msgavsad, mesame pirebisagan sargeblobis uflebis dacvis

mizniT. pretoris dapirebis Tanaxmad, superficiars (sakuTrebis dasacavad gacemuli

sarCelis msgavsad) nivTze sarCeli eZleoda. es sarCeli nagebobis mflobelobis

dakargvis SemTxvevaSi gaicemoda. superficiari valdebuli iyo, dadgenili vadis

ganmavlobaSi miwis mesakuTrisaTvis, miwis renta (solarium) gadaexada. aRniSnuli

gadasaxadi moicavda ara marto mimdinare, aramed yvela Zvel da wlebis manZilze

dagrovil gadauxdel gadasaxadebs. garda amisa, superficiari saxelmwifo

gadasaxadebsa da gamosaRebs ixdida. superficiarisaTvis uflebamosilebis

TviTneburad warTmeva mesakuTres ar SeeZlo; Tu igi droulad ar gadaixdida

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gadasaxadebs, aseT SemTxvevaSi mesakuTre, sakuTrebis uflebis dasacavad, sarCels

aRZravda.

$2. emfiTevzisi

iustinianes kompilaciebSi termini ager emphiteuticarius sxva cnebis ager vectigalis-is

sinonimad gamoiyeneboda. Tumca, klasikuri periodis iuristebma am cnebebs

sxvadasxva mniSvneloba mianiWes.

emfiTevzisi aris sxvisi miwis nakveTiT (gamonaklis SemTxvevaSi nagebobiT)

sargeblobis da am nakveTidan nayofis miRebis sruli sanivTo, samemkvidreo da

gasxvisebadi ufleba. emfiTevzisi, garkveuli saijaro gadasaxadis gadaxdis garda,

raime saxis SezRudvas ar awesebda im SemTxvevaSi, Tu moijare miwis nakveTis

pirvandel mdgomareobas ar gaauaresebda.

a) Ager vectigalis. xSir SemTxvevaSi, italiis qalaqebs saxelmwifo da qurumTa

kolegiebi sakuTar nakveTebs ijariT gadascemdnen; maT kargad esmodaT, rom

sasoflo-sameurneo, vaWrobis an samrewvelo saqmianobis gansaxorcieleblad

iuridiul pirebs naklebi SesaZleblobebi hqondaT. aseTi ijara sakmaod xangrZlivi

vadiT gaicemoda, zogjer, samudamodac, radgan moijares sakuTari valdebulebebis

gadacema memkvidreobiTac SeeZlo. ijaris mTavari piroba saijaro gadasaxadis

(vectigal) droulad da upirobod gadaxda iyo. mesame pirebisagan sakuTari uflebebis

dasacavad moijares, Suamavlobis gasawevad, nakveTis mepatronisaTvis unda miemarTa,

vinaidan moijare sanivTo uflebebs ar flobda. iuridiuli piris mdgomareoba

gacilebiT mZime da araqmediTi iyo fizikur pirTan SedarebiT. aqedan gamodinare,

sanivTo uflebebis dacvad, ufro mizanSewonilad miiCnies, Tu dacvis uflebebs

moijare damoukideblad moipovebda da mepatronis Suamavlobaze damokidebuli ar

iqneboda. am mizniT, (savaraudod, responsa prudentum-iT da ara pretoruli ediqtis

safuZvelze), moijares mieniWa actio in rem (vectigalis actio), riTac misi saijaro uflebebi

sanivTo uflebad (ius in re aliena) iqca; garda amisa, mas warmoSobili mflobelobis

ganxorcielebac moeTxoveboda.

aRniSnulis safuZvelze, moijare saijaro nakveTidan miRebul nayofsac iZenda,

Tanac nayofis separatio-s momentidan. misi es ufleba gasxvisebadi da samemkvidreo

gaxda. ramdenime uflebamosil pirs nakveTis realur nawilebad dayofa aRar

SeeZlo. mousavlian wlebSi moijares saijaro gadasaxadis Semcirebis moTxovnac

SeeZlo.

b) Ager emphyteuticarius. romis saxelmwifo moxeleTa mier dadgenili emfiTevzisis

instituti miznad isaxavda saSualo donis saglexo miwaTmflobelobis Seqmnas. am

mizniT, qr. Sobis II saukunidan moyolebuli, provinciaSi mdebare

auTvisebeli miwis is uzarmazari farTobi, romelsac mTlianad monarqia, an

imperatori _ kerZo sakuTrebiT, flobda, samemkvidreo-saijaro uflebiT moijareebs

gadaeca dasamuSaveblad. mogvianebiT, ijaris es forma saeklesio nakveTebis,

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provinciuli qalaqebisa da didgavrovanTa samflobeloebis mimarT gamoiyenes.

emfiTevtisa da italiis ager vectigalis moijaris uflebebi identuri iyo. emfitevts

sxvis nivTze sanivTo uflebebi (ius praedii) eniWeboda, Tumca, sxvisi nivTiT

sargeblobis am or kategorias Soris gansxvaveba mainc iyo: mousavlian wlebSi

emfiTevtas saijaro gadsaxadis Semcirebis moTxovna ar SeeZlo. emfiTevtisaTvis

miniWebuli gayidvis ufleba upiratesi Sesyidvis uflebiT iyo SezRuduli.

drois kvalobaze, sabolood aRniSnuli sxvaobebi praqtikulad, aRmoifxvra.

iustinianes kanomdeblobiT ager vectigalis uSualod ager emphyteuticarius-Tan gaigivda.

Tumca aRsaniSnavia, rom Cvenamde ar mouRwevia im kanons, romlis safuZvelzec maTi

gaigiveba moxda.

emfiTevtas miwis nakveTiT sargeblobisa da miwis nakveTidan miRebuli nayofis

SeuzRudavi ufleba (magram ara ganZis miTviseba) hqonda. nakveTidan nayofis an

namatis gamoyofis (separatio) Tanave, mas maTi miRebis ufleba gaaCnda. moijares

SeeZlo nivTis substanciis Secvla, magram ara misi gauareseba. raki es iyo

gasxvisebadi da samemkvidreo ufleba, nivTis gankargva emfiTevtas sicocxleSic

SeeZlo da gardacvalebis Semdeg; garda amisa, sakuTari uflebebiT sargeblobis

periodSi, nivTze servitutebis dadgena da datvirTvac (garda calmxrivi mitovebisa

(derelictio) iyo daSvebuli, anu nivTze uaris Tqma misi mitovebis mizniT). nebismieri

saxis darRvevisagan emfiTevtas uflebas icavs mosargeblisaTvis (utiliter) miniWebuli

mesakuTris yvela sarCeli: re vindicatio, negatoria, confessoria, Publiciana in rem actio. garda

amisa, emfiTevtasa da nivTis mepatrones Soris, samarTlebrivi urTierTobis

safuZvlidan _ garigebidan gamomdinare _ urTierTsanacvlo piradi sarCeli

warmoiSoboda.

$3. emfiTevtas movaleobebi

1. emfitevtas movaleobis Tanaxmad, mas ar unda daeSva miwis nakveTis gauareseba;

winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, iustinianes kanoniT, mepatrone mas emfiTevziss arTmevda; 2.

mas unda gadaexada miwis nakveTze dadgenili gadasaxadi. Tu sami wlis ganmavlobaSi

aRniSnul gadasaxads ar gadaixdida, nakveTis mepatrones ufleba hqonda misTvis

emfiTevzisi CamoerTva; 3. emfiTevtas miwis nakveTis mepatronisaTvis unda gadaexada

yovelwliuri gadasaxadi, romlis odenobac emfiTevzisis dadgenisas ganisazRvreba.

am movaleobisagan emfiTevtas, imperator zenonis kanoniT, mxolod nakveTis mTliani

da ara nawilobrivi ganadgureba aTavisuflebda, radgan gadasaxadiT ara

sargeblobis uflebis anazRaureba, aramed mepatronis sakuTrebis uflebis aRiareba

igulisxmeboda. amitom, mousavlianobis da sxva stiqiuri ubedurebis SemTxvevaSi,

gadasaxadis Semcireba dauSvebeli iyo; 4. nebismieri saxis gasxvisebis SemTxvevaSi,

emfiTevtas mepatronis Tanxmobis miReba evaleboda. uaris Tqma mepatrones mxolod

sapatio mizezis SemTxvevaSi SeeZlo. emfiTevtaze dakisrebuli movaleobebis Secvla

mxareTa gansakuTrebuli SeTanxmebis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleboda.

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$4. emfiTevzisis warmoSoba

1. mesakuTresTan xelSekurlebis dadebiT da Tan nakveTis gadacema, savaldebulo ar

iyo. aseTi xelSekrulebis arsi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi sadao iyo: iuristTa nawili

mas saijaro xelSekrulebad, nawili ki nasyidobis xelSekrulebad miiCnevda.

imperatorma zenonma emfiTevzisi ar miiCnia gansakuTrebul xelSekrulebad _

contractus emphyteuticarius, romelic arc nasyidobis wesebs eqvemdebareboda da arc

qiravnobis wesebs; amitom emfiTevta, rogorc myidveli, pasuxs ar agebda, Tumca,

rogorc damqiravebeli nivTis gauaresebis riskisagan ar Tavisufledeboda; 2.

saanderZo danakisriT (legatiT), romelsac mesakuTre mortis causa-s SemTxvevaSi,

udgenda sakuTar memkvidres; 3. sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze; 4. sadao

iyo emfiTevzisis warmoSoba xandazmulobiT (usucapio).

$5. emfiTevzisis gadatana

ukve arsebuli emfiTevzisi SeiZleba gadatanili yofiliyo: 1. emfiTevtas mxridan

nakveTis gadacemis (traditio) meSveobiT im ganzraxviT, rom nakveTis SemZeni iZenda

emfiTevzisis uflebasac iZenda; 2. emfiTevtas gardacvalebis Semdeg memkvidreobiT

an legatiT; 3. sasamarTlos gankargulebiT: nakveTis gayofis procesisas,

vinaidan, emfiTevziss daqvemdebarebuli nakveTis realur nawilebad gayofa,

mepatronis Tanxmobis gareSe ar daiSveboda. mTeli emfiTevzisi mosamarTles erT-

erT monawilisaTvis unda mieniWebina, raTa mas sxva monawileTaTvis Sesabamisi

anazRaureba gadaexada; 4. arsebuli emfiTevzisis SeZena arauflebamosil pirs

SeeZlo xandazmulobis vadiT, rac emfiTevzisis SeZenis pirvandeli saSualeba da

ara misi gadatana iyo.

$6. emfiTevzisis Sewyveta

garemoebani, romelTa safuZvelzec SeiZleba Sewyvetiliyo yvela sanivTo ufleba da

ufleba sxvis nivTze, emfiTevzisis statuszec vrceldeboda; aseT garemoebad

miCneuli iyo:

1. mesame piris mier miwis nakveTze SeuzRudavi sakuTrebis uflebis SeZena

xandazmulobiT;

2. sakuTari movaleobebis Seusruleblobis SemTxvevaSi emfiTevtasaTvis uflebis

CamorTmeva anu e.w. privatio, Tu emfiTevta sakuTar movaleobebs daarRvevda.

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Tavi IX. Zveli romis valdebulebiTi samarTali

Obligatio (valdebuleba); creditor (kreditori); debitor (movale); debitum (vali); vades

(rwmunebuli, garanti); praedes (garantis qoneba); nexum (valdebulebis dadgena

kreditorsa da movales Soris formaluri xelSekrulebis gziT, romlis ZaliT

xelSekrulebis pirobebis Sesrulebis garantad gamoiyeneboda movalis piradi

Tavisufleba); vindex (garanti, romelic icavda movalis interesebs); solutio per aes et

libram (movalis ganTavisufleba valdebulebs Sesrulebisagan im formaluri aqtis

meSveobiT, romelic valdebulebebis safuZvelis sapirispirod iqna

ganxorcielebuli); sponsio (per aes et libram _ spilenZisa da sasworis meSveobiT an

ficiT ganmtkicebuli ritualis ganxorcieleba); talio (talioni); sponsio (verbaluri

formiT valdebulebis dadgena, stipulaciis uZvelesi nairsaxeoba); Obligationes civiles

(civiluri valdebuleba); Obligationes honorariae (pretoruli valdebuleba); Obligationes

naturalis (bunebiTi valdebuleba); oportere (movalis movaleoba); ex contractu

(saxelSekrulebo valdebuleba); ex delicto (zianis miyenebidan warmoSobili –

deliqturi _ valdebuleba); contractus (xelSekruleba); quasi ex contractus (TiTqos

xelSekrulebidan warmoSobili valdebuleba); quasi ex delicto (TiTqos zianis

miyenebidan (deliqtidan) warmoSobili valdebuleba); stipulatio poenae (fuladi

jarimis Sesaxeb miRweuli gansakuTrebuli SeTanxmeba); dare (sakuTrebis gadatana);

facere (garkveuli moqmedebis Sesruleba); praestare (uzrunvelyofa, garantiis micema);

damnum emergens (aSkara ziani); lucrum cessans (xelidan gaSvebuli mogeba (sargebeli);

arbitrium boni viri (keTilsindisieri mesame piris mosazreba, romelic ar iwvevs eWvs);

arbitrium merum (subieqturi da, maSasadame, arc Tu sarwmuno mosazreba); dare cerfam

rem (garkveuli nivTis sakuTrebaSi gadacema); obligatio certi (Sesrulebis SeuZleblobis

dadgoma); alternatio (alternatiuli valdebuleba); ius variandi (movalis arCevanis

mixedviT); obligatio incerti (ganusazRvreli valdebuleba); cum facultate soolutionis

(Sesrulebis Secvlis SesaZlebloba); genus nusquam perit (gvarobiTi nivTebi arasodes

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iRupeba); genus limitatum (gvarobiTi nivTis ukiduresi individualizacia); vis maior,

casus fortuitus, casus maior (dauZleveli Zalis, nebis gareSe, obieqturi faqtorebis

moqmedeba); periculum (sakontraqto riskis gadanawileba); dolus (ganzraxva); culpa

(brali); custodia (pasuxismgebloba nivTis Senaxvaze); factum debitoris (mopasuxe sakuTar

moqmedebaze pasuxs agebs ganzraxvis gareSec); deligentia (windauxedaoba); imprudentia

(jerovani yairaTianoba); negligentia (daudevroba); imperitia (gamoucdeloba); diligentiam

praestare (windaxedulobis uzrunvelyofa); culpa in abstracto (brali abstraqtuli

kriteriumebiT); culpa in concreto (brali konkretuli kriteriumebiT); diligentia diligentis

(yairaTiani meurnis yairaTianoba); culpa lata (uxeSi braleuloba); culpa levis (msubuqi

braleuloba); perpetuatio obligationes (valdebulebis mudmivoba); id quod interest (dadebiTi

interesi); mora (vadis gadacileba); mora solvendi (mora debendi) (Sesrulebis vadis

gadacileba); interpellatio (aRsrulebis moTxovna); purgatio morae (movalis

gadacilebis ganwmenda); mora accipiendi (kreditoris mier gadacileba); depositio in aldibus

sacris (Sesanaxad taZarSi mibareba); in fraudem creditorum (kreditorisaTvis saziano

moqmedeba); in integrum restitutio ob fraudem (valauvali movalis mier dadebuli garigebis

ukuqceviTi efeqtis miRweva uwindel mdgomareobaSi aRdgenis formiT); interdictum

fraudatorium (specialuri aRmdgeniTi interdiqti); actio Pauliana (iustinianes

iuristebis mier moxda in integrum restitutio ob fraudem-isa da intergictum fraudatorium-is

gansakuTrebul sarCelSi gaerTianeba, romelsac pauliusis sarCeli ewoda, iulius

paulusis sapativcemulod); ad promissio (mesame piris damatebiTi stipulacia,

romelic daideba ZiriTadi valdebulebis dadgenisTanave – piradi garantia); sponsio

(piradi garantiis pirveli istoriuli forma, romelic aris mesame piris damatebiTi

stipulacia urTierTobis pasiur mxareze); fideipromissio (paraleluri ad promissio,

romelic sponsio-sgan gansxvavebiT, keTili nebisaTvisac xelmisawvdomi iyo); beneficium

divisionis (ramdenime garantis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, TiToeuli pasuxs agebda

sakuTari wilis mixedviT); actio depensi (per formulas procesis farglebSi regresuli

moTxovnis ganxorcielebis saSualeba); praeiudicium ex lege Cicereia (gansakuTrebuli

winaswari sasamarTlo ganxilva, romlis meSveobiT daicveboda garantis uflebebi);

fideiussio (piradi garantiis mesame saxe, romliTac pasuxismgebloba memkvidreobiT

gadaecemoda); beneficium cedendarum actionem (sasarCelo moTxovnaTa daTmobis

privilegia); ius sequelae et ius praelationis (movalis nivTis xarjze dakmayofilebis

SesaZlebloba, imis miuxedavad, darCa Tu ara nivTi movalis mxridan kontrolis

sferoSi); fiducia cum creditore (kreditorTan dadebuli fiducialuri garigeba, romlis

dros movalis nivTi gadadioda kreditorTan in iure cessio an per aes et libram ritualis

meSveobiT, im mizniT, rom kreditori (fiduciari) nivTs TavisTan daitovebda

valdebulebis Seusruleblobis SemTxvevaSi an gadascemda movales (fiduciants)

mosalodneli Sesrulebis miRebis Semdeg – valdebulebis realuri garantiis

forma); nexum (nexi datio _ movalesa da mis kreditors Soris dadebuli formaluri

xelSekruleba, romlis ZaliT, movale valis uzrunvelyofis mizniT, pasuxs agebda

sakuTari TavisuflebiT); nexi liberatio (nexus _ gaTavisufleba am valdebulebisagan

SeiZleba momxdariyo sapirispiro aqtiT, romelic iTvaliswinebda imave

formalobebs, rac iyo nexum dros); pignus datum (datio pignoris _ realuri garantiis

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kidev erTi forma, romlis dros dadgindeba giravnobis realuri xelSekruleba anu

kreditoris mflobelobaSi, ZiriTadi valdebulebis ZaliT, gadadis movalis nivTi);

actio pigneraticia (in personam _ giravnobis urTierTobebze dafuZnebuli sarCeli); pignus

conventum (conventio pignoris); hypotheca (giravnobis dadgenis forma kreditoris xelSi

mflobelobis gadasvlis gareSe; Tavdapirvelad pignus et hypotheca Soris gansxvaveba

mxolod terminologiuri xasiaTis iyo da hupotheca rogorc realuri garantiis

konvencionaluri forma damkvidrda mxolod klasikur periodSi); interdictum Salvianum

(miwis nakveTis im moijaris nivTebis kreditoris mflobelobaSi gadacemis

interdiqti, romelmac gadaacila saijaro rentis gadaxda); solutio (aRsruleba);

solutio per aes et libram (movalis mier lreditoris mxridan piradi Tavisuflebis

mopoveba); contrarius consensus (mxareTa SeTanxmeba xelSekrulebis moSlis Sesaxeb);

beneficium competentiae (movale pasuxs agebs mxolod sakuTari qonebrivi aqtivebis

farglebSi anu sakuTari gadaxdisunarianobiT); locus solutionis (aRsruleba mosarCelis

arCeviT dadgenil adgilas unda moxdes); datio in solutum (aRsrulebis Secvla); pactum

de non petendo (SeTanxmeba moTxovnaze uaris Tqmis Sesaxeb); transactio (momrigebluri

garigeba); nudum pactum (SiSveli paqti), romelic ar sargeblobs sasarCelo dacviT);

exceptio pacti conventi (eqscepcia Semdgari SeTanxmebis Sesaxeb); pactum transactionis

(momrigebluri SeTanxmeba Sewyvetda valdebulebas ope exceptionis – TavdacviTi

mosazrebis meSveobiT); conpensatio (CaTvla); officio iudicis (mosamarTlis Tanamdebobrivi

movaleobani); argentarius (bankiri); cum compensatione (CaTvliT); cum deductione

(gamoklebiT); ex edem causa (mosarCelisa da mopasuxis urTierTmoTxovna erTgvarovani

garigebis mimarT); concursus causarum (safuZvelTa konkurencia); confusio (Serwyma);

novatio (novacia); idem debitum (valdebulebis sagnis identuroba); aliquid novi (Zvel

valdebulebaSi erT-erTi elementis Secvla); delegatio (delegacia); delegens (erTi

piri _ deleganti); delegatus (meore piri _ delegati); delegatarius (mesame mxare _

delegatariusi); debitum (vali); nomen (moTxovna); delegatio promittendi (valdebulebaTa

delegacia); delegatio dandi (SesrulebaTa delegacia); delegatio nominis (moTxovnaTa

delegacia); delegatio debiti (valis delegacia); causa solvendi (fuladi Tanxis gadaxda);

cessio (cesia – sxva pirze identuri moTxovnis gadatana); cessionarius (cedenti _

kreditori); cedens (cesionariusi – mesame piri, romelic cedentis davalebiT

procesSi mosarCeled gamodis); procurator (cognitor) in rem suam (sakuTar saqmeSi

rwmunebulad gamomsvleli – is saqmes awarmoebda sakuTari saxeliT da sakuTari

interesis gamo); denuntiatio (movalisaTvis Semdgari cesiis Sesaxeb gamocxadeba);

exceptio transacti negotii (efuZneba mxareebs Soris im momrigeblur garigebas, romelic

gamoricxavs sarCels).

$1. valdebulebis cneba

valdebuleba aris samarTlebrivi borkili, romlis ZaliT, Cven iZulebulni varT

raime SevasruloT Cveni saxelmwifos kanonebis Sesabamisad. Obligatio est iuris vinaelum,

quo necessitate adstringimur alicuius solvendae rei secundum nostrae civitatis iura” (Ins. lust. 3,13 Pap).

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es cneba istoriografiaSi gaxda arsebiTi diskusiis sagani, radgan masSi mkveTrad

aris gamoxatuli “samarTlebrivi borkilebis” mniSvneloba, romelic obligatio

uZveles xasiaTTan mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli. erTi piri nexum iuridiuli aqtis

safuZvelze moeqceoda xolme meore piris samarTlebriv borkilebSi an Sedioda am

piris xelisuflebaSi. es uZvelesi da naklebad cnobili aqti dakavSirebuli iyo

mancipatio, da warmoadgenda TviTmancipaciis proceduras anu erTi piris

xelisuflebaSi meoris Sesvlas im mizniT, rom moxdes sakuTari an sxvisi valis

gadaxdis garantireba. pasuxismgeblobis TiTqmis aseTive zoma, anu sakuTari sxeulis

sxva piris xelisuflebaSi gadacema “xelis dadebis” procedurisaTvis (manus iniectio)

iyo damaxasiaTebeli. qr. S-mde 326 w. lex Poetelia Papiria (peteliusis kanoni) auqmebs

nexum da movalis pirad morCilebas qonebrivi pasuxismgeblobiT cvlida, maSasadame,

piradi borkilebi icvleba qonebrivi pasuxismgeblobiT.

amrigad, valdebuleba da sarCeli – ori cneba, ori realoba iyo, romlebsac

romaelebi ganutofel movlenad miiCnevdnen. radgan arsebobs romelime piris mimarT

valdebuleba, kreditors, savaldebulo moTxovnis Sesrulebis mizniT sasamarTloSi

sarCelis wardgenis ufleba eniWeba. arqauli valdebulebis mixedviT, valis (debitum)

arseboba, am faqtis sasamarTloSi damtkicebis Semdeg, manus iniectio proceduris

Sesrulebas iwvevda. valdebulebis arqaul cnebaSi gabatonebuli iyo

materialisturi warmodgena imis Sesaxeb, rom nivTebi erTmaneTTan valdebulebis

ZaliT iyvnen dakavSirebuli. vinaidan, Tavdapirvelad TviT nivTi maszed sakuTrebis

uflebasTan mTlianad iyo Serwymuli, valdebulebis TviT marwuxebi Tavs exveoda,

nivTis materialisturi warmodgena valdebulebas ganixilavda ufro rogorc

kreditoris SesaZleblobas, vidre rogorc movalis vals. valdebulebis SeZena

(adquirere obligationem) niSnavs kreditorad da ara movaled yofnas. borkilebi anu or

pirs _ movalesa da kreditors Soris kavSiri warmoiSveba uZvelesi garigebis

sponsio dadebis Sedegad da ZaliT. urTierTgancxadebis Sedegad mxareebi erTmaneTs

an warmomadgenlebs boWaven miniWebis Sesrulebis valdebulebiT.

valdebuleba ewodeba subieqtur iuridiul viTarebas, romelic samoqalaqo brunvis

(mxareebi) konkretul monawileTa pirad kavSirebs efuZneba. mis sasargeblod

garkveuli qmedebis (miniWeba) Sesrulebis valdebulebis ZaliT urTierTobis erT-

erTi mxare (kreditori) aRWurvilia formaluri SesaZleblobiT meore mxares

(movales) sakuTari sargebelisaTvis mosTxovos garkveuli qmedebis (an miniWebis)

Sesruleba. kreditoris pretenziebs (moTxovnebs) Seesabameboda movalis movaleoba,

romelic ara kreditorisadmi (rogorc calkeuli pirisadmi), aramed mTlianobaSi

samarTlisadmi (rogorc qcevis sayovelTaod aRiarebuli normebis sistemis)

morCilebaSi mdgomareobs. movalis neba dakavSirebulia kreditoris mimarT

morCilebasTan da Tavisufalia im TvalsazrisiT rom aRiarebiT unda sargeblobdes

mxolod kreditoris normatiuli moTxovna da movalisagan SeuZlebelia imaze metis

moTxovna. rac qcevis im zogad standartebs aRemateba, romlebic msgavsi tipis

SemTxvevebisaTvis aris dadgenili. kreditoris konkretuli moTxovna aris mxolod

samarTlis im sayovelTaod aRiarebuli moTxovnebis Sesruleba, romlebic

moqmedeben konkretul sazogadoebaSi da romlebic TiToeul pirs kreditorad an

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movaled yofnis SesaZleblobas aZleven. movalis Tanamonawileoba kreditoris

moTxovnaTa dakmayofilebis saqmeSi ganpirobebuli misi samoqalaqo sazogadoebis

wevrobiT anu misi samarTalsubieqtobiT. kreditoris moTxovna, romelic mimarTulia

samarTlebrivi urTierTobis normaluri monawilisadmi, aris is samarTlebrivi

molodini, romlis sagans warmoadgens sxva piris mxridan miniWebis uzrunvelyofa.

valdebulebis meSveobiT sazogadoebaSi arsebuli ganawilebadi urTierTobebi

abstraqtul formas iZenen da amiT daZleulia brunvis naturaluri, uSualod

sagnobrivi xasiaTi. Sepirebuli miniWeba ara naklebi sikeTea, vidre aRsrulebis

garantia. valdebulebis samarTlebrivi buneba movalis formalur Tavisuflebas

warmoadgens, Tumca im pasuxismgeblobasac gulisxmobs, romelic kreditoris mier

SeZenili uflebis eqvivalenturi iqneba. kreditoris dakmayofileba movalis

Tavisufali Tanamonawileobis gareSe SeuZlebelia. movalis uari Seasrulos

savaldebulo qmedeba. aqcevs mas zogadi wesebis damrRvevad da kreditorisadmi

formalur morCilebas gamoiwvevs.

arqaul epoqaSi pasiuri mxaris araTavisufal mdgomareobas sayovelTao xasiaTi

eniWeboda magiisa da religiis meSveobiT. Per aes et libram (spilenZisa da sasworis) an

ficis meSveobiT ritualis Sesruleba, romelsac Tan sdevda msxverplis Sewirva

(sponsio), kreditorisagan potencialuri damokidebulebis Seqmnas uwyobda xels da

movalesa da garants erTmaneTSi aigivebda. Tu valdebuleba dadgenili iqneboda per

aes et libram (libraluri aqtis) meSveobiT, nexum - movale Sedioda kreditoris pirad

morCilebaSi, rac movalis mimarT gamoixateba xelis dadebis (manus iniectio) forma da

misi kreditoris saxlSi (secum ductio) wayvanaSi. Tavdapirvelad, arqaul periodSi

kreditori TvTneburad uswordeboda movales, xolo XII dafis kanonebis miRebis

Semdeg, piradi gasworeba ganpirobebuli iyo sasamarTlo magistratis addictio

(magistratis gadawyvetilebis erT-erTi saxeoba – mxareTa SeTanxmebis mowoneba),

romelic afiqsirebda, rom movalisaTvis damcvelis daniSvna (vindex) ar momxdara.

garda amisa, kreditori 30 dRis ganmavlobaSi valdebuli iyo movale sabazro

dReebSi gamoeyvana savaWro moedanze, raTa mas, SeZlebisdagvarad vinme

gamosarCleboda. Tu movales ar gamouCndeboda damcveli, kreditori maszed iZenda

srul Zalauflebas da amis Semdeg SesaZlebeli iyo movalis tibrosis napirebs

gaRma monad gayidva (trans Tiberim). Tu movales gamouCndeboda damcveli, is ixdida

movale pirs vals (iudicatum) da amis Semdeg damcvelis mdgomareoba utoldeboda

kreditoris statuss. gamosyiduli movale (depensus) Sedioda damcvelis

xelisuflebaSi da misi morCilebidan gaTavisufleba SesaZlebeli iyo mxolod

libraluri formis – solutio per aes et libram _ meSveobiT.

Sponsio _ es aris stipulaciis, valdebulebis verbalur formaSi dadgenis uZvelesi

forma. am dros vali da movaleoba erT pirs ekisreba. Tu es piri ar Seasrulebs

moTxovnas, miyenebuli zianis anazRaureba mimarTuli iqneba sponsorisaken –

garigebis mxare da amisaTvis gamoiyeneba legis actio per iudicis postulationem (Semoklebul

iqna mxolod actones in personam mimarT, kerZod, XII dafis kanonebis ZaliT, verbaluri

kontraqtebidan aRmocenebuli sarCelebis mimarT (sponsio, stipulatio). Tu mopasuxe uars

ambobda mosarCelis moTxovnis dakmayofilebaze, maSin mosarCele (yovelgvari

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formalobebis gareSe) pretors SesTavazebs mosamarTlis daniSvnas (iudex, arbiter).

$2. valdebulebaTa klasifikacia

romis samarTalSi valdebulebaTa klasifikacia iyo imaze damokidebuli, Tu

rogori xasiTi eqneboda valdebulebis aRiarebas samarTlis sistemis mier. amis

Sesabamisad, valdebuleba iyofoda Semdeg jgufebad: 1) obligationes civiles (civiluri

valdebuleba); 2) obligationes honorariae (pretoruli valdebuleba); 3) obligationes

naturales (naturaluri valdebuleba) (D. 20,1,5).

sawyis stadiaze arsebobda mxolod is valdebulebebi, romlebic civiluri

sarCelebiT iyo uzrunvelyofili. gaiusi Tvlida, rom “sarCeli aris piradi, Tu Cven

warvudgenT mas im pirs, romelic Cvens winaSe movalea raime kontraqtis deliqtis

ZaliT; anu roca Cven moviTxovT imas, rac unda mogvcen, gagvikeTon an mogvaniWon

(dare, facere, praestare oportare). termini oportere, civiluri samarTlis mixedviT, yoveTvis

valis mimarT gamoiyeneba.

im urTierTobebSi, romlebsac icavs pretori, saubaria im pasuxismgeblobaze,

romelic dadgeba actiones teneri-is safuZvelze. klasikuri samarTlis periodSi,

iurisprudenciis gamoyenebis farglebis gafarToebam, valdebulebad miiCnia pirebs

Soris warmoSobili is urTierTobebic, romlebsac pretoruli sarCelebi icavdnen.

qr. S-mde I s-dan moyolebuli, pretorebma SeimuSaves in factum sarCelebis mTeli

sistema im pirTa dasjis mizniT, romlebic boroti ganzraxviT moqmedebdnen.

ZiriTadad, aRniSnuli sarCelebi sajarimo xasiaTis iyo; maTi erTi nawili unda

ganvixiloT rogorc validan warmoSobili sarCeli, meore nawili – rogorc keTili

sindisis sarCeli, an sarCeli davalebis gareSe sxvisi saqmis warmoebis Sesaxeb, an

rogorc depozitis gamo aRrmocenebuli sarCeli. Tumca, ar arsebobs valdebuleba,

romelsac raime piradi sarCeli ar Seesabamebodes. naturaluri valdebuleba

daideboda monebis mier, mogvianebiT ki, im pirebis mier, romlebic paterfamilias

xelisuflebaSi Sediodnen. am sarCelebs ar gaaCndaT sasarCelo dacva, ris gamoc

warmoiSoboda iuridiuli Sedegebi: Tu xelisuflebaSi myofi piris vali

ukvegadaxdili iyo, maSin dauSvebeli iyo valis Tanxis ukan dabruneba

arasavaldebulo qmedebis Sesrulebis motiviT (solutio retentio: gadaxdilis dakaveba).

SesaZloa, “obligatio naturales” cneba iulianusis dros damkvidrda, da momdevno

periodis iuristebi axseneben mas, rogorc iseT valdebulebas, romelmac sakuTari

saxelwodeba SeiZina sayofacxovrebo enaSi misi, garkveulwilad, boroti gamoyenebis

Sedegad.

iseTi mniSvnelovani efeqtis garda, rogorc miRebuli anazRaurebis TavisTan

datoveba, naturalur valdebulebas sxva Sedegic gaaCnda: 1) naturaluri

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valdebulebis Sedegad warmoSobili vali civiluri valdebulebis mimarT

SeiZleboda CaTvliliyo; 2) es vali SeiZleboda novaciis obieqti gamxdariyo, da

maSin maTi civilur valdebulebaSi konvertireba moxdeboda; 3) es vali delegatio et

constitunem obieqti SeiZleba yofiliyo; 4) am valis garantireba SeiZleba momxdariyo

marwmuneblis mier, an giraosa da ipotekis meSveobiT; 5) naturaluri valdebulebis

gaTvaliswineba savaldebulo iyo pekuliumis moculobis gazrdis an Semcirebis

dros; 6) monis an xelisuflebaSi myofi piris mier Sesrulebuli SenaZeni kanonier

safuZvlad CaiTvleba sakuTrebis uflebis xandazmulobis vadiT (usucapio) SeZenis

dros. iustinianes dros, naTesaur kavSirebsa da moralur principebze damtarebuli

valdebulebebi, romlebsac sasarCelo dacva gaaCndaT, araCveulebriv naturalur

valdebulebad iTvleboda. mas is efeqtic gaaCndaT, rom gadaxdilis ukan dabrunebis

moTxovna dauSvebeli iyo. maT ricxvSi Sedioda iseTi Sesasruleblad

arasavaldebulo moTxovnebi, rogoric iyo: zogierTi naTesavisaTvis saarsebo

sarCos micema; partniorisaTvis momsaxurebis gaweva, Tu gaazatebulma amis Sesaxeb

specialuri fici ar dado; colisaTvis mziTvis dadgena, agreTve kanonieri

memkvidrisaTvis samkvidrodan kanonieri wilis (legitima) gamoyofis valdebuleba,

naTesavTa dakrZalvis xarjebis gaweva.

$3. valdebulebis Sinaarsi

valdebuleba gadacemis (dare), Sesrulebis (facere) da miniWebis (praestare) movaleobaSi

(oportere) mdgomareobs.

1) gadacema (dare) niSnavs: raime nivTis mesakuTred qceva an sanivTo uflebis dadgena,

agreTve raime momsaxurebis gaweva; 2) Sesruleba (facere) niSnavs: yvela moqmedebas,

romelic garkveuli moqmedebis Sesrulebas gamoxatavs an moqmedebaze uaris Tqmas

(facere an non facere), an nivTis misi mesakuTrisaTvis gadacemas (reddare); 3) miniWeba

(praestare) niSnavs: raimes garantirebas an uzrunvelyofas da amisaTvis sakuTar

Tavze pasuxismgeblobis aRebas (marwmunebels (praedes) Seexeba). roca saubaria

valdebulebis saganze, iminiWeba, romelic xasiaTdeba Semdegi rekvizitebiT: miniWeba

unda iyos Sesrulebadi, kanonieri, zustad gansazRvruli da qonebrivi xasiaTis

matarebeli.

valdebuleba SeiZleba iyos gayofadi da ganuyofeli: 1) gayofadia iseTi

valdebuleba, romelic nawil-nawil an proporciulad SeiZleba Sesruldes da am

dros ar icvleba misi ekonomikuri daniSnuleba. gayofadi valdebuleba SeiZleba

ramdenime kreditorsa da movales Soris gadanawildes; 2) Tu valdebulebis gayofa

SeuZlebelia mas ganuyofeli valdebuleba ewodeba. Cveulebriv, gayofadia iseTi

valdebuleba, romlis mixedviT SesaZlebelia raimes gadacema (dare), vinaidan

sakuTreba da sanivTo iflebaTa didi nawili swored gayofadi xasiaTisaa. raimes

Sesrulebis valdebuleba (facere) yovelTgvis ganuyofelia. ganuyofeli nivTis

miniWebis valdebulebas solidaruli xasiaTi aqvs (in solidum), vinaidan valdebulebis

subieqtTa simravlis SemTxvevaSi (ramdenime kreditori da movale), valdebulebis

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Sesrulebis moTxovnis ufleba TiToeul kreditors gaaCnia, iseve rogorc nebismier

movales evaleba misi Sesruleba.

$4. valdebulebis wyaro

Obligatio rogorc civiluri sarCeliT daculi subieqturi iuridiuli viTarebis

Tavdapirveli mniSvneloba, aisaxa valdebulebaTa klasifikaciaSi, maTi warmoSobis

(wyaros) mixedviT (causa obligationum) _ piradi (valdebulebiTi) efeqtis mqone

iuridiuli faqtebi. amis Sesabamisad, valdebulebaTa wyaro iyofa: sakontraqto

valdebulebad (ex contractu) da deliqtur valdebulebad (ex delicto). gaiusis

azriT, aseTi klasifikacia aris summa divisio (valdebulebaTa mTavaris dayofa).

Tumca, es klasifikacia piradi xasiaTis sibieqturi iuridiuli viTarebis tipizaciis

garkveul etaps asaxavs da amitom ver iqneba amomwuravi.

Contractus et delictum, rogorc valdebulebis modeluri wyaroebis gamoyofa

dakavSirebuli interesTa im formalizaciasTan, romelsac adgili qr.S-mde I

saukuneSi hqonda. valdebulebaTa or nairsaxeobad (species) dayofas Seesabameba

actiones in personam qonebriv (rei persecutoriae) da sajarimo (poenales) sarCelebad

dayofa.

valdebulebaTa orwevriani klasifikaciis konservaciam ganapiroba misi SesaZlo

srulyofa. aRmosavluri iuridiuli skolis profesorebma ganavrces valdebulebis

wyaroTa CamonaTvali da miuTiTes, rom kontraqtebisa da deliqtebis garda

arsebobdnen kvazi kontraqtcneba (quasi ex contractu) da kvazi deliqtebi (quasi ex delicto).

amrigad, gaiusisa da iustinianes SexedulebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT, romis samarTalSi

valdebulebaTa oTxwevriani dayofa damkvidrda, maTi warmoSobis safuZvlis

mixedviT; kerZod, Semdegi principis gaTvaliswinebiT: aut obligationes ex contractu suntaux

quasiex contractu aut ex maleficio aut quasi ex maleficio.

ganasxvaveben: 1. kontraqtebs; 2. kvazi kontraqtebs; 3. deliqtebs; 4. kvazi deliqtebs.

1) kontraqti aris valdebulebiTi xelSekruleba, romelic ukve uZveles ius civile

arsebobda. kontraqtebi oTxi saxis iyo. kontraqtebis damaxasiaTebeli niSani – e. w.

causa civilis _ imaSi mdgomareobda, rom an unda warmoTqmuliyo garkveuli sityvebi

(verba), an unda gamoyenebuliyo werilobiTi forma (literae), an kreditoris mier

garkveuli qmedeba unda Sesrulebuliyo (res), kontragentebs Soris araformaluri

SeTanxmeba (consensus) unda momxdariyo. amitom, ganasxvaveben oTxi saxis

xelSekrulebas: 1) verbaluri – zepiri formis; 2) literaluri – dawerili formis;

3) realuri – garkveuli moqmedebis (res) Sesrulebis aucileblobiT; 4)

konsesualuri – SeTanxmebiTi kontraqtebi.

kontraqtebis pirveli ori saxeoba formalur xelSekrulebebs, bolo ori –

araformalur anu materialur xelSekrulebebs ganekuTvneba.

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I. verbaluri kontraqti ideboda im pirobiT, rom kontrahentebs SeeZloT saubari da

mosmena anu ar iqnebodnen yru-munjebi da isini erT adgilas – xelSekrulebis

dadebis dros – iqnebodnen. klasikur samarTalSi cnobilia verbaluri kontraqtis

sami nairsaxeoba: a) stipulatio, b) dotis dictio da g) operarum iurata promissio.

a) Stipulatio zepiri formis ideboda. stipulatori, reus stipulatori (erTi kontrhagenti),

uSualod, zepirad usvamda SekiTxvas meore pirs _ promissor, reus promittendi

(kontrhagents), romelic aseve zepirad scemda pasuxs. Tavdapirvelad, sityvaTa

warmoTqma samarTliT iyo gansazRvruli, Tumca, mogvianebiT mxareebs, sakuTari

Sexedulebisamebr, SeeZloT sityvebis SerCeva. stipulaciis Sinaarsi iseTive

mravalferovani iyo, rogorc saerTod valdebulebis Sinaarsi. stipulacias SeeZlo

nebismieri saxelSekrulebo valdebulebis asaxva, Tumca, im pirobiT, rom es

calmxrivi qonebrivi faseulobis mqone xelSekruleba iqneboda: fulis gadaxda, sxva

nivTebis gadacema, samuSaos Sesruleba da sxva amgvari ram.

b) Dotis dictio iyo dos zepiri dadgena sityvebiT dot nurami tibi doti sunt;

g) Sponsio, stipulatio;

Sponsio – Tavisi arsiT aris sazeimo viTarebaSi dadebuli garideba, romelic Seicavs

dapirebasa da gulisxmobs formalur SekiTxvas (erTi mxriv) da pasuxs (meore mxriv).

mecnierebaSi kvlav mimdinareobs dava sponsio-s warmoSobisa da misi stipulatio – sTan

kavSiris Sesaxeb.

Stipulatio, rogorc abstraqtuli aqti gamoiyeneboda sxvadasxva saxis komerciuli

garigebis dasadebad da amave dros es instituti SeiZleba CaiTvalos romauli

iuridiuli azris udides aRmoCenad. gaiusis mier SemoTavazebul, valdebulebis

didaqtikuri klasifikacia cdilobda gaeTanabrebina kontraqtebis yvela

konkretuli tipi da Seerwya isini zogad formebTan – stipulaciasTan, romelic

yvela saxis SeTanxmebis mimarT formis miniWebisaTvis gamoiyeneboda.

iuristebi mowmoben, rom uZvelesi sponsio gamoiyeneboda yvela saxis aRTqmisaTvis anu

RvTaebisaTvis msxverplSewirvis dapirebisas, sponsalia – anu qorwinebis dadebis

sazeimo dapirebisas, agreTve saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebis dadebisas. Sponsio aris

votum umniSvnelovanesi nawili, anu is formula, romlis meSveobiT

pirveli, sponsio – iuris civilis aqtia, romelic mxolod romis moqalaqeTa (cives) wreSi

gamoiyeneboda, maSin roca stipulatio – ius gentium institutia da misi gamoyeneba

xdeboda romis moqalaqeTa da ucxoelebs Soris garigebis dadebis dros, ris gamoc

man garigebis struqturasa da mniSvnelobaze didi gavlena iqonia.

meore, Tu sponsio-s iuridiuli formalizmi axasiaTebda, xolo misi rekvizitebi

yovelTvis mkacrad daicveboda (iqamdec ki, rom Tu ramdenime saritualo frazas ar

warmoTqvamdnen an maT sxva frazebiT Secvlidnen aqti baTilad cxaddeboda),

stipulatio-s istoriuli evoluciis Sedegad, iuridiul-religiuri formalizmi ganze

dgeboda da gzas uTmobda axal, SedarebiT moqnil formebs.

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garda amisa, Tu mxedvelobaSi miviRebT sponsio-sa da stipulatio-s

sazeimo struqturebs, isini ganixileba rogorc conceptio verborum (sityvebis

erToblioba) da abstraqtuli aqti; orive saxis garigeba obligatio verbis (zepiri

valdebulebis) kategorias ganekuTvneba. savaraudod, stipulacia jer pretorma

aRiara, xolo Semdeg civiluri samarTlis sferoSi gamoiyeneboda. rac Seexeba

stipulaciis mier warmoSobil sarCelebs, legis actiones (legisaqciuri sarCelis)

epoqaSi spitulatio certi (gansazRvruli fuladi Tanxa, an gansazRvruli nivTebis

simravle) legis actio per condictionem (abstraqtuli civiluri moTxovnebis

dakmayofilebis gaadvileba, romlis dros mosarCele ubralod sTavazobs mopasuxes,

romelic mis moTxovnas uaryofs, 30 dRis vadaSi (die condicto – aqedan warmoiSva

sarCelis saxelwodeba) kvlav pretorTan gamoczaddes, raTa man mosamarTle

daniSnos) da sarCeliT iqneboda daculi. maSin, roca stipulatio in certi –

ganusazRvreli valdebuleba) gulisxmobda legis actio per iudicis postulationem (SemoRebul

iqna mxolod zogierTi saxis piradi sarCelis mimarT, kerZod, XII dafis kanonebis

Tanaxmad, verbaluri kontraqtebis sarCelebisaTvis. Tu, mopasuxe uaryofs

mosarCelis moTxovnas yovelgvari formalobebis gareSe, is pretors mosamarTlis

daniSvnas mosTxovs wardgenas. aRniSnuli sarCeli legis actio sacramento in personam

SedarebiT ufro progresuli iyo da mosarCeles SesaZleblobas aZlevda

sakramentaluri giraos Setanaze eTqva uari, Tu misi ufleba kreditze sponsio-dan

gamomdinareobda.

g) stipulatio et obligatio verbis-is klasikuri struqtura

Stipulatio rogorc obligatio verbis efuZneba garkveuli frazebis (verba) warmoTqmas,

kerZod – SekiTxva (interrogatio) da pasuxi (sponsio): “Spondes mihi dare centum? Spondeo”

(mpirdebi, rom momcem 100 monetas? gpirdebi). klasikur samarTalSi damkvidrda

frazebis anu sityvebis (verba) mavalebiTi mniSvnelobis principi. pomponiusi

stipulacias gansazRvravs rogorc “sityvier formulas (conceptio), romlis Tanaxmad,

erTi piri, romelic meoris SekiTxvas pasuxobs, valdebulia misces an Seasrulos

is, rasac mas sTxoven” (D.45,1,5,1). gaiusic amtkicebda, rom verbaluri kontraqti

daideboda SekiTxvisa da pasuxis meSveobiT. zepiri valdebuleba ar moiTxovs

rekvizitebis did simravles, Tumca, maTi mkacri Sesruleba savaldebulo xasiaTs

iZens.

1. stipulaciis mTavari niSania misi zepiri xasiaTi. ori mxares erTmaneTis gageba

unda SeeZlos anu mxareebi yru-munjebi ar unda iyvnen. Jestebi da werilobiTi

dokumentebi mxareTa zepir gancxadebebs ver Secvlian, amitom yru da munjebi

erTmaneTTan valdebulebas stipulaciis meSveobiT ver dadeben. amave dros,

Tavisufalia stipulaciis dadebis ena: verba SeiZleba warmoiTqvas laTinur an

berZnul enebze. romaeli iuristi sabinusi Tarjimnis monawileobasac dasaSvebad

miiCnevda (D.45,1,1,6).

2. zepiri valdebulebis dasadebad savaldebuloa ori mxaris piradi monawileoba da

proceduris Catarebis uwyvetoba. gaiusi amtkicebda, rom verbaluri kontraqtis

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dadeba dauSvebelia Tundac erTi mxaris ar arsebobis SemTxvevaSi; igives moiTxovda

pavlusic (D.45,1,134,2). amis garda, aucilebel moTxovnas uwyvet reJimSi moqmedeba

(unitas actus) warmoadgenda, im aspeqtSi, rom interrogatio et responcio erTmaneTis

miyolebiT unda ganxorcieldes, droSi wyvetis gareSe.

3. garda amisa, savaldebuloa interrogatio et responsio Soris azrobrivi Sesabamisoba da

Sesityveba unda arsebobdes.

* * * adamiani debs pirobas bunebriv Zalebs saCuqari uZRvnas da am SemTxvevaSi

igulisxmeba, rom RvTaeba Seasrulebs mis Txovnas an gascems im wyalobas, romlis

Sesaxeb mas SesTxovs piri. Reus voti (aRTqmis mixedviT mopasuxe piri) RvTaebis mimarT,

garkveul valdebulebas sakuTar Tavze iRebs; roca uzenaesi Zalebi Seasruleben

mis Txovnas, is voti damnatus gadaiqceva da mas evaleba danapirebis Sesruleba,

winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi aRniSnuli RvTaeba mis mimarT Surs iZiebs. Sponsio-dan

warmoSobili sakraluri valdebuleba votum-is farglebSi moiTxovs imave

elementebis arsebobas, rac civiluri valdebulebisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli.

votirebadi piri sakuTar Tavze iRebs raime valdebulebis Sesrulebas da

Tavisufldeba misgan, valdebulebis Sesrulebis Semdeg. (Ulp. D.50,12,2).

titus liviusisa da gaiusis gadmocemiT, sponsio gamoiyeneboda saerTaSoriso

urTierTobaTa sferoSi: kerZod, antikurma tradiciam daafiqsira ramdenime

SemTxveva, roca romaeli jarebis sardloba ama Tu im mtrulad ganwyobil xalxTan

foedus (samSvidobo xelSekrulebis) gaformebis uSedego mcdelobis Semdeg, sponsio

(dapirebas) debdnen imis Sesaxeb, rom samSvidobo xelSekrulebis ratificirebas

moaxdenda TviT senati. aseTi sponsio-s erT-erTi naTeli magaliTia konsul

postumusis mier samnitebis tomTan dadebuli samSvidobo zavi, kavdinusis xeobaSi

romaelTa damarcxebis Semdeg. titus liviusi aRniSnavda, rom aseTi sponsio-dan

warmoiSveboda, erTdroulad, sakraluri da iuridiuli valdebuleba, romlis

Seusruleblobis SemTxvevaSi pasuxismgebloba ekisreboda TviT sponsor-s, romlis

mimarT deditio (mtrisaTvis gadacemis) procedura gamoiyeneboda. qr. S-mde 136

w. konsulma mancinusma sponsio-s meSveobiT sazavo xelSekruleba gaaforma

numancinelTa tomTan, Tumca, es xelSekruleba ar iyo ratificirebuli senatis mier,

ris gamoc mancinusi mtrisaTvis unda gadaecaT (deditio). Tumca, mis miRebaze TviT

numancielebma uari Tqves.

yvelaze gavrcelebuli Teoriis Tanaxmad, sponsio Tavdapirvelad valdebulebis

uzrunvelyofis uZvelesi saxeoba iyo. Sponsor movale ar iyo, mas mxolod

marwmunebloba evaleboda. Sponsor movalis mxridan valdebulebis Seusruleblobis

pasuxismgeblobas sakuTar Tavze iRebda. am Teoriis Tanaxmad, romelic sponsio-s

(piradi garantiis) – Tavdapirveli funqciidan gamomdinareobs, forma verbis (zepiri

forma), mogvianebiT, gamoiyeneboda rogorc zogadi principi, romelic gulisxmobda

movalis mimarT, xelSekrulebidan gamomdinare, valdebulebiTi borkilebis dadebas

maSin, roca termini sponsor kvlav gamoiyeneboda marwmuneblis aRsaniSnavad. Spondere-s

da sponsio-s cnebebi, zogadad, movalis davaldebulebis aqts aRniSnavdnen.

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Tumca, sponsio-sa da stipulatio-s Soris mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba iyo ramdenime

parametris mixedviT.

romaul iurisprudenciaSi SeiniSneba garkveuli evolucia: SekiTxvasa da pasuxs

Soris formalur Sesatyvisobas cvlis Sinaarsobrivi Sesatyvisoba, kerZod,

evolucia verba-dan voluntas-ken, anu sityvidan nebisaken (Tanxmobisaken)

d) stipulaciis Sinaarsi da misi saxeebi

stipulaciis dadebisas mis Sinaarssa da nairsaxeobas gansazRvravs mastipulirebadi

piri, maSin roca movale piri ubralod iRebs SemoTavazebul Sinaarssa da

nairsaxeobas.

1) valdebulebis dadebisas gasaTvaliswinebelia samomavlo da ucnobi

movlenebisadmi damokidebuleba, romaelTa dadgoma TviT valdebulebis arsebobas

gansazRvravs.

2) valdebulebis dadeba SeiZleba garkveuli droiT gadaivados. manam, vidre ar

iqneba Sesrulebuli piroba an ar amoiwureba vada, valdebuleba ararsebulad

iTvleba, xolo, Tu fuladi vali droze adre daifara, is SeiZleba gamoTxovnil

iqnas, rogorc “arasavaldebulo”. xolo, Tu arsebobs pirobis Sesrulebis imedi,

maSin valdebuleba ganixileba rogorc arsebul im aspeqtSi, rom aRniSnul

viTarebaSi, SesaZloa, adgili hqondes novacias, Tavdebobasa da valis gaqviTvas

acceptilatio (miReba; verbaluri an literaluri kontraqtidan valis gaqviTvis

sazeimo aqti mis sapirispiro formaSi) meSveobiT.

3) valdebuleba warmoiSveba pirobis Sesrulebis momentidan da misi valdebulebiTi

efeqti stipulaciis dadebis droze ar vrceldeba. Tu valdebuleba warmoiSva, is

SeiZleba Sewydes sasarCelo uaryofis ZaliT, Tumca, mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu

Sesrulebis Droeblivi SezRudvis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebas adgili hqonda an daiTqva

valdebulebis Sewyveta misi pirobebis Seusruleblobis SemTxvevaSi.

4) Tu stipulacia gulisxmobs Sesrulebis ramdenime vadis arsebobas, maSin is

daiyofa im wilebis odenobis mixedviT, Sesrulebis ramdeni vadac aris miTiTebuli.

5) vadebuleba stipulaciaSi miTiTebul adgilas unda Sesruldes. mosarCele,

romelic sxva adgilas iTxovs Sesrulebas, SeiZleba aRmoCndes moTxovnis

gadametebis (pluris petitio) viTarebaSi. xolo, Tu valdebulebis Sesrulebis adgili

miTiTebuli ar aris, mosarCeles SeuZlia nebvismier adgilas moiTxovos misi

Sesruleba.

e) valis gadaxdis aRiareba (acceptilatio)

Acceptilatio aris sakredito valdebulis gaqviTvis abstraqtuli da zepiri (verbis)

forma. es forma warmoSobilia stipulaciis mier da mis sawinaamdegod

gamoiyeneboda Tavdapirvelad, acceptilatio iyo realuri gadaxdis aRiareba da miReba.

mogvianebiT, is gadaiqca savalo valdebulebaTa Sewyvetis zogad formad, imis

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miuxedavad, Sesruldeboda Tu ara savalo valdebuleba.

Acceptilatio rogorc formaluri da kanonieri aqti, arc vadebs da arc pirobebs

gulisxmobda. Acceptilatio-s Sedegad wydeboda mxolod is valdebuleba, romelic

stipulatio-s dadebis Sedegad warmoiSveboda. erTi piris mier meoris mimarT arsebuli

sxvadasxva vali, romelic, SesaZloa, arc ki yofiliyo mxolod verbaluri

valdebulebebidan warmoSobili, erTaderT lokalur stipulatio-Si (novatio) SeiZleboda

gaerTianebuliyo da warmoiSveboda iseTi valdebuleba, romelic acceptilatio

meSveobiT gaiqviTeboda. aseT lokalur acceptilatio-s stipulatio Aquiliana ewoda, misi

Semqmnelis, respublikuri periodis iusticiis – gaius aqvilus galiusis saxelidan

gamomdinare.

v) stipulaciis dasasruli

klasikuri stipulatio abstraqtuli da zepiri aqti iyo da misi daqveiTeba ori

paraleluri mimarTulebiT: formisa da safuZvlis mixedviT mimdinareobda.

araromauli iuridiuli praqtikis gavleniT, stipulaciam dakarga pirvandeli

struqtura da TandaTanobiT literaluri kontraqtis forma SeiZina.

Stipulatio-Si, Cveulebriv, gamoiyeneboda, testatio dros, mamtkicebeli dokumenti. Tumca,

postklasikuri samarTlis evoluciam stipulaciur dokuments valdebulebis

dadgenis xasiaTi mianiWa, rac aRmosavluri provinciebis samarTlebrivi normebis

Sesabamisobad miiCnva. ukve ciceronis dros stipulatio werilobiTi saxiT dgeboda:

cautio stipulatoria (stipulatio-s Sesaxeb dokumenti) (testatio _ werilobiTi mowmeoba,

mowmeebis mier xelmowerili) an chyrographa ( sakuTari xeliT Cawerili, savalo

valdebuleba (xelwerili) iuridiuli aqtis WeSmariti ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb,

Tanac mowmeebis gareSe). es formebi mtkicebulebis martiv saSualebad iTvleboda.

romauli samarTlisa da aRmosavluri tradiciebis urTierTgavlenis Sedegad

(imperator karakalas 212 w. ediqtis Semdeg), stipulacia kontraqtebis zogad

punqtad iqca. stipulaciis verbaluri forma mxolod igulisxmeboda, Tumca,

sinamdvileSi stipulatio-s uZvelesi zepiri forma werilobiTi formiT Seicvala.

imperatori iustiniane sakuTar samarTlis wignTa krebulSi ori tendenciis

mimdevari iyo: igi tradiciul, klasikur samarTals pativs miagebda da arsebul,

moqmed samarTals zedmiwevniTt misdevda da aviTarebda. erTi mxriv, is sakuTar

instituciebSi (3.15-20) klasikuri samarTlis iuristTa Txzulebebs gadmoscems da

gaiusis msjelobas stipulaciis, rogorc verbaluri (verbis) valdebulebis Sesaxeb,

iziarebs; meore mxriv, drois moTxovnis Sesabamisad adgens, rom mxolod 2 wlis

vadaSia SesaZlebeli exceptio doli (interdiqtul warmoebaSi mosarCeles SeeZlo

exceptio-s winaaRmdeg sapirispiro azris gamoTqma analogiurad, im axali garemoebebis

safuZvelze, romlebic savaldebulo Zalas arTmevdnen eqscepcias); am vadis

amowurvis Semdeg valdebulebis damdgeni werilobiTi dokumenti savaldebulo

Zalas iZenda.

stipulaciis abstraqtuli xasiaTi dokumentze gadadis, Tu is kanoniT dadgenil

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vadaSi ar iqna gaprotestebuli. I. Inst.3.21 SemuSavebul iqna obligatio litteris

Sesaxeb axali warmodgena: “dResac ase xdeba: roca me saCivari ar SemiZlia sxva

xerxiT Sevitano, me valdebulebas werilobiTi formiT viyeneb da misgan is

kondicia warmoiSveba, romelic zepir valdebulebas Sewyvets”. iTvleboda, rom

valdebuleba da condictio rogorc sarCeli, romelic valdebulebas icavs,

warmoiSveba ara sityvebidan, aramed werilobiTi dokumentis safuZvelze. Conceptio

verborum (sityvieri gadawyvetileba) iustinianes mier aRiqmeboda rogorc mera

subtilitas (udidesi iuridiuli simaxvile) da man gadawyvita, rom iuridiuli Sedegebi

dokumentis safuZvelze unda warmoiqmnas. amrigad, stipulatio rogorc abstraqtuli

iuridiuli aqti kvdeba da mis adgils abstraqtuli dokumenti ikavebs.

z)sakredito valdebulebebis gadawera (transa riptio nominum)

“valdebuleba werilobiTi aris, Tu, magaliTad, is Semosaval-gasavlis wignebSi

Seitaneba. es Canaweri orgvarovania: an nivTidan pirisaken, an piridan pirisaken.

nivTidan pirisaken Canawers maSin aqvs adgili, roca is, rac Sen Cemi gmarTebs

nasyidobis, qiravnobis an amxanagobis xelSekrulebis mixedviT, me Sens saxelze

Cavwer rogorc CemTvis gasacemi. valis Caweras saangariSo wignSi piridan pirisaken

maSin aqvs adgili, roca is, rac me mergeba ticiusisagan, me wignSi Semaqvs rogorc

SenTvis gadaxdili Tanxa, anu TiTqos ticiusis vali Senze gadmoiwereba”. gaiusis

inststituciebSi 3.128-130 saubaria werilobiTi garigebis Sesaxeb, romelic

mdgomareobda valdebulebis damdgen CanawerSi. aseT Canawers paterfamilias an ufro

xSirad bankiri sakuTar sabuRaltro wignSi axorcielebda. Zvel droSi

Semosavlebisa da gasavlebis sabuRaltro wignebi (codex accepti et expensi) arsebobda,

romlebSic acceptum grafaSi Caiwereboda Semosuli da miRebuli, xolo expensum

grafaSi – gasuli da gacemuli Tanxebi.

es sabuRaltro Canawerebi ayalbebdnen valdebulebas uwindeli valdebulebis axal

valdebulebiT Secvlis meSveobiT. axali valdebuleba warmoiSveboda axali

sabuRaltro CanaweriT.

amrigad, xdeboda valdebulebis ganaxleba (novatio), anu uwindeli valdebulebis

Sewyveta da misi axali valdebulebiT Secvla. arsebobda valis gadaweris

(transcriptio) ori nairsaxeoba: 1) nivTidan pirze; 2) piridan pirze.

Transcriptio, iseve, rogorc stipulatio abstraqtuli iuridiuli aqti iyo, ius civile

CarCoebSi moqceuli, Tumca, stipulaciisagan gansxvavebiT, is ver daideboda

ganusazRvreli nivTis miniWebiT da, agreTve, vadisa da pirobis dadgenas ar

gulisxmobda. sabuRaltro Canawerebis Semcveli wignebi valdebulebis warmomSob

iuridiul dokumentebad iTvleboda, ris gamoc maT mimarT cenzoruli inspeqtireba

xorcieldeboda. verbalur kontraqtTan SedarebiT literaluri kontraqtis

Ziritadi upiratesoba swored imaSi mdgomareobda, rom xelSekrulebis dadebisas

orive mxaris adgilze yofna saWiro ar iyo, rac kidev ufro amartivebda savaWro

brunvis ganxorcielebas. literaluri kontraqtis Seusrulebloba iTvaliswinebda

actio certi waedgenas. literaluri kontraqtebi farTod gamoiyeneboda qr. S-mde I

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– qr. S-is I saukuneebSi da gaiusis epoqaSi TiTqmis gamovidnen xmarebidan. Inst.Iust.

(3.21) maT Sesaxeb saubroben mxolod warsul droSi, radgan istoriul warsulad

miiCnevian. sabuRaltro Canaweris gansakuTrebul tipad sakaso wignidan

warmoSobili kreditebi (nomina arcaria) iTvleboda. maTzec gaiusi saubrobs (Inst.Iust. 3,

131-132): `sxva mniSvneloba sesxis samaxsovro Canawerebs (nomina arcaria) hqondaT. es

Canawerebi warmoSoben ara werilobiT, aramed sanivTo valdebulebas, vinaidan

araviTari mniSvneloba gaaCniaT manam, sanam vinmes garkveuli fuladi Tanxa ar

gadaecema, xolo fulis gadacema swored sanivTo valdebulebas waemoSobs.

T) subieqturi (chyrographa) da obieqturi (synographa) sakredito dokumentebi

Gai., (3.134) wers, rom chyrographa et syngrapha – iyo ucxoelebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli

werilobiTi sabuTebi, romlebic pirveli an mesame piris saxeliT dgeboda da

romlebSic cxaddeboda, rom “vinme piri aris sxva piris movale an mas raime unda

gadasces”. erT-erT teqstSi weria, rom chyrographum valis aRiarebis erTaderTi

dokumentia, romelic kreditoris gankargulebaSi rCeba da mowmobs garigebis

dadebis Sesaxeb.

Syngraphum mesame piris saxeliT unda Sedges, or egzemplarad da xelmoweril iqnas

dainteresebuli mxareebis mier. TiToeuli mxare inaxavda sakuTar egzemplars. rac

garigebis dadebis Sesaxeb mtkicebulebas warmoadgenda. aRmosavleTSi gabatonebuli

samarTlebrivi urTierTobebis gavleniT, am dokumentebma romSic moipoves aRiareba

da mtkicebulebis utyuar saSualebas warmoadgendnen.

i) baTili da arara stipulaciebi

imisaTvis, rom stipulacia aRiarebul iqnas romis ius civile mier, savaldebuloa

iseTi rekvizitebis arseboba, romlebsac qmedunarianobasTan, formasa da SinaarsTan

hqondaT urTierToba. baTili stipulaciebs Soris SeiZleba gamovyoT ori ZiriTadi

klasi: 1) arara stipulaciebi (nullius momenti est), Tu amgvari garigebisaTvis

damaxasiaTebeli savaldebulo rekvizitebi ar arseboben; 2) baTili stipulaciebi

(inutilis), romlebic formaluri TvalsazrisiT namdvil stipulaciad iTvleba, Tumca

ar warmoqmnian valdebulebas raime mniSv nelovani xarvezis gamo. arara

stipulaciasTan dakavSirebuli viTareba gansxvavdeba baTili stipulaciisagan:

radgan baTrili stipulaciis dros Tumca ki stipulacias adgili hqonda. is

braldebulebas ar warmoSobda.

baTili da arara stipulaciis SemTxvevebi: 1. stipilaciis SeuZlebloba:

dainteresebul mxareTa qmedunarianobis xarvezebi. stipulacias ver dadebda yru,

munji da ugunuri. monas stipulireba SeeZlo, dapirebas ki maSin miscemda, roca

sakuTar Tavze naturalur valdebulebas iRebda. In patria potestas pirebis mimarT

aRiarebulia maTi ufleba sakuTar Tavze valdebuleba aiRon. SekiTxvisa da pasuxis

erTmaneTisadmi SeuTavsebloba (araraoba). es SeiZleba moxdes: a) stipulaciis sagnis

mimarT. Gai., 3.102 `stipulacia maSin iTvleba ararad, roca vunme ar pasuxobs dasmul

SekiTxvas. “an Tu me vastipulireb upirobod, Sen ki mpirdebi garkveuli pirobiT”.

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ararad iTvleba stipulacia, Tu misi obieqti SeuZlebelia, an stipulatio

xorcieldeba Seusrulebeli pirobiT”; b) mesame piris sasargeblod dadebuli

stipulacia. Gai., 3.103 „ stipulacia ararad iTvleba, Tu Cven vastipulirebT, raTa

raime gadaeces mesame pirs, romlis xelisuflebis qveS Cven ar vimyofebiT. aqedan

ismis SekiTxva, namdvilia Tu ara is stipulacia, romelic daideba sakuTari Tavisa

da im mesame piris mimarT, romlis xelisuflebaSi Cven ar vimyofebiT”.

2. stipulaciis baTiloba: dapireba Sesrulebis Sesaxeb gardacvalebis Semdeg: `da

bolos, baTilia is struqtura, romelic Semdegi sityvebiT daido: Sen mpirdebi, rom

momcem cemi sikvdilis Semdeg, an Seni sikvdilis Semdeg”. da piriqiT, namdvilia

Semdeg formaSi dadebuli stipulacia: Sen mpirdebi, rom momcem Cemi gardacvalebis

momentSi an Seni gardacvalebis momentSi? anu ise, rom valdebulebis Sesruleba

gadatanili iyo stipulatoris, an pirobis mimcemis gardacxvalebis momentisaTvis.

amrigad, arasworad iTvleboda stipulaciiT warmoSobili valdebulebis

memkvidreze gadatana.

3. stipulaciis sagnis mimarT arsebuli baTiloba dgeba: a) Tu stipilaciis sagani

ukanono an uRirsia, an stipulacia mocemulia msgavsi xasiaTis pirobiT; b) Tu

Tavdapirvelad stipulaciis Sesruleba SesaZlebeli iyo, mere ki misi Sesruleba

SeuZlebeli gaxda; g) Tu Secdomis gamo SeuZlebelia ganisazRvros stipulaciis

obieqti, SeiZleba CavTvaloT, rom stipulirebul iqna is nivTi, romelic

ganisazRvreba gvarobiTi niSniT; xolo, Tu SeuZlebelia ganisazRvros nivTis

gvarobiTi niSani, valdebuleba ar warmoiSveba; d) Tu stipulaciuri valdebuleba

miRebulia arasrulwlovani pirisa an qalis mier, maTi meurvis sanqciis gareSe

(auctoritas tutoris: Gai., 3. 115-117).

k) ganusazRvreli obieqtis stipulacia

stipulaciuri dapireba, ganxorcielebuli iseTi sagnis mimarT, romelic veraviTar

SemTxvevaSi iqneboda gansazRvruli, baTilebad iTvleba. da piriqiT, is

stipulaciebi, romelTa sagnebi raime aqtiT mainc iyo gansazRvruli, namdvilad

iTvleba. maT Soris unda aRvniSnoT: 1. gvarobiTi niSnis mqone sagnis Sesaxeb

stipulacia: dapirebis mimcemma movalem unda miuTiTos nivTze da is gamohyos,

nivTTa gansazRvruli da ganusazRvreli gvarobiTobis, ricxvidan; 2. alternatiuli

stipulaciebi: movale valdebulia damoukideblad airCios valdebulebis sagani

sxvadasxva klasis nivTebs Soris, mastipulirebadma kreditorma SeiZleba

moelaparakos imis Sesaxeb, rom is TviTon airCevs obieqts, da Tu movale ar

Seasrulebs sakuTar valdebulebas, mis winaaRmdeg waradgens actio certi-is actio incerti-

is magivrad, ganusazRvreli obieqtis Sesaxeb. alternatiulma stipulaciam unda

daicvas kreditori nivTis SemTxveviTi daRupvisagan, rac gaaTavisuflebs movales

valdebulebisagan; 3. sajarimo stipulacia.

erT (ukve dadebul) stipulacias SeiZleba meorec daumato, Tumca, mxolod im

SemTxvevaSi, Tu isini sxvadasxva sagnebs gulisxmoben: winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi meore

stipulacia ararad CaiTvleba (Pomp.) pomponiusi werda, rom `is, vinc orjer

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dapirdeba erTi da igives, ar aris valdebuli Seasrulos dapireba erT jerze

metad”. (D. 45. 1.18).

sajarimo stipulacia damatebiT stipulaciur dapirebas gulisxmobs, romelic

fulis gansazRvruli Tanxis gadaxdas varaudobs. Tanac, gadaxda ganpirobebuli iyo

uwindeli valdebulebis SeusruleblobiT. amrigad, saxezea erTi – ZiriTadi

valdebuleba, romelic moqmedebas ganagrZobda da meore valdebuleba, romelic

ganpirobebulia pirvelis SesrulebiT. Tu movale Seasrulebs pirvel valdebulebas,

man aRar unda Seasrulos meore, xolo movale, Tu ar Seasrulebs danapirebs, maSin

man jarima unda gadaixados; Tumca, mas kreditoris winaaRmdeg exceptio doli wardgena

SeuZlia, Tu mastipulirebadi piri mis winaaRmdeg, ZiriTadi valdebulebisagan

gamomdinare, sarCels waradgenda.

2. novacia

`novacia aris Zveli valis axal civilur an naturalur valdebulebaSi

transformireba (gardaqmna), roca warmoiSveba axali valdebuleba, romelic Zvels

wyvets. saxelwodeba “novacia” warmoiSva sityvidan “axali” da axali valdebulebis

(warmoqmnisagan) Ulp. (D. 46. 2. 1). stipulacia, romelic identuri sagnis mimarT

warmoSobs axal valdebulebasa da, amave dros, Zvel valdebulebas Sewyvets,

sakuTar TavSi raime siaxles unda Seicavdes. valdebulebis ganaxleba moxdeba

rogorc pirebis, ise valdebulebis sagnis (obieqtis) mimarT: 1. pirebis mimarT

novacias hqonda adgili, roca icvleba kreditoris an movalis pirovneba. am

SemTxvevaSi, Sesabamisad, saubaria aqtiuri an pasiuri delegaciis Sesaxeb. aqtiuri

delegacia yovelTvis mesame pirisaTvis raime davalebis (iussum) micemas

gulisxmobda. movalis Secvla axali movalis mxridan kreditoris mimarT dapirebis

micemas gulisxmobda, rom is uwindeli movalis davalianebas (expromissio) dafaravda;

2. valdebulebas obieqtis (sagnis) mimarT maSin hqonda adgili, roca stipulacia

daideba imave pirebis mier, Tumca axali obieqtis mimarT. am dros adgili hqonda: a)

safuZvlis Secvlas: Tu axali dapireba ar miekuTvneba stipulaciidan warmoSobil

valdebulebas, vinaidan es stipulacia dadebulia axali garemoebis mimarT

(nasyidoba, ijara, davaleba);

b) valdebulebis maxasiaTeblebis Secvlas: icvleba valdebulebis Sesrulebis

pirobebi da vadebi, agreTve Sesrulebis adgili.

formalurad, novaciis ganxorcieleba xdeba axali stipulaciis dadebiT, Tumca,

novacia SeiZleba moxdes sakredito valdebulebis xelaxali gadaweriT (transcriptio

nominum). am SemTxvevaSi, werilobiTi garigebis abstraqtuli xasiaTi gulisxmobda

axali valdebulebis warmoSobas, uwindeli valdebulebis namdvilobis miuxedavad.

axali stipulaciis forma namdvilad unda mowmobdes imis Sesaxeb, rom adgili

hqonda uwindeli valdebulebis ganaxlebas. mas Semdeg, rac zepiri stipulaciebi

werilobiTi dokumentebiT Seicvala, novacia valdebulebis Secvlis ganzraxvaze

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(animus novandi) damokidebuli gaxda. iustiniane (I. Ins.3.29.3), am ganzraxvis (animus),

werilobiTi formiT gamoxatvas moiTxovda da miuTiTebda, rom, valdebulebiTi

efeqtis mqone, nebismieri garigeba SeiZleba novinirebul iqnas, Tu uwindeli

valdebulebis, Sesabamis, Sewyvetas eqneba adgili. novaciur efeqtTa Soris

igulisxmeboda valdebulebis sagnis Secvlac.

3. pirTa simravle da solidaroba.

stipulaciis aqtSi, Cveulebriv, monawileobas iRebdnen mastipulirebadi kreditori

da dapirebis mimcemi movale. Tumca, iyo SemTxvevebi, roca garigebaSi ramdenime

mastipulirebadi da dapirebis mimcemi piri erTdroulad monawileobda. amas

stipulaciis subieqtTa simravle ewodeboda. pirTa simravle Semdegs gulisxmobda:

Tavdapirveli simravle arsebiTad gansxvavdeboda pirTa Tanmimdevruli Secvlisagan,

anu, roca stipulacias debdnen erTni, xolo garigebis Sesrulebaze

pasuxismgebloba ekisreboda sxva pirebs. ase xdeboda maSin, roca adgili hqonda an

mastipulirebadi, an dapirebis mimcemi pirebis memkvidreobiTobas, roca an erTis, an

meoris gardacvalebis Semdeg, valdebulebis Sesruleba, memkvidreobiT, gadadioda

maT STamomavlobaze.

subieqtTa simravlis pirobebSi, dapirebis reJimi imazea damokidebuli, iyo, Tu ara

valdebuleba gayofadi an ganuyofeli. Tu valdebuleba gayofadia, maSin

igulisxmeba, rom is iyofa idealur wilebad. am SemTxvevaSi, es Tu is kerZo

kreditori uflebamosilia moiTxovos mxolod kreditis sakuTari nawili, xolo

movale valdebulia gaqviTos valis mxolod sakuTari wili. Tu valdebuleba

ganuyofelia, maSin saWiroa gamoyenebul iqnas solidaruli pasuxismgeblobis

principi: nebismier kreditors SeuZlia valdebulebis Sesrulebis moTxovna, Tanac

sruli moculobiT. Tumca, am uflebiT aRiWurveba mxolod erTi – romelime

kreditori. valdebuleba wydeba maSin, roca erT-erTi kreditori waradgens sarCels

da movalis mimarT iwyeba litis contestatio (davis sagnis dadgena) procedura. zustad

aseve, nebismieri movale valdebulia gaqviTos mTeli vali: amave dros, Tu erTi

movale gadaixdis mTel vals, sxva Tanamovaleebi valdebulebisagan Tavisufldebian.

solidarobas maSinac hqonda adgili, roca stipulacia (formalurad mainc) erTiani,

oRond valdebuleba _ gayofadi iyo da garigebaSi monawileobda, mastipulirebadi

da dapirebis mimcemi, pirTa simravle. aqtiuri solidaruli valdebuleba maSin

warmoiSveba, roca ramdenime mastipulirebadi kreditoris (correi stipulandi) SekiTxvaze

pasuxs iZleva erTi dapirebis mimcemi movale (Promitto _ gpirdebi). pasiuri

solidaruli valdebuleba warmoiSveba maSin, roca erTi stipulatori

Tanmimdavrulad ekiTxeba, TiToeul dapirebis mimcem, pirs da isinic an yvela erTad,

an saTiTaod (Tanmimdavrulad) mas pasuxoben.

valdebuleba Sewyvetilad iTvleba, Tu erT-erTi stipulatori valdebulebis

Sesrulebas miiRebda an erT-erTi dapirebis mimcemi _ aqviTavda mas, an Tu erT-erTi

maTgani waradgenda sarCels stipulaciis Sesaxeb, ris gamoc litis contestatio

proceduris ganxorcielebas, eqneba adgili.

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3. rwmunebuleba anu piradi uzrunvelyofa.

upirveles yovlisa, erTmaneTisagan unda ganvasxvavoT: a) is rwmunebuleba, romelsac

rwmunebuli gascems dapirebis mimcemis sasargeblod (adpromissio) da romelic axali

movalis an Tanamovalis mxridan dapirebis micemas gulisxmobda da b) axali

adstipulatori (adstipulatio) kreditoris Careva, romelsac adgili hqonda iseTi

stipulaciis SemTxvevaSi, romelic gardacvalebis Semdeg unda Sesruldes.

Adprombissio warmoiSveba iseTi stipulaciis SemTxvevaSi, romelSic rwmunebuli

igives hpirdeba, rasac hpirdeboda movale, uwindel stipulaciaSi. axali

valdebulebis Tanaxmad, warmoiSveba axali viTareba – pasiuri solidaroba, roca

mastipulirebad kreditors SeuZlia arCevanis gakeTeba: sarCeli ZiriTadi movalis,

Tu misi warmomadgenlis mimarT iqnas Setanili. stipulaciis gamo ori saxis piradi

rwmunebuleba arsebobda: sponsio et fideipromissio. gansakuTrebuli struqtura da

xasiaTi fideiussio-s gaaCnda. es warmomadgenloba fideipromissio warmoSobis Semdeg

gavrcelda, Tumca, klasikur periodSi mas farTod gamoiyenebdnen. iustinianes

samarTalSi mxolod fideiussio SemorCa. masSi Serwymuli iyo piradi rwmunebulebis

uwindeli formebi.

stipulaciis gamo, piradi rwmunebulebis klasikuri formebi (memkvidreobiT ar

gadaecemoda) Semdegi TvisebebiT xasiaTdebodnen: 1. Sponsio: es iyo, arqaul civilur

samarTalSi damkvidrebuli, sakuTari Tavis davaldebulebis, zogadi forma. Sponsio

gamoiyeneboda im stipulaciebis uzrunvelsayofad, romlebic mxolod romael

moqalaqeebs Soris daideboda xolme; 2. Fideipromissio: dapireba, romelic ndobaze

(fides) iyo dafuZnebuli da misi gamoyeneba peregrinebisa da ucxoelebis wridan

gamosul warmomadgenlebsac SeeZloT. iseTi dapirebis SemTxvevaSi, romelic piradi

garantiiT miecemoda, kreditori uflebamosili iyo sarCeli erTi rwmunebulis,

xolo Semdeg movalis winaaRmdeg Seetana, radgan, am SemTxvevaSi, ori,

erTmaneTisagan damoukidebel valdebulebas, hqonda adgili, Tumca ki, erTi da igive

sagnis mimarT. erT-erTi maTganis mimarT, valdebulebis Sesruleba, an litis contestatio

proceduris ganxorcieleba, rwmunebulis valdebulebis Sewyvetas uwyobda xels; 3.

Fideiussio.

Fideiussio iyo piradi rwmunebulebis yvelaze gavrcelebuli da srulyofili forma,

romelic gamoiyeneboda ex contractus yvela saxis valdebulebis mimarT, agreTve im

SemTxvevaSi, roca saubari civiluri da naturaluri valdebulebebis

uzrunvelyofas exeboda. Fideiussio – stipulaciis msgavsi da fides (piradi patiosneba

da Rirseba) dafuZnebuli zepiri formis _ iuridiuli aqtia: fideiussor igives

hpirdeba, rasac ZiriTadi movale. vinaidan fideiussio dros, rwmunebulis mier miRebul,

stipulaciur valdebulebas ar hqonda adgili, arc novaciuri efeqti warmoiSveba da

arsebobas ganagrZobs garantiamicemuli werilobiTi, valdebuleba. piradi

rwmunebulebis sxva formebisagan gansxvavebiT, fideiussio: 1. gadaecema memkvidreebs; 2.

ar gaaCnia xandazmulobis vada (SewyvetisaTvis). Fideipro- missio msgavsad, es garigeba

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xalxis samarTlis (ius gentium) sferos miekuTvneba da misi dadeba ucxoelebsac

SeuZliaT. fideiusori – rwmunebuli pasuxs agebda ZiriTadi movalis yvela

valdebulebis mimarT. fideiusorisa an ZiriTadi movalis mimarT ganxorcielebuli

litis contestatio procedura valdebulebis Sewyvetas iwvevda. msgavsi uxerxulobis

Tavidan acilebis mizniT, fideiussio rwmunebuleba vrceldeba mxolod im Tanxaze,

romelic kreditors ar SeuZlia gamoiTxovos ZiriTadi movalisagan misi

gadaxdauunarobis (valaulobis) gamo. (fideiussio indemnitatin).

fideiusors ar gaaCnda im movalis mimarT regresuli sarCelis (moTxovnis daTmobis

Sesaxeb) wardgenis ufleba, romlis nacvlad man gadaixada vali. romaelma

iuristebma gadawyvotes, rom fideusors unda mieniWos, movalis mimarT, davalebis

xelSekrulebidan sarCelis wardgenis (actio mandati) ufleba, Tu man movalisagan

valis gadaxdis davaleba miiRo, an waradginos sarCeli davalebis gareSe sxvisi

saqmeebis warmoebis Sesaxeb (actio negotiorum gestorum), Tu man vali sakuTari

iniciativiT gadaixada. imperator adrianes konstituciam fideiussio mimarT,

gaavrcela pasuxismgeblobis gadanawilebis principi. Tu kreditori erT-erTi

fideiusoris (ramdenime piris arsebobis SemTxvevaSi) mimarT waradgenda sarCels,

fideusors SeeZlo exceptio wamoyeneba letis contestatio momentSi, yvela gadaxdaunariani

fideusoris mimarT, romelSic moiTxovda sakredito valdebulebis wilobriv

gayofas.

5. Intercessio (intercesia)

zogadad, intercesia piradi garantiis micemas gulisxmobda. es termini

iurisprudenciam qr. S-mde 46 wels SeimuSava, roca gamoica Sesabamisi SC Velleiani.

intercesiis (intercessio) ufleba mxolod mamakacebs mieniWaT, kerZod, bankirebs,

sakuTari profesiuli saqmianobis ganxorcielebis mizniT. romaeli iuristi

kalistratusi werda: `savaldebuloa ganisazRvros, rom qalebi ver dakavdebian

bankiris profesiiT, radgan es mamakacis saqmea”.

senatoruli akrZalvis Sesabamisad, romaelma iuristebma gansazRvres sxvisi valis

mimarT, piradi rwmunebulebis, anu intercessio – Semdegi saxeebi: 1. sxvisi valis

sanivTo garantiiT uzrunvelyofa; 2. solidaruli movalis poziciaze Sedgoma; 3.

TviT movalis adgilis dakaveba (adgilmonacvleobiT), im pirobiT, rom Sewydeba

movalis valdebuleba (expromissio);

4. sakuTar Tavze raime valdebulebis aReba, im mizniT, rom is sakuTar Tavze mesame

pirs ar aeRo (intercesia gaCumebis Sesaxeb).

6. piradi rwmunebuloba iustinianes samarTalSi.

iustinianes samarTalSi fideiussio-m mTlianad Secvala sponsio et fideipromissio, xolo

rwmunebuloba, mTlianobaSi, ganixileboda rogorc subsidaruli da damatebiTi,

ZiriTadi valdebulebis mimarT. Litis contestatio Semwyveti efeqtis arsebobis gamo,

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valdebuleba arsebobas ganagrZobda pirvel rigSi movalis, agreTve misi

rwmunebulis mimarT. iustinianem rwmunebuls Semdegi privilegiebi mianiWa: 1.

valdebulebidan gaTavisuflebis privilegia: kreditors, pirvel rigSi, sarCeli

ZiriTadi movalis wiunaaRmdeg unda Seetana: rwmunebuls SeeZlo uari eTqva valis

gadaxdaze, Tu ZiriTadi movale gadaxdaunariani iyo;

2. gayofis privilegia (upiratesoba): kreditors sakredito valdebulebis gayofa

SeuZlia im yvela gadaxdaunarian rwmunebuls Soris, romelic aseTad, sasamarTlo

gadawyvetil;ebis gamotanis momentisaTvis, miiCneva; 3. sarCelis xelaxali daTmobis

upiratesoba: valis gamqviTavi rwmunebuli nebismier SemTxvevaSi, uflebamosilia

waradginos is sarCeli, romelic adre kreditors eniWeboda movalis mimarT; aseTi

moTxovnis daTmobis Sesaxeb sarCels, regresiuli sarCeli ewodeboda.

2. Dotis dictio (iustinianes xanaSi ukve gamosuli iyo gamoyenebidan) iyo dos (mziTvis)

zepiri dadgena, romelic, Cveulebriv, Semdegi frazis gamoyenebiT xorcieldeboda:

tot nurami tibi doti sunt _ ramdeni patarZali, imdeni mziTvi Sen.

3. Operatum iurata promissio, gaazatebulebi, Tavisuflebis mopovebisas, Cveulebriv,

patrons, stipulaciisa an ficiT dadebuli dapirebiT, raime momsaxurebis

ganxorcielebas pirdebodnen.

II. literaluri kontraqti (nomen transcripticium) iustinianes droSi TiTqmis gamovida

xmarebidan. literaluri kontraqti daideboda fuladi sesxebis codex expensi et accepti

(Semosaval-gasavlebis wigni, romelSic romaelebi, TveSi erTxel, mimdinare

Canawerebis rveulebidan ZiriTad monacemebs gadawerdnen xolme.

III. realuri kontraqtebi. iustinianes samarTalma ori saxis realuri kontraqtebi

icoda: e. w. conttractus nominati et contractus innominati (Sesabamisad, saxeliani, saxelis

miTiTebiT da usaxelo xelSekrulebebi).

1. Contractus nominati: zogierTi realuri kontraqti (kerZod, romlebic in genere (imave

wesiT) an in specie (kerZo, konkretul pirobebSi) raimes dabrunebisaken iyo

mimarTuli. aseT kontraqtebs ganekuTvneboda: sesxi (mutuum); commodatum

(individualurad gansazRvruli nivTis usasyidlod sesxad gadacema sargeblobis

mizniT da im pirobiT, rom misi dabruneba naturiT unda moxdes); depositum

(pirisaTvis nivTis deponireba; deponentis interesebis Sesabamisad, nivTis Sesanaxad

gadacema); (pignus) giravnobis xelSekruleba, romlebic iuridiuli garigebebis

yvelaze gavrcelebul saxes warmoadgendnen. swored amis gamo iuridiuli garigebis

aRniSnuli saxeoba jer kidev respublikis periodSi contractus nominati saxelwodebiT

moixsenieboda. am xelSekrulebebs iuridiuli Zala gaaCndaT, Tumca, miRebuli

nivTis, ukan dabrunebis dapireba, araformaluri xasiaTis iyo.

2. Contractus innominati (usaxelo kontraqtebi). Tu erTi piri, meoris sasargeblod,

raime moqmedebas asrulebda da amave dros, arsebobda araformaluri SeTanxmeba imis

Taobaze, rom movale zemoqmedebas ganaxorcielebda, respublikuri samarTliT

dadginda, rom moqmedebis mimRebis mimarT valdebuleba ar warmoiSveboda. amrigad,

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Tu moqmedebis mimRebi nebayoflobiT ar Seasrulebda danapirebs, wina qmedebis

ganmxorcielebel pirs, misgan mxolod miRebulis ukan dabrunebis moTxovna SeeZlo

(condictio ob causam datorum – sarCeli, vinmes mier Sesrulebis, ukan dabrunebis

Sesaxeb, vinaidan arsebobda Sesrulebis Sedegis molodini, romelic ar damdgara –

ganxorcielebula), vinaidan, wina moqmedebis ganmxorcielebeli piri, motyuvda

sakuTar molodinSi, zemoqmedebis Taobaze.

esec ar kmaroda, da misi arCevanis ufleba imdenad SeuzRudavi iyo, rom mas

miRebulis ukan dabrunebis moTxovna SeeZlo ara marto mimRebis gaumarTavobis gamo,

aramed, zogjer zemoqmedebis SeuZleblobis SemTxvevaSi (ob causam non secatum) da

marTebuli, Tumca, mravali iuristis mier sadaod miCneuli, TviTnebobis gamo (e. w.

ius poenitedi), umal, nebayoflobiTi zemoqmedeba Sewyvetda, Tu ara ius poenitendi. am

kategorias mikuTvnebulma xelSekrulebebma, umeteswilad, yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi

ver moipoves gansakuTrebuli saxelwodeba (maT usaxelo kontraqtebi ewodaT) da

amitom isini oTx did kategoriad daiyo:

Permutatio – do ut des (gaZlev, raTa momce) – iustinianes kodeqsiT, Sesagebeli

dakmayofilebis pirveli forma, romelic fulis an qonebis, fuladi an qonebrivi

dakmayofilebis dapirebis qveS, gadacemis dros gamoiyeneboda da usaxelo

kontraqtis erT-erTi nairsaxeoba iyo); do ut facias - (gaZlev, raTa gamikeTo)

(iustinianes kodeqsiT, Sesagebeli dakmayofilebis meoTxe forma, romelic facio ut des

(mesame formis) sawinaaRmdego da amave dros usaxelo kontraqtis erT-eraTi

nairsaxeoba iyo; facio ut des - vakeTeb, raTa momce (iustinianes kodeqsiT, Sesagebeli

dakmayofilebis mesame forma) – usaxelo kontraqtis erT-erTi nairsaxeoba; facio ut

facias - vakeTeb, raTa gamikeTo (iustinianes kodeqsiT, Sesagebeli dakmayofilebis

meore forma) – usaxelo kontraqtis erT-erTi nairsaxeoba. am kontraqtebma

TandaTanobiT SeiZines iuridiuli Zala: pavlusic ki ar aRiarebda usaxelo

kontraqtebis mesame kategorias. Tumca, sxva klasikosi iuristebi oTxive kategoriis

kontraqtebis namdvilobas aRiarebdnen.

IV. konsensualuri kontraqtebi. araformaluri SeTanxmebiT, uZvelesi iuscivile

ZaliT, warmoiSveboda oTxi namdvili valdebuleba: emptio-venditio _ yidva-gayidva;

locatio conductio _ qiravnoba; societas _ amxanagoba; mandatum _ davalebis xelSekruleba.

konsensualuri Setanxmebis dros, kanonieri Zalis mqone (nudas contractus)

xelSekrulebis dadebisaTvis, savsebiT sakmarisia concensis araformaluri gamoxatva.

es xelSekrulebebi (postklasikur periodSi ki – yvela savalo xelSekruleba)

maTTan Serwymuli yvela valdebulebiTurT SeiZleboda gauqmebuliyo

araformaluri urTierTSeTanxmebiT (contrarius consensus; mutuus dissensus).

sxva araformaluri SeTanxmebebi (pacta) ar warmoSobdnen valdebulebebs, maT Soris

naturalursac, garda erTi _ pactum usurarum, romelic naturalur valdebulebas

qmnida. samarTalganviTarebis Semdgomma etapma, iustinianes kodofikaciamde paqtebis

mimarT cota ram Tu Secvala.

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I. Re (realuri kontraqtebi)

Mutuum, mutui datio, pecunia credita (sesxis xelSekruleba); foenus nauticuni, pecunia traiecticia

(sazRvao sesxi); commodatum (sesxi); depositum (Senaxvis xelSekruleba); sequestratio

(sekvestracia); fiducia (fiducialuri xelSekruleba); pignus datum (giravnobis

xelSekruleba); iudicia bonae fidei (keTilsindisieri marTlmsajulebis aRsruleba); actio

bonae fidei (keTilsindisieri sarCelebi).

Re kontraqtebis kategoria ganisazRvreboda maTi dadebis formis mixedviT: mxareTa

SeTanxmebis garda, valdebulebis warmoSobisaTvis, movalisaTvis nivTis gadacema

iyo savaldebulo. es moTxovna Zvel magiur warmodgenebTan iyo dakavSirebuli,

romelTa mixedviT, sxvis nivTTan TviT Sexebac ki, nivTis aRiarebuli mepatronis

mimarT, pirad damorClebas iwvevda.

nivTis mpyrobelis pasuxismgebloba nivTis miRebis ZaliT – re teneri iyo

gansazRvruli da mas, deliqturi xasiaTis viTarebaSic hqonda adgili (magaliTad,

furtum rei _ qurdobis dros); aseTive pasuxismgebloba pirs ekisreboda saerTo

sakuTrebis (TanasakuTrebis) (res communis) dros, roca, mis monawileebs Soris,

avtomaturad, valdebulebiTi urTierTobebi warmoiqmneboda xolme. valdebulebis

klasikuri cnebis damkvidrebis Semdeg, realuri kontraqtebis specifikuri forma

movalisaTvis, Tavisebur, garantiad iqca, vinaidan garigeba mxolod maSin iTvleboda

dadebulad da valdebuleba warmoSobilad, roca SeTanxmebis obieqti movalis

xelSi gadavidoda.

$1. Mutuum mutui datio – (sesxi) – ius civile-s instituti iyo. sesxis xelSekrulebiT

warmoiSveboda calmxrivi valdebuleba: movale (sesxis mimRebi, msesxebeli)

sakuTrebaSi iZenda, kreditoris (gamsesxeblis) kuTvnil, gvarobiT nivTs (genus) da

valdebuli iyo daebrunebina (dare oportere), Sesabamisi nivTebis, aseTive odenoba.

kreditorisagan miRebuli nivTis mesakuTre movaled xdeba da sakuTari

Sexedulebisamebr, SeuZlia misi gankargva. sesxis xelSekrulebis obieqti iyo ara

konkretuli nivTi, aramed misi msgavsi gvarobiTi (genus) nivTebi, amitom nasesxebi

nivTis SemTxveviTi daRupva warmoSobili valdebulebis Sewyvetas ar gamoiwvevda.

kreditoris mxareze maSinve warmoiSveba actio certi (Zvelad – legis actio per condictionem)-

iT daculi moTxovnis ufleba: actio certae creditae pecuniae (gansazRvruli fuladi

Tanxis Sesaxeb sarCeli, romelic, sxvadasxva qmediTi RonisZiebebis meSveobiT,

uzrunvelyofda sasarCelo warmoebis daCqarebasa da am gziT fuladi meurneobis,

kerZod sesxis, ganviTarebas uwyobda xels. es sarCeli mxolod sesxis

xelSekrulebidan warmoiSveboda) an condictio certae rei (garkveuli nivTis an sxva

cvladi nivTebis (da ara fulis) garkveuli simravlis ukan dabrunebis Sesaxeb).

Ulp., D.12,1,9,9: “Deposvi apud te decem <milia> postea permisi tibi ut: Nerva Proculus efiam antequam

moveantur, condicere quasi mutua tibi hace posse aiunt, et ese verum, ut et Marcello videtur:animo enim coepit

possidere. Ergo transit periculum ad eum, qui pecuniam mutuam rogavit et poterit ei condici – me mogeci

Sen Sesanaxad 10 000 da Semdeg neba dagrTe gamogeyenebina es Tanxa: nerva da

prokulusi ambobdnen, rom manamdec ki, vidre es Tanxa daxarjuli iqneboda, me

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SemiZlia misi ukan gamoTxova kondqciuri sarCelis meSveobiT, rogorc sesxad

mocemuli da aRniSnuli debuleba swori iyo, rogorc amas marcelusic miiCnevda:

vinaidan man, ganzraxvis meSveobiT, fulis msesxeblis winaaRmdeg SesaZlebeli xdeba

kondiqciuri sarCelis wardgena.

vinaidan valis moculoba gamsesxeblisagan miRebuli Tanxis moculobas zustad

Seesabameboda, sesxi mxolod uprocento SeiZleboda yofiliyo. procentis daricxva

daiSveboda mxolod aRsrulebis gadacilebis (gadavadebis) SemTxvevaSi. procentis

(usurae) daricxva SesaZlebeli iyo, xelSekrulebis dadebis dros, specialuri

stipulaciis – stipulatio usurarum meSveobiT; winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi procentis Sesaxeb

SiSveli SeTanxmeba – nudum pactum _ mxolod obligatio naturalis warmoSobda (D.46,3,5,2).

sajaro xelisufleba mevaxSeTa usazRveo sixarbis SezRudvas cdilobda da,

sakanonmdeblo wesiT, sesxze maqsimaluri saprocento ganakveTis dadgenas

afiqsirebda. ukve XII dafis kanonebma (VIII, 18) daadgina maqsmaluri 12% (foenus

unciarum). am sakanonmdeblo moTxovnis damrRvev mevaxSeTa mimarT, gamoiyeneboda

jarima, miyenebuli zianis oTxmagi odenobiT da xelis dadebac iyo dasaSvebi (legis

actio per manus iniectionem). principatis periodSi procentis normaluri odenoba wliur

12%-ian ganakveTs, anu TveSi 1%-s Seadgenda. amrigad, iseTi stipulacia, romelic

ufro met procents iTvaliswinebda, arara iyo. iustinianes kanonmdeblobiT,

qristianuli zneobis gavleniT, maqsimaluri saprocento ganakveTi orjer Semcirda

da mxolod 6% -s Seadgenda.

$2. Foenus nauticum, pecunia traiecticia (sazRvao sesxi)

foenus (procenti), foenus nauticum (sazRvao an saxomaldo sesxi, romlis dros

kapitalis daRupvis riski gamsesxebels awevda; Tumca, mas nebismieri procentis

moTxovna SeeZlo (iustinianes dros araumetes 12%) gansakuTrebuli SeTanxmebis

ZaliT, romelic garkveulwilad, sadazRveo premias Seicavda da mxolod

daniSnulebis adgilze xomaldis Casvlis Semdeg gaicemoda).

fuladi sesxebi an sxva genus nivTebi SesaZlebeli iyo gansakuTrebuli sakredito

SeTanxmebis obieqtebad gadaqceuliyo. aseTi SeTanxmeba sazRvao vaWrobis praqtikiT

iqna ganpirobebuli, roca kreditors, nivTis SemTxveviTi daRupvis, riski awveboda

da mas sarCelis Setana SeeZlo mxolod movalis xomaldis portSi dabrunebis

Semdeg. Tumca, amave dros, xelSekruleba gansazRvruli odenobis procentis (foenus)

daricxvasac iTvasliswinebda. ivaraudeboda, rom movale _ vaWarma, sesxad aRebuli

TanxiT, momgebiani sazRvao-savaWro operacia ganaxorciela da amitom, Semosavalic

kreditorTan erTad unda gaenawilebina. Periculum (sakontraqto riski) kreditorze im

momentidan gadadioda, roca xomaldi zRvaSi Sevidoda (D.22,2,3) da, aRniSnuli

mdgomareoba manam grZeldeboda, vidre movale, ukan dabrunebis, vadas ar

gadaacilebda (Pap. D.22,2,4pr). aRniSnuli xelSekruleba societas unius rei (negotii) _ (saerTo

komerciuli miznis misaRwevad Seqmnili erToblivi sawarmo) Tavisebur nairsaxeobas

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warmoadgenda. am TvalsazrisiT, sakontraqo riskis gadanawileba kreditorisaTvis

wamgebiani iqneboda: movale (vaWari) riskavda sakuTari xomaldiT, Sromas gaswevda

da wageba-mogebis ganawilebaSi monawileobda.

kreditoris moTxovnis dacva uzrunvelyofili iyo specialuri sarCelis – actio

pecuniae traiecticiae meSveobiT (D.15,1,3,8), romelic, savaraudod, peregrinebis pretorma

daawesa. amis garda, Cveulebriv (labeonis azriT, - Labeo, D.22,2,9), stipulatio poenae

daideboda, romliTac daculi iyo kreditoris interesebi nivTis, movalis

braleuli qmedebiT, daRupvis SemTxvevaSi.

$ 3. Commodatum (sesxi)

Commodatum (sesxis xelSekruleba, romelic individualurad gansazRvruli nivTis,

droebiT usasyidlo sargeblobaSi, gadacemas gulisxmobda); actio contraria (Sesagebeli

sarCeli); furtum usus (sargeblobis uflebis marTlsawinaaRmdego miTviseba); actio

commodati (sesxis xelSekrulebidan wardgenili sarCeli).

sesxis xelSekrulebis mixedviT, sameurneo sargeblobisaTvis mouxmari,

individualurad gansazRvruli nivTi (species), droebiT usasyidlo sargeblobaSi,

sxva pirs gadaecemoda (sesxis mimRebs, commodatarius _ komodatariuss). Tu sesxad

gaicemoda moxmarebadi nivTi, maSin dauSvebeli iyo misi daniSnulebisamebr

gamoyebeba, magaliTad, roca egzotikuri xili sesxad gaicemoda ara sakvebad, aramed

mxolod sazeimo magidis mosarTavad, gansakuTrebuli pompezurobisa an saCveneblad

ikrZaleboda misi sakvebad gamoyeneba. garda amisa, labeoni miiCnevda, rom sesxad

gaicemoda mxolod moZravi nivTebi, vinaidan, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, sargeblobas

(usus) da ara sesxs (commodatum) eqneboda adgili. aRniSnuli SezRudva kasiusma

daZlia (D.13,6,1,1).

sesxis xelSekrulebidan warmoSobili valdebuleba, potenciurad, ormxrivi iyo:

Cveulebriv, am xelSekrulebaSi kreditori iyo sesxisgamcemi; Tumca, Tu

sesxismimRebma, nivTis Sesanaxad da gasaumjobeseblad, garkveuli xarjebi mainc,

gaswia, mas, kreditoris mimarT, Sesagebeli sarCelis (actio commodati contraria)

meSveobiT, zianis anazRaurebis ufleba eniWeboda. meore mxriv, sesxis gamcems,

dadgenil vadamde, gasesxebuli nivTis dabrunebis moTxovna ar SeeZlo. mas amis

ufleba maSinac ar hqonda, roca msesxebeli, dasaxuli sameurneo miznis miRwevis,

SesaZleblobas dakargavda (magaliTad, roca gasesxebuli iyo morebi, romlebic

saxlis gasamagreblad iyo gaTvaliswinebuli). aseT SemTxvevaSi, komodatariuss actio

contraria ufleba (Sesagebeli sarCeli mesame pirTa winaaRmdeg) eniWeboda (D.13,6,17,3).

Commodatum xelSekrulebis mTavari ganmasxvavebeli niSani iyo sargeblobis

usasyidloba, vinaidan is megobrul urTierTobebs (amicitia) efuZneboda. Tu

komodatariusi nivTis mepatrones nasesxebs unaklo mdgomareobaSi daubrunebda,

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commodatum-dan warmoSobili valdebuleba Sewyvetilad iTvleboda. msesxeblis

uflebamosilebaTa farglebi mkacrad izRudeboda nivTiT sargeblobis miznebiT: Tu

is nivTiT arajerovnad, an sxvagvarad sargeblobda, vidre es xelSekrulebaSi iyo

miTiTebuli, is furtum usus (sargeblobis uflebis marTlsawinaaRmdego xelyofas –

qurdobas) sCadioda. vinaidan commodatum gamsesxeblis interesebsac Seesabameboda,

is pasuxs agebda ara marto dolus, aramed culpa-s gamoc.

Commodatum xelSekrulebidan warmoqmnil sarCels (actio commodati) ori formula

hqonda: In ius et in factum concepta (Gai.,4,47). In ius formula ganekuTvneboda iudicia bonae

fidei (keTilsindisieri marTlmsajuleba) tips da misi condemnatio Semdegi moculobiT

iyo dadgenili: yvelaferi, rac am saqmis gamo unda mieces, ganxorcieldes

keTilsindisierad. In factum concepta formula iyo stricti iuris (sarCeli, romlis

gadawyvetis dros, sasamarTlo, zedmiwevniT zustad, icavda kanonis an

xelSekrulebis moTxovnebs) sarCeli. Tumca, am tipis sxva sarCelebisagan

gansxvavebiT, misi condemnatio Semdegs adgenda: ra eRireboda aRniSnuli nivTi, da ara

ra Rirs aRniSnuli nivTi?

rogorc Cans, peregrinebis pretori (qr. S-mde II saukuneSi) aRniSnuli sarCelis

dadgenisas, iTvaliswinebda sazogadoebaSi ukve Camoyalibebuli, gamsesxeblisa da

msesxeblis urTierTobebis maregulirebeli, bona fides principze dafuZnebuli,

normebis aucileblobas, vinaidan es kriteriumebi SemuSavebul iqna fiducialuri

garigebis (fiducia cum amico) farglebSi.

$ 4. Depositum (Senaxvis xelSekruleba).

Depositum (Sesanaxad gadacema); amicitia (megobroba); neglegentia (daudevroba); pecunia

obsignata (danomrili fuli); crimen perfide (veragobis danaSauli).

Depositum xelSekrulebis mixedviT, uxrwneli, moZravi nivTi sxva pirs Sesanaxad

gadaecemoda. valdebuleba potenciurad ormxrivia: Cveulebriv, kreditorad

gamodioda deponenti (Sesanaxad mimcemi); Tumca, Sesanaxad mimRebma (depozitariusma),

SeiZleba, deponentisagan moiTxovos nivTis Senaxvisa da movlis xarjebis

anazRaureba, Sesagebeli sarCelis _ actio depositi contraria meSveobiT.

Depositum principulad usasyidlo xelSekrulebaa da is megobrobas (amicitia)

efuZneba. Depozitariusi, Sesanaxad mibarebul, nivTs ar flobda, Tumca mis pyrobas

axorcielebda (D.16,3,17,1). is movale iyo Seenaxa nivTi da ar hqonda am nivTiT

sargeblobis ufleba; winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi depozitariusi furtum usus-s Caidenda.

depozitariusi valdebuli iyo deponentisaTvis daebrunebina Senaxad micemuli

nivTi, yovelgvari naklis gareSe da pirvelive moTxovniT. Periculum (nivTis

ganadgurebis an dazianebis riski) deponents awva. da imis miuxedavad, gvarobiTi

(genus) iyo Tu ara, depositum-is obieqtad qceuli nivTi, is mainc species ganixileboda

da misi daRupva an gaqroba depozitariuss pasuxismgeblobisagan aTavisuflebda.

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depozitariusi pasuxs mxolod dolus gamo agebda. mxolod postklasikur periodSi

dadginda pasuxismgebloba culpa lata (uxeSi Secdoma) an magna neglegentia (uxeSi

daudevroba) gamo. daudevroba (neglegentia) ar warmoSobda depozitariusis

pasuxismgeblobas Seusruleblobis gamo (D.44,7,1,5). Tu Senaxvis xelSekrulebis

obieqti aRwerili fuli (pecunia obsignata) iyo da depozitariusi, daTqmul droSi,

Tanxas ver abrunebda, maSin mas procenti ericxeboda. xolo, Tu fulis mesakuTre

Tanaxma iyo, rom depozitariuss esargebla, Sesanaxad micemuli, fuliT, maTi

urTierToba sesxis xelSekrulebaSi gadadioda im momentidan, roca depozitariusi

fuls daeufleboda da mas gamoiyenebda (D.12,1,9,9). Senaxvis xelSekrulebis gamo

wardgenil sarCels (actio depositi) ori formula hqonda: in ius et in factum concepta

(Gai.,4,47). In ius bonae fidei sarCelebis kategoriaSi Sedioda da Sesabamisi intentio

(moTxovnis ufleba) hqonda; in factum concepta mkacri samarTlis sarCeli iyo (actio

stricti iuris). aRniSnul sarCelSi sabraldebo gadawyvetileba depozitariusis mxareze

arsebuli dolus malus-ze iyo damokidebuli. peregrinebis pretoris mier SemoRebul

sarCelSi, dolus malus-ze miTiTeba, saSualebas iZleoda iuris gentium-is aRniSnuli

instituti damokidebuli gamxdariyo, samoqalaqo brunvaSi damkvidrebuli, fides

principis mimarT.

$ 5. fiducialuri xelSekruleba (Fiducia)

Fuducia cum amico (fiducialuri SeTanxmeba megobarTan); fiducia cum creditore

(fiducialuri SeTanxmeba kreditorTan); fiduciarius (fiducialuri nivTis mimRebi

piri); fiducians (fiducianti, nivTis mimcemi, kreditori); remancipatio (nivTis dabruneba

xdeboda sapirispiro mancipaciis gziT).

fiducialuri xelSekruleba mancipatio-s an in iure cessio (sasarCelo daTmoba, yvela

kvirituli uflebebis SeZenisa da daTmobis formaluri da abstraqtuli xerxi)

formiT, sxvadasxva miznebis misaRwevad, ideboda (Gai.,2,60). gaiusi fiducialur

SeTanxmebaTa or nairsaxeobas gamohyofda: megobarTan – fiducia cum amico da

kreditorTan – fiducia cum creditore (contracta).

pirvel SemTxvevaSi, fiducia Senaxvis, commodatum (sesxi), davalebis

xelSekrulebebs aformebda, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi _ fiducia valdebulebis

realuri garantiis dadgenas emsaxureboda. aRniSnuli funqcionalur diferencireba

meorexarisxovania, radgan kontraqtis struqtura, yvela SemTxvevaSi, erTgvarovania.

nivTis mimRebi piri _ fiduciarius (fiducariusi), ndobiT aRWurvili, mesakuTre xdeba

da movalea, garkveuli pirobebis dadgomisas, nivTi kreditorisaTvis (fiducians -

fiduciants) daebrunebina. nivTis dabruneba sapirispiro mancipaciis – remancipatio

formiT xdeboda.

vinaidan fiducia cum creditore formiT fiducia cum amico-sagan ar gansxvavdeboda,

fiduciantis moTxovna, yvela SemTxvevaSi, erTgvarovani sarCeliT – actio fiduciae iyo

daculi. aRniSnuli sarCeli, bonae fidei sarCelTa Soris, erT-erTi uZvelesi da,

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Sinaarsobrivad, universaluri iyo.

$ 6. Pignus datum (giravnoba)

realuri giravnobis dros, mouxmari nivTi gadadioda giraos mimRebi piris

mflobelobaSi im pirobiT, rom man, giraos mimcem pirs, nivTi unda daubrunos

ZiriTadi valdebulebis SesrulebisTanave. giraosTan mimarTebaSi, ZiriTadi

valdebulebis kreditori, movaled xdeba, xolo, ZiriTadi valdebulebis movale –

kreditoria.

giravnobis xelSekrulebidan warmoSobili valdebuleba aqcesoruli xasiaTisaa da

is Sewydeba ZiriTadi valdebulebis SewyvetisTanave, radgan iTvleba am

valdebulebis uzrunvelyofis saSualebad da agreTve, kreditoris mier, Sesrulebis

gadacilebis SemTxvevaSi.

giraos mimReb pirs ekrZaleboda giraod miRebuli nivTiT sargebloba, winaaRmdeg

SemTxvevaSi adgili eqneboda furtum usus. Tumca, Tu giraos mimcemi piri ZiriTadi

valdebulebis moTxovnebs ver Seasrulebda, giraos mimRebi piri uflebamosili iyo

daekmayofilebina sakuTari moTxovna, giraod micemuli nivTis xarjze da is mesame

pirisaTvis (ius distrahendi) mieyida. giraos mimcemi piris moTxovna, ZiriTadi

valdebulebis SesrulebiT iyo ganpirobebuli, romelic swored giraod micemuli

nivTiT aris uzrunvelyofili. amgvari potestaturi (nebidan gamomdinare) pirobis

Sesrulebis Sedegad, giraos mimcemi, giraos mimRebi piris winaaRmdeg, actio pigneraticia

(in personam) – sarCelis wardgenis uflebas iZenda. aRniSnuli sarCeli gamoiyeneboda

im SemTxvevaSic, Tu garaos mimRebisagan im nametis anazRaurebas moiTxovdnen,

romelic man, giraod micemuli nivTis gayidvis Sedegad miiRo. es viTareba, ki

logikurad, in ius formulis Semcveli sarCelis wardgenas gulisxmobda.

giraos mimRebi actio pigneraticia contraria sarCelis wardgenis uflebas flobda, raTa

aenazRaurebina nivTis Senaxvis xarjebi.

$ 7. keTilsindisieri sarCelebi da xelSekrulebebi

Actio bonae fidei et iudicia bonae fidei (keTilsindisieri sarCelebis wardgenis dros

keTilsindisier sasamarTloSi) mosamarTles, farTo uflebamosilebis farglebSi,

SeeZlo mosarCeles moTxovnis Sedareba keTilsindisierebis kriteriumis Sesabamisad

(oportere ex fide bona). meurveobisa da mziTvis sakiTxebis gamo wardgenili,

keTilsindisieri sarCelebs garda, yvela sarCeli, romelic ex fide bona formulas

Seicavda, xelSekrulebidan gamomdinare sarCelad iTvleboda. amis Sesaxeb gaiusi

werda (Gai.,4,62): keTili sindisis sasamarTloebis gansjadobas miekuTvneboda is

sarCelebi, romlebic nasyidobis, qiravnobis, sxvisi saqmeebis warmoebis, davalebis,

Senaxvis, fiducialur xelSekrulebebs exeboda. aseTi sarCelebis wardgena

saerTaSoriso vaWrobis sferoSi xdeboda xelSekrulebebis mimarT, romlebic, ius

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gentium farglebSi, peregrinebis pretoris mfarvelobis qveS ideboda. formulis

mniSvnelovani moqniloba, romelic mosamarTles, sakmaod vrcel, uflebamosilebas

aniWebda imis dasadgenad, Tu “risi micema, gakeTeba an miniWeba iyo saWiro

keTilsindisierebis Sesabamisad” (qeudquid dare facere oportet ex fide bona) Semdegi

Sedegebis dadgomas gulisxmobda: 1. mopasuxe ar iyo valdebuli exceptio doli

(formalurad, eqstraordinaluri da, SedarebiT damoukidebeli daTqma, uaryofiTi

pirobis saxiT, romelic procesualur formulaSi condemnatio _ miniWebis, win iyo

ganlagebuli da, romlis mixedviT, mopasuxesaTvis gaTvaliwinebuli miniWeba mis

mier marTebul gancxadebis gakeTebaze, iyo damokudebuli). arsebiTad, exceptio

procesualuri daTqmis gansakuTrebuli saSualeba iyo, romlis meSveobiT mopasuxe

uaryofda mosarCeles uflebas (zogadad) an, ukidures SemTxvevaSi, sakuTar

movaleobas (awmyo droSi raime moqmedebis Sesrulebis Sesaxeb), an sxva raime

eqscepcia, romelic samarTlianobas efuZneboda, vinaidan mosamarTle, yvela im

garemoebas, iRebda mxedvelobaSi, romelsac aRniSnuli eqscepciis gamoyeneba SeeZlo.

amis garda, mosamarTles unda gaeTvaliswinebina is SeTanxmeba, romelic, ZiriTad

xelSekrulebas, misi dadebis momentSi daemateboda; 2. mosamarTle, mxareTa

urTierTsanacvlo valdebulebebs, mxedvelobaSi miiRebda da anazRaurebis

moculobas mas Semdeg gansazRvravda, rac CaTvlida imas, risi gadaxdac mosarCeles

mopasuxisaTvis sasargeblod evaleboda, davis warmomqmneli xelSekrulebis ZaliT.

iustinianes kanonmdeblobiT, CaTvlisDSesaxeb wesi, gavrcelda msgavsi saxeebis yvela

valebze, maT Soris iseTebze, romlebic sxva kontraqtidan gamomdinareobda; 3.

mopasuxes SeeZlo sakuTari movaleobis Sesruleba, daTqmuli miniWebis gamo, im

momentamde, vidre mosamarTle gadawyvetilebas gamoitanda, rac mas valdebulebis

Sesrulebisagan aTavisuflebda. mosamarTles SeeZlo mopasuxis gaTavisufleba, Tu

aRsrulebis SeuZleblobas eqneboda adgili da, rac movalis braliT, ar iqneboda

gamowveuli. nivTis daRupvas, romelic dauZleveli ZaliT, an iseTi garemoebebiT

iqneboda gamowveuli, romlebic mxareTa kontrols ar eqvemdebareboda riski anu

periculum ewodeboda; 4. mosarCele mosamarTles ara marto im realuri

danakargis anazRaurebas Txovda, rac man ganicada, mopasuxes mxridan,

xelSekrulebis pirobebis Seusruleblobis gamo, aramed xelidan gaSvebuli im

sargeblis anazRaurebasac, romelsac is miiRebda, Tu mopasuxe, sakuTar movaleobas,

jerovnad Seasrulebda. mosamarTle mopasuxes dakarguli nayofis Rirebulebis

anazRaurebas daavaldebulebda, an, vadis gadacilebis gamo, procents daaricxebda;

5. kontraqtidan warmoSobili sarCeli kontrhagentis memkvidreobaze gadadioda.

keTilsindisieri sarCelebisadmi miZRvnili, mudmivi ediqtis XIX-e titulSi,

fiducialuri kontraqtebis Semdegi saxeebia miTiTebuli: fiducia; depositum; societas,

emptio- venditio, mandatum.

$ 8. brali xelSekrulebaSi

keTilsindisierebaze damyarebuli xelSekrulebebis Sesruleba kontrhagentebisagan

gansakuTrebul zrunvas moiTxovda.

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klasikuri periodis iurisprudenciam braleuli qmedeba gansazRvra diligentia-ad, anu

arajerovan mzrunvelobad arsebobad miiCnia. Diligentia-s kriteriumi, gansakuTrebiT,

mniSvnelovani iyo iseT valdebulebebSi, romlebic warmoSobili iyo, davalebis

gareSe sxvebis saqmeebis warmoebis, xelSekrulebidan, Tumca, mogvianebiT es

kriteriumi yvela urTierTobaze gavrcelda, sadac, savaldebulo moTxovnad swored

bona fides iTvleboda. mzrunvelobis an mcdelobis ararseboba kontraqtis

Sesrulebis dros “saxelSekrulebo bralad” Seiracxa.

“saxelSekrulebo brali” deliqtebSi arsebuli “arasaxelSekrulebo bralisagan”

imiT gansxvavdeboda, rom, es ukanaskneli, zianis miyenebas niSnavda da zianis

miyenebidan warmoSobili valdebulebebis Sesrulebas ganapirobebda.

romaeli iuristebi borot ganzraxvas (dolus) axasiaTebdnen rogorc gaazrebul

ganzraxvas, an survils imoqmedo ise, rom SeuZlebeli iyos xelSekrulebis

pirobebis Sesruleba.

gaufrTxileblobiT brals maSin aqvs adgili, Tu raime moqmedeba arajerovnad aris

Sesrulebuli (culpa in faciendo), an, Tu dakargulia raime moqmedebis Sesrulebis

SesaZlebloba (culpa in non faciendo). braleulad iTvleba piri, romelic

keTilsindisierad ar moqmedebda, an romelmac ar gamoiCina keTilsindisieri

paterfamilias-aTvis damaxasiaTebeli yairaTianoba. bralis sakiTxi dgeba ara marto

Seusruleblobis, aramed Sesrulebis gadacilebis (vadis gadacilebis) SemTxvevaSi,

ris gamoc braleuli mxare dazaralebuls pirgasamtexlos uxdida. roca saubari

iyo im moZravi nivTis Senaxvis valdebulebaSe, romelic Semnaxvels, nivTis

mesakuTrisaTvis, unda daebrunebina, iuristebi pasuxismgeblobas nivTis Senaxvis

gamo adgendnen (custodia). kerZod, gaiusi (Gai.,3.205-206), pasuxismgeblobis am saxes,

tipiuri SemTxvevebis magaliTze ganixilavda: mkeravma, sesxis mimRebma pasuxi unda

agon, maTTvis mibarebuli nivTis datacebis gamo.

infamirebadi sarCelebis SemTxvevaSi pasuxismgebloba dolus (ganzraxvis) gamo

dgeboda, xolo actio bona fidei braleuls culpa-s (brali) gamoc sjida. meore mxriv,

pasuxismgebloba ar dgeboda im SemTxvevaSi, roca dauZlevel Zalas, an

kontrhagentis nebisagan damoukideblad (misi kontrolis farglebs miRma), Seqmnil

viTarebas hqonda adgili.

iuristebi agreTve saubrobdnen dauZlevel Zalaze (vis maior), an dauZlevel

garemoebaze, romelsac ver SeebrZolebi adamianuri bunebis sisustis gamo (D.44,7.1.4).

dauZleveli Zalis valdebulebis cneba, rogorc bunebriv movlenebs (wyaldidoba,

miwisZvra, sikvdili), ise iuridiul faqtebs (nivTis wminda qonebaSi gadacema, ris

Sedegad is res extra commercium-ad iqceva) moicavda. aRniSnuli cneba sxva pirTa

moqmedebebsac moicavda, kerZod, mZarcvelTa SemoWra an monaTa gaqceva

(savaldebulo iyo maTi kreditorisaTvis dabruneba).

romaeli iuristebi agreTve miuTiTebdnen periculum anu nivTis daRupvis riskis

Sesaxeb, roca ar arsebobda braleuli qmedeba. riski, rogorc wesi, nivTis

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mesakuTres awva. Tumca, garkveul SemTxvevebSi, riski im pirsac awva, vinc movale

iyo daebrunebina nivTi, an im pirs, vinc nivTis beds mesame piris moqmedebaze

damokidebulad xdida.

II. Consensu (konsensualuri xelSekruleba)

mxareTa martivi SeTanxmebidan warmoSobil xelSekrulebis cneba, romelic raime

saxis formalobebs ar moiTxovda, klasikuri periodis iurisprudenciis yvelaze

mniSvnelovani monapovaria. xelSekrulebis formalobebisagan gaTavisuflebam da

misi mxolod fides principebze dafuZnebam xelSekrulebis universaluri modelis

Seqmnas Seuwyo xeli. nebismier formaSi gamoxatuli Tanxmoba (usityvo, mxolod

moqmedebiT), romelic xelSekrulebis dadebas ganapirobebda. konsesualur

xelSekrulebas (consensu) daedo safuZvlad. Aam xelSekrulebis dadebisas aRar iyo

saWiro mxareTa savaldebulo daswreba da xelSekrulebis namdvilobisaTvis

sakmarisi iyo Tanxmobis werilobiTi formiT an an warmomadgenlis meSveobis

gamoxatva.

Gai., (3,136) konsensualur xelSekrulebebs formalur SeTanxmebebs (verbis et litteris)

upirispirebda. iustinianes institutebSi (I. Inst. 3.22) consensu Sepirispirebulia re-sTan

(realur xelSekrulebebTan): Consensu fiunt obligationnes in emptionibus venditionibus locationibus

conductionibus, societatibus, mandatis.

1. Ideo autem istis madis consensu dicitur obligatio contrahi, guia neque scriptura neque praesentia omnimodo

opus est, ac ne dari quicquam necesse est, ut substantiam capiat obligatio, sed sufficit eos qui negotium gerunt

consentire.

2. Unde inter absentes quoque talia negotia contrahuntur ueluti per epistulam aut per nuntium.

3. Item in his contractibus alter alteri obligatur in id, quod alterum alteri ex bono et aequo praestare oportet, cum

alioquin in verborum obligationibus alius stipuletur, alius promittat.Kkonsesualur valdebulebebs

adgili aqvT yidva-gayidvis, amxanagobis, qiravnobis dadebis dros.

1. amboben, rom valdebuleba daideba am SemTxvevaSi, SeTanxmebis meSveobiT, imitom

rom saWiro ar aris werili an kontrhagentebis yofna. Zustad aseve ar aris saWiro

gadacema, raTa valdebuleba namdvilad CaiTvalos. Aramed sakmarisia mxolod im

pirTa Tanxmoba, romlebic garigebas deben.

2. ai, ratom aris aseTi valdebulebis dadeba adgilze ar myofi kontrhagentebis

Sorisac: maT SeuZliaTYerTmaneTs misweron an warmomadgenlis meSveobiT

SeTanxmdnen.

3. aseT valdebulebebSi TiToeuli mxare meoris winaSe samarTlian moqcevas

kisrulobs, maSin, roca verbalur valdebulebebSi erTi mxare aris stipulatori,

meore dapirebis mimcemi.

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konsensualuri xelSekrulebis warmoSobas iuristebi ius gentium-s miawerdnen,

romelic romaelebsa da ucxoelebs Soris urToerTobebs awesrigebda. Ius gentium-s

peregrinebis pretori (praetor peregrinus) kurirebda. mogvianebiT consenses ius civile-Sic

Seitanes, ramac xeli Seuwyo mis gamoyenebas romis moqalaqeebs Soris.

xelSekrulebis aRniSnuli saxis Taviseburebad misi ormxrivoba iTvleboda, anu

consensu, misi monawile mxareebisaTvis, urTierTsanacvlo valdebulebebs

warmoSobda, romelTa dacva iseTi sarCelebiT iyo SesaZlebeli, romlebsac orive

mxare iyenebda valdebulebebis damrRvevi piris mimarT.

$1. Emptio-venditio (yidva-gayidva)

Emptio - venditio (yidva-gayidva); merx (saqoneli); pretium (gasayidi fasi); vacua possessio

(wynari mflobeloba); arra (be); emptio rei speratae (momavali nivTis yidva); emptor

(myidveli); venditor (gamyidveli).

yidva-gayidvis xelSekruleba aformebda SeTanxmebas nivTis sasyidliani SeZenis

Sesaxeb. romis samarTalSi gamyidvelis movaleoba imaSi mdgomareobda, rom

myidvelisaTvis garkveuli nivTi – merx (saqoneli) – wynar mflobelobaSi (vacua

possessio) gadaeca, xolo myidvelis movaleobaSi, fulis garkveul Tanxaze,

sakuTrebis uflebis gadatana – fasis gadaxda (pretium) igulisxmeboda.

aRniSnuli kontraqti sinalagmaturia: valdebuleba SeiZleba warmoiSvas, rogorc

mxolod, ormxrivi da TiToeul mxares, Tanabrad SeuZlia, sarCelis wardgena, Tumca

im pirobiT, rom, TiToeuli maTgani, sakuTari valdebulebis Sesrulebas ukve

Seudga. am aspeqtTan dakavSrebulia bes (arra) instituti.

romis samarTalSi be sulac ar iyo valdebulebis dadebis realuri garantia

(rogorc amas berZnul samarTalSi iyenebdnen). Arra nivTis fasis im nawils

warmoadgenda, romlis gadaxda xelSekrulebis dadebis dros xdeboda, imis

dasturad, rom SeTanxmeba mxareebs Soris miRweuli iyo (“argumentum est emptionis et

venditionis contractae” – Gai.,3,139). bes Setanis momentidan, myidvels gamyidvelis

winaaRmdeg, mis mier sakuTari movaleobis Sesrulebis Sesaxeb, sasarCelo moTxovnis

wardgenis ufleba eniWeboda.

yidva-gayidvis saqonlad nebismieri in commercio, sxeulebrivi da usxeulo - res

corporales et res in corporales – nivTi gamoiyeneboda. serfitutis yidvisas SeZenis obieqti

servitutis dadgenis ufleba iyo, xolo gamyidvelis movaleoba imaSi mdgomareobda,

rom, saresvituto uflebis aRmoceneba, misi SemZenis mxareze daeSva. (D.19,1,3,2).

dadgenili servitutis SeZena, nivTis gareSe, SeuZlebelia. xolo dadgenili

uzufruqtis yidva ara TviT uzufruqtis SeZenas, aramed uti - frui uflebis mopovebas

gulisxmobda, romelic memkvidreobiTac ki gadaecemoda (D.18.6,8,2).

yidva-gayidvis obieqti SeiZleba momavali nivTic gamxdariyo: miwis nakveTidan

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miRebuli nayofi, pirutyvis namati da sxva. interpretatorebma aseT garigebas emptio

rei speratae uwodes.

amrigad, konsensualuri kontraqtis dadebisas, sakontraqto valdebulebis

warmoSobisaTvis sakmarisia mxareTa Soris SeTanxmebis (concensus) miRweva da ar

moiTxoveba sxva formalobani. amrigad, konsensualuri xelSekrulebis dadeba

adgilze armyof pirebsac SeuZliaT (inter absentes), magaliTad, werilis an macnes

meSveobiT (Gai.,3,136; D.44,7,2; Ins.Iust.3,22,1,2). SeTanxmebis miRwevis niSnad gamodgeboda,

mag., yidva-gayidvis dros arra (be) micema.

Mod., D. 17, 2, 4: Societatem coire et re et verbis et per nuntium posse non dubium non est. (ueWvelia, rom

amxanagobis xelSekrulebis dadeba Cven SegviZlia nivTis gadacemiT, sityvebiT da

macnes meSveobiTac ki).

TiToeul mxares sakuTari valdebuleba (Tu mis Sesaxeb moTxovna ukve Sevida

ZalaSi) keTilsindisierad unda Seesrulebina, raTa meore mxaris winaaRmdeg

sasarCelo moTxovnis wardgenis SesaZlebloba hqonoda. am moTxovnas amyarebda is

principi, rom konsensualuri xelSekrulebebi valdebulebaTa, funqcionaluri

ormxrivobiT, gamoirCeoda (sinalagmaturoba). gamonakliss mxolod davalebis

xelSekruleba warmoadgenda, romelic potenciurad ormxrivi iyo. yvela

konsensualuri kontraqti negotia bonae fidei (keTilsindisieri garigebebi)-s kategorias

warmoadgenda.

yidva-gayidva aris konsensualuri kontraqti, romlis meSveobiT erTi mxare _

gamyidveli movalea, nivTiT daubrkolebel mflobelobaSi, Seiyvanos meore mxare –

myidveli, romelic Tavis mxriv movalea gamyidvels gadauxados fulis garkveuli

Tanxa. am kontraqtis warmoSoba gayidvis uZveles formas, kerZod gacvlas, anu erTi

nivTis meoreTi, martiv Secvlas efuZneba. TandaTanobiT, istoriulma evoluciam is

gamoiwvia, rom fasi ara liTonis woniT, aramed im momentiT gamoixata, romelsac

mancipatio ritualis dros iyenebdnen, roca kerZo sakuTrebaSi mancipirebadi

nivTebis gadacemas exeboda saqme. aramancipirebadi nivTebis (res nec mancipi) yidvisas,

xelis meSveobiT gacvlas hqonda adgili, romelic nivTis fasze gacvlas

gulisxmobda.

ueWvelia, rom klasikur xanaSi yidva-gayidvis xelSekruleba, rogorc

konsensualuri kontraqti, xalxis samarTalis (ius gentium) mixedviT xasiaTdeboda

mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebiT gamoirCeoda, rac arsebiTad ganasxvavebda

mas sakuTrebis uflebis gadacemis sxva saSualebebisagan: 1. am xelSekrulebiT

warmoSobili urTierTobis ormxrivi da urTierTdakavSirebuli xasiaTi. saubari iyo

ori urTierTdakavSirebuli garigebis Sesaxeb, romelsac icavda ori sxvadasxva

sarCeli: yidvis (emptio) – gayidvis (venditio) Sesaxeb, saidanac gamomdinareobs

sarCelebis dasaxelebac: actio empti – actio venditi;

2. aRniSnuli urTierTobis valdebulebiTi xasiaTi: xelSekrulebis mixedviT,

valdebuleba iqmneboda mxolod mxareebis mimarT, da nivTze an fasze ar gadadioda.

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SesaZloa, urTierTobis aRniSnuli xasiaTi iqidan gamomdinareobda, rom

istoriulad, yidva-gayidva warmoiSva ori damoukidebeli stipulatio dakavSirebis

Sedegad.

a) yidva – gayidvis Semadgeneli elementebi iyo: 1) mxareTa urTierTSeTanxmeba,

2) xelSekrulebis sagani (nivTi) da 3) fasi.

1) mxareTa urTierTSeTanxmeba

Paul., (D. 18. 1, 1, 2): “Est autem emptio iuris gentiam et ideo consensu peragitur et inter absentes contrari

potest et per nuntium et per litteras” (yidva miekuTvneba xalxis samarTals da amitom

SeTanxmebis meSveobiT xorcieldeba, da yidvis xelSekruleba SesaZlebelia

ganxorcieldes armyof pirTa Soris, an macnes an werilis meSveobiT).

Tanxmobis gamoxatva nebismieri formiT iyo SesaZlebeli, xolo, Tu gamoiyeneboda

werilobiTi forma, mas mxolod mtkicebulebis mniSvneloba hqonda. romaeli

iuristebi gadameyvet mniSvnelobas swored ganzraxvas, anu nebas aniWebdnen.

Secdomis (SecdomaSi Seyvanis) sakiTxis gadawyvetas, isini sakuTar mravalricxovan

kazusebSi cdilobdnen.

im SemTxvevaSi, Tu SecdomaSi Seyvana xelSekrulebis sagans (error in corpore)

exeboda, anu, Tu gamyidvelis neba erTi sagnis gayidvisaken iyo mimarTuli, xolo

myidvelis neba sxva sagnis SeZenisaken, an Tu mxareTa neba gansxvavdeboda gasayidi

sagnis fasis mimarT, iuristebi miiCnevdnen, rom mxareebma SeTanxmebas ver miaRWies

da xelSekrulebac dadebulad ar CaiTvleboda. xolo, roca saqme, nivTis xarisxis

(error in substantia) Sesaxeb, myidvelis SecdomaSi Seyvanas exeboda, maSin SeTanxmebis

misaRwevad arsebuli winaaRmdegoba daZleulad miiCneoda da xelSekrulebis

namdviloba eWvgareSe iyo. Tumca, gamyidveli movale iyo mydvelisaTvis

aenazRaurebina is ziani, romelic am ukanasknels miadga naklovani nivTis SeZenis

gamo, miTumetes, rom misTvis ar iyo cnobili nivTis xarvezis Sesaxeb. samagierod,

iulianusi Tvlida, rom, Tu orive mxare SecdomaSi iyo Seyvanili nivTis arsebiTi

xarisxis Sesaxeb, xelSekruleba baTilad unda CaTvliliyo.

iulianusis aRniSnuli mosazreba postklasikuri periodis romaelma iuristebma

Secvales da Camoayalibes axali zogadi wesi: xelSekruleba ararad miiCneoda, Tu

erT-erTi mxare SecdomaSi iyo Seyvanili gasayidi nivTis arsis (substantio) gamo.

1.nivTi (res)

savaWro xelSekrulebis jerovan sagnad saqoneli (res) gamodioda. Saqoneli,

garkveuli saxis, cvalebadi nivTebiT iyo warmodgenili. dasaSvebi iyo momavali

nivTebis yidva-gaydva, romelTa mimarT xdeboda maTi Semdegi nairsaxeobebis gamijvna:

1. momavali nivTis yidva (emptio rei speratae): am SemTxvevaSi mxareebi xelSekrulebas

nivTis arsebobis faqts uqvemdebarebdnen: Tu sayideli nivTi jer ar arsebobs, arc

misi fasis gadaxdaa savaldebulo; mag., jer ar aRebuli mosavali.

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2. imedis yidva (emptio spei): imis imedi, rom arsebuli nivTi iyo xelSekrulebis

sagani, xolo imis riski, nivTi namdvilad arsebobda Tu ara, swored myidvels awva,

romelsac, nebismier SemTxvevaSi, nivTis SesaZeni fasis gadaxda evaleboda.

aRniSnuli xelSekrulebis sagnis wreSi Sevida res mancipi, Tumca mancipatio

gamoyenebis gareSe, da agreTve res incorporales nivTebis kategoria da uflebebi nivTze.

namdvilad miiCneoda sxva nivTis gayidvac. Tumca, baTili iyo, myidvelis sakuTrebaSi

arsebuli, nivTis gayidva (Pomp., D. 18, 1, 16 – 18), agreTve is nivTebi, romlebic

gardacvlils ekuTvnoda, Tu piri, xelSekrulebis dadebamde, an misi dadebis

momentSi, gardaicvleboda.

2. fasi

principatis periodis dasaqwyisSi Zvel romSi sabinianelTa da prokulianelTa

skolebs Soris warmoiSva doqtrinuli xasiaTis dava: sabinianelebi Tvlidnen, rom

nebismieri nivTi, yidva-gayidvis xelSekrulebaSi, fasis daniSnulebas asrulebda;

prokerianelTa azriT, mxolod fulis meSveobiT unda ganxorcieldes nivTis yidva-

gayidva. swored am mosazrebam moipova aRiareba da momavalSi iustinianes

kanonmdeblobiTac ganmtkicda.

klasikuri periodis samarTalSi fasis gansazRvra savaldebulo moTxovnad iqca.

Tanac, fasis gansazRvra mesame piris nebaze ar unda yofiliyo damokidebuli.

iustinianes azriT, gayidva maSinac SeiZleba namdvili iyos, rica mesame pirs

daevala gasayidi nivTis fasis dadgena (Inst.Iust. 3. 23. 1). nivTis fasi namdvilad unda

arsebobdes, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi yidva-gayidvas ki ara, Cuqebas eqneboda adgili,

vinaidan mxolod Cuqebis drosaa SesaZlebeli gamsxvisebelsa da SemZens Soris

SeTanxmebis miRweva, rom, es ukanaskneli, meore mxares nivTis safasurs ar

gadauxdida. klasikuri periodis iuristebi mkacrad ar iTxovdnen fasis

samarTlianobasa da mis adekvaturobas, nivTis Rirebulebis mimarT. aRniSnuli

moTxovna mxolod iustinianes samarTalSi Cndeba. masSi saubari iyo im axali wesis

Sesaxeb, romelic mniSvnelovnad azianebda uZravi qonebis gamsxviseblis interesebs,

roca mas qonebis gasxvisebas, Rirebulebis naxevarze ufro dabal fasSi, avalebdnen.

am SemTxvevaSi gamsxvisebeli, sasamarTlos gziT, uflebamosili iyo piri eSala

meore mxarisaTvis, Tu es ukanaskneli damatebiT fass ar gadaixdida.

yidva-gayidvis xelSekrulebis dacva ori keTilsindisieri sarCelis meSveobiT

xdeboda: actio empti et actio venditi. yidvidan-gayidvidan warmoSobili sarCelis ZaliT,

SemZeni, gayiduli nivTis, misTvis gadacemas iTxovda. garda amisa, mas SeeZlo

gamyidvelisagan moeTxova nivTis upirobo flobis uzrunvelyofa (habere licere) da

sarCelis ZaliT, sakuTari Tavisa da nivTis dacvis uzrunvelyofa, Tu nivTis

gamyidveli misi mesakuTre ar iyo. Tu xelSekrulebis dadebis Semdeg, nivTi nayofs

an namats iZleoda, gamyidveli movale iyo gadaeca isini myidvelisaTvis. amrigad,

aRniSnuli sarCelis meSveobiT, xdeboda nivTis gasayidi da SesaZeni fasisa da,

saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, saprocento ganakveTis moTxovnis uzrunvelyofa.

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b) myidvelisa da gamyidvelis movaleobani

yidva-gayidvis xelSekrulebaSi, mxareTa movaleobebis gansazRvra,

keTilsindisierebis principis safuZvelze xdeboda. imis miuxedavad, rom TiToeul

mxares erTmaneTisagan damoukidebeli movaleobebi gaaCndaT, am movaleobebs mainc

urTierTdakavSirebulad miiCnevdnen, radgan TviTon xelSekruleba ormxrivi iyo.

praqtikis mdidar monacemebze dayrdnobiT, romaelma iuristebma daamkvidres is

principi, romelic orive mxares unda mkacrad daecva, yidva-gayidvis xelSekrulebis

dadebisas: bona fides et aequitas. swored amitom, mosamarTle, mxareTa qmedebis Sefasebis

Sesaxeb gamotanil gadawyvetilebaSi, farTo uflebamosilebiT iyo aRWurvili.

myidvelis movaleobaSi Sedioda nivTis SesaZeni fasis gadaxda, anu gamyidvelisaTvis

sakuTrebaSi im monetebis gadacema evaleboda, romlebSic nivTis Rirebuleba iyo

gamoxatuli. garda amisa, gamyidvelis movaleobaSi Sedioda: 1. myidvelisaTvis

gayiduli nivTis gadacema (tradere). aseTi gadacema nivTis upirobo gankargvis (habere

licere) da ara maszed mxolod sakuTrebis gadatanis (dare) uzrunvelyofas

gulisxmobda. ueWvelia, rom bona fides-Si gaTvaliswinebuli iyo, rom gamyidveli

yvela Rones ixmarda, raTa myidveli SeZenili nivTis mesakuTre gamxdariyo.

iustinianes samarTalSi ganmtkicda norma, romlis ZaliT, nivTze sakuTrebis

ufleba ar gadaicemoda manam, vidre myidveli nivTis safasurs ar dafaravda, an

gamyidvels sakmaris garantias ar miscemda safasuris gadaxdis Taobaze, an Tu

gamyidveli myidvelis keTilsindisierebas ar miendoboda. 2. gamyidveli pasuxs

agebda dolus (boroti ganzraxvis), xolo, klasikur periodSi, _ culpa (bralis gamo),

sakuTari movaleobebis arajerovnad Sesrulebis SemTxvevaSi. Tu gayidul moZrav

nivTs vinme moiparavda, gamyidveli custodia gamo isjeboda. Custodia gamo

pasuxismgebloba gamyidvels maSin exsneboda, Tu myidveli, gamyidvelis mier

SemoTavazebul nivTze, uars ityoda.

3. pasuxismgebloba eviqciis gamo maSin dgeboda, roca myidveli sasamarTlo process

nivTis namdvil mesakuTresTan waagebda. 4. gamyidveli pasuxismgebeli iyo nivTis

faruli naklis gamo.

g) Periculum (nivTis daRupvis (ganadgureba-dazianeba) riski)

roca gayiduli nivTi dauZleveli Zalis zemoqmedebiT nadgurdeboda, misi Sedegebi

mydvels awva (periculum est emptoris). aRniSnuli debuleba Semdegnairad unda iqnas

gagebuli: Tumca, myidveli nayid nivTs kargavda, mas mainc evaleboda nivTis SesaZeni

fasis gadaxda. am debulebas esaWiroeba mniSvnelovani ganmarteba: gamyidvelis

pasuxismgebloba nivTis dauzianeblad SenaxvisaTvis mkveTrad aris SezRuduli

dauZleveli Zalis zemoqmedebiT, razec pasuxs myidvelic agebda. amis Sesaxeb

mxareebs TviT kontraqtSi unda gaekeTebinaT daTqma. dadgenili wesi ar

gamoiyeneboda, Tu nivTi eqspropriacias daeqvemdebareboda, an misi brunvidan amoReba

moxdeboda. riski myidvelze mxolod maSin gadava, roca moxdeba nivTis gayidva;

nivTis gayidvas ki maSin aqvs adgili, roca cnobilia gasayidi nivTis sagani, xarisxi

da raodenoba; dadgenilia mis fasi da gayidva martivad (upirobod) ganxorcielda.

(Paul, D.18,6,8 pr). Digesta-s amave teqstis Tanaxmad, Tu nivTis gayidva garkveuli

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pirobebiT moxda, nivTi ar iTvleba gayidulad manam, vidre moxdeba daTqmuli

pirobebis Sesruleba.

d) Evictio (evikcia) – maSin hqonda adgili, roca myidveli nivTis sasamarTlos

gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze kargavda im piris sasargeblod, romelic nivTis

namdvili mesakuTre iyo. amis mizezi ki is iyo, rom myidvelma nivTi SeiZina im

pirisagan, romelic Tavs nivTis mesakuTred asaRebda xandazmulobis vadis (usucapio)

amowurvis gamo, Tumca sakuTrebis uflebis SeZenisaTvis dadgenili xandazmulobis

vada jer ar iyo gasuli. mesakuTris mier wardgenili actio vindicatio moTxovnis

Sesasruleblad, myidvels SeZenili nivTi mesakuTrisaTvis unda daebrunebina, an

misTvis nivTis safasuri gadaexada. gamyidvelis valdebuleba, efiqciis SemTxvevaSi,

myidvelisaTvis miyenebuli zianis anazRaurebis Sesaxeb, Tavdapirvelad

konsensualuri xelSekrulebidan ar warmoSobila. arqaul periodSi miyenebuli

zianis anazRaurebis garantia mancipatio-dan ganviTarda da, actio auctoritatis ZaliT,

mancipaciis gziT nivTis gamsxvisebels miyenebuli zianis ormagi odenobis

anazRaureba evaleboda. xolo, roca mancipacia abstraqtul moqmedebad iqca,

sagarantio stipulaciam hpova gavrceleba da, misi meSveobiT, gamyidvelis

winaaRmdeg SesaZlebeli iyo actio ex stipulatu (sarCeli spipulacidan) wardgena.

evikciis mimarT pasuxismgeblobis gamoricxvis saSualebad garkveuli SeTanxmeba

(pacta de non praestanda evictione), an xelSekrulebis gansakuTrebuli nairsaxeoba

iTvleboda. imisaTvis, rom eviqciis gamo gamyidvelis pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi

damgdariyo, myidveli movale iyo gamyidvelisaTvis ganecxadebina arsebuli

moTxovnis, an sasamarTlo procesis Sesaxeb (litem denuntiare), raTa misgan daxmareba

mieRo, an sasamarTlo ganxilvis dros gamyidvels dacvis saSualeba hqonoda.

e) nivTis dafaruli nakli

gamyidveli pasuxs agebda gayiduli nivTis faruli naklis, an defeqtis gamo.

Tu mancipaciis gziT (mancipatio) nivTis gayidvisas mmancipirebadi piri nivTis

xarisxis, miwis nakveTis fardobis an naklis ararsebobis Sesaxeb Tu cru

gancxadebas gaakeTebda, motyuebuli myidvels miecemoda sababi, rom mas gamyidvelis

winaaRmdeg actio auctoritatis, an actio de modo agri (sarCeli miwis nakveTis

moculobis Sesaxeb) Seetana sasamarTloSi. arqauli periodidan moyolebuli

gayidvis aqts emateboda stipulacia, romelic garantias iZleoda imis Sesaxeb, rom

nivTi garkveuli TvisebebiT, an mas raime nakli, an konkretuli defeqtebi hqonda.

gamyidveli pasuxismgebeli iyo im SemTxvevaSi, Tu namdvilad arsebobda nakli,

romlis Sesaxeb man damala, an uaryo stipulaciaSi, rac Cveulebriv, evictio-sTan

erTad gamomJRavndeboda.

ciceronis droidan moyolebuli, iurisprudenciam aRiara, rom dona fides principis

Sesabamisad, gamyidveli pasuxs agebda yvela im naklze, romelic man myidvels,

winaswari ganzraxviT, daumala. gamyidveli, aRniSnul SemTxvevaSi, pasuxs agebda imis

miuxedavad, stipulatio-s hqonda Tu ara adgili. damaluli naklis gamo

pasuxismgebloba dgeboda Semdegi pirobebis arsebobisas: 1. saubari unda iyos

arsebiTi naklis Sesaxeb, ris gamoc nivTis Rirebuleba, an monis sargeblianoba, an

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gayiduli pirutyvis fasi mkveTrad mcirdeboda; 2. nakli aucileblad dafaruli

unda iyos, radgan, Tu nakli aSkaraa da yvelasaTvis cnobili iyo, dauSvebelia

pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb saubari; 3. nakli unda warmoSobiliyo manam, vidre

myudveli nivTs SeiZenda da, Tanac, myidvels amis Sesaxeb ar unda scodnoda.

Tu gamyidvelma naTlad ar ganacxada nivTis naklis Sesaxeb an, Tu nivTis gayidvis

Semdeg iqna aRmoCenili, misi faruli nakli, edilis ediqtiT, myidvels mieniWa

ufleba gamyidvelis winaaRmdeg ori sarCeli waredgina: 1) actio redhibitoria (yidva-

gayidvis xelSekrulebis CaSlis Sesaxeb) nivTisa da saqonlis fasis ukan dabrunebis

gziT da 2) actio aestimatoria (sarCeli fasis daklebis Sesaxeb), romlis ZaliT

gayiduli nivTis fasi mkveTrad mcirdeboda, nivTis faruli naklis Sesabamisad.

qr. S. I saukunis iurisprudenciam, savaraudod, aRiara, rom, nivTis dafaruli naklis

gamo, miyenebuli ziani unda anazRaurebuliyo actio empti (sarCeli nivTis yidvis

Sesaxeb) gziT. am sarCelis upiratesoba imaSi mdgomareobda, rom is ar iyo droSi

SezRuduli da dazaralebul mxares nebismier dros SeeZlo aRniSnuli sarCelis

wardgena. iustinianes samarTalSi edilis sarCelebi nivTebis yvela kategoriaze

Tanabrad gavrcelda.

v) Arra (be)

Arra-s instituti elinuri yidva-gayidvis xelSekrulebas (arrhabon) ganekuTvneboda.

Zvelma romaulma sakontraqto praqtikam aRniSnuli fenomeni gadmoiRo yidva-

gayidvisa da qiravnobis xelSekrulebebis sferoSi. klasikuri epoqis samarTalSi

arra xelSekrulebis dadebis dadasturebisaTvis gamoiyeneboda (arras confirmation).

sakmaod sadaoa bes instituti iustinianes samarTalSi. erTi mxriv, savaraudod,

dasturdeba misi mxolod mtkicebulebiTi xasiaTis mniSvneloba, rac mas klasikuri

periodis samarTalSi mieniWa; meore mxriv – be xelSemkvreli mxareebisaTvis

alternativas warmoadgenda, raTa maT daedoT, elinur samarTalSi gavrcelebuli,

bes Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba, romlis ZaliT, xelSekrulebis calmxrivad CamSlel mxares,

garigebis darRvevisaTvis ekisreboda pasuxismgebloba (e. w. sajarimo bes

saxiT).

Tu bes mimcemi, xelSemkvreli mxare, uars ityoda sakuTari valdebulebis

Sesrulebaze, is bes kargavda da piriqiT, Tu bes mimRebi mxare, calmxrivad CaSlida

xelSekrulebas, – miRebuli bes safasurs ormagad gadaixdida.

$2. Mandatum (davalebis xelSekruleba)

Mandatum (davalebis xelSekruleba); procurator (rwmunebuli, prokuratori); dominus

negotii (marwmunebeli, principali).

Mandatum (davalebis xelSekruleba) – usasyidlo konsensualuri kontraqtia,

romlis meSveobiT dominus negotii (marwmunebeli, principali) procurator (rwmunebuls,

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prokurators) raime moqmedebis Sesrulebas an garigebis dadebas avalebda, sakuTari

an mesame piris interesebis Sesabamisad.

a) Mandatum damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi: 1. davalebis xelSekruleba – konsensualuri

kontraqti iyo, anu valdebulebis warmoSoba kontrhagentebis SeTanxmebas efuZneba.

amitom, davalebis miReba SesaZlebeli iyo an macnes meSveobiT, an werilis

gamogzavnis gziT. pavlusis azriT, davalebis xelSekrulebidan warmoSobili

valdebulebis Sesruleba SeiZleba gadaivados, an raime pirobis Sesrulebaze iyos

damokidebuli (D. 17, 1, 1 pr. – 3); 2. Mandatum _ usasyidlo kontraqtia. `davaleba

ararad iTvleboda, Tu usasyidlo ar iyo, vinaidan is movaleobidan, an

megobrobidan gamomdinareobs, xolo safasuris gadaxda movaleobas ewinaaRmdegeba;

Tu Semodis fuli, maSin saqme ganixileba, rogorc qiravnoba” (D. 17, 1, 1, 14). aseTi

debulebis miuxedavad, mainc daiSveboda, rwmunebulis mier, anazRaurebis miReba,

upiratesad, madlierebis niSnad da ara rogorc Semxvedri miniWeba; 3.aucilebeli

piroba iyo marwmuneblis, an mesame piris interesebiTa da saxeliT moqmedeba.

dauSvebelia sakuTari saxeliT raime davalebis Sesruleba, an moqmedeba; 4.

davalebis xelSekrulebis obieqti SeiZleba yofiliyo raime moqmedeba, an

iuridiuli xasiaTis garigeba, an sxva nebismieri moqmedeba, mxolod im pirobiT, rom

daculi iqneboda usasyidlobis moTxovna, maSinac ki, Tu rwmunebuls, anazRaurebis

saSualebad, qoneba qiravnobaSi eqneboda gadacemuli. davalebis obieqti ar unda

atarebdes akrZalul xasiaTs da keTilsindisierebas ewinaaRmdegebodes; davaleba

SeiZleba Seexos im qonebas, romelic nawilobriv rwmunebulis sakuTrebaSi

imyofeboda.

b) Mandatum-dan warmoSobili sasarCelo ganacxadi (actio mandati) keTilsindisieri

sarCelis (bonae fidei) nairsaxeoba iyo da mis safuZvelze dasjili piri infamia

(uRirsoba) isjeboda (Gai., U, 182; Inst. Iust4.16.2). aRniSnuli sarCeli, marwmuneblis mier,

rwmunebuls waredgineboda im mizniT, rom, am ukanasknels, uzrunvelyo, davalebis

xelSekrulebiT ganxorcielebuli qmedebis Sesaxeb, sruli angariSi da

marwmuneblisaTvis gadaeca, rwmunebiT gaTvaliswinebuli yvela saxis Semosavali.

g) Procurator (rwmunebuli, prokuratori)

davalebis xelSekrulebis SemTxvevaSi, uZvelesi droidan dadginda zogadi xasiaTis

rwmunebuleba, romelsac rwmunebuli (procurator) asrulebda. prokuratori is piri

iyo, romelsac, Cveulebriv, gaazatebulTa rigebidan irCevdnen. mas evaleboda

marwmuneblis qonebis marTva (procutator omnium bonorum), riTac is im

prokuratorisagan gansxvavdeboda, romelsac mxolod konkretuli sakiTxis

gadawyveta daevala (procurator unius rei). pretori aRiarebda procesualuri

warmomadgenlis (procurator ad litem) figuras, romelsac is procesSi mxaris

rwmunebulad ganixilavda. yovelTvis, roca qonebis marTvis davalebas hqonda

adgili, klasikuri periodis romaeli iuristebi ori saxis sarCelis: mandatum-is

safuZvelze da negotiourum gestio-dan (davalebis gareSe sxvisi saqmis warmoebidan)

konkurencias ganasxvavebdnen. iustinianes krebulSi meurveoba davalebis

xelSekrulebaSia areuli. Tumca, zogjer piri moklebuli iyo am uflebamosilebas,

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xolo prokuratori _ qonebis marTvas, faqtiurad, sakuTar Tavze iRebda da maSin

mas davalebis gareSe sxvisi saqmeebis mmarTvelad miiCneven (negotiourum gestor).

swored amis gamo, erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebdnen namdvil prokurators (anu im pirs,

vinc davalebis saxiT, miiRo sxvisi saqmeebis marTva) da im pirs, vinc davalebis

gareSe moqmedebda (misi moqmedeba, samarTavad gadacemuli meurneobis, mepatronis

mowonebas moiTxovda).

d) mxareTa movaleobani

rwunebulis movaleoba misgan moiTxovda: 1) davalebis Sesrulebas marwmuneblis

miTiTebis Sesabamisad da, garigebis dasadebad saWiro, rwmunebis bunebidan

gamomdinare; 2) marwmunebels warudginos angariSi ganxorcielebuli

moqmedebis Sesaxeb da mis sasargeblod gadaitanos, mis mier dadebuli garigebis

iuridiuli Sedegi; 3) marwmuneblis winaSe pasuxi agos dolus da culpa gamo,

vinaidan davalebis xelSekruleba efuZneboda bona fides principebs da mxolod

marwmuneblis interesebs icavda. marwmunebeli, Tavis mxriv, pasuxs agebda im

xarjebze, romlebic rwmunebulma gaiRo davalebis Sesrulebis gamo, maT Soris,

aRniSnuli davalebis Sesrulebis dros, miyenebuli zianis anazRaurebis

TvalsazrisiT.

e) davalebis xelSekrulebis Sewyveta

davalebis xelSekrulebis moqmedeba wydeboda: 1) Tu rwmunebuli davalebis

Sesrulebas jer ar Sesdgomia: a) marwmuneblis mier uflebamosilebaTa ukan

gamowvevis gziT, rasac maSin hqonda Zala, Tu rwmunebuli gamowvevis Sesaxeb

gafrTxilebuli iyo; b) rwmunebulis mier davalebis Sesrulebaze uaris TqmiT; 2)

Tu davalebis Sesruleba dawyebuli iyo, marwmunebeli movale iyo angariSi gaewia

davalebis SedegebisaTvis, xolo rwmunebuli movale iyo daesrulebina davalebis

SesrulebiT; 3) marwmuneblis an rwmunebulis gardacvalebiT. marwmuneblis

gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi, misi memkvidreebis mimarT, rwmunebuls sarCelis

wardgenis ufleba eniWeboda im sababiT, rom memkvidreebma mas ar Seatyobines

marwmuneblis gardacvaleba, mis mier davalebis Sesrulebis periodSi.

v) fuladi sesxis miniWebis Sesaxeb micemuli davaleba (mandatum pecuniae credendae)

aseTi davalebis arsi SemdegSi mdgomareobda: rwmunebuli, mesame piris sasargeblod,

fuladi Tanxis garkveul odenobas sesxad gascemda an kredits xsnida. aseT

viTarebaSi, marwmunebelsa da mesame pirs Soris sesxis xelSekruleba ideboda.

marwmunebeli praqtikulad movalis garantad gamodioda, vinaidan, am ukanasknelis

mxridan, valis gadauxdelobis SemTxvevaSi, marwmunebeli rwmunebulis winaSe pasuxs

actio mandati contraria–s (Sesagebeli sarCeli davalebis xelSekrulebidan) safuZvelze

agebda.

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$3. Societas ( amxanagobis xelSekruleba)

Societas omnium bonorum (amxanagobis monawileTa mTeli qonebis gaerTianeba); societas

unius negotiationis – unius rei (mxolod komerciuli sawarmos an qonebis gaerTianeba).

1) Societas _ konsesualuri kontraqti, romlis mixedviT ori an meti monawile,

urTierTvaldebulebas iRebda, qonebis an samuSaos gaerTianebis gziT, ewarmoebinaT

erTiani saqme da erTmaneTSi gaenawilebinaT miRebuli mogeba da gancdili

danaklisi.

1. Societas namdvilobis pirobebi: a) rogorc konsensualuri kontraqti, societas

daideba, nebismieri formiT gamoxatuli, SeTanxmebis gziT ideboda. stabiluri

kavSiris damyareba SesaZlebeli iqneboda xangrZlivi da uwyveti SeTanxmebis

arsebobis SemTxvevaSi. wyaroebi mowmoben, rom amxanagobis Sesaqmnelad saWiro iyo,

misi monawile mxareebis, ganzraxva; b) savaldebulo iyo daTqmuli qonebis an

samuSaos gaerTianeba. aRniSnuli moTxovna yvelasaTvis Tanabrad savaldebulo ar

iyo. zogierTisaTvis sakmarisi iyo mxolod saqmianobis ganxorcieleba. (Gai., 3, 149);

g) amxanagobis TiToeuli monawilis saqmianoba mxolod mTlianad amxanagobis mimarT

hqmnida uflebebsa da movaleobebs, Tumca SenaZeni da sargebeli mis TiToeul

monawilezec vrceldeboda. saubari iyo SidasaxelSekrulebo kavSirze da, rogorc

korporaciisa da asociaciis SemTxvevaSic, amxanagobis mimarT iuridiuli piri ar

arsebobda.

2) amxanagobis xelSekrulebidan aRmocenebuli sarCeli – (actio pro socio) bonae fidei

sarCelebis kategorias miekuTvneboda da mas im SemTxvevaSi iyenebdnen, roca

mosawesrigebeli iyo, amxanagobis monawileTa Soris arsebuli, davalianeba, romelic

amxanagobis moqmedebis Sedegad warmoiSveboda. sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba, romelic

boroti ganzraxvis Sedegi iyo, infamia-s iwvevda. Tumca, amxanagobis monawile piri

pasuxismgebeli iyo mxolod sakuTari Semosavlebis farglebSi. societas arsebobis

dros SeZenili, saerTo sakuTrebis gayofa, saerTo sakuTrebis gayofis Sesaxeb,

wardgenili sarCelis safuZvelze xdeboda.

3) Zmebis konsorciumi

amxanagobis yvelaze Zveli forma iyo Zmebis konsorciumi, romelic Sedgeboda

ojaxis mamamTavris gardacvalebis Semdeg. masSi ojaxSi darCenili yvela Zma

Sedioda. aRniSnuli amxanagoba solidarobis principebis dacviT, wesrigdeboda da

ojaxis nebismier wevrs SeeZlo saerTo monis gaazateba, an saerTo sakuTrebis

gasxviseba. saojaxo amxanagobis arqauli tipi maleve qreba, Tumca is gavlenas

axdens klasikuri periodis universalur amxanagobaze.

1. amxanagobis saxeebi:

a) universaluri amxanagoba, anu mTeli qonebis gaerTianebiT Seqmnili societas

(societas omnium bonorum). aseT amxanagobaSi Sedioda mTeli arsebuli da samomavlo

qoneba. saojaxo consorcium msgavsad, igi Zmobis urTierTobebis zogierT niSans

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inarCunebda; b) garkveuli saqmianobis gansaxorcieleblad Seqmnili amxanagoba

(societas unius rei; societas unius negotiationis). misi obieqti SeiZleba yofiliyo erTi

konkretuli, an ramdenime erTgvarovani saqme, im pirobiT, rom aRniSnuli saqmianobis

mizani kanonieri iyo. amxanagobis aRniSnuli nairsaxeobisaTvis savaldebulo ar iyo

amxanagobis qonebis mimarT saerTo sakuTrebis gavrceleba.

4) amxanagobis monawileTa movaleobebi: a) amxanagobis wevrma amxanagobas unda

gadasces SeTanxmebiT gaTvaliswinebuli qoneba da imoqmedos bona fides principebis

Sesabamisad; b) amxanagobis wevri movalea saerTo fondSi Seitanos nebismieri

SenaZeni da uflebamosilia moiTxovos im zianis anazRaureba, romelic mas, sakuTari

saqmianobis procesSi, miadga; g) igi pasuxs agebs dolus da culpa gamo. iustinianes

samarTalSi gaTvaliswinebuli iyo pasuxismgebloba culpa in concreto-s gamo, anu

mxolod sakuTari qonebis mimarT yairaTiani damokidebulebisaTvis.

5) amxanagobis Sewyveta

Societas solvitur ex personis, ex rebus, ex voluntate, ex actione. Ulp., D. 17, 2, 63, 10 (15): amxanagobis

Sewyvetis mizezi SeiZleba iyos pirebi, nivTebi, neba da moqmedeba.

1. pirTa mizeziT: piris gardacvalebis an amxanagobis wevris mimarT capitis deminutio

maxima et media, Sedegad gardacvalebaSi igulisxmeba amxanagobis erT-erTi wevris

qonebis gayidva, Tu is valauval movaled gamocxaddeboda.

2. nivTebis gamo: roca miRweulia amxanagobis mizani an dakarguli, an brunvidan

amoRebul iqna amxanagobis saerTo qoneba.

3. nebis mizeziT: roca dgeboda daTqmuli vada; amxanagobis yvela wevris

erTsulovani TanxmobiT, an, erT-erTi maTganis mier, uaris Tqmis an xelSekrulebis

gawyvetis SemTxvevaSi.

4. moqmedebis safuZvelze: roca stipulaciis Sedegad, an sasamarTlo procesis

meSveobiT, Seicvleboda TviT amxanagobis safuZveli.

$4. Locatio conductio (qiravnoba, ijara).

Locator (meijare); conductor (moijare, ijaradari); locatio (qiravnoba); conductio (ijara);

locatio conductio rei (ijariT aReba; sacxovrebeli saxlis daqiraveba); locatio conductio

operis _ nardoba (gadazidvebis CaTvliT); locatio conductio operarum (samuSao Zalis

qiravnoba).

ijara – konsensualuri kontraqti iyo, romlis Tanaxmad, erTi mxare, kerZod meijare

(locator) nivTs an samsaxurs droebiT gadascemda meore mxaris, anu moijares

(conductor) gankargulebaSi. moijare, Tavis mxriv, `iRebda” nivTs, da meijares

sasargeblod, `ukuminiWebas” axorcielebda naturaluri rentis an fuladi

gadasaxadis saxiT. romaelebi am kontraqtSi or urTierTsanacvlo valdebulebas

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gulisxmobdnen: qiravnobasa (locatio) da ijaras (conductio); orive valdebulebas

specialuri sarCeli icavda. es sarCelebi yidva-gayidvis xelSekrulebidan

aRmocenebul sarCels hgavda da maTi Sesruleba msgavsi iuridiuli normebiT iyo

mowesrigebuli.

1. ijaris xelSekrulebis ZiriTadi niSnebi iyo: a) ijara kosensualuri kontraqti:

“locatio-conductio – aris bunebrivi xelSekruleba, romelic yvela xalxma aRiara

(kontraqtad), ara sityvebis, aramed yidva-gayidvis msgavsad, SeTanxmebis meSveobiT

dadebulad (Paul., D. 19. 2, 1); Locatio et conductio cum naturalis sit et omnium gentium, non verbis, sed

consensu contrahitur, sicut emptio et venditio; b) xelSekruleba imaSi mdgomareobda,

rom raime nivTi an samuSao droebiT, saijaro fasis, an anazRaurebis sanacvlod,

gadaecemoda meore piris gankargulebaSi; g) am xelSekrulebis mizani

sxvadasxvanairi iyo. Sesabamisad, saijaro urTierTobebic mravalferovani iyo.

sajaro xelSekrulebis yvelaze Zveli nairsaxeoba nivTebis qiravnoba iyo: moZravi

nivTebis, pirutyvis an uZravi qonebis daqiraveba. saijaro urTierTobebis klasikuri

reJimi, aRniSnuli epoqis socialur-ekonomikur moTxovnebs, pasuxobda. am periodSi

gavrcelda sasoflo-sameurneo nakveTebisa da qalaqSi arsebuli sacxovrebeli

saxlebis daqiraveba (ijariT aReba).

klasikur epoqaSi, ZiriTadad, monis Sroma gamoiyeneboda. saijaro urTierTobebi ori

saxis sarCels warmoSobda: in ius et bonae fidei kategoriidan: a) ijariT gadacemulidan

warmoSobili sarCeli (actio locati) meijaris (locator) sasargeblod, raTa mas

SesZleboda, ijariT gadacemuli nivTis, ukan dabruneba, an moijares (conductor)

mxridan, sakuTar Tavze aRebuli, nebismieri valdebulebis Sesrulebis moTxovna; b)

sarCeli qiravnobaSi miRebulis Sesaxeb (actio conducti), romelic moijares

sasargeblod iyo dadgenili, raTa meijaresagan moeTxova maszed dakisrebuli

movaleobebis Sesruleba.

2. saijaro urTierTobebis saxeebi

Locatio-conductio- s urTierTobebi or nairsaxeobad iyofa: 1) nivTebis ijara, rac

momsaxurebis qiravnobasac gulisxmobda; 2) nardoba.

nivTebis ijara (locatio-conductio rei) da momsaxurebis qiravnoba (locatio – conductio

operarum).

am xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad, meijare uZravi an mouxmari moZravi qonebiT

sargeblobis uflebas moijare pirs uTmobda. miwis nakveTebis moijares – koloni,

xolo sacxovrebeli saxlebis moijares _ inkvilinusi ewodeboda. sasoflo-

sameurneo miwis nakveTebis ijaras gankargavda cenzori, romelic am nakveTebs

ijariT gascemda, Cveulebriv, sajaro auqcionis gziT, xuTwliani vadiT (lustrum).

xelSemkvreli mxareebis movaleobaSi Sedioda: 1. meijare (locator) movale iyo:

moijares gankargulebaSi `gadaeca” nivTi da mieniWebina misTvis nivTiT sargeblobis

da misgan nayofis miRebis ufleba. moijare nivTis ubralo mpyrobelad, anu

naturalur mflobelad iTvleboda (Ulp. D.10,3,7,11), romelic nivTs meijares saxeliT

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gankargavda da romlis mimarT mas mxolod kontraqtidan warmoSobili,

valdebuleba gaaCnda. Tu meijare nivTs gayidda, myidvels SeeZlo nivTis flobis

gamoTxova, saijaro xelSekrulebis vadis amowurvamde `gayidva wyvets ijaris

xelSekrulebas wesis Tanaxmad (emptio tollit locatum). aRniSnul viTarebaSi, meijare

moijaris winaSe pasuxs agebda miyenebuli zianis gamo.

2. ijariT gacemuli nivTi saTanado mdgomareobaSi Senaxva saijaro xelSekrulebis

moqmedebis vadis ganmavlobaSi, raTa moijares mieces, aRniSnuli nivTiT, normaluri

sargeblobis saSualeba. nivTis saTanadod SenaxvasTan dakavSirebuli xarjebi

meijarem unda gaiRos, Tu, damatebiTi SeTanxmebiT, sxva ram ar iyo

gaTvaliswinebuli. meijares awva periculum (nivTis daRupvis riski) gamo

pasuxismgebloba, dauZleveli Zalis garemoebaTa dadgomis SemTxvevaSi.

3. meijare pasuxs agebda moijaresaTvis miyenebuli nebismieri zianis gamo.

moijare (conductor) movale iyo:

1. ganuxrelad Seetana saijaro gadasaxadi. gadasaxadis gadaxda myarad

gansazRvruli, fuladi TanxiT xdeboda. Tumca, gadasaxadis gadaxda miRebuli

nayofis nawilis, anu naturaluri formiTac xdeboda.

2. nivTiT esargebla, misi bunebrivi Tvisebebisa da bunebrivi daniSnulebis

Sesabamisad. moijare calpa-s gamo pasuxs agebda im SemTxvevaSi, Tu man arajerovnad

isargebla nivTiT, an is aramiznobrivi daniSnulebiT gamoiyena. amis garda, moijare

pasuxs agebda nivTis SenaxvisaTvis (custodia) gamo, nivTis qurdobis (furtum) gamo.

3. meijerasaTvis daebrunebina nivTi saTanado mdgomareobaSi saijaro

xelSekrulebis vadis amowurvis Semdeg.

3. saijaro xelSekruleba wydeboda: a) Tu gansazRvruli iyo xelSekrulebis

moqmedebis vada: 1. saijaro xelSekrulebis vadis amowurvis Semdeg; 2. moijaris

mxaridan uaris Tqmis SemTxvevaSi, Tu nivTis daniSnulebisamebr gamoyebneba

SeuZlebeli iqneboda (Gai., D. 19, 2, 25, 2); b) Tu saijaro xelSekrulebis moqmedebis

vada ar iyo dadgenili: 1. moijares an meijares mxridan uaris Tqmis SemTxvevaSi; 2.

xelSekrulebis Sewyvetas xelSemkvreli mxaris gardacvaleba ar iwvevda, radgan

kontraqti memkvidreebze “gadadioda”. samuSao Zalis qiravnoba (locatio conductio

operarum) dasabams iRebda monebis gaqiravebis praqtikidan; aRniSnuli

xelSekrulebis sagani – fizikuri Sroma iyo, romelsac fuladi safasuris gadaxdis

sanacvlod axorcielebdnen. regulirebis gansakuTrebuli reJimi Tavisufali

profesiis pirebisaTvis iyo gaTvaliswinebuli. ciceroni xelovnebas anu saqmianobas

(operae) or jgufad: Tavisufal da araTavisufal saqmianobad hyofda. Tavisufali

profesiis pirebi sakuTari saqmianobisaTvis gasamrjelos saxiT, saCuqrebs an

naboZvars iRebdnen, romelsac honorari (honor – pativi) ewodeboda.

4. Locatio conductio operis (nardobis xelSekruleba)

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mocemul SemTxvevaSi saubari damkveTis mxridan (locator) garkveuli samuSaos

Sesrulebis dakveTas exeboda: damkveTi, aRniSnuli mizniT, samuSaoebis mwarmoebels

(conductor) garkveul nivTs gadascemda. samuSaos dasrulebis Semdeg monardes fulad

anazRaurebas uxdidnen, xolo samuSaos damkveTi damzadebul nivTs iRebda. monarde

ar iyo valdebuli piradad Seesrulebina SekveTa da, amitom, dasaSvebi iyo

qvemonardis gamoyeneba. am ukanasknelis movaleobaSi Sedioda, samuSaos

damkveTisaTvis, Sesrulebuli samuSaos (facere) mTlianad da aranawilobriv gadacema.

damkveTis movaleobaSi Sedioda monardis, samuSaosaTvis saWiro masaliT,

uzrunvelyofa, an mTlianad, an nawilobriv xolo Tu damkveTs, saWiro masaliT,

mTlianad uzrunvelyofda monarde, maSin saxeze iqneboda ara nardobis, aramed

yidva-gayidvis xelSekruleba.

samuSaos Sesruleba unda momxdariyo, kontraqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli pirobebis

sruli dacviT, teqnikuri normativebis Sesabamisad (raTa ar dadgindes teqnikuri

defeqti) da dadgenil vadaSi.

Periculum (nivTis daRupvis riski), forsmaJorul viTarebaSi, menardes awva. xolo, Tu

zianis braleulad mimyenebeli monarde iyo, pasuxismgeblobac masve ekisreboda.

samuSaos daqiravebas adgili hqonda warmoebisa da momsaxurebis sxvadasxva sferoSi

(tvirTis gadazidva, mSenebloba, sxvadasxva nawarmis warmoeba, saremonto samuSaoebi,

avadmyofis movla).

5.Quasi ex contractu (kvazi kontraqtebi)

fsevdo xelSekrulebidan warmoSobili valdebulebebi ( quasi ex contractu) cneba

SemoRebul iqna iustinianes instituciebSi ( Inst.Iust 3, 27), Tumca, jer kidev

klasikuri periodis iurisprudencia valdebulis wyaroTa Soris ganasxvavebda

kontraqtul da deliqtur, agreTve TiTqos kontraqtul valdebulebebs, kerZod

sxvisi saqmis davalebis gareSe warmoeba (negotiorium gestio) da arasavaldebulos

gadaxda (usafuZvlo gamdidrebidan warmoSobili valdebuleba solutio indebiti),

SecdomiT Sesrulebulis gadaxda.

$4. Negotiorium gestio (sxvisi saqmis davalebis gareSe warmoeba).

Utiliter gerere (gestio) (mizani iyo mesakuTris sameurneo sargebeli); prohibitio

(mesakuTres SeeZlo sakuTar saqmeebSi Caurevlobis moTxovna); actio negotiorum gestorum.

Dominus negotii (sxvisi saqmis warmoeba) davalebis (mandatum) arsebobis gareSe,

zogjer, potenciurad ormxrivi, valdebulebis warmoSobis wyaro xdeboda.

aRniSnuli valdebuleba actio negotiorum gestorum-iT iyo daculi: dominus negoti-is,

nebayoflobiTi prokuratorisagan angariSis moTxovna SeeZlo mis mier gaweuli

samsaxuris Sesaxeb, xolo negotiorum gestor – moiTxovda xarjebis anazRaurebas

Sesagevbeli sarCelis (actio negotiorum gestorum contraria) meSveobiT.

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Negotiorum gestio ZiriTadi niSnebi (rekvizitebi): 1.savaldebulo iyo, rom warmoebis

obieqti namdvilad yofiliyo sxva piris saqme; 2.gestor-s Segnebuli unda hqonoda

aRniSnuli faqti, anu animus aliena negotia gerendi-s (ganzraxva awarmoos sxva piris

saqmeebi); 3. gestio-s mizani mesakuTris (dominium negotii) sameurneo sargebelSi unda

mdgomareobdes _ utiler gerere; 4. usasyidlo momsaxureba.

aRniSnuli pirobebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, mesakuTre valdebuli iyo mieRo gestor

mier gaweuli samuSao, imis miuxedavad, Tu samuSaos praqtikuli Sedegebi ararad

iqceoda, SemTxeviTobis an dauZleveli Zalis zemoqmedebis gamo.

im SemTxvevaSi, roca mesakuTre ar iyo dainteresebuli momsaxurebis gawevaSi, mas

SeeZlo aekrZala sakuTar saqmeebSi Careva (prohibitio), radgan daTvuri samsaxuri

negotiorum gestio ver iqneba miCneuli.

davalebis gareSe sxvisi saqmeebis warmoeba daculi iyo actio negotiorum gestorum

(sarCeliT), romelsac ori formula hqonda: in ius concepta et in factum concepta. pirveli

formula bona fides princips efuZneboda da Seicavda intentio (yvelaferi, rac am saqmis

gamo unda mieces, keTilsindisierad unda gakeTdes _ quiquid ob eam rem dare facere

oportet ex fide bona) da Sesabamis condemnatio, romelic saSualebas iZleoda

gaTvaliswinebuliyo mosarCelis dadebiTi interesi condemnatio-Si (ra eRireba es

nivTi - quanti ea res erit).

nebismier SemTxvevaSi, nebayofilobiTi prokuratoris pasuxismgebloba subieqturi

faqtorebiT ganisazRvreboda: dolus et culpa (D. 3,5,3,9; 3,5,10).

§5. Solutio indebiti (usafuZvlo gamdidrebidan warmoSobili fsevdo xelSekruleba

Condictio indebiti (kondiqciuri sarCeli Sesrulebis moTxovnis Sesaxeb, valis

arsebobis SemTxvevaSi); Condictio sine causa (konduqciuri sarCeli gadacemulis

gamoTxovnis Sesaxeb, marTlzomieri safuZvlis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi); Condictio ob

turpem causam (konduqciuri sarCeli mankieri safuZvliT gadacemulis Sesaxeb);

Condictio ob rem dati re non secuta (konduqciuri sarCeli sakuTrebaSi gadacemuli nivTis

gamoTxovis Sesaxeb, roca mosalodneli miniWeba ar damdgara (rogorc gacvlisas,

misi do ut des kontraqtad aRiarebamde).

I. usafuZvlo gamdidrebidan warmoSobili valdebuleba SecdomiT,

fsevdokreditoris sasargeblod, ganxorcielebul Sesrulebas da, Semsruleblis

mxareze, civiluri moTxovnis aRmocenebas gulisxmobda, raTa am ukanasknels ukan

gamoeTxova Sesrulebis Sedegi. dazaralebul pirs fsevdokreditorisagan

konduqciuri sarCeli (condictio) icavda. usafuZvlod gamdidrebuli

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fsevdokreditoris valdebuleba imasTan iyo dakavSirebuli, rom man, Tavis

sasargeblod, SeiZina SecdomiT Sesrulebis Sedegebi, riTac obieqturad, gaauaresa

SecdomiT Semsruleblis mdgomareoba.

Pomp., D. 12, 6, 14 Tvlida, rom: Nam hoc natura aequum est neminem cum alterius detrimento fieri

locupletiorem (vinaidan bunebis moTxovnebs pasuxobda, rom aravin gamdidrebuliyo

sxvisi mdgomareobis gauaresebis xarjze) da Quod indebitum per errorem solvitur, aut ipsum aut

tantundem repetitur (is, rac SecdomiT, valis ararsebobis pirobebSi, iyo miniWebuli,

ukan gamoiTxoveba an naturiT, an imave moculobiT).

saqmis garemoebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT, usafuZvlo gamdidrebidan warmoSobili

valdebulebis, Semdeg nairsaxeobebs ganasxvavebdnen: 1.Condictio indebiti – kondiqciuri

sarCeli Sesrulebulis ukan gamoTxovis Sesaxeb, valis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi;

2.Condictio sine causa – kondiqciuri sarCeli, marTlzomieri safuZvlis arsebobis

pirobebSi, gadacemuli sikeTis ukan gamoTxovis Sesaxeb; 3.Condictio ob turpem causam –

kondiqciuri sarCeli, (aramarTlzomierad)mankieri safuZvliT, gadacemulis Sesaxeb;

4.Condictio ob rem dati re non secuta - kondiqciuri sarCeli sakuTrebaSi gadacemuli

nivTis ukan gamoTxovis Sesaxeb, roca mosalodneli miniWeba ar ganxorcielebula

(rogorc permutatio (gacvla) dros xdeboda, misi do ut des (usaxelo kontraqti)

cnobamde).

II. Solutio indebiti ZiriTadi rekvizitebi

sakuTriv condictio indebiti gaaCnia Semdegi rekvizitebi: 1. valis ararseboba (arc

namdvilis da arc moCvenebiTis); 2. mxareTa Secdoma valis ararsebobis Sesaxeb, anu

valis ararsebobaSi cru darwmuneba.

Tu ararsebuli vali Segnebulad sruldeboda, miniWebulis ukan dabrunebis

moTxovna dauSvebeli iyo; Tu Sesruleba arakeTilsindisierad iyo miRebuli, fsevdo

kreditori qurdobas sCadioda da pasuxs actio furti et no condictio ex causa furtiva mixedviT

agebda.

Conductio sine causa im SemTxvevaSi miecemoda, Tu: 1. miniWeba, romelic ganxorcielda

abstraqtuli garigebis an delegatio (kreditorebis Secvla) gziT, moxda iusta causa–s

(samarTlebrivi safuZveli) gareSe; 2. miniWebis marTlzomieri safuZveli gahqra (D.

12,7,4). mag., datio ob dotem (- gasxviseba mziTevis dadgenis mizniT) dros gamsxvisebeli

uflebamosili iyo condictio sine causa-ze im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mosalodneli qorwineba ar

Sedgeboda.

Condictio ob turpem causam im SemTxvevaSi iqneba miniWebuli, Tu: 1. sakuTrebis uflebis

gadatanis safuZveli keTilznes arRvevda (contra bones mores). Tanac, mankieri

ganzraxva (turpitudo) mxolod sargeblis mimRebis mxareze unda SeiniSnebodes (D.

12,5,4,2). mag., roca fuladi Tanxa im mizniT aris gadaxdili, rom mkvleloba

yofiliyo Cadenili. (SekveTili mkvleloba) (D.12,5,3, 4.1) iyo.

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$6.Pacta (paqtebi)

Pactum – paqti; exceptio pacti conventi (sasarCelo uaryofis formiT daculi, kerZo

SeTanxmeba); expatre rei (mxolod mopasuxis mxareze gamomJRavnebuli dacvis uaryofiTi

Sedegi); ex patre actoris (mosarCeles mxareze sasarCelo dacvis SesaZleblobis

zemoqmedeba); pacta adiecta in continenti (ZiriTadi kontraqtis dadebis momentSi,

damatebuli SeTanxmeba); pacta adiecta ex intervallo (SeTanxmeba, dadebuli garkveuli

drois gasvlis Semdeg); pacta nuda (SiSveli, an sasarCelo dacvis gareSe darCenili

paqtebi, romlebic mxolod exceptio-Tvis safuZvels qmnida); pacta vestita (Semosili

paqtebi – sarCeliani dacviT uzrunvelyofili SeTanxmebebi); pacta praetoria (pretoris

mier Seqmnili da sarCeliT daculi axali samarTlebrivi figurebi da

valdebulebebi); pacta legitima (postklasikurma samarTalma sxva sasarCelo

valdebulebebic Seqmna, romlebic dacvis uflebas imperatoris kanonmdeblobiT

iZendnen); constitutum debiti (Tavisufal formaSi dapirebis micema, garkveul vadaSi

valis Sesrulebis Sesaxeb); actio de pecunia constituta (sarCeli valis aRiarebidan, in

factum kreditors im movalis winaaRmdeg miecema, romelmac ar Seasrula constitutum –

dapireba); receptum arbitri (mxareTa winadadebiT, sakuTar Tavze momrigebeli

mosamarTlis rolis aReba, roca mxareebma erTmaneTTan arasasarCelo SeTanxmeba

dades imis Sesaxeb, rom maTi dava arbitrs ganexila _ compromissum); receptum

argentrarii (constitutum debiti alieni - mesame piris valis, rogorc valdebulebis

garantiis, gansakuTrebuli formis dadasturebis SesaZleblobis gansakuTrebuli

SemTxveva, roca bankiri – argentarius, Tavisufal formaSi, sakuTar Tavze iRebda misi

klientis movaleobas mesame pirs gadauxados aRniSnuli klientis vali); reseptum

nautarum, cauponum, stabulariorum (gansazRvravs xomaldis (nauta), sasatumros an duqnis

(caupo), qarvaslis an sajinibos (stabularius) mepatroneTa pasuxismgeblobas, mgzavrebis,

an mdgmurebis nivTebis xelSeuxeblobis gamo).

romis samarTalSi garigebebis mimarT dadgenili fiormaluri moTxovnebi da

kontraqtebis mkacri tipizacia imas ganapirobebda, rom mxareTa Soris dadebuli

martivi SeTanxmeba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi iwvevda valdebulebiT efeqts, Tu causa

obligationis (valdebulebis safuZveli) erT-erT konsensualur kontraqts

Seesabameboda. mxolod pretorma mianiWa, Tavisufal formaSi dadebul, pactum –

(SeTanxmebas) iuridiuli aRiareba, rac specialur ediqtSi “De pactis et conventionibus”

aisaxa (D. 2,14, 7, 7): “Pacta conventa, quae neque dolo malo, neque adversis leges, plebiscita, sentus

consulta, edicta, decreta principum neque quo fraus cuicorum fiat facta erunt, servabo” (me mivcem dacvas

im paqtebs, romlebic ar aris dadebuli boroti ganzraxviT da kanonebis,

plebiscitebis, senatis dadgenilebebis, ediqtebis da princepsis dekretebis

sawinaaRmdegod da aRniSnuli (normatiuli aqtebidan) romelimes gverdis avliT).

Tavisufal formaSi dadebuli kerZo SeTanxmebebis dacva, sasarCelo uaryofis

formaSi – exceptio pacti conventi xorcieldeboda, anu negatiuri iyo da mxolod

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mopasuxes mxareze (exparta rei) gamomJRavndeboda xolme, vinaidan, causa obligationis

ararseboba, sarCelis wardgenis SesaZleblobas dauSveblad miiCnevda (Ulp, 4 ad, ed., D.

2, 14, 7, 4):

Sed cum nulla subest causa, propter conventionem hic constat non posse constitui obligationen: igitur nuda

pactio obligationem non parit, sed parid exceptione (Tumca, roca ararsebobs raime kanonieri

safuZveli, gadawyvetilia, rom, msgavsi SeTanxmebis safuZvelze, dauSvebelia

valdebulebis dadgena. maSasadame, SiSveli paqtebi ver hqmnian valdebulebas. Tumca,

sasarCelo uaryofis uflebis warmoSobas xels uwyoben). miuxedavad amisa, is

damatebiTi SeTanxmeba, romlis dadebis mizans garigebis Sinaarsis modificireba

warmoadgenda, ZiriTadi valdebulebis uSualod dadgenis momentSi, TviT garigebis

struqturaSi (piroba, vada) Sedioda da zegavlenas axdebnda sasarCelo dacvis

saSualebaze – ex parte actoris (mosarCeles mxareze).

aseTi gavlena gansakuTrebiT mgrZnobiare iyo im garigebebis mimarT, romlebic iudicia

bonae fidei meSveobiT daidebodnen, roca, mosamarTlis Sexeduleba da

keTilsindisierebis zogadi principebisadmi Sesabamisobis moTxovna, formalur

sasarCelo uaryofas cvlida. aseT SemTxvevaSi, pactum Sinaarsi uSualod Sedioda,

ZiriTadi garigebidan warmoSobil, sasarCelo moTxovnaSi. Ulp. (4 ad ed., D. 2, 14, 7, 5)

Tvlida:

Quin immo interdum format ipsam actionen, ut in bonae fidei iudiciis: solemus enim dicere pacta cinventa

inesse bonae fidei iudiciis. Sed hoc sic accipiendum est, ut si quidem ex continenti pacta subsecuta sunt, etiam

ex parte actoris insint: siex intervallo, non inerunt, nec valebunt, si agat, ne ex pacto actio nascatur( maSin

ratom axdends (paqti) zogjer gavlenas TviT sasarCelo moTxovnaze, rogorc es

keTilsindisieri sarCelebis dros xdeba xolme: Cven xom miveCvieT imaze saubars,

rom damatebiTi SeTanxmeba Sedis keTilsindisieri sarCelebis SinaarsSi). Tumca,

aRniSnuli ise unda aRviqvaT, rom, Tu paqtebi umalve iqnen damatebuli ZiriTadi

xelSekrulebisadmi, maT Zala TviT mosarCeles mxarezec ki gaaCniaT; xolo, Tu

paqtebi (damatebuli) iqnen garkveuli drois gasvlis Semdeg, isini garigebaSi ar

Sedian, da maT sarCelis wardgenis dros ar eqnebaT Zala, vinaidan paqtidan

sasarCelo moTxovna ar warmoiSveba. Pacta adiecta in continenti (ZiriTadi kontraqtis

dadebis momentSi miRweuli SeTanxmeba) gansxvavdeba pacta adiecta ex intervallo

(garkveuli drois gasvlis Semdeg damatebuli SeTanxmebisagan) imiT aris arsebiTi,

rom aq adgili hqonda im principis simkacres, romeliTac SiSveli SeTanxmeba

sasarCelo moTxovnas ar warmoSobda. roca pactum uSualod Sedis bonae fidei

garigebis struqturaSi, is ZiriTadi kontraqtis nawili xdeba da amiT mas

gancalkavebuli SeTanxmebis Tviseba ekargeba.

Pacta nuda (SiSveli paqtebidan) unda ganvasxvavoT Tavisufal formaSi dadebuli

iseTi SeTanxmebebisagan, romlebmac, droTa ganmavlobaSi, SeiZines sasarCelo dacvis

ufleba, an ius honorarium (e. w. pacta praetoria), an postklasikuri saimperatoro

kanonmdeblobis (pacta legitima) ZaliT. Pacta praetoria-s ricxvs miekuTvneba valis

dadastureba (constitutum debiti) da is sxvadasxva figura, romelic pasuxismgeblobas

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warmoSobda, sakuTar Tavze valdebulebis aRebis, SemTxvevaSi (recepta); pacta legitimia-s

jgufs ki miekuTvneba Cuqeba da valdebulebiTi efeqtis mqone mziTvis dadgena.

Constitutum debiti warmoadgenda Tavisufal formaSi micemul dapirebas, rom movale,

arsebuli valis, gadaxdas garkveul vadaSi Seasrulebda. vali fuladi TanxiT an

mosaxmari nivTebis saxiT unda yofiliyo warmodgenili. daiSveboda ara marto

sakuTari valis (constititum debiti propri), aramed mesame piris valis (constitutum debiti

alieni) dadastureba, rac valdebulebis Sesrulebis garantiis Tavisebur formas

warmoadgenda.

Constitutum debiti uwindel valdebulevbas ar ganaaxlebda Tumca, exceptio pacti conventi –

saxiT, dadgenil vadamde, Sesrulebis moTxovnis winaaRmdegobas uqmnida, agreTve

aadvilebda valis anazRaurebas dadgenili vadis gasvlis Semdeg: aadvilebda valis

anazRaurebas dadgenili vadis gasvlis Semdeg kreditors eniWeboda pretoruli

sarCeli infactum – actio de pecunia constituta _ sarCeli valis aRiarebiT, romelic

kreditors im movalis winaaRmdeg miecema, romelmac ar Seasrula constitutum –

dapireba. imperatorma iustinianem actio de pecunia constituta im moTxovnevzec gaavrcela,

romelTa obieqts mxolod fuladi an moxmarebadi nivTebi ar Seadgendnen.

Reseptum arbutri – niSnavda mxareTa winadadebiT, sakuTar Tavze momrigebeli

mosamarTlis rolis aRebas, Tu am mxareebma arasasarCelo SeTanxmeba dades imis

Sesaxeb, rom maT davas arbitri (compromissum) ganixilavda. momrigebeli

mosamarTlis rilis amRebi piri, valdebuli iyo ganexila saqme da gamoetana am

saqmeze gadawyvetuleba, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi pretori mas sajarimo sanqciebs

(multae) daakisrebda. pasuxismgeblobis aRniSnuli saxe pretoruli ediqtis

specialuri rubrikiT iyo gaTvaliswinebuli (D. 4, 8, 3, 1-2).

Receptum argentarii – constitutum debiti alieni gansakuTrebuli SemTxveva iyo, roca bankiri

(argentatius) Tavisufal formaSi, sakuTar Tavze iRebda misi klientis valis

gadaxdas, mesame piris mimarT. bankiri valdebulebis SesrulebisaTvis pasuxs agebda

specialuri sarCelis – actio recepticia safuZvelze. Tanac, constitutum-isagan

gansxvavebiT, bankiris pasuxismgebloba ar iyo damokidebuli, klientis mxareze,

valis WeSmarit aresbobaze. iustinianes dros reseptum argentarii mTlianad constitutum

debiti alieni figuras gautolda.

Receptum nautarum, cauponum, stabulariorum gansazRvravda xomaldis (nauta), sastumris an

samikitnos (caupo), qarvaslisa an sajinibos (stabularius) mepatroneTa pasuxismgeblobas

maTi mgzavrebis, an mdgmurebis qonebis xelSeuxeblobis gamo (D. 4,9,1,2). Locatio

conductio (qiravnoba) da depositum (Senaxva) xelSekrulebebis safuZvelze warmoSobili

civiluri sarCelebisagan gansxvavebiT, receptum – is gamo pasuxismgebloba, sakuTar

TavSi ufro custodia-s (movaleoba gamoiCino gansakuTrebuli) yairaTianoba, romelic

pasuxismgeblobis ufro maRal xarisxs warmoSobs), vidre culpa _ Seicavda da

labeonis azriT, mxolod maSin gaTavisufldeboda am pasuxismgeblobidan, Tu

daamtkicebda, rom dauZleveli Zalis zemoqmedebas (damnum fatale) hqonda adgili.

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(D.4,9,3,1).

amrigad, daskvnis saxiT unda ganimartos, rom imperatorma iustinianem,

samarTalganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT, cotaodeni cvlilebebi Seitana konsesualuri

kontraqtebis Semdgomi ganviTarebis saqmeSi: 1. man zogierT pacta mianiWa sasarCelo

dacvis ufleba: nawilobriv iuristebis samarTlis, nawilobriv – ki pretoruli da

saimperatoro kanonSemoqmedebis safuZvelze. kerZod, iuristebis samarTali icavda

pacta adiecta in conventi, romlebic daideboda uSualod bonae fidei garigebebis dros, anu

maTi gaformebos momentSi. pretotuli samarTali icavda e. w. pacta praetoria-s

(constitutum, pactum iurisiurandi _ SeTanxmeba imis Sesaxeb, rom mxareTa Soris davas

gadawyvetda ficis dadeba iusiuranmum). xolo imperatoris kanonebi icavda e. w. pacta

legitima (pactum dotis – mxareebs (meuRleebs) SeeZloT mziTvis Sesaxeb, wvrilmani

sakiTxebis daTqma specialuri SeTanxmebiT gaeformebinaT, Tumca, im pirobiT, rom

isini dotaciuri reglamentaciis ZiriTad principebs daicavdnen (kerZod, ar

gauaresdeboda colis mdgomareoba da qmaric Semosavlis wyaros ar dakargavda,

pactum donationis da 500 solidi – SeTanxmeba im nivTebis samomavlo Cuqebis Sesaxeb,

romelTa saerTo Rirebuleba 500 solidze naklebs Seadgenda (oqros monetebi) da

iustinianes kanonmdebloba, nivTis gadacemis Sesaxeb moTxovnis uSualo safuZvels

warmoadgenda; 2. Tu pactum mimarTuli iyo urTierTmoqmedebisaken da erT-erTma

mxarem Seasrula dapirebuli moqmedeba, warmoiSveboda usaxelo realuri kontraqti:

doutdes, do ut facias, facio ut des, facio ut facias; 3. imperatorma zenonma daadgina

konsensualuri kontraqtis – contractus emphyteuticarius –axali nairsaxeoba.

b) Delictum (deliqti)

Delictum (deliqti); crimen (danaSauli); vindicta (SurisZieba); talio (taloni); infamia

(Seuracxyofis miyeneba – uRirsad miCneva); noxae deditio (samarTaldamrRvevis

dazaralebulisaTvis gadacema); actio de pauperie (sxvisi cxovelis mier miyenebuli

ziuanidan warmoSobili sarCeli); furtum (qurdoba); furtum usus (sargeblobis uflebis

moparva); furtum possessionis (mflobelobis uflebis moparva); furtum proprietatis

(sakuTrebis uflebis moparva); furtum manifestum (naqurdaliT xelSi qurdis dakaveba);

furtum nec manifestum (dafaruli qurdoba); actio furti (sajarimo pasixismgebloba

qurdobisaTvis, romelic per formulas procesis CarCoebSi xorcieldeboda) furtum

oblatum (naqurdalis damalva); furtum conceptum (aSkara qurdobas utoldeboda is

garemoeba, roca naqurdali nivTi aRmoCndeboda saritualo Cxrekvis Catarebis

dros); crimina extraordinaria (imperatoris kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili qurdobis

danaSauli, romelic Zalzed mkacr sasjels iwvevda – sikvdilis dasjis CaTvliT);

crimen expilatae hereditatis (samkvidros moparva); rapina (Zarcva); actio vi bonorum raptorum

(Zarcva idevneboda pretor lukulusis mier qr. S-mde 76 w. SemoRebuli sarCeliT,

romelic gulisxmobda, Zalis gamoyenebiT, naZarcvi qonebis amoRebas); damnum iniuria

datum (zianis marTlsawinaaRmdego miyeneba); actiones legis Aquiliae (per formulas procesis

farglebSi warmoSobili sarCeli, romelic lex Aquilia-s Tavebze iyo dafuZnebuli);

actio servi corrupti (monis garyvnis Taobaze Setanili sarCeli); dolo malo vi hominibus

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armatis coachsve damnum datum (qr. S-mde I saukuneSi pretorma SemoiRo specialuri

sarCeli SeiaraRebul pirTa jgufis devnis Sesaxeb, romelmac zianis ganzraxviT

miyeneba Caidina); iniuria (pirovnebis Seuracxyofa); membrum ruphem (asoTmiReba); os

fraectum (sxeulis mZime dazianeba (Zvlis motexa); iniuria (pirovnebis nebismieri

Seuracxyofa); lex Cornelia de iniuriis (qr. S-mde 81 w. SemoRebuli kanoniT, pirovnebis

winaaRmdeg mimarTuli, gansakuTrebiT mZime samarTaldarRvevebi, ganixileboda

rogorc crimina - danaSauli); quaestio de iniuriis (principatis periodSi cognito extra

ordinem farglebSi sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebze, kerZo sarCelis alternativad,

Camoyalibebuli sajaro samarTalwarmoeba); convicium adversus bonos mores (patiosani

qcevebis sawinaaRmdego gamoxtomebi, romlebSic muqara an sxva uxamsi sityvebi

igulisxmeboda); adtemptata puditicia (Seuracxyofili umankoeba, romelic, maRali wris

qalebis mimarT, TavdasxmaSi, an, orive sqesis mcirewlovanTa mimarT, uxeS moqcevaSi

igulisxmeboda); edictum de effusis et deiectis (pretori ediqtiT awesebda pasuxismgeblobas

fanjridan raimes gadagdebis an gadaqcevis gamo); actiones populares (sarCeli, romelic

nebismier moqalaqes SeeZlo waredgina imis gamo, rom mravalbiniabni saxlis

mobinadrem, an nebismierma mesame pirma fanjridan raime isrola an gadaaqcia, riTac

sxeulebrivi dazianeba miayena gamvlels, an fanjrebs qveS mdgar pirs); edictum de

positum (gulisxmobda gamvlelTaTvis mxolod safrTxis Seqmnas); culpa in eligendo

(daudevroba TanamSromeli piris SerCevis dros).

I.Delictum cneba da pirobebi

deliqti iseTi akrZaluli qmedeba iyo, romelic valdebulebis warmoSobas iwvevda.

yovelgvari deliqti gulisxmobda: a) marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebis ganxorcielebas

(da ara martiv windauxedaobas); marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedeba unda Seicavdes, zogadi

wesiT, dolus (faruli, boroti ganzraxva), xolo erT SemTxvevaSi (damnum iniuria datum)

– culpa-s (gaufrTxilebloba, gaufrTxilebeli brali, gaufrTxilebeli gadacdoma);

deliqtunariani SeiZleba iyos mxolod Sesacxadi piri; b) Delictum raime adamianuri

sikeTis xelyofas an dazianebas gulisxmobda (sxeuli, Tavisufleba, qoneba, pativi

da Rirseba).

Delictum, rogorc kerZo xasiaTis samarTaldarRveva, dazaralebulis mxareze

orgvari xasiaTis interess warmoSobda: zianis mimyeneblis dasjis survilsa da

miyenebuli zaralis anazRaurebis aucileblobas. aqedan gamomdinare, ex delicto-dan

kreditori flobda or moTxovnas, romlebic, kumulaciurad, ori tipis sarCelebiT

iyo daculi: sajarimo sarCeliT (actio poenalis) da arasajarimo sarCeliT (actio rei

persecutoria), romlis meSveobiT xdeboda qonrbrivi interesis dakmayofileba.

amrigad, jarimis gadaxdis valdebuleba imas gulisxmobda, rom, ius civile-s mixedviT,

zogierTi qmedeba (e. w. delicta privata – kerZo samarTaldarRveva) isjeboda ara

sisxlis samarTlis wesiT, aramed, dazaralebuli mxaris sasargeblod, jarimis

gadaxdevinebiT, romelsac es ukanaskneli samoqalaqo sarCelis wardgenis meSveobiT

moiTxovda; imperiis xanaSi, pirvelad, delicta privata sferoSi dazaralebuli mxare

arCevanis winaSe iyo dayenebuli: an moeTxova kerZo jarimis gadaxda samoqalaqo

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sarCelis safuZvelze, an moeTxova xelmyofis sisxlis samarTlis wesiT dasja, e.w.

crimen extraordinarium-is gamo, xolo miyenebuli zaralis anazRaurebis valdebuleba

xorcieldeboda mxolod maSin, Tu qonebrivi zaralis miyenebas hqonda adgili.

romis samarTlis specifikuroba imaSi mdgomareobda, rom samarTaldamrRvevi

idevneboda da isjeboda kerZo piris iniciativis safuZvelze da mas jarimis gadaxda

ekisreboda dazaralebuli piris sasargeblod. swored amaSi mdgomareobda delictum

(kerZo samarTaldarRvevis) crimen (sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulisagan) gansxvaveba,

vinaidan es ukanaskneli ara kerZo piris interesebs xelyofda, aramed mTeli

sazogadoebis winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli. samarTlis wyaroTa udidesi nawili

swored imaze metyvelebs, rom Zvel romSi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba delicta privata-s

eTmoboda, razec TviT sasamarTlo ganxilvebic metyvelebda, romelTa iniciatorebi

kerZo pirebi gaxldaT. Tumca, sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulic calkeul moqalaqeTa

iniciativis safuZvelze idevneboda: quivis de populo (nebismieri xalxidan) – nebismier

moqalaqes SeeZlo sisxlis samarTlis procesis aRZvra, sajaro sasamarTlo

ganxilvebis (ordo iudiciorum publicorum) wesis Sesabamisad; am dros jarimis

gadaxdevineba romaeli xalxis sasargeblod xdeboda. samarTaldarRvevisaTvis

dadgenili samarTlebrivi devnis dispoziciuroba, romauli sazogadoebisaTvis

damaxasiaTebeli, kerZo avtonomiisa da samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis gansakuTrebul

dones asaxavda.

sajarimo devnis, kerZo piris interesad miCneva, sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi,

calkeuli individis aqtiur monawileobasTan iyo dakavSirebuli, ris gamoc,

dazaralebuli piris qoinebrivi interesi, sazogadoebaSi dadgenili qcevis wesebis

mxolod erT saxeobas warmoadgenda, romelsac samarTaldamrRvevi piris winaaRmdeg

iyenebdnen, TviT individebis kerZo moTxovnebidan gamomdinare da sajaro

interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT. TiToeuli moqalaqis mier marTlwesrigis dacva,

sakuTar TavSi, TiToeuli moqalaqis samarTlebriv aqtiurobas Seicavda, im

sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi, rom yvela samarTaldamrRvevs sakuTar danaSaulze pasuxi

unda ego. Zvel romis sazogadoeba miiCnevda, rom nebismieri samarTaldarRveva

TiToeuli moqalaqis avtonomias, mis samarTlebriv Tavisuflebas xelyofda da,

Sesabamisad, samarTaldamrRvevic moqalaqis sasargeblod isjeboda. formalizaciis

(samarTlebrivi Sualobis) aucilebeli xarisxi jarimis fuladi xasiaTiT miiRweva –

e. i. Rirebulebis sayovelTao eqvivalentis formiT.

samarTalSi damkvidrda Sexeduleba, rom uZveles droSi samarTaldarRvevisaTvis

dazaralebuli mxare xelmyofis winaaRmdeg SurisZiebas (vindicta) axorcielebda,

romelic TandaTanobiT kompoziciis (samarTaldarRvevis gamo xelmyofTan

kompensaciis (pactio) Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba, romelsac es ukanaskneli dazaralebulis

ojaxs uxdida) sistemiT Seicvala.

aRniSnuli warmodgena mTlad zustad ver asaxavs urTierTobaTa mogvarebis namdvil

suraTs, vinaidan kerZo SurisZieba arasamarTlebriv movlenad ganixileba. Tumca,

pasuxismgeblobis am, ganuviTarebel, formaSi ukve iyo gamoxatuli sazogadoebrivi

urTierTobebis samarTlebrivi mogvarebis aucilebloba.

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formaluri Tanasworobisa da warmodgenaTa Tanazomierebis samarTlebrivi principi,

pirvelad, talonis (talio) sistemaSi povebs gamoxatulebas da ganisazRvreba Semdegi

principiT: `Tvali Tvalisa wil, kbili kbilisa wil”. damnaSavis adekvaturi

dazianebiT dakmayofilebulia ara marto SurisZiebis grZnoba – tanjvis anazRaureba

da, miyenebuli zianis TvalsazrisiT, SedarebiTi Tanasworobis aRdgena, aramed

aRdgenilia urTierTobaTa zogadi harmonia. aseTi SurisZieba, misi uxeSi

naturalizmis miuxedavad, Tanazomierebis kriteriumidan gamomdinareobda:

SurismaZiebeli sayovelTao samarTlianobis iaraRad gvevlineba. Zvelad SurisZiebis

idea religiuradac iyo gaformebuli da, amgvarad, xdeboda sazogadoebriv

urTierTobebSi misi sayovelTao avtoritetis aRiarebis aucilebloba. xelmyofi

ganixileboda ara marto zianisa da sayovelTao SfoTis wyarod, aramed codvilad,

im pirad, romelmac, sakuTari qmedebiT, Tavi Caiyena sayovelTaod aRiarebuli

normebisa da wesrigis sistemis farglebs gareT, ris gamoc mas ufro dabali

(uRirsi) bedis adamianad miiCneven da mis winaaRmdeg moqmedebda statusi: sacer

(RmerTisadmi miZRvnili) – kanongareSed gamocxadebuli; improbus intestabilisque (uRirsi

da mankieri) ndobadakarguli piri, romelsac mowmeobis ufleba CamoerTva. mas

Semdeg, rac xelmyofi Tanacxovrebis zogad wesebs daarRvevda, is sakuTar Tavs

kargavda, sakuTari pirovnebis safuZvlebs angrevda.

klasikur epoqaSi is piri, romelic samarTaldarRvevas Caidenda, arsebiTad

izRudeboda samarTalsubieqtobis TvalsazrisiTac da amis gamoxatuleba iyo

infamia (uRirsoba, upatiebeli qmedeba, saxelis Sercxvena), romelic gamoyeneboda im

piris mimarT, romelsac sajarimo sarCeli Seefarda.

codvad ganixileboda is samarTaldarRvevac, romelsac Caidenda xelisuflebaSi

myofi piri da es qmedeba sayovelTao sircxvilad miiCneoda im ojaxis mimarT,

romlis wevric aRniSnuli piri iyo, amitom ojaxi mis mokveTas cdilobda. ojaxidan

mokveTa capitis deminutio minima iwvevda da samarTaldamrRvevi, praqtikulad, daucveli

rCeboda. mokveTis garda, samarTaldamrRvevi dazaralebulis morCilebaSi

gadadioda, riTac, uZveles droSi, ganxorcieldeboda xolme pasuxismgeblobis idea.

amitom, samarTaldamrRvev pirs, romelsac paterfamilias xelqveiTi iyo

dazaralebul mxares gadascemdnen, samarTaldarRvevis kompensaciis pirobiT (noxae

deolitio). Tumca, mamamTavars SeeZlo samarTaldarRvevis piradi aspeqtis

neitralizeba, kompensaciis gadaxdis gziT (poena), romelic dazaralebul mxares

unazRaurdeboda. amgvarad, xelisuflebaSi myofi piris mier, Cadenili

samarTaldarRvevisaTvis pasuxismgebloba mas ekisreboda da sajarimo movaleobis

saxiT iyo aRqmuli (in obligatione), maSin, roca noxae deditio - aRsrulebis fakultatur

Secvlas warmoadgenda. piradi pasuxismgeblobis uZveles saxes Semdegi wesi

warmoadgenda: noxa caput sequitur (SurisZieba pirovnebas Tan sdevda). aRniSnuli wesis

Tanaxmad, noqsaluri pasuxismgebloba, samarTaldarRvevis gamo, ekisreba ara im

pirovnebas, visi xelisuflebis qveS imyofeboda piri, deliqtis Cadenis momentSi,

aramed im paterfamilias-ze gadadis, romelsac braldebuli piri, sarCelis Setanis

momentSi, eqvemdebareboda.

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msgavsi wesi XII dafis kanonebis mier gaTvaliswinebuli iyo im SemTxvevaSic, roca,

zianis (pauperies) mimyenebeli iyo, res mancipi-s kategoriaSi Sesuli, moSinaurebuli

cxoveli: actio de pauperie-Ti, mepatrone valdebuli iyo dazaralebulisaTvis zarali

aenazRaurebina, an misTvis zianis mimyenebeli cxoveli gadaeca. Actio de pauperie-is

mixedviT, pasuxismgeblobis rekvizitad iTvleboda cxovelis uecari siSmage, Tumca

ki, misi buneba sulac ar iyo aseTad cnobili da misTvis mSvidi moqmedeba iyo

damaxasiaTebeli.

pasuxismgebloba dgeba cxovelis saqcielis gamo da obligatio propter rem-s

warmoadgenda; Tumca, es principi emyareba imis aRiarebas, rom aseT cxovelebs

gaaCniaT garkveuli neba, isini maTi patronis moTxovnebs emorCilebian, rac arsebiT

pirobad miiCneoda res mancipi nivTebis mimarT.

$ 1. Furtum (qurdoba)

qurdobis, rogorc sxvisi moZravi qonebis marTalsawinaaRmdego miTvisebis, cneba,

romis iuridiul azrovnebaSi sakmaod adre, jer kidev respublikur xanaSi,

Camoyalibda, da masSi Tavmoyrili iyo samarTaldarzRvevaTa fasrTo wre, romlebic

dakavSirebuli iyo qonebrivi zianis miyenebasa, an, sxva piris xarjze,

marTlsawinaaRmdego gamdidrebasTan. TandaTanobiT, damnum iniuria datum

(marTlsawinaaRmdego zaralis miyeneba) cnebis CamoyalibebiT (SemoRebul iqna qr. S-

mde 286 w. Lex Aquilia da aRniSnuli kanonis gamoyenebis sferos gafarToebasTan

erTad, miTumetes, rom ius civile da ius praetorium ayalibebda delictum axal saxeobebs,

furtum mniSvneloba mkveTrad SeizRuda, Tumca, Tanamedrove gagebiT, qurdobis

cnebasTan SedarebiT, kvlav Zalzed farTo mniSvnelobas inarCunebda. masSi sxvisi

qonebis Zalismieri miTvisebis garda – Zarcva (rapina), iseTi saxis qmedebanic Sevida,

rogoric iyo: 1. Furtum usus (sargeblobis uflebis marTlsawinaaRmdego miTviseba),

roca sesxis an Sesanaxad gadacemuli nivTis mimRebi, gadaametebda sakuTari

uflebamosilebis farglebs, sxvisi nivTiT sargeblobis an misi pyrobis mimarT; 2.

Furtum possessionis (mflobelobis uflebis marTlsawinaaRmdego xelyofa), roca

giraos mimcemi piri, TviTneburad daeufleboda giraoSi micemul nivTs (gaiusi, am

viTarebaSi, normalur qurdobas xedavda – furtum rei da ambobda, rom aq nivTis

mesakuTre sakuTari nivTis qurdobas sCadioda – furtum suae rei – Gai., 3, 204); 3. Furtum

proprietatis (sakuTrebis uflebis masrTlsawinaaRmdego xelyofa), roca

uzufruqtuariusi nivTis sameurneo daniSnulebis Secvlas axdenda.

Paul., D. 47, 2, 1, 3 Camoayaliba qurdobis cneba: Furtum est contrectatio rei fraudulosa lucri faciendi

grafia vel ipsius rei vel eiam usus eius possessionisve (qurdoba aris nivTis amoReba, Cadenili

motyuebiT da gamdidrebis mizniT, iqneba es TviT nivTis (amoReba, misiT sargebloba,

Tu misi daufleba).

qurdobis SemadgenlobisaTvios arsebiTi pirobebi iyo: 1) TviT nivTis sasargeblo

Tvisebebis miTviseba, nivTis mesakuTris nebis sawinaaRmdegod; 2) misgan sargebelis

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miReba; 3) mizanmimarTulad: animus furandiu _ am deliqtis aucilebel

subieqtur rekvizitad miiCneoda (D.47,2,33). Tumca, amavdroulad, mxolod

marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebis safuZveli, qurdobis klasifikaciisaTvis ar iyo

sakmarisi; savaldebuloa, agreTve, materialuri moqmedebis, sxvisi nivTis datacebis

ganxorcieleba (contrectatio). ukve XII dafis kanonebi erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebdnen

aSkara qurdobas, roca qurdi naqurdaliT xelSi iqneboda dakavebuli – furtum

manifestum da farul qurdobas _ furtum nec manifestum. pirvel SemTxvevaSi qurdi

gairozgeboda da dazaralebulis xelisuflebaSi gadaecemoda (Tavdapirvelad

uSualod, mogvianebiT – sasamarTlo magistratis adictio safuZvelze). qurdi

dazaralebulis monad cxaddeboda (veteres). Furtum nec manifestum SemTxvevaSi,

gaTvaliswinebuli iyo jarima naqurdalis ormagi Rirebulebis odenobiT. XII dafis

kanonebi aSkara qurdobasTan aTanabrebdnen im mdgomareobas, roca naqurdali nivTi

saritualo Cxrekis dros aRmoCndeboda _ furtum conceptum, rac naqurdalis

gadamalvis Sedegic SeiZleba yofiliyo _ furtum oblatum. am SemTxvevaSi, XII dafis

kanonebi jarimis sammag odenobas iTvaliswinebdnen.

qurdobis oTxi dasaxelebuli nairsaxeobidan (es sistematizacia jer kidev

mazurius sabinusma da servius sulpiciusma SeimuSaves). labeoni mxolod pirvel or

nairsaxeobas cnobda da furtum conceptum et furtum oblatim-is damoukidebeli

Semadgenlobis mniSvnelobas uaryofda (Gai.,3,183).

Per formulas procesis farglebSi, qurdobisaTvis sajarimo pasuxismgebloba

dadgenili iyo actio furti (manifesti an nec manifesti) meSveobiT. aRniSnul sarCels

aniWebdnen gaqurdul pirs, Tanac ar hqonda mniSvneloba imas, iqneboda Tu ara es

piri nivTis mesakuTre an mflobeli. amis miuxedavad, moqmedebda principi, rom

sarCeli unda miscemoda nivTis xelSeuxeblad SenarCunebaSi dainteresebul

nebismier pirs (D.,47,2,77,1).

$ 2. Rapina (Zarcva)

Prudentes, Zalis gamoyenebiT, sxvisi qonebis marTlsawinaaRmdego amoRebas rapina

(Zarcvas) uwodebdnen da mas kvalificiur qurdobad miiCnevdnen: papiniane rapina

furtum manifestum Semadgenlobas miakuTvnebda (D.47,2,81,4). Zarcva qr. S. 76 w.

prokonsul lukulusis mier SemoRebuli sarCeliT – actio vi bionarum raptorum

(sarCeli Zalis gamoyenebiT amoRebuli qonebis Sesaxeb) idevneboda. sarCelis Setana

danaSaulis Cadenidan erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi iyo SesaZlebeli. jarima, amoRebuli

qonebis, oTxmag odenobas gulisxmobda. (D.47,8,2 pr). erTwliani vadis gasvlis Semdeg

dasaSvebi iyo mxolod miyenebuli zianis martivi anazRaureba (in sinplum).

sarCelis pretoruli xasiaTis miuxedavad, Zarcvas – klasikosebi, xolo mogvianebiT

iustinianes kanonmdebloba, mainc deliqtad, kerZo (civiluri) samarTaldarRvevis

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erT-erT saxed miiCnevdnen. (Gai., 3,209; D. 47,8,1; 2,10; 4,2,14,2; I. 4,2 pr). Zarcvas

qurdobisagan qmedebis farulobis ararseboba ganasxvavebda. (D. 47,9,5). klasikosTa

nawili, Zarcvis gamo, Setanil sarCels Sereulad miiCnevda (Gai.,4,8). es Sexeduleba

SemdgomSi iustianemac gaiziara (Inst.Iust.4,6,19).

$ 3. Damnum iniuria datum (zianis marTlsawinaaRmdego miyeneba)

qmedebis aRniSnuli Semadgenloba, ganzogadebis Zalzed maRal dones, moiTxovda,

ris gamoc uZveles epoqaSi is ucnobi iyo.

XII dafis kanonebi ramdenime specifikur hipoTezas gulisxmobda, romelTa Soris

cnobilia xeebis TviTneburi gaCexva, sxvisi monisaTvis miyenebuli dazianeba (os

fractum). marTlsawinaaRmdegod miyenebuli zianis gamo, pasuxismgeblobam

damoukidebeli axsna-ganmarteba qr. S.-mde 286 w. miRebul, akviliusis kanonSi (lex

Aquilia), SeiZina. kanoni sami Tavisagan Sedgeboda: meore Tavi gulisxmobda damatebiTi

kreditoris devnas (manus iniectio _ movaleze “xelis dadeba” – formiT),

stipulaciidan warmoSobili valis gamo ZiriTadi kreditoris sawinaaRmdegod

acceptilatio (verbaluri an literaluri valdebulebidan warmoSobili valis sazeimo

gaqviTva mis sapirispiro formaSi. klasikur epoqaSi am saWiroebis dakmayofileba

actio mandati (in ius, in personam, incerta, bonae fidei _ davalebis xelSekrulebidan

warmoqmnili sarCeli, rogorc wesi urTierTangariSsworebis Sesaxeb) meSveobiT

(Gai.,3,216) moxda. pirveli Tavi gulisxmobda pasuxismgeblobas sxvisi monis an

pirutyvis mkvlelobis gamo, rac ganadgurebuli nivTis Rirebulebis umaRles fas

Seadgenda erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi. mesakuTrisaTvis jarmis gasdaxdis movaleoba

(damnas esto dare – D.9,2,2,pr; Gai.,3,210) sanqcionirebuli iyo manus inectio meSveobiT.

mesame Tavi nebismieri nivTis yovelgvar dazianebas exeboda: braleuls (kvlav manus

iniectio muqariT) mesakuTrisaTvis jarimis gadaxdis movaleoba ekisreboda nivTis

umaRlesi fasis odenobiT, ukanaskneli 30 dRis ganmavlobaSi (Gai.,3,2,18).

Per formulas procesis farglebSi in ius sarCelebi warmoiqmna, romlebic akviliusis

kanonis calkeul Tavebze iyo dafuZnebuli – actiones legis Aquiliae. Tu mopasuxe

sakuTar braleulobas uaryofda, misi pasuxismgebloba ormagdeboda, Tu ara –

sarCelis formula mosamarTles mouwodebda uSualod ganexorcielebina aestimatio

(nivTis Rirebulebis Sefaseba), mopasuxis aRarebis (confessio) safuZvelze (D.9,2,23,10;26).

am SemTxvevaSi, in simplum miniWebas hqonda adgili: sanqciis sajarimo xasiaTi imaSi

mdgomareobda, rom mxedvelobaSi miiReboda nivTis ara nominaluri Rirebuleba,

aramed misi umaRlesi fasi ukanaskneli wlis an Tvis ganmavlobaSi. akviluris

kanonis safuZvelze pasuxismgeblobis Sefardeba subieqtur xasiaTs atarebda: iniuria-

Si (marTlsawinaaRmdegod), ukve respublikis xanaSi, igulisxmeba rogorc braleuli

qmedeba - culpa, da ara mxolod qmedebasa da miyenebul zarals Soris obieqturi

kavSiri, iseve daudevrobac – culpa levissima (D.9,2,44 pr). braleuli qmedeba Sesabamisi

kontraqtis safuZvelzec idevneboda. am SemTxvevaSi mxedvelobaSi miiReboda “iure”,

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anu ius civile sasarCelo sistemis farglebSi, miyenebuli ziani. akvilusis kanoniT

gaTvaliswinebuli iyo mxolod pirdapiri dazianebis Sedegad damdgari

pasuxismgebloba. aseTi dazianebis miyeneba SesaZlebeli iyo braleulis fizikuri

moqmedebis Sedegad: damnum corpore corpori datum (ziani, romelic sxeuls sxeuliT

miadga). sxva SemTxvevaSi pretori, sakuTari decretum safuZvelze dazaralebul

mxares mianiWebda in factum an actiones utiles (actiones ad exemplum) sinonimi. maT

pretori iZleoda, TiToeul axal SemTxvevaSi, analogiuriT da ukve gamoyenebuli

formulis gavrcelebis meSveobiT), romlebic analogiis gamoyenebas efuZnebodnen –

ad exemplum legis Aquiliae. gadawyvetilebis miReba aRniSnul qmedebaze lamis

SemTxveviTobas warmoadgenda. amitom iuristebis mosazrebebma, aRniSnul sakiTxze,

pretorul ediqtSi asaxva ver hpoves.

qr. S-mde I s-Si pretorma SemoiRo specialuri sarCeli, romlis safuZvelze

idevneboda pirTa jgufis mier miyenebuli ganzraxi dazianeba – dolo malo vi hominbus

armatis coactisve damnum datum.

sarCeli miyenebuli zianis oTxmag anazRaurebas gulisxmobda, Tu sarCeli

braleuli mxaris winaaRmdeg dazianebidan erTi wlis vadaSi iqneboda wardgenili,

da martiv anazRaurebas (in simplum), Tu am vadis gadacileba moxdeboda.

$ 4. Iniuria (pirovnebis Seuracxyofa)

XII dafis kanonebma piradi Seuracxyofis sami hipoTeza gamohyves:

1.Membrum, ruphum (asoTmiReba), os fractum (motexili Zvali, sxeulis mZime dazianeba),

iniuria _ pirovnebis nebismieri Seuracxyofa. qmedebis Semadgenlobis gaurkvevloba da

ganzogadebis sxvadasxva xarisxi yvela SemTxvevaSi imaze miuTiTebda, rom XII dafis

kanonebma gaaerTiana samarTaldarRvevis regulirebis mravalsaukunovani da

sxvadasxva epoqisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli gamocdileba. kerZod, asoTmiRebis dros,

kompoziciis SesaZleblobis gverdiT, normalur sasjelad, talonis (talio) principiT

gaTvaliswinebuli, SurisZiebac miiCneoda. danarCen SemTxvevebSi, samarTaldamrRvevis

mimarT, jarima iyo gaTvaliswinebuli: os fractum-is gamo 300 asi, xolo iniuria-s

SemTxvevaSi – 25 asi.

qr. S-mde 81 w. miRebuli lex Cornelia de iniuariis mixedviT, pirovnebis winaaRmdeg

mimarTuli, gansakuTrebiT mZime samarTaldarRvevis SemTxvevaSi, qmedeba crimina-d

(danaSaulad) miiCneoda da iudicia publica-s ZaliT idevneboda. principatis epoqaSi,

cognitio extra ordimen farglebSi, SemoRebul iqna quaestio de iniurii-is (sakiTxebi

pirovnebis Seuracxyofis Sesaxeb), rogorc sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebze, kerZo

sarCelis, sajaro alternativa. XII dafis kanonebiT gaTvaliswinebuli

hipoTezebis (romlebic dajarimasac gulisxmobdnen), rekuperatorTa (recuperatores)

sasamarTlo ganxilvas gadaeca. maT mier Sefardebuli anazRaureba, bonum et aequum-

is (keTildReoba da samarTlianoba) safuZvelze, Sefasebas eqvemdebareboda.

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aRniSnuli, pirovnebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli naklebad mZime xelyofa, saerTo

sarCelis – actio iniuriarum aestimatoria (ganawyenebis Sesaxeb SedarebiTi sarCeli)

wardgeniT idevneboda, romelic pretorul ediqtSi qr. S-mde II saukuneSi iqna

gaTvaliswinebuli. Iniuria – civiluri deliqti iyo (Gai., 3, 182). Tumca, dacvis

pretoruli xasiaTi imaSi aisaxa, rom, actio iniurarum, intentio-s iyo moklebuli:

demonstratio-s maSinve condemnatio mosdevda, romelic rekuperatorTa sasamarTlos

mouwodebda iseTi ganaCenis gamotanas, romelSic miTiTebuli iqneboda mosarCeles

mier dasaxelebuli Tanxa (aestimatio). aRniSnuli Sefaseba formulaSi iyo

miTiTebuli da SesaZlo miniWebis maqsimalur zRvars asaxavda (taxatio). sarCelis

wardgenis ufleba pirovnul SeuracxyofasTan iyo dakavSirebuli da memkvidreobiT

ar gadaecemoda: (Gai.,4,112). zogadi iniuria-s garda, pretoruli edictiactio

iniurarum, samarTlebriv safuZvlad kidev sam hipoTezas iTvaliswinebda. es

hipoTezebi piradi Seuracxyofis, rogorc pirovnebis pativisa da Rirsebis

Semlaxveli qmedebis, cnebis permanentul damkvidrebas gamoxatavdnen: 1. convicium

adversus bonos mores (keTili Cvevebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli Tavdasxmebi), romlis

mixedviT idevneboda muqara da bilwsityvaoba; 2. adtemptata puditicia (Selaxuli

umankoeba), romelsac didgvarovani qalbatonis mimarT Tavdasxmas an uxeSi

mopyrobas, agreTve, orive sqesis mcirewlovani bavSvis mimarT, aRniSnuli qmedebis

ganxorcielebas miekuTvneboda; 3. ne quid infamandi causa fiat (dae, ar ganxorcieldes

qmedeba saxelis gatexvis mizniT), romelic moraluri zianis yvela SesaZlo

SemTxvevas gulisxmobda, romlis drosac pativisa da Rirsebis xelyofas hqonda

adgili.

$ 5. Quasi ex delicto (kvazideliqtebi)

TiTqos deliqtidan (obligationes quasi ex delicto) warmoSobili valdebulebebi,

iustinianes instituciebis sistematikis Sesabamisad (Inst.Iust.4,5) braleuli qmedebis

hipoTezas Seicavdnen, aseTi valdebulebebi pretoruli sarCelis meSveobiT

idevneboda. aRniSnuli viTarebis SerCevis kriteriumi dRemde ucnobia.

mosamarTle, sasamarTlo procesis sakuTari Tavis winaaRmdeg warmmarTvelad,

iTvleboda (iudex qui litem suam fecerit) im SemTxvevaSi, Tu misi gadawyvetileba (sententia),

mxareebis mier moyvanili faqtebis an formulis mimarT, winaaRmdegobaSi modioda,

agreTve, mxareTa interesebidan gamomdinare, sasamarTlo ganxilvis dros, Tu

dadgenili wesrigis nebismier ganzrax darRvevas eqneboda adgili (“dolo malo” –

D.5,1,15,1). dazaralebuli Tavs icavda in factum sarCelis meSveobiT, romelSic

condematio, mosamarTleTa Tanazomieri Sexedulebisagan damokidebulebaSi, iyo

Cayenebuli (in bonum et aequum - sikeTe da samarTlianoba).

pretoruli sarCeli Seicavda muxls, saxlis fanjridan gadaRvrili an gadayrili

nivTebis gamo, pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb (edictum de effusis et deiectis), romelic in factum

condematio-sTan erTad, gulisxmobda sarCels, miyenebuli zianis ormagi odenobiT

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(in duplum), anazRaurebis Sesaxeb.

aRniSnul viTarebaSi, Tavisufali adamianis daRupvis SemTxvevaSi, gaTvaliswinebuli

iyo fiqsirebuli jarima 50 aTasi sesterciis odenobiT, xolo sxeulebrivi

dazianebis SemTxvevaSi, mosamarTlis gadawyvetilebiT, dazianebis Tanazomieri

jarimis gadaxda iyo dadgenili (in bonum et aequum). pasuxismgebloba

gaTvaliswinebuli iyo obieqturi faqtis arsebobis gamo, imis miuxedavad, TviT

mcxovrebma, Tu mesame pirma Caidina aRniSnuli qmedeba. sarCeli Sedioda e. w. actiones

populares kategoriaSi da misi wardgenis ufleba nebismier moqalaqes hqonda

miniWebuli.

gamvlelTaTvis martivi safrTxis Seqmnis gamo, pasuxismgeblobas iTvaliswinebda

edictum de positum (D.9,4,5,6), romlis mixedviT habitator (saxlis damqiravebeli), 10

solidis moculobiT, nebismieri moqalaqis winaSe pasuxs agebda, actio in factum (igive

actio popularis) mixedviT, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu saxlis saxuravze an lavgardanze

(karnizze) iseTi sagani iqneboda damagrebuli, romlis, SemTxveviT Camovardnisas,

SesaZlebeli iyo zianis miyeneba. pasuxismgeblobis obieqturi xasiaTi Semsubuqebul

iqna noqsaluri pasuxismgeblobis (colis garda paterfamilias in patria potestates mier

Cadenili deliqtis an kvazideliqtis gamo, romelsac dazaralebuli paterfamilias

winaaRmdeg waradgendas) daSvebiT im SemTxvevaSi, roca, sazogadoebrivi safrTxis

SeqmnaSi, braleulad mona iqneboda miCneuli.

mesame piris qmedebis gamo pasuxismgebloba gaTvaliswinebuli iyo actio furti et actio

damni adversus nautas caupones stabularios mixedviT, romlebic pretorul ediqtSi, actio furti

et actio legis Aquilia-sTan SesabamisobaSi, arian moyvanili. xomaldis, sastumrosa da

qarvaslis mepatrone in duplum pasuxs agebda im SemTxvevaSi, Tu vinme, mosamsaxureTa

an masTan mcxovrebTa Soris (mgzavrebis an mogzaurTa garda), qurdobas Caidenda, an

mgzavrs, an mdgmurs qonebriv zians miayenebda. Sua saukuneebSi aseTi saxis qmedeba

gulisxmobda pasuxismgeblobas, TanamSromelTa SerCevisas, braleuli daudevrobis

gamo (culpa in eligendo), Tumca, antikur xanaSi pasuxismgebloba bralis gareSec

dgeboda – mesame piris qmedebis gamo. Tu qurdobas mona Caidenda, misi batoni

pasuxismgeblobisagan Tavisufldeboda maSin, Tu noxae deditio (monis gadacema)

ganaxorcielebda, dazaralebuli piris sasargeblod.

Tavi X. Zveli romis sisxlis samarTali

`yvela gza romSi midis” – moZvelebuli, Tumca didebuli da mravlismTqmeli fraza,

romelic ori aTaswleulis ganmavlobaSi mravalgzis gamoiyeneboda, gansakuTrebiT

Zveli romis iurisprudenciasTan mimarTebaSi. samarTalmcodneebi, gansakuTrebiT

civilistebi, romis samarTals diTirambebs umRerodnen da maT xSirad aviwydebodaT,

rom ius privatum garda, romSi aranakleb mniSvnelovani iyo ius publicum – samarTlis

sistema, romelic romis saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis - populus Romanus saerTo-

sajaro interesebis damcveli da momwesrigebeli iyo. sajaro interesebis sfero

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sisxliscamarTlebrivi urTierTobebis Semcvelic gaxldaT. Tamamad SegviZlia

ganvacxadoT, rom Zvelromauli iuridiuli konstruqciebi da aRmoCenebi, sisxlis

samarTlis sferoSi, dRes sakmaod garkveulia da arc Tu mcire mniSvnelobas

inarCuneben.

Zvveli romis sisxlis samarTalma, kerZo samarTlis msgavsad, ganviTarebis ramdenime

etapi ganvlo: martivi kvirituli qcevis wesebidan moyolebuli vidre imperiis xanis

kanonmdeblobamde.

pirveli, arqauli xanis Zveli romis sisxlis samarTali xasiaTdeboda saero

samarTlis (ius), Cveulebebisa (mos) da RvTaebrivi sakraluri normebis (fas)

urTierTTanamSromlobisa da urTierTpaeqrobiT. am periodSi erTmaneTs

konservatiuli da progresuli sawyisi ebrZoda. gvarovnuli Cveulebebi didi

mondomebiT aRiqmeboda romaeli Temis (civitas) mier, mdumare Tanxmobis formiT (usus

consuetudo), Tumca yovelgvari Canaweris gareSe da amitom am Cveulebebs ius non

scriptum (dauwereli samarTali) ewodeboda. Consuetudo-s kanonis (lex) Tanabari

samarTlebrivi Zala gaaCnda da is am ukanasknelTan erTad dadebiT samarTals (ius

positivum) qmnida.

arqauli (uZvelesi) periodi – sakraluri normebisa da sakraluri iusticiis

batonobis epoqa iyo. religiuri Tvisebis danaSauls miekuTvneboda: qalRmerT vestas

qurumi qalebis mier 30 wlis asakamde qalwulobis ficis darRveva, patronis mier

klientis winaSe nakisri movaleobebis Seusrulebloba, ficis, sasazRvro samanebis

moSla. TviT sasamarTlo warmoeba saimedod iyo gaxveuli saidumloebis safarvelSi

da mxolod pontifices (qurumebi) adgendnen, samarTalwarmoebisaTvis misaRebi dReebis,

kalendarsa da masSi Sesul saidumlo monacemebs saimedod inaxavdnen. mxolod

qurumebma icodnen dies fasti (sarCelis wardgenis) da dies nefasti (sarCelis warsadgenad

akrZaluli) dReebi da mkacrad asaidumloebdnen maT. oficialuri marTlmsajulebis

ganxorcieleba mxolod dadgenil dReebSi iyo SesaZlebeli, roca modave mxareebs,

sanukvar sityvebs, qurumi ucxadebda: do, dico, addico (samarTals viZlevi,

gadawyvetilebas viReb, davaSi gamarjvebas vaniWeb).

yovelive zemoTqmulis Sesaxeb cnobebsa titus liviusic iZleoda: dawerili

wignebis, sayovelTaod aRiarebuli ediqtebis ararsebobis pirobebSi, iuridiuli

garigebebisa da procesebis codna pontifices saidumlo mecnierebad iqca; didi

procesualuri mniSvnelobis kalendris Sesaxeb zusti cnobebi mxolod maT hqondaT.

Pontifices mier monopolizebuli aRmoCnda, im droisaTvis metad mniSvnelovani, civitas

Romani-s momavlis winaswarmetyvelebis funqcia, rac, tomTaSorisi urTierTobebis

mowesrigebaze arsebiT gavlenas axdenda. miTumetes, rom aseTi urTierTobebis

mogvareba fas da ara ius meSveobiT xdeboda: RvTis mowmed mowveva, gasisxlianebuli

Subis saritualo styorcna, momijnave tomis teritoriaze, omis gamocxadebis

SemTxvevaSi da sxva.

religiuri dogmebisa da akrZalvebis damrRvevs (homo sacer) mkacri ormagi da

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orgvari sajeli eloda: mis mimarT SurisZieba Temis simSvidis darRvevisa da

RmerTebis ganrisxebis gamo xdeboda. erTdroulad religiuri da saero devna

(sacratio capitis) Zalzed mkacri iyo. Fas mgmobeli Sesabamisi taZris sasargeblod

qonebis konfiskaciasa (conservatio bonorum) da eqsorias (gaZevebas) eqvemdebareboda,

ris Semdeg mas, rogorc ucxotomelsa da mters – nebismieri piri (TanamoZme an

ucxoeli) dausjelad gauswordeboda. da saerTodac, samarTaldarRvevis sxvadasxva

saxe, romelic mogvianebiT sisxlissamarTlebriv qmedebad iqna miCneuli,

Tavdapirvelad an sakraluri, an kerZo xasiaTis delictum warmoadgenda: magaliTad,

qurdoba, sxeulis dazianeba, romelTa Cadenis SemTxvevaSi samarTaldamrRvevis

mimarT ius talionis (talio) – SurisZieba, talionis principi moqmedebda.

sisxlis samarTlisa da sisxlis samarTlis procesis sferoebSi SeuzRudavad

batonobda TviTgasamarTleba (Tavdasxmis mogerieba) da damnaSavis mimarT

danaSaulis Cadenis adgilze, TviTgasworeba: “Tu Ramis saaTebSi qurdobis Camdeni

(adgilze) iqneba mokluli, (misi) mkvleloba marTlzomierad CaiTvleba” (XII dafis

kanonebi, VIII tabula). Tavdamsxmelis, adgilze TviTgasworebis principiT, dasjis

praqtika ara Tu marTlzomier qmedebad, aramed sazogadoebis interesebisa da

oficialuri xelisuflebis moTxovnaTa dacvad iTvleboda.

arqaul periodSi yvela samarTaldarRveva or kategoriad iyofoda: 1) delictum

privatum (kerZo) parricidium –pirovnebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli: qurdoba, Zarcva,

mkvleloba, sxvisi qonebis dazianeba an ganadgureba da sxva; 2) delictum publium

(sajaro) – perduellio ukve danaSaulad iTvleboda (politikuri, saxelmwifos

winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSauli): janyi, saxelmwifos Ralati, romis samxedro

mowinaaRmdegisaTvis daxmarebis aRmoCena, cecxlis wakideba, crumowmeoba,

xelisuflebisadmi SeiaraRebuli (Zaladobrivi) winaaRmdegobis gaweva da sxva.

samarTaldarRvevis pirvel kategorias specialuri Tanamdebobis pirebi (quaestores

parricidii) iZiebdnen; xolo meore – danaSaulis saqmeebze, gamoZieba Rex-is

Sexedulebisamebr, warmoebda: mas damoukideblad SeeZlo sagamoZiebo da sasamarTlo

funqciebis ganxorcieleba, an saqmis gamoZieba gansakuTrebuli sasamarTlo

gamomZieblisaTvis - duumviri perduellionis daevalebina.

arqauli periodis sisxlis samarTlis erT-erT Taviseburebas is garemoeba

warmoadgenda, rom populus Romanus (cives) e. w. provocatio anu comitia curiata mimarT

apelirebis ufleba moipoves im ganaCenis mimarT, romelic duumviri perdullionis an

consul-is mier iqneboda gamotanili, sisxlis samarTlis saqmis irgvliv. aRniSnuli

verdiqti aRsrulebas ar eqvemdebareboda, vidre apelaciis Sedegebi cnobili ar

iqneboda. amrigad, romaul sazogadoebaSi Camoyalibda dacvis sajaro procedurebi,

romelTa gamoyeneba aequitas (samarTlianobisa) da – bona fides (keTilsindisiereba)

principebis damkvidrebas ganapirobebda.

arqaul periodSi Zveli romis sisxlis samarTlis ganviTarebis mwvervalad XII

dafis kanonebi _ Leges duodecim tabularum gvevlineba, romelSic, uSualod, sisxlis

samarTlis normebi, ganxilulia mxolod or: VIII da IX – dafaSi. Tumca, normebis

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aseTma simwirem, sazogadoebis mzardi interesebis Sesabamisad, samarTaldarRvevaTa

didi nawilis swored danaSaulad _ crimina – dakvalificirebas ver SeuSala xeli.

aRniSnulma sakanonmdeblo Zeglma safuZveli Cauyara ara marto ius positivum

(dawerili, pozitiuri samarTali), aramed igi erTdroulad ius publicum et ius privatum

mTavar wyarod miiCneoda da, amavdroulad, ius scriptum (dawerili goni) iyo.

XII dafis kanonebis normebis arseboba imaze metyvelebda, rom sajaro qcevis wesebi,

uciloblad, gabatonebul mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndnen: Tumca, jer kidev didi iyo

gvarovnuli wesebis gavlena.

Vindicta privata (kerZo SurisZieba) nela, Tumca ganuxrelad uTmobda adgils vindicta

publica (sazogadoebrivi sasjeli). ganagrZoben Tanaarsebobas talio da fuladi

jarima, provocatio ad populum da damnaSavis sikvdiliT dasja da asoTmiRebiTi

sasjeli, da Res publica (respublikuri suliskveTeba) da sasjelis barbarosuli

saxeebi, romelTa mizani adamianis (pirovnebis) daSinebis idea iyo (maimunTan,

ZaRlTan an gvelTan erTad, tomaraSi Casmuli, damnaSavis wyalSi daxrCoba,

praecipitium – maRali xididan Tavdayira gadagdeba, pedis abscissio – fexebis mokveTa da,

gansakuTrebiT odiozuri sasjeli – tarpeas kldidan qurdi monis gadagdeba.

tarpeas klde, imdroindeli romis centrSi, kapitoliumis borcvis erT-erTi cicabo

daRmarTi iyo. sikvdiliT dasjis aRniSnuli adgili axlos mdebareobda q. romis

centralur moedanTan, sadac xdeboda marTlmsajulebis aRsruleba. damnaSavis

dasjaSi monawileobas iRebda ara mxolod dazaralebuli mxare, aramed moedanze

SemTxveviT mosuli brbo. Tavdapirvelad, tarpeas klde iyo mxolod damnaSaveTa

dasjis adgili, xolo mogvianebiT, am adgilidan xramSi isrodnen udanaSaulo

adamianebsac – fizikuri defeqtis mqone pirebs (monstum).

XII dafis kanonebis VIII dafaSi saubari iyo, yvela delictum, ramdenime kategoriad

dayofis Sesaxeb; Tumca, pirvel yovlisa unda gamovyoT: 1. iniuria (pirovnebis

winaaRmdeg) da 2. furtum (sakuTrebis winaaRmdeg) mimarTuli marTlsawinaaRmdego da

braleuli qmedeba. Tavis mxriv, pirovnebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSaulebrivi

qmedeba, kanonis Sesabamisad, or kategoriad kvalificirdeboda: 1. iniuria verbalis –

sityvieri Seuracxyofa paskvilis formaSi (carmen famotum) an sajaro Seuracxyofa

(ountare); 2. iniuria realis (fizikuri Seuracxyofa) – cema, gvema, sxeulis dazianeba.

VIII dafis fragmentebi sisxlissamarTlebriv normebs Seicaven (dRemde brwyinvale)

romlebSic gamoxatulia saxelmwifos reaqcia, qonebis datacebis danaSaulis mimarT.

Furtum (qurdoba) aucileblad iyo dakavSirebuli angarebiT motivTan (lamis

saxelmZRvanelo donis debulebaa, romlis Sesaxeb Gai. werda), winaaRmdeg

SemTxvevaSi qmedeba dakvalificirdeboda rogorc pirovnebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli

kerZo wyena. Tumca, romauli kanonmdebloba ganixilavda mesakuTrisaTvis zianis

miyenebas nivTis mitacebis (dauflebis) niSnebis gareSe, kerZod: cxeniT gaseirneba

daTqmul adgilze ufro Sori manZiliT, giravnobis sagniT sargebloba, romlebic

furtum (qurdoba) cnebiT iyo moculi. Leges duodecim tabularum – Si Zalzed

dawvrilebiT aris diferencirebuli furtum-is gamo pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi: 1.

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drois mixedviT: furtum diarnum (dRisiT) da furtum nocturnum (RamiT) Cadenili qurdoba.

pirvel SemTxvevaSi xelmyofi piris mimarT gamoiyeneboda sxeulebrivi sasjeli da

dazaralebulis mamulSi monad gamweseba (addictio), meoreSi ki – gaTvaliswinebuli

iyo, damnaSavis mimarT, dauyovneblivi TviTgasworebis gamoyeneba; 2.subieqti niSnebis

gaTvaliswinebiT – gansxvavebuli wesiT isjeboda qurdobis Camdeni cives (Tavisufali

romaeli), servi (mona) (sikvdiliT sjidnen) da arasrulwlovani piri (garozgviT

isjeboda); 3.ganasxvavebdnen furtum manifestum (aSkara qurdoba) da furtum nec manifestum

(faruli qurdoba), Tanac – bolo varianti sakmaod msubuqad isjeboda. damnaSave,

jarimis saxiT, naqurdalis mxolod ormag Rirebulebas ixdida.

imperiis (postklasikuri) periodi tradiciulad ius gentium ayvavebis xanasTan aris

gaigivebuli. amas ramdenime garemoeba uwyobda xels, romelTa Soris, yvelaze

mniSvnelovnad, iTvleboda: romis imperiis geografiuli moculoba da amiTve

ganpirobebuli misi adgili antikuri samyaros kulturul cxovrebaSi, msoflio

vaWrobis ganviTareba, politikuri centris aRmosavleTisaken gadatana, xolo

gansakuTrebul movlenad, mainc, pretorTa samarTalSemoqmedebiTi saqmianoba

SeiZleba miviCnioT.

romis sisxlis samarTlis ganviTarebis mesame etapis novaciad Semdegi saxis

miRwevebi unda miviCnioT: a) danaSaulis subieqturi mxaris Sesaxeb moZRvrebis

gavrcobam bralis, kidev erTi formis – gaufrTxileblobis, Camoyalibebas Seuwyo

xeli. Culpa (gaufrTxilebloba) dolus (ganzraxva) da casus (pasuxsmgeblobis miRma

darCenili SemTxveva) Soris Sualedur adgilas ikavebda; b) mosaubre da mrCeveli

iurisprudencis wiaRSi, yalbdeba danaSaulis mcdelobis (conatus) cneba, romlis

mimarT, Semsubuqebuli sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis gamoyeneba, iyo

mizanSewonili; g) danaSaulis Cveuli da gavrcelebuli saxeebis gverdiT (crimina

legitima), TandaTanobiT gvxvdeba danaSaulis axali saxeebi (crimina extraordinaria),

kerZod: qristianobis gmoba, ficis gatexva, mucladmyofi nayofis moSoreba; d)

sisxlis samarTlis meore institutis – sasjelis – farglebSi siaxles

warmoadgenda zemoqmedebis Zalzed rTuli da mrisxane, xSirad barbarosuli,

sasjelis sistema, kerZod: gadasaxleba uflebebis CamorTmeviT (aquae et ignis interdicto),

gadasaxleba, aRniSnuli, damamZimebeli garemoebis gareSe (deportatio in insulam);

maRaroebSi katorRuli samuSaoebis warmoeba (condemnatio ad metallum). sasjelis

mizani damnaSavis daSineba da misTvis samagieros mizRva ar iyo; e) mudmivi armiis

SemoRebasTan erTad, samarTalSefardebiT brunvaSi, samxedro danaSaulic Semodis,

kerZod: brZolis velze iaraRis dakargva, mxedarTmTavris, an ufro dabali rangis

samxedro meTauris, Seuracxyofa, mowinaaRmdegis sasargeblod Ralatis Cadena); v)

imperatoris absoluturi xelisuflebis pirobebSi, sasjelis yvelaze gavrcelebul

saxes warmoadgenda sajarimo sanqcia, kerZod – qonebis konfiskacia. aRniSnuli

sasjelis mizani iyo mudmivad mzardi samoxeleo aparatis Senaxad, damatebiTi

Semosavlis wyaros mobilizeba, ramac romis imperiaSi metad Taviseburi Sedegi

gamoiRo: daSinebuli senatorebi da mxedrebis wodebis warmomadgenlebi, TviTonve

cdilobdnen, sakuTar memkvidreebad imperatorebi daesaxelebinaT, raTa Tavidan

aecilebinaT qonebis konfiskaciis mware xvedri, vinaidan qveyana erTeulebis

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TviTnebobam da samarTlebrivma qaosma moicva.

1) moZRvreba sisxlis samarTlis kanonis Sesaxeb misi warmoSobis Sesaxeb sakiTxis

dasmiT iwyeba.

Zveli romaelebisaTvis, romlebsac mxolod martivi sisxlissamarTlebrivi

debulebebi gaaCndaT, aRniSnuli sakiTxi sulac ar iyo ubralo garToba an Tundac,

Teoriuli an istoriuli ganyenebuli azrovnebis sfero. dRes aRiarebulia, rom

“oficialuri”, “arsebuli” sisxlis samarTali yvela xalxis cxovrebaSi maSin iwyebs

Camoyalibebas, roca xalxi saxelmwifoebrivi donis ganviTrebis dones aRwevs.

vinaidan saxelmwifo moiazreba civilur universalur movlenad. ra sakvirvelia,

adamianTa Soris konfliqtebs sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis gvarovnul-tomobrivi

etapsac hqonda adgili, ris Sesaxebac uamravi miTi da legenda ganadgurebisagan

zedmiwevniT daculi religiuri dogmebi metyveleben. saxelmwifoebrivi da

tomobrivi sawyisebi, piradi da sazogado-saxelisuflo interesebi saukuneebis

manZilze Tanaarsebobas ganagrZobdnen. Tumca, mas Semdeg, rac gaZlierda calkeuli

miwebis erT gansakuTrebul organizmad _ saxelmwifod gaerTianebis tendencia da

savaldebulo gaxda erTiani saxelmwifoebriobis ganmtkiceba, sajaro sawyisi

upirobod imarjvebs Zvel sagvareulo da saTemo Cveulebebze da CveulebaTi

samarTali gamoiyeneba mmarTvelobis mza instumentis saxiT.

adamianTa cxovrebaSi saxelmwifos aqtiuri Careva, saWiro wesebis arsebobis

aucilebloba Zvel romaelebma sami mniSvnelovani garemoebiT gaamarTles:

SeTanxmebulobiT, aucileblobiTa da CveulebiT (omne ius aut consensus fecit, aut necessitas

constituit, aut firmavit consuetudo _ mTeli samarTali AsemoRebulia SeTanxmebiT, an

dadgenili aucileblobiT, an ganmtkicebulia CveulebiT). savaraudod, am debulebis

pirveli elementi mimarTulia samoqalaqo samarTlisadmi, xolo bolo ori _

sisxlis samarTals ganekuTvneba. laTinebi iZulebulebi iyvnen pativi miegoT

winaparTa Cvevebisadmi, vinaidan winasaxelmwifoebrivi periodi arc ise Sors iyo.

aqedan gamomdinare, gasagebia Semdegi debulebis arsi: inveterata consuetudo pro lege non

immerito custoditur et hoc est quod dicitur moribus constitutum (Cveuleba cvlis kanons da

CveulebiT samarTlad iwodeba _) an optima est legum interpres consuetudo (Cveuleba kanonis

saukeTeso ganmartebaa _ Paul. D. 1,3,37) TiToeuli Temis mier damoukideblad,

saxelmwifoebrivi organoebis gareSe, Seqmnili debulebis mimarT gansakuTrebuli

morCileba da pativiscema, romaelebma principebad da utyuar WeSmaritebad

gadaaqcies Luc. D.1,3,20.: Non omnium quae a maioribus constituta sunt ratio reddit potest

(SeuZlebelia moviyvanoT winaparTa mier dadgenili yvela normis dasabuTeba).

Sit, sed si maiori parti prospiciat, utilis est _ saeWvoa Seiqmnas iseTi kanoni, romelic

TiToeulisaTvis iqneba moxerxebuli, xolo, Tu is kargia umravlesobisaTvis, maSin

is – sasargebloa.

2) sisxlissamarTlebrivi kanonmdeblobis mTavar daniSnulebas, laTinebi

samoqalaqo mSvidobis SenarCunebaSi (Tanac, ar gamoricxavdnen adamianTa socialuri

energiis, sasargeblo mimarTulebiT, iZulebis wesiT warmarTvas) xedavdnen. maTi

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azriT, daucveli personebi Tavs usafrTxod unda grZnobdnen agresiuli mezoblebis

winaSe, vinaidan kanonebi imisaTvis iqmneboda, rom, ufro Zliers Tavi yovlisSemZled

ar egrZno (inde dafae leges ne fortior omnia posset). amisaTvis kanonebi xelisuflebas

uflebamosilebas aniWeben ganaxorcielebina brZaneba, akrZalva, uflebis miniWeba,

dasja (legis virtus haec est imperare vetare permittere punire – Mod. D. 1, 3, 7).

3) romaelebma adreve uaryves sisxlis aRebis Cveuleba, vinaidan sakuTari mware

gamocdilebiT, gaacnobieres, rom, grZnobebis moTokvis aRniSnuli xerxi, Temis

WeSmaritad, TviTganadgurebis saSualeba. administraciulma organoebma kerZo pirs

CamoarTves iniciativa da dahpirdnen mas, rom sazogado morCilebis sanacvlod,

kerZo piri, nebismier SemTxvevaSi, samarTlebrivad da samarTlianad daculi

iqneboda (maSinac ki, roca dazaralebul agresors alal bedad Cabardeboda).

Ab assuetis non fit iniuria – (iuridiuli uflebebis darRveva) aseTad rCeba maSinac, roca

winaaRmdegobis gaswevas ar hqonda adgili. aRniSnuli debulebidan gamomdinareobda

didebuli azri imis Sesaxeb, rom koleqtiuri wesrigi da simSvide,

zogadsavaldebulo normebze, didad iyo damokidebuli. xolo calkeuli pirebi,

miuxedavad imisa, rom maT sayovelTao aRiareba moipoves, ar arian uflebamosili

erTpirovnulad Seufardon pirs sasjeli, radgan maT mier, individualurad

gansazRvruli, samarTlianobisa da marTlmsajulebis kriteriumebi, advilad

SesaZlebelia, eWvis qveS dadges an Seiryvnes kidec, rac qveyanaSi qaosis gamomwvevi

mizezi gaxdeba. sayovelTaod aRiarebuli zogadi wesebisadmi erTsulovani rwmena

imdenad didi iyo, rom xalxisa da iuridiul SegnebaSi damkvidrda amayi gamoTqma:

prius vitiis laboravimus, nunc legibus – (adre Cven mankierebiT viyaviT daTrgunuli, axla ki

– kanonebiT varT). mmarTvelobis sajaro da mudmivi sistema, romelic mkveTr

sawyisebs efuZneboda, mowedebuli iyo Seecvala usafuZvlo rwmena pirovnebis

utyuarobis mimarT (reqsis, imperatoris, magistratis uZleveloba da samarTlianoba,

vinaidan: kanoni ufro samarTliania, vidre adamiani (aequior est dispositio legis quam

hominis); kanoniT ganxorcielebuli gankarguleba ufro mZlavri da samarTliania,

vidre adamianis mier ganxorcielebuli dadgenileba (fortior efaequior est dispositio legis

quam hominis); da kanoniT miniWebuli dacva ufro Zlieria, vidre adamianebis mier

(fortior est custodia legis quam hominis).

4) iuridiuli romi kanonis Sinaarsis nawilSi xelmZRvanelobda metad martivi

mcnebiT: patiosnad icxovre, sxvas araferi dauSavo, TiToeuls mianiWa is, rac mas

ekuTvnis (praecepta iuris sunt haec honeste vivere alterum non laedere suum cuique tribuere – Ulp.D.1,1,10).

moralistebma aRniSnul debulebaSi, SesaZloa, `zneobriobis oqros wesic” dainaxon

da es gasagebicaa, vinaidan, gvarovnuli wyobidan, saxelmwifoebrivad mowyobili,

sazogadoebisaken mimaval gzaze, xorcieldeboda koleqtiuri pasuxismgeblobidan,

calkeuli adamianis, individualuri pasuxismgeblobisaken istoriuli gadasvla, ris

gamoc icvleboda socialuri regulirebis formebi.

swored am gardamaval epoqaSi, daaxloebiT qr. S-mde I aTaswleulis Sua xanebSi,

msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxeSi, gansxvavebul kulturul regionebSi, yalibdeboda

humanizmisa da kacTmoyvareobis ideebi, ris upirveles gamovlinebad `zneobriobis

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oqros wesi” unda miviCnioT. amrigad, romaulma kanonmdeblobam, sakuTar

debulebebSi, ganamtkica kacobriobis sulieri ganviTarebis Sedegebi, SeinarCuna

mSvidobis ZiriTadi mcnebebi (`maxabxarata” – qr. S-mde V s, konfuZis moZRvreba – qr.

S-mde IV-V ss.; budizmi – qr. S-mde VI-V ss da sxva). yovelive zemoaRniSnulma,

gavlena moaxdina sisxlis samarTlis ramdenime principis Camoyalibebaze: 1. sjobs

danaSauli dausjeli darCes, vidre daisajos udanaSaulo piri (satius esse impunitum

reliqui facinus quam innocenten damnari – Traianus et Ulp. D. 48, 19, 5, 5); 2. aravis SeuZlia

gaiumjobesos sakuTari mdgomareoba samarTaldarRvevis (danaSaulis) Cadenis gziT

(Nemo ex suo delicto meliorem suam condicionem facere potest – Ulp. D.50,17,134,1); 3.

danaSauli ar SeiZleba darCes dausjeli (Neque impunita maleficia esse oporfeat – Iul.

D.9,2,5,1,2);

4. dasjadia moqmedeba, warmoTqmuli da dawerili sityva, rCeva-darigebani (Aut facta

puniuntur aut dicta aut scripta aut consilia – Claud. Sat. D.48,19,16 pr.).

roca romis sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobaze vmsjelobT, mxedvelobidan ar

unda gamogvrCes sisxlis samarTlis kanonis savaldebulo Sefardebisa da

gamoyenebis garkveuli wesi: anu is, rasac Tanamedrove kanoniT da iuridiuli

mecnierebiT miCneva sisxlis samarTlis moqmedebad droSi, sivrceSi, pirTa wris

mimarT da eqstradiciad, Zvelma romaelebma sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgeblobis

danaSaulis Cadenis adgilTan (locus criminis), sisxlis samarTlis kanonis moqmedebis

teritoriasTan dakavSirebiT, Zalzed mokle frazebiT gamoxates: danaSauli Tan

iTrevs adamians (crimen franit personam) – aRniSnuli poziciis axsna-ganmarteba ufro

gansjadobis teritoriuli principis sasargeblod gamoiyeneba. axla CamovayaliboT

Zv. romauli ufro zusti miTiTebani sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobis

moqmedebasTan dakavSirebiT: debet quis iuri subiacere ubi delinquit (piri unda

daeqvemdebaros danaSaulis Cadenis adgilze moqmed kanons); statuta suo clauduntur

territorio, nec ultra territorium disponut (kanoni izRudeba sakuTari teritoriiT, is ar

moqmedebs sakuTari teritoriis farglebs gareT); ubi quis delinquit ibi punientur (pirma

sadac Caidina danaSauli, iqve unda daisajos).

Locus criminis-gan gansxvavebiT, Zveli romaelebi droebliv pozitivs ufro

erTgvarovnad ayalibebdnen: lex prospict, non respicit (kanoni mxolod win icqireba, is

sapirispiro mimarTulebiT ar moqmedebda); lex de futuro; iudex de praeterito (kanoni

moqmedebs samomavlod, mosamarTle ganixilavs warsuls); sisxlis samarTlis

ukuqmedebis Zala (nunc pro tunc) ukve cnobili iyo, Tumca mxolod ukidures zomad

ganixileboda, Zalzed iSviaT SemTxvevebSi: leges quae retrospiciunt raro, et magna cum

cautione sunt adhibendae neque enim Ianus locatur in legibus (kanoni, romelsac ukuqmedebis

Zala gaaCnia, iSviaTad da didi sifrTxiliT gamoiyeneba, radgan ianusis adgili ar

aris samarTalSi).

sisxlissamarTlebrivi kanonmdeblobis, swori da erTgvarovani gamoyenebis

aucilebel da ucvlel, pirobad misi axsna-ganmarteba iTvleba, rac sazogadoebaSi

arsebul mRelvarebas yvelaze ukeT daacxrobs. Zv. romSi sisxlis samarTlis kanonis

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sajaro axsna-ganmarteba romaeli iuristebis aqtiuri monawileobiT xorcieldeboda.

Tu romaeli pontifikosebi, sakuTar Tavs, RmerTebis nebis ganmcxadeblebad

miiCnevdnen da ar zrunavdnen sakuTari konsultaciebis motivaciis Sesaxeb, saero

iuristebi ara Tu motivirebul konsultaciebs iZlevian, aramed samarTlis normebis

interpretatio (axsna-ganmartebas) axdenen, cdiloben Caswvdnen aramarto calkeuli

normis arss, aramed Seiswavlon romis samarTlis sistema, mTlianobaSi, da

daadginon samarTlis ZiriTadi principebi. sisxlis samarTalSi damkvidrda

iuridiuli prezumfciis SemuSaveba da gamoyeneba.

sisxlis samarTlis prezumfcia gulisxmobda, rom nebismier SemTxvevaSi `adgili

aqvs keTilsindisierebas, Tu ar dadginda boroti ganzraxva” an `TiToeuli

CvenTagani keTilsindisier pirad iTvleba, Tu ar damtkicda sapirispiro

mdgomareoba” (Paul).

$1. sisxlis samarTlis principebi

im mravalricxovani samarTlebrivi saSualebebidan, romlebic mowodebuli arian

ganamtkicon sazogadoebrivi Tanacxovreba, gamoiyofa iseTebi, romlebsac

generaluri (zogadsavaldebulo) mniSvneloba da JReradoba gaaCniaT, romlebic

kerZo samarTlis normebis Sinaarssa da tonalobas koordinireben, sasamarTlo

praqtikas akeTilSobileben, samarTlebriv ideologias asaxaven. am samarTlebrivi

reglamentebis saxelwodebaa – samarTlis principi, romelic kerZo moTxovnebs

ganamtkicebda. samarTlis principebis roli da mniSvneloba SeiZleba erTi fraziT

CamovayaliboT: samarTlis principi aris ideasa da sinamdviles Soris arsebuli

kompromisi.

1.kanonierebis principi kanoniereba – zogadsamarTlebrivi idealia, romelic, yovelgvar gamonaklisebs,

mTlianad uaryofda. Zv. romaelebma STamomavlobas erTgvarovani samarTlebrivi

maqsimebi dautoves saxelmZRvanelod: fiat iustitia, pereat mundus (marTlmsajuleba unda

aRsruldes, mTeli samyaroc rom daiRupos) da dura lex, sed lex (kanoni mkacria, magram

es kanonia). kanonierebis sayovelTao principis damkvidrebam, TviTnebobis, analogiiT

marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebis, usamarTlo da dausabuTebeli gadawyvetilebis

aRmofxvras, Seuwyo xeli. romaelebma Tavidan aiciles kanonierebis reJimis darRveva

da, kanonis mkacr da mSral erTgvarovnebas, mianiWes upiratesoba individualuri

midgomebis mimarT, rac, momdevno Taobebis iuristebisaTvis, Tavisebur

gafrTxilebad, mowodebad iqca.

2. moqalaqeTa kanonis winaSe Tanasworobis principi – aris iseTive mudmivi idea,

rogorc mudmivia TviT buneba. adamianebma didi xania daijeres da ganuxrel

WeSmaritebad miiRes, garSemo myofTa, an individualizmi, an mTeli samyaros

uferuli erTgvarovneba.

Ulp. (D. 50, 17, 32) ambobda: . . . quod adius naturale affinet, omnes homines aequales sunt (. . .bunebiTi

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samarTlis mixedviT, yvela adamiani Tanasworia). Tumca, samarTali (da

gansakuTrebiT sisxlis samarTali) politikur doqtrinebs eqvemdebareba, cvlis

memkvidreobis sakiTxebis reglamentacias, da cdilobs, qonebriv sanqciebsa da

Tavisuflebis CamorTmevas Soris, moZebnos alternativa.

zogadad, qonebrivi urTierTobebis mowesrigebis sferom, kastobrivi kuTvnilebis

arseboba, yvelaze metad ganicada. pirvelebma aRniSnuli viTareba swored romaelma

iuristebma SeniSnes. maTi azriT, erTi mxriv, kanoni yvelasaTvis erTi piriT

saubrobda (lex uno ore omnes alloquitur) da Tanasworoba samarTlianobis yvelaze

mniSvnelovani Tvisebaa (prima pars aequitatis aequalitas), magram, meore mxriv, pirvelive

kritikuli viTarebis arsebobam, romaeli iuristebi daaeWva da maT gamoTqves aseTi

mosazreba: quinon habet in crimena luat in corpore, ne quis peccetur impune (is, visac safuleSi

groSi ar udevs, unda daeqvemdebaros sxeulebriv sasjels, radgan kanonis damrRvevi

dausjeli ar darCes).

amrigad, ufro zusti iqneba, aRniSnuli principi, Camoyalibdes Semdegi cnebiT:

yvela piri kanonisa da sasamarTlos winaSe aris Tanaswori, yovelgvari faqtobrivi

garemoebebis arsebobis miuxedavad, asakisa da Seracxadobis, anu im Semadgenlobis

niSnebis garda, romlebic danaSaulis subieqtisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli.

sisxlissamarTlebrivi regulirebis sferoSi, swored danaSaulis Semadgenloba,

adamianTa iuridiuli Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofis yvelaze saimedo da gamocdili

instrumenti iyo. amrigad, danaSaulebriv qmedebebSi braldebuli pirebi

gaTanabrebuli da standartizebuli arian.

3. braleulobis principi Zvel romaul definiciaSi daaxloebiT ase JRerda: ubi culpa

est, ibi poena subesse debet (sadac bralia, iqve sasjelic unda iyos). bralis principis

arseboba ganpirobebuli iyo sami faqtoriT: a) brali humanuri iaraRi iyo, zianis

momtani qmedebis Camdeni, nebismieri avtoris, dasjis winaaRmdeg, maT Soris iseTi

pirebis dasjis winaaRmdeg, vinc sazogadoebrivi zneobiT ar iyo gamarTlebuli; b)

brali – samarTlebrivi miznebis miRwevis aucilebeli pirobaa, rac mxolod

xelisuflebasa da damnaSaves Soris gaazrebuli dialogis arsebobis SemTxvevaSia

SesaZlebeli (ganzraxuli Canafiqrisa da nebelobiTi ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb, am

aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT, samarTliani dasjis Sesaxeb, gamosworebisa da valis

gadaxdis Sesaxeb da sxva); g) brali _ pasuxismgeblobis individualizaciis

damatebiTi kriteriumia. braleulobis moTxovna, xelisuflebis mier, mimarTuli

mxolod bralis kondiciuri matareblebisadmi, romelTa qveS igulisxmeba garkveuli

asakis miRweva (romelic usafrTxo sazogadoebriv moqmedebas uzrunvelyofs) da

biologiuri maCveneblebi (fsiqikuri janmrTelobis mdgomareobiT, adekvasturad

aRiqvas sazogadoebrivi cxovreba, unaris mqone nebismieri fizikuri piri).

amrigad, asaki da Seracxadoba bralisa da sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis

mTavari winapirobaa. brali – danaSaulis Semadgenlobis suvbieqturi mxaris niSania,

romelic, nebismieri sisxlis samarTlis saqmeze, mtkicebis sagans warmoadgenda da

axlac warmoadgens. mravali saukunis ganmavlobaSi braleulobis principi

dakavSirebuli iyo faqtebis swor asaxvasTan, qmedebis sazogadoebrivi mniSvnelobis

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(saSiSroebis) gagebasTan. marTlwinaaRmdegobisa da danaSaulis akrZalvis Segnebas

ar aqvs iuridiuli mniSvneloba. Ignorantia legis neminem excusat (kanonis arcodna aravis

epatieba) – romaelebma es principi gaiTavises ZvelTaganve. romis xelisufalni,

romis senatisa an magistratebis iuridiulad mniSvnelovan da zogadsavaldebulo

aqtebs, sayovelTao gacnobisaTvis forumis moedanze gamofendnen xolme, tabulae

publicae saxiT, an damatebiT gaaxmovanebdnen kidec

4. samarTlianobis principi, uZveles zogadsakacobrio idealsa da imeds

gamoxatavda.

rogorc nebismieri moraluri moTxovna, samarTlianoba gansxvavdeba Sinaarsobrivi

moqnilobiT. TiToeuli epoqa da TiToeuli sazogadoebrivi wyoba samarTlianobis

sakuTari gagebis mimarT, garkveul imedebs gamoxatavda. Zveli romaelebma maleve

gaacnobieres, rom yvelasaTvis misaRebi kanoni saerTod ar arsebobs da amitom

saWiroa gansakuTrebuli koeficientebis SemuSaveba. romaelebma aqcenti aequitas-ze

(samarTlianoba) gadaitanes, romelic, maTi azriT, mkacri kanonierebis erTaderTi da

mudmivi oponentia. maTi SexedulebiT, mxolod aequitas iyo zesamarTlebrivi

imperativi, gadamrCeni instrumenti, romelic sisxlis samarTals adamianebisaTvis

misaRebad aqcevda. romaelebma zneobrivi iuridiuli Cixidan erTaderT gamosavlad

perpetuae lex miiCnevdnen. swored aman ganapiroba romaelTa RvTaebrivi aRtkineba

samarTlianobis mimarT: ius respicit aequitatem (samarTali angariSs uwevs

samarTlianobis mosazrebebs); lex respicit aequitatem (kanoni pativiscemiT ekideba

samarTlianobis moTxovnebs), an lex aequitate gaudet (samarTali samarTlianobiT tkbeba).

Zveli romis iuristTa zneobrivi monapovrebis ZiriTadi kalapoti kanonis

samarTlianobaze gaSuqeba iyo, riTac maT daamtkices, rom moraluri kriteriumi

miwierze ufro maRalia da amitom xelisuflebis miswrafebani arasrulyofilia.

iuristebi kanonmdeblobisagan zomierebas moiTxovdnen (tantum habent de lege, quantum

habent de iustitia (kanonisaTvis mniSvnelovani is aris, rac samarTlianobis

TvalsazrisiT aris mniSvnelovani), aqve iyo pretorebis mimarT mowodeba, rom maT

kanonis kerZo wesebSi gamoeZebnaT samarTlis suliskveTeba zogadad (aequitas naturalis

preferenda est rigori iuris – bunebrivi samarTlianoba ufro sasurvelia, vidre kanonis

simkacre); iudex aequitatem semper spectare debet (mosamarTlem samarTlianoba mudam

mxedvelobaSi unda iqonios). romis samarTalSi samarTlianobis principis kerZo

axsna-ganmartebad Semdegi daTqma iTvleboda: nemo bis punitur pro eodem delieto, nemo debet

bis puniri uno delicto (arvin ASeiZleba orjer daisajos erTi da imave danaSaulisaTvis).

5. piradi pasuxismgeblobis principi Cadenili qmedebisaTvis, nel-nela,

xelisuflebis ganmtkicebisa da centralizaciis zrdasa da mis xelSi sadamsjelo

funqciebis gadasvlasTan erTad, sisxlis aRebis Cveulebis, cxovelebis dasjis,

sisxlis samarTlis Temur-koleqtiuri pasuxismgeblobisagan uaris Tqmis

paralelurad, ikafavda gzas. Zvel romaelebTan aRniSnuli principi mouwodebda

danaSaulis Sedegebi memkvidreebze ar gavrcelebuliyo (in heredes non solent transire

actiones quae poenales ex maleficio sunt (sadamsjelo xasiaTis sarCelebi, romlebic

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danaSaulis Cadenis faqtidan warmoiSveba, ar gadadis memkvidreobiT). aseve

erTmniSvnelovania kidev erTi anonimuri sentencia _ nemo punitur pro alieno delicto

(aravin daisjeba sxvisi danaSaulisaTvis).

Ulp.D.16,3,1,18 azriT, samarTaldarRvevisa da zianis miyenebisaTvis pasuxs agebda

piradad samarTaldamrRvevi (et delicta et noxae caput seguuntur). Tumca, Zv. romaulma

ideologiurma da samarTlebrivma konstruqciebma am principidan gamonaklisic

dauSves: kerZod, Ulp. (D.48,4,11) Tvlida: Crimen extinguiturrimen mortalitate, nisi forte quis

maiestatis reus fuit (danaSauli daifareba damnaSavis sikvdiliT, Tumca erTi

gamonaklisiT: Tu saxelmwifo Ralats ar hqonda adgili. amrigad, saxelmwifos

moRalate naTesavis gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi pasuxs misi memkvidre agebda da is

sasjelisaTvis unda gamzadebuliyo. amave seriidan SeiZleba gamovyoT normebi

sxvisi braleulobis gamo pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb: mepatronis pasuxismgebloba

mosamsaxuris samarTaldarRvevisaTvis (iniuria servi dominum pertingit), anu adamianis

pasuxismgebloba monisa an Svilis samarTaldarRvevisaTvis (ob alterius culpam tenetur,

sive servi, sive liberi).

6. dasjadobis gardauvalobis principi

sasjelis gardauvalobis principi romaelebma bunebriv samarTlianobad miiCnies,

radgan, maTi azriT, es principi mniSvnelovan prevenciul saSualebad, TiTqmis

aqsiomad, miiCneoda.

upirveles yovlisa, es moTxovna damnaSavis antisazogadoebriv gamoxtomaze

reagirebis amocanas daukavSirda: neque impunita maleficia esse oporteat (danaSauli

dausjeli ar unda darCes) – Iul. (D.9,2,51,2). gansakuTrebiT miesalmebodnen im azrs,

rom danaSaulsa da sasjels Soris uryevi kavSiri arsebobda da samagieros mizRvis

gardauvalobas win veraferi daudgeboda.

Ulp. (D.4,5,2,3) Tvlida, rom aravin SeiZleba gaTavisufldes pasuxismgeblobisagan

Cadenili samarTaldarvevis gamo (nemo delictis exuitur). sisxlissamarTlebrivi

qmedebisaTvis sasjelis gardauvalobis principi, yvelaze xSirad axali danaSaulis

Cadenisagan, Tavis aridebis zrunviT an danaSaulisagan Tavdacvis aucileblobiT

iyo ganpirobebuli.

romaelebi saubrobdnen saxelmwifo interesebis (interest reipublicae ne maleficia remaneant

impunita – saxelmwifos interesebSia, rom damnaSaveni dausjeli ar darCnen) Sesaxeb;

imis Sesaxeb, rom dausjeloba mudam waaxalisebda damnaSaveT (impunitas cotinuum affectum

tribuit delinquendi), rom dausjeloba mudmivad acdunebs pirs danaSaulis Cadenisaken

(spes impunitas continuum Affectum tribuit delinquendi).

$2. danaSauli romis samarTalSi

danaSauli (Tanamedrove gagebiT), rogorc sisxlis samarTlis cneba da instituti,

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romaul iurisprudenciaSi ver Camoyalibda. savaraudod, maTze gavlena moaxdina,

mkacrad Teoriuli xasiaTis da mSrali, sworad Camoyalibebuli definiciebis

mimarT, romaelTa sayovelTao siZulvilma. winaswar Semowmebuli Tvisebebis

gaTvaliswinebiT _ romaelebi upirtesobas brZanebebis zust da mokle formulebs,

qcevis receptebs aniWebdnen. Zv. romma ukve icoda marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebisa da

gadacdomis (commissum), samarTaldarRvevisa (delictum) da sakuTriv danaSaulis

(crimen) diferencireba.

danaSauli, Tavis mxriv, iyofoda sxvadasxva saxeebad: 1. saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg

mimarTuli danaSauli – vis publica an de maestate; 2. Zaladobrivi danaSauli – devi; 3.

sakuTrebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSauli _ raptus; 4. Tanamdebobrivi danaSauli –

ambitus da sxva.

aRniSnuli epoqis danaSaulis kerZo saxeebi Semdegnairad iyofoda: a) peculatos

(saxelmwifo sakuTrebis dataceba, gaflangva); b) plagium (Tavisufali adamianis,

marTlsawinaaRmdegod, monad gayidva); g) repetundae (romis mokavSireebis qonebis

mitaceba); d) veneficia (SxamiT mowamvla); e) sicaria (daqiravebuli mkvleloba –

angarebiT mkvleloba); v) homicidium (ganzrax mkvleloba); z) perduellio (saxelmwifos

Ralati); T) furtum (qurdoba); i) calumnia (ciliswameba); k) falsum (crumowmeoba); l)

captio an fraus (TaRliToba); m) convicium (Seuracxyofa); n) verbaratio (cema, gvema) da sxva.

romaelma iuristebma, pirobiTad, savaraudod, aRiares marTlwinaaRmdegoba

danaSaulis aucilebel niSnad: Ulp. (D. 50, 16, 131 pr) Tvlida, rom poena sine fraude esse non

potest (dauSvebelia sasjelis arseboba danaSaulis gareSe).

romaelebma gansazRvres danaSaulis kategorizaciis Canasaxebic: 1. minora crimina _

naklebad mniSvnelovani danaSauli; 2. maT mier ganisazRvra danaSaulebrivi aqtis

dasrulebis momentis dadgenis aucilebloba (flagrans crimen).

$3. brali

danaSauli warmoadgens garkveul fsiqofiziologiur erTobliobas, anu brali aris

azrebsa da qmedebas, sulsa da sxeuls, ganzraxvasa da Sedegs Soris arsebuli

uwyveti kavSiri. piris Sinagani sulieri samyaros is mciredi nawili, romelic

danaSaulebriv aqts uSualod asaxavda da xsnida da bunebrivad iwvevda

kanonmdeblisa da iuristis interesebs, danaSaulis Semadgenlobis subieqtur mxared

iwodeboda. aRniSnuli cneba cnobili iyo romaeli iuristebisaTvis, romlebic mas

mens rea (sulieri saqme) uwodebdnen. Tanamedrove mecniereba mens rea-Si gamohyofs

mizansa (avtorisaTvis sasurveli Secodebis Sedegi) da motivs (Segnebuli an

gauazrebeli Sinagani aRtkineba), Tumca, danaSaulis Semadgenlobis subieqturi

mxaris mTavar komponents mainc brali warmoadgens. bralis gareSe miyenebuli

zarali sisxlissamarTlebrivi wesiT ar idevneba da isjeba. Zvelma laTinebma

imTaviTve moaxdines danaSaulis klasificireba SemTxveviT, ganzrax da emociebze

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damyarebul qmedebad: Modestinus (D.48,19,11,2) azriT, delinquitur aut proposito aut impetu aut casu

(adamianebi samarTals ganzrax, grZnobebis mowoliT an SemTxveviT arRveven).

nebismieri samarTaldamrRvevi fsiqiurad individualuria, xolo nebismieri

danaSauli, agreTve, samyaros individualuri fsiqologiuri asaxvis sferos

warmoadgens da amavdroulad, danaSaulSi TviT samarTaldamrRvevis pirovnebaa

gamoxatuli.

danaSaulis subieqturi mxarisa da bralis Sesaxeb codnas Zveli romaelebi

sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis diferencirebisaTvis iyenebdnen. maT mier

moZiebul iqna danaSaulebrivi fsiqologiis axal-axali gamyofi xazebi, ris Sedegad

damkvidrda mtkiceba, rom danaSaulis sxvadasxva saxe erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba

ganzraxviT da miznebiT (violuntas et propositum distinguunt maleficia). agreTve moxda

Tanamedrove iuridiuli suliskveTebisaTvis nacnobi cnebebis – Tanabari brali (par

delictum), winaswar Secnobili ganzraxva (malitia praecogitata) kultivireba. swored

aqedan gamomdinareobs miTiTeba uxeS gauazreblobisa da zianis ganzraxi miyenebis

(lata culpa dolo aequiparatur - uxeSi daudevroba ganzraxvas uTanabrdeba an magna culpa

dolus est – uxeSi gaufrTxelebeli ganzraxvis Tanabaria.

amrigad, imdroindel sisxlissamarTlebriv konstruqciebSi ukve iyo ganzraxvis,

gaufrTxileblobisa da daudevrobis adgili. damnaSavis inteleqtualur-nebelobiTi

Zalisxmeva da SesaZleblobani, sisxlis samarTlis sferoSi, mxedvelobaSi ori

mimarTulebiT miiReboda: Cadenili qmedebisadmi (moqmedeba an umoqmedoba) fsikuri

damokidebulebiT da am Cadenili qmedebis SedegebiT. Tumca, Zvel romaul

sakanonmdeblo teqstebsa da traqtatebSi ar iyo pirdapiri miTiTeba bralis ori

formis – ganzraxvisa da gaufrTxileblobis Sesaxeb, magram ukve arsebobda

miTiTeba imis Sesaxeb, rom alkoholi did gavlenas axdenda danaSaulis Cadenaze,

kerZod: qui peccaf ebrius, luat sobrius (vinc Caidenda danaSauls simTvraleSi, daisjeboda

maSin, roca fxizeli iyo). Zvelromaulma samarTalmcodneobam swrafad gaiazra, rom

erTmaneTisagan unda gaemijnaT SemTxveva da Secdoma. Ulp. azriT: a) cassus a nullo praestatur

(SemTxvevis (dauZleveli Zalis) gamo pasuxs aravis agebs) (D. 50, 17, 23); b) fortuitos

casus nullum humanum consilium providere potest (araviTar adamianur windaxedulobas

SeuZlia SemTxvevisagan dacva (D. 4, 4, 11, 5).

Secdomas ki error uwodebdnen. Secdoma sxvadasxvagvari SeiZleba yofiliyo, kerZod:

romaelebi iuridiul da faqtobriv Secdomebs ganasxvavebdnen. gansxvavebis arsi ki

metad sworxazovani iyo: ignorantia facfi excusaf, ignorantia iuris (haund) non excusaf (nrminem

excusaf) (faqtis arcodna sapatioa, xolo samarTlis arcodna (araviTar SemTxvevaSi)

(aravis) epatieba). aRniSnulis Taobaze mniSvnelovania Paul. mosazreba: regula esf iuris

quidem ignorantia cuique nocere, facti vero ignorantium non nocere (samarTlis arcodna yvelesaTvis

sazianoa, faqtis arcodna ar aris saziano) (D.22,6,9pr).

a)Seracxaoba

brali samarTaldamrRvevis jansaRi fsiqikis moqmedebas gulisxmobs: Tu piri

fsiqiurad daavadebulia (WkuasustobiT an gonebaClungobiT) gamoiricxeba sisxlis

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samarTlis pasuxismgebloba da piri mxolod oZulebiT samedicino mkurnalobas

daeqvemdebareba, Sesabamis samkurnalo dawesebulebaSi. romaelma iuristebma,

sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis da samedicino daxmarebis mizniT,

samarTalSefardebiT brunvaSi SemoiRes Seuracxaobis cneba, romelic dRemde

gamoiyeneba Tanamedrove samarTalSi.

sakuTriv iuridiuli wesebi metad sworxazovania: Modestinus azriT, sufficit furore ipso

furiosum puniri (uWkuo sakmarisad dasjilia uWkuobiT. D. 48, 9, 9, 2), anu fsiqiurad

avadmyofi pirebis mier Cadenili eqscesebis gamo, sisxlis samarTlis

pasuxismgeblobis Sefardeba SeuZlebeli iyo. Tanac, im periodSi metnaklebad

mowesrigebuli fsiqiatriuli klinikebis arseboba warmoudgeneli iyo, ris gamoc,

suliT avadmyofi piri bolomde “Tavisufali” iyo da iZulebiTi xasiaTis

samedicino RonisZiebas ar eqvemdebareboda. romis samarTalSi arc sakanonmdeblo

wesiT gadawyvetili Seuracxaobis definicia arsebobda, romelic Rirseul

samedicino da biologiur safuZvels daefuZneboda. amis gamo Seuracxadi da suliT

avadmyofi pirebis gansxvaveba martivi wesiT xdeboda: fortus praesumitur qui in proprio

nomine errat (Seuracxadia is, vinc Secdomebs sakuTar saxelSi akeTebda).

b)danaSaulis obieqturi mxare

subieqturi Seracxvis, bralis Sesaxeb moZRvrebis, Secdomisa da Seuracxaobis didi

mniSvnelobis miuxedavad, Zveli romaelebisaTvis danaSaulis advilad damamtkicebel

mowmeobas mainc misi garegani, obieqturi niSnebi (maxasiaTeblebi) warmoadgenda,

romlebic ufro Zlier argumentad iTvleboda, vidre sityvebi (facta sunt potentiora

verbis).

romaeli iuristebi Tvlidnen, rom mxolod azrebis gamo piris dasja SeuZlebeli

iyo, rom ganzraxva ar iyo dasjadi (cogitationis poenam nemo patitur – Ulp. D. 48, 19, 18). am

droidan moyolebuli, qmedeba da misi Sedegebi, romlebic mniSvnelovani garegani

koordinatebis garemocvaSia (danaSaulis Cadenis adgili, dro, xerxi, garemoeba,

iaraRi, saSualeba da sxva) moqceuli, danaSaulis im energetikul birTvs

warmoadgenen, romelic danaSaulis Semadgeblobis obieqturi mxaris saxelwodebiT

aris cnobili. Zalzed primitiulad iyo gadawyvetili danaSaulis damTavrebis

sakiTxi. am TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa gaiusis mosazrebani qurdobis damTavrebasTan

dakavSirebiT: manifestum furtum quidam id esse dixerunt, quod dum fit deprehenditur. Alii vero ulterius,

quod eo loco deprehenditur ubi fit. . . Alii . . . donec perferret eo, quo perferre fur destinasset. Alii . . .

quandoque eam rem fur tenens visus fuerit (zogierTebis azriT, qmedebba mTavrdeba, Tu

damnaSave danaSaulis Cadenis dros iqneba waswrebuli; sxvebi Tvlian. . . . Tu is

waswrebulia danaSaulis adgilze; mesameni . . . vidre qurdi ar waiRebs nivTs iq,

sadac Caifiqra, da, bolos, sxvebi Tvlian. . . roca qurds nivTiT xelSi xedaven (Gai.,

3, 84).

Zvelromauli epoqis sakanonmdeblo Zeglebi ukve danaSaulebrivi qmedebis pasiur

formas icnobdnen da mis gamo, Sesabamis, pasuxismgeblobas awesebdnen.

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umoqmedobisaTvis braldeba upiratesad mxedrebs (brZolis velidan gaqceva) da

monebs (sikvdiliT isjebodnen, Tu batonis saxlSi batonis winaaRmdeg Tavdasxmas ar

aRkveTdnen) waeyenebodaT. Tumca, arsebobda arapirdapiri (iribi) monacemebi imis

sasargeblod, rom, aqtiuri moqmedebidan Tavis arideba, yvelasaTvis danaSaulebrivi

saqmianobis erT-erT formad miiCneoda. Paul. mowmobda Semdegi prezumfciis Sesaxeb:

nullum crimen patitur is, qui non prohibet cum prohibere (non) potest danaSauls ar sCadis is, vinc

ar ewinaaRmdegeba imas, risTvisac ar SeeZlo winaaRmdegobis gaweva ( (D. 50, 17, 109)).

amrigad, romaelebma aiTvises, umoqmedobis Sesaxeb moZRvrebis pirveli safexuri

(“arafriskeTeba” mxolod maSin yo dasjadi, Tu pirs aqtiuri umoqmedebis

samarTlebrivi movaleoba ekisreboda).

g) danaSaulis Cadenis stadiebi

romaelma iuristebma ar icodnen, Tanamedrove gagebiT, danaSaulis momzadebis cneba,

maT ver SeZles damTavrebuli danaSaulis, rogorc damoukidebeli stadiis,

gamoyofa da ver hyofdnen danaSaulis Secadebas calkeul nairsaxeobad (rogorc

Tanamedrove sisxlis samarTalSia). damTavrebul xelyofas upirispirdeboda

mxolod Secadeba (mcdeloba), romelsac romaelebma yvelaze meti sentencia

miuZRvnes. maTi nawili sadReisod CvenTvis miuRebeli da sazianoc ki aris, kerZod:

in lege Cornelia dolus pro facto accipitur (korneliusis kanonis Tanaxmad (adamianis

mkvlelobis), mcdeloba mkvlelobas uTanabrdeba (Paul. D. 48, 8, 7); In atrocioribus delictis

punitur affectus licet non sequitur effectus (ufro mZime danaSaulis mcdeloba mainc dasjadia,

Tundac Sedegi ar yofiliyo damdgari).

d) danaSaulSi Tanamonawileoba

romaulma warCinebulma sazogadoebam Zalzed adre gaacnobiera danaSaulis

jgufuri formebis mometebuli safrTxe, arsebuli wesrigisadmi korporaciuli

winaaRmdegobis gansakuTrebuli saSiSroeba (mezobel tomebTan permanentuli

brZola, plebs politikuri bunti, monaTa gaxSirebuli ajanyebebi, provinciebSi

arsebuli mRelvareba).

yovelive zemoTqmulma, danaSaulSi Tanamonawileobis Sesaxeb, moZRvrebis aqtiur

ganxilvas, Seuwyo xeli. danaSaulSi Tanamonawileobis problema, kanonmdeblobaSi,

dacviT reaqciad iqca.

Tanamedrove sisxlis samarTli, danaSaulSi TanamonawileobisaTvis

pasuxismgeblobas, Semdegi qmedebebisaTvis adgens: uSedego wamqezeblobisaTvis; amave

dros, Tanamedrove sisxlissamarTlebrivi kanonmdebloba, gansakuTrebulad ixilavs

danaSaulSi Tanamonawileobis iseT problemebs, rogoricaa: eqcesis

individualizirebuli statusi: organizatoris, wamqezeblis, damxmaris mier

danaSaulebriv qmedebaze nebayoflobiT uaris Tqma; rolebis gancalkaveba;

TiToeuli Tanamonawiles mimarT, sasjels Semamsubuqebeli da damamZimebeli

garemoebebis gamoyeneba da sxva.

aRniSnul sakiTxebTan mimarTebaSi, romaelebi sakmaod sworxazovnad iqceodnen: maT

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dainaxes, rom jgufuri xelyofis dros, Sedegis dadgoma, saboloo jamSi,

amsruleblis finalur Zalisxmevaze iyo damokidebuli da swored amsrulebels

miiCneven jgufuri danaSaulis mTavar RerZad, mTavar damnaSaved: ubi non esf princiupalis,

non potest esse accessorius (sadac ar aris mTavari braleuli (amsrulebeli), iq arc

Tanamonawileobaa), an accessorius (Tanamonawileoba) sequitur nafuram sut principalis

(Tanamonawileoba Tansdevs mTavar braleuls) anu dauSvebelia Tanamonawilis

braldeba ufro mZime danaSaulis CadenaSi, vidre mTavari braleulis

danaSaulebrivi qmedeba.

Tanamonawileoba jer kidev ar iyo daCrdiluli Semxeblobis institutiT.

samagierod, ukve moxda, jgufurad Cadenili danaSaulis, qmedebis drois mixedviT,

iuridiuli SezRudva: nullus dicitur felo principalis nisi actor, aut qui praesens est, abettans auf auxilians

actorem ad feloniam faciendam - mTavar damnaSaves aravis uwodeben, amsruleblis, an im

piris garda, romelic danaSaulis Cadenis adgilas imyofeboda da danaSaulis

Cadenisaken aqezebda, an amaSi mas exmareboda).

rogorc Cans, imis miuxedavad, rom Tanamonawileobis subieqturi safuZvlebisadmi

ukve arsebobda sayovelTao ltolva, danaSaulis an damnaSavis dafarva

arasrulyofilad iyo Camoyalibebuli; saubari exeba mxolod damxmares codnas imis

Sesaxeb, Tu rogori iyo amsruleblis Zalisxmeva, Tumca, araferia naTqvami,

damxmaresa da amsrulebels Soris arsebul, urTierTSeTanxmebaze.

apeninebze Camoyalibebul sisxlis samarTalSi garkveuli warmatebebic gvxvdeba:

gamoyofilia da gamoiyeneba danaSaulSi Tanamonawilis cneba (particeps criminis);

fareTod gavrcelda debuleba, romelsac dRes, zianis SualobiT miyenebas,

vuwodebT (qui per alium facit per seipsum facere videtur - is, vinc moqmedebs sxvisi meSveobiT,

TviTon uSualod moqmedebis Camdenad iTvleba).

pozitiuri movlena TviT TanamonawileTa klasificireba iyo, ama Tu im figuris.

SedarebiTi mniSvnelobis gansazRvriT. gansakuTrebuli sasjeli swored wamqezebels

ekisreboda: is yovelTvis ufro braleuli iyo, vidre amsrulebeli (plus peccaf autor

quam actor), kerZod: ulpianes azriT, “persuadere plus est quam compelli atque cogi sibi parere

(waaqeze – ufro boroti ganzraxviTia, vidre morCilebisadmi iZuleba (D. 11, 3, 1, 3)).

e) danaSaulebrivi qmedebis gamomricxavi garemoebani

Tanamedrove sisxlis samarTalSi, aRniSnuli moqmedebani, romlebsac

danaSaulebrivi qmedebis gamomricxavi garemoebani ewodeba, subieqtebis mier

eqstremalur viTarebaSi xorcieldeba: 1.zianis miyenebis viTareba maT mier ar

igegmeboda; 2. am garemoebas iZulebiTi xasiaTi hqonda da pirs ar SeeZlo, drois

ukmarisobis gamo, sakuTari sapasuxo moqmedebebis gaazreba, an sasargeblo rCevebis

miReba; 3. Tu aRniSnuli pirobebis garda sazogadoebrivad sasargeblo aqciebsac

eqneba adgili (iZulebis qveS, zianis miyenebis SemTxvevis garda), aseTi adamianebis

mimarT, xelisuflebis mxridan, SebralebiTi damokidebulebis aucileblobaze

SeiZleba visaubroT.

270

rasakvirvelia, yovelive zemoaRniSnuli, jer ver iqneboda romaul sazogadoebaSi

damkvidrebuli, vinaidan aRniSnuli moTxovnebi Tanamedrove sazogadoebis

monapovaria. Tumca, zianis marTlzomieri miyenebis garemoebebi, mainc iqna

aRiarebuli da nel-nela gavrcelda romaelTa sazogadoebaSi. maT SesZles

erTmaneTisagan gaemijnaT actus Dei, vis maior, vis divina (RvTiuri saqmeebi) da socialuri

fors-maJoris garemoeba, romelsac aucileblobis cneba mieniWa.

aucilebloba cvlis kanons da mis gauTavebel sirTuleebs dascinis (neccessitas vincit

legem; legum vincula irredef; aucilebloba amarTlebs imas, risi gakeTeba iZulebis wesiT

moxda (quod necessitas cogit, defendit); aucilebloba kanonierad aqcevs imas, rac sxva

pirobebSi dauSvebeli iqneboda (quod alias non fuit lecitum necessitas licitum facit) da arc ki

cnobs sazogadoebis kanonebs (necessitas non habet legem).

a) Zveli romis socialuri fors-maJorTa jgufis saTaveSi aucilebeli mogerieba

idga. Tanamedrove sisxlis samarTlis msgavsad, romis samarTalSi ganxiluli,

aucilebeli mogeriebis Sesaxeb moZRvrebis, yvelaze mniSvnelovani aspeqti: 1)

marTlzomierebis pirobebi; 2) eqscesi; 3) provokacia; 4) dro da mxareTa

SesaZleblobani . . . es gasagebicaa, vinaidan Tavdacvis ufleba, (gansacdelSi

Cavardnili TanameTemisaTvis gadaudebeli daxmarebis aRmoCeniT); adamianTa

Tanacxovrebis aucilebel elements warmoadgenda da xelisuflebac iZulebuli iyo

mas Segueboda. Tanac, aRniSnuli sazogadoebrivi movaleoba, ganmtkicebuli iyo

zneobriobiT da saxelmwifomac dauSva sakuTari uflebebis nawilobrivi daTmoba

rigiTi wevris sasargeblod, raTa uzrunvelyo borotmoqmedebis aRkveTa.

1. aucilebeli mogerieba bunebriv da keTil saqmed gamocxadda: quod cunque aliquis ob

tutelam corporis sui fecerit iure id fecisse videtur (yovelive is, rasac adamiani sakuTari Tavis

dasacavad sCadis, kanonierad iTvleba). aucilebeli mogeriebis dros dasaSvebad

miiCneva nebismieri Sedegi, maT Soris Tavdamsxmelis mokvla (homicidium se defendendo);

2. TavdamsxmelTa Setakeba garkveuli pirobebiT izRudeba. Zaladoba Semxvedr

Zaladobas unda Seesabamebodes (vim vi repellere lecef) (Cassius et Ulp. D. 43, 16, 1, 27). xolo

Tavdamsxmelis daWra SesaZlebelia Tavdacvis dros da ara SurisZiebis gamo (illum qui

vim infert, ferire conceditur, si tuendi dumtaxat, non etiam ulciscendi causa factum sit. Paul. D. 2, 45, 4) aRniSnuli sentencia unda imgvarad aixsnas, rom TavdacviTi RonisZiebebis

marTlzomiereba, droebliv CarCoebze damokidebulia (mogeriebis dros) da

dauSvebelia misi gamarTleba, Tavdasxmis aRkveTis interesebis garda (da ara

SurisZiebiT).

3. imviria non excusat iniuriam (zianis miyeneba yovelTvis rodi amarTlebs (sapasuxo)

zianis miyenebas); 4) dauSvebelia Zaladobis SeniRbva samarTlis safarqveS – est autem

vis legem simulans. aseve akrZalulia Tavdasxmis provocireba. Paul Tvlida, rom ne cui

dolus suus, per occasionem iuris civilis, contra naturalem aequitatem prosit (boroti ganzraxva,

samarTlis sababiT, aravisaTvis sargeblis momtani unda iyos, bunebrivi

samarTlianobis sawinaaRmdegod).

271

b) damnaSavis dakavebisa da saTanado organoebSi gamwesebis RonisZiebani,

danaSaulebriobasTan brZolis yvelaze bunebrivi da absoluturad aucilebeli

fragmenti iyo nebismier qveyanaSi. danaSaulSi eWvmitanilTa iZulebiTi dakavebis

dros maT SesaZloa, zianic miayenon. amave gziT ganviTarda danaSaulSi

eWvmitanilTa iZulebiTi dakaveba romis sisxlis samarTalSi. am mxriv niSandoblivia

Semdegi sentencia: furem, si aliter capi non posset, occidere permittunt – (nebadarTulia qurdis

adgilze mokvla, Tu sxvagvarad SeuZlebelia misi dakaveba).

g) adamianisaTvis zianis miyenebis SemTxvevebi, fizikuri an fsiqikuri iZulebis

gavleniT.

gamamarTlebeli mniSvneloba, iZulebiTi moqmedebis motiviT, SeiZleba mieniWos

adamianisaTvis zianis miyenebis SemTxvevebs, fizikuri an fsiqikuri iZulebis

gavleniT. Tanamedrove kanonmdeblobiT, Zaladoba unda iyos gardauvali

(dauZleveli), riTac, msxverplad qceuli, piri kargavs SemoqmedebiTi moqmedebis

SesaZleblobas da mas sakuTari nebis (contra voluntas) sawinaaRmdegod moqmedebas

aiZuleben. ueWvelia, rom, am mxriv, upiratesoba fizikur iZulebas eniWeba, romelic

adamianis organizmTan uSualo kontaqtiT xorcieldeba cemis, gvemis, gakoWvis an

sxva xerxebis meSveobiT.

fizikuri Zaladobis gamoyenebiT pirs erTmeva moqmedebis SesaZlebloba: mas aRar

SeuZlia TviTdaWris, gagudvis imitaciis, TviTmkvlelobis ganxorcieleba. romaeli

iuristebi nakleb mniSvnelobas fsiqiur Zaladobas, an Zaladobis muqaras aniWebdnen.

am SemTxvevaSi, kanonmdebloba nebis paralizebis gansakuTrebul mtkicebulebebs

moiTxovda, vinaidan dausabuTebeli SiSi, gamamarTlebeli ver iqneba – vani timoris iusta

excusatio non est (Cel. D. 50, 17, 184). mxolod maSin SeiZleba visaubroT zianis miyenebis

gamarTlebaze, roca, garegnuli iZulebiTi zemoqmedeba, sakmarisad Zlieri iyo: actus

me invito factus, non est meus actus (moqmedeba, romelic Cemi nebis sawinaaRmdegoa, ar aris

Cemi moqmedeba).

$4. sasjeli

1.sasjelis cneba da misi miznebi

romaeli iuristebis aqsiologiuri (samarTlebrivi faseulobebis Sesaxeb moZRvreba)

Ziebani penalogiis (sasjelis Sesaxeb moZRvreba) sferoSi, maTi warmodgenebi

saxelmwifos sadamsjelo saqmianobis Sesaxeb, sakmaod misaRebi aRmoCnda

Tanamedrove sisxlis samarTlisaTvis – maT gansazRvres sasjelis gamoyenebis

prevenciuli da aRmzrdelobiTi miznebi. swored amgvarad moqmedebdnen imdroindeli

mosamarTleebi. maT urCevdnen mudam scodnodaT, rom causa in praeterium, poena in furtum

confertur (danaSaulis mizezi warsuls ekuTvnis, xolo sasjeli samomavlod iniSneba.

Ulp.35,1,12). swored amitom miaCndaT maT usargeblod represiuli RonisZiebebis mibma,

ukve Cadenili danaSaulis garemoebebsa da Sedegebisadmi; momavlisken xedva

pasuxismgeblobis Sefardebas niSnavda sazogadoebrivi interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

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Poena extenditur quandoque ratione rei publicae (zogjer sasjelis gamkacreba saxelmwifos

interesebis Sesabamisad xdeba). romaeli iuristebi sasjelis prevenciuli

daniSnulebas calsaxad aRiarebdnen. im dros gavrcelebuli iyo sentencia: nemo

prudens punit ut praeterita revocentur, sed ut furtura praeveniantur (brZeni adamiani sjis ara

imisaTvis, rom gaabaTilos Cadenili moqmedeba, aramed Tavidan aicilos samomavlod).

mkacri sasjeli naklebad efeqturi aRmoCnda danaSaulebrivi saqmianobis

Sesakaveblad, vidre darwmuneba imaSi, rom nebismieri borotmoqmedenba, gardauvalad,

dasjadi iqneba.

amis gamo, maT SeimuSaves recepti: cum non remitti poenam facebe publice intersit, ne ad maleficia

temere quisquam prositiat (dausjeli ar darCes danaSauli – sazogadoebis interesebSia,

raTa aravin ganizraxos danaSaulis Cadena. C. 9,47,14).

Tanamedrove sisxlis samarTalSi sasjeli damnaSavis mier Cadenili arasasurveli

moqmedebis Sedegebis gamo, damdgari iZulebiTi RonisZiebaa.

sasjelis ganusxvisebel Tvisebas damnaSavisaTvis tanjvis miyeneba, garkveuli

uflebis CamorTmeva an SezRudva warmoadgenda. aRniSnuli Tvisebebis gareSe,

sasjeli sakuTar daniSnulebas dakargavda da mxolod samagieros mizRvad, an

profilaqtikur RonisZiebad aRiqmeboda. sisxlis samarTlis sasjeli, rogorc

iZulebiTi RonisZieba, damnaSave pirs fizikur da zneobriv-fsiqologiur tanjvas

obieqturad uwesebda. Tumca, ciceronis azriT, prevenciuli da pedagogiuri

Zalisxmevis Sejerebisas, swored aRmzrdelobiT RonisZiebebs unda mieniWos

upiratesoba. manve gamoTqva cnobili aforizmi: SiSi movaleobis aramyari

maswavlebelia.

2. sasjelis daniSvna. danaSaulisa da sasjelis Tanafardobis problema

romauli kanonmdeblobiT ganisazRvra, rom danaSaulis CadenisaTvis saboloo

Sedegi sasamarTlo darbazSi sabraldebo ganaCenis formiT, dgindeba. sasjelis

saxeobisa da zomis SerCeva braldebis mxaris, TviT sasamarTlos da damcvelTa

saqmianobis Sedegia.

Zveli romis kanonmdebloba jer ver axdenda sisxlis samarTlis masalis

diferencirebas zogad da kerZo nawilebad da praqtikosi iuristebi aequitas moZiebas,

kerZo deliqtebis doneze axorcielebdnen. mosamarTlis Tvalwin yovelTvis

samarTlianoba unda mdgariyo (iudex aequitatem prae oculis semper habere debet).

samarTlianoba xSir SemTxvevaSi sasjelis individualizaciasTan iyo gaigivebuli:

bonus iudex varie ex personis causisque constituet (kargi mosamarTle gadawyvetilebas

sxvadasxvagvarad iRebs, saqmis garemoebaTa da masSi monawile pirTa

gaTvaliswinebiT Celsus. D. 6, 1, 38).

XII dafis kanonebi, sxva sakanonmdeblo ZeglebTan erTad, lex talionis

batonobasTan myarad asocirdeba. `Tvali Tvalis wil~ (membrum pro “membro”) _

primitiuli debuleba _ sayovelTaod moqmedebda, Tumca mxolod kvirituli

samarTlis (ius Quaritum) periodSi.

273

ganmtkicebuli saxelmwifo xelisufleba (jer konsulebisa, xolo Semdeg –

keisarTa), romelzec mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdendnen mzardi ekonomikuri brunva,

migraciuli talRebi da danaSaulis mravalferovneba, iZulebuli iyo gaerTulebina

iZulebiTi wesebi, da maTSi sazogadoebrivi da saxelmwifo interesebi Caeqsova. es

wesebi, TviT danaSaulis kerZo garemoebebisa da misi monawileTa qmedebisagan,

Zalzed Sors idga.

instiqtebsa da saritualo RonisZiebebze damyarebuli iZulebiTi RonisZiebebi

(praecipitium – tarpeusis kldidan damnaSavis gadagdeba da pedis abscissio – qveda

kidurebis mokveTa) TandaTanobiT gamoidevna qonebrivi sanqciebiTa da damnaSavis

dapatimrebiT.

romis samarTalSi SenarCunebul iqna, Tanamedrove samarTlisaTvis, erTi uCveulo

Canaweri, sisxlis samarTlis arsis gagebis Sesaxeb. klasikuri Sexeduleba,

saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis am sferos sasjelTan aigivebda; xolo samarTalSi

Camoyalibebuli axali azri sisxlis samarTlis meore institutis – danaSaulis

mimarT, yuradRebis gamaxvilebas moiTxovda. sityva-sityviT es Semdegnairad JRerda:

lex pure poenalis obligat tantum ad poenam, non item ad culpam; lex poenalis mixta et ad culpam obligat et ad

poenam (wminda sisxlis samarTali ZiriTadad sasjels da ara danaSauls ucqeris;

Sereuli sisxlis samarTali ucqeris rogorc danaSauls, ise sasjels). mTavari aq

is aris, rom, e. w. `Sereuli sisxlis samarTlis” gareSe, samarTliani sasjelis

problema gadauWreli darCeba. Culpae poena par esto (dae, sasjeli Cadenil danaSauls

Seesabamebodes) danaSauli sadamsjelo RonisZiebebis gatarebas unda Seesabamebodes,

kerZod: pro mensura cuiusque delicti constituendum est (sasjeli nebismieri

samarTaldarRvevisaTvis Tanazomieri unda iyos. Divus Pius et Calligula D. 48,10,31); VIII

dafiT dadgenilia sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgeblobis sakanonmdeblo

diferencireba, danaSaulis saxis Sesabamisad (jarima zeda kidurebis motexvisaTvis,

talioni – asoTmiRebisaTvis, sikvdiliT dasja – ciliswamebisaTvis), an misi

gansakuTrebuli Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebiT (kvalificiuri Semadgenloba) –

sikvdiliT dasja sxvisi qonebisaTvis cecxlis ganzrax wakidebisaTvis da mxolod

zianis martivi anazRaureba, cecxliT gaufrTxileblad zianis miyenebis SemTxvevaSi.

Tavisuflad SeiZleba vamtkicoT, rom romaelma iuristebma, terminologiur doneze,

ar icodnen danaSaulis simravlis Sesaxeb. cxovrebiseulma gamocdilebam maT

ukarnaxa danaSaulebrivi qmedebis diferencirebis aucilebloba, pasuxismgeblobis

niSnis mixedviT. praqtikulma saqmianobam SeiZina ramdenime rCeva – sentencia:

multiplicita transgressione crescat poenal inflictio (samarTaldarRvevaTa gamravlebis SemTxvevaSi,

unda gaizardos sasjelis gamoyeneba). mxolod is unda ganesazRvraT, Tu rogor

SeiZleboda danaSaulze reagireba, danaSaulis simravlis SemTxvevebSi – STanTqmiT,

SekrebiT, marTla gamravlebiT (pirdapiri gagebiT). Cvenamde moRweuli maqsima

adasturebs, rom naklebad mkacri sasjelis ufro mkacri sasjeliT STanTqmis wesi,

romaelebma uaryves upirobod. Ulp. amtkicebda, rom numquam plura delicta concurrentia faciunt,

ut ullius impunitas detur (ramdenime paralelurad Cadenili samarTaldarRveva ar iwvevs

imas, rom erT-erTi maTgani darCes dausjeli. D.47,1,2pr). aRniSnuli moTxovna

274

mxolod STanTqmis principze uaris Tqmis SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneboda. dResdReobiT

Paul erTi sentencia did davas iwvevs: nunquam crescit ex post facto praeteriti delicti aestimatio

(momdevno samarTaldarRveva ar amkacrebs sasjels uwindeli samarTaldarRvevis

gamo D.50,17,138,1). Tumca, es mxolod erTi SexedviT. momdevno xelyofa,

rasakvurvelia, ver imoqmedebda pirveli danaSaulis gamo Sefardebul

pasuxismgeblobis zomaze. Tumca, saboloo sasjelis zoma ufro mkacri iqneboda,

vidre TiToeuli xelyofa cal-calke aRebuli – sasjelis Sekrebis principis

meSveobiT.

da bolos, danaSaulisa da sasjelis Tanafardobis sakiTxi. romaelebi, am sakiTxTan

dakavSirebiT, xelmZRvanelobdnen martivi, Tumca sakamaTo wesiT: ex frequenti delicto

aeqetur poena (sajeli mkacrdeba aRniSnuli saxiT danaSaulis sixSiris (gavrcelebis)

gamo).

3. sasjelidan gaTavisuflebis wesi, Sewyaleba

romis sisxlis samarTalSi moqmedebda mkacri moTxovnebi sasjelis gamoyenebasTan

dakavSirebiT. dauSvebeli iyo raime saxis sisuste marTlmsajulebis mxridan,

zogadsavaldebulo wesebidan gadaxveva da damnaSavis mimarT gamotanili sasjelis

aRsrulebaze, gavlenis moxdena: actus perfectus nullo casu superveniente tollitur (damTavrebuli

samarTlebrivi qmedeba ar uqmdeba raime Semdgomi movleniT), anu postkriminaluri

movlenebi, dazaralebulisaTvis fulis dabruneba) (liberata pecunia non liberat offerentum

(fulis dabruneba dambrunebels ar aTavisuflebs sisxlis samarTlis

pasuxismgeblobidan), mxareTa momrigebluri SeTanxmeba – non valet si convenerit, ne dolus

praestetur (dauSvebelia raime SeTanxmebam aRmofxvras pasuxismgebloba boroti

ganzraxvisaTvis - Ulp. D. 50, 17, 23), vinaidan sajaro samarTali ver gauqmdeba calkeul

pirTa SeTanxmebis Sedegad (ius publicum privatorum pactis mutari non potest). mxolod

gaupatiurebis danaSaulis SemadgenlobisaTvis dadginda gamonaklisi, Tumca

pasuxismgeblobidan gaTavisuflebis safasuri Zalzed maRali iyo –

dazaralebulTan qorwinebis aucilebloba, vinaidan matrimonium subsequens tollit peccatum

praecedens (damdgari qorwineba STanTqavs manamde Cadenil danaSauls).

Sewyaleba, rogorc zogadsavaldebulo wesebidan individualuri gadaxveva da

uzenaesi xelisuflebis atributi, didi xnis win dadginda da dRemde mniSvnelovan

instituts warmoadgens.

romaeli iuistebi Sewyalebis instituts Zalzed mikerZoebulad ekidebodnen da am

institutisadmi frTxil damokidebulebas sakmaod damajereblad asabuTebdnen.

kerZod:

a) Fortior est custodia legis quam hominis – (kanoniT miniWebuli dacva ufro myaria, vidre

adamianis mier miniWebuli); b) aequior est dispositio legis quam hominis (kanoni ufro

samarTlianad wyvets, vidre adamiani); g) venia facilitas incentivum est delinquendi (Sewyalebis

gaadvileba aris danaSaulis waqezeba).

275

4. arasrulwlovanTa sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgeblobis Taviseburebani

romis samarTalma gansakuTrebuli saxelmwifoebrivi zrunva gamoiCina romauli

sazogadoebis arasrulwlovani wevrebis mimarT. samarTalSemfardeblebis mimarT

gacemuli Cvenamde moRweuli rCevebis, dadgenili wesebisa da sentenciebis didi

nawili Semdegs qadagebda: succurritur minori; facilis est lapsus inventutis (axalgazrda kacisadmi

Semwynareblebi unda viyoT; axalgazrdoba advilad cdeba) an in omnibus poenalis iudiciis,

et aetati et imprudentiae succurritur (yvela sisxlis samarTlis saqmeze gadawyvetilebis

miRebisas, mxedvelobaSi miiReba axalgazrduli asaki). garda imisa, rom

axalgazrdobis mimarT Semwynarebloba aucilebel moTxovnas warmoadgenda, romis

samarTalma akrZala arasrulwlovanTa mdgomareobis gauareseba srulwlovan

pirebTan SedarebiT (meliorem conditionem suam facere potest minor, deteriorem

nequaquam (arasrulwlovanma SeiZleba gaiumjobesos sakuTari mdgomareoba, Tumca

yovlad dauSvebelia misi mdgomareobis gauareseba); da bolos Paul TanamoZmeebs,

sisxlis samarTlis aspeqtSi, kidev erTi rCeva misca: Fere in omnibus poenalibus iudiciis et

aetasti et imprudentiae succurritur (TiTqmis yvela sisxlis samarTlis procesSi,

braleulobis Semamsubuqebel garemoebas, axalgazrduli asaki da piris

gamoucdeloba warmoadgens. Paul. D. 50, 17, 108).

ra Tqma unda, oficialur sisxlissamarTlebriv kanonmdeblobaSi, an pretorul

samarTalsa da imdroindel sentenciebSi ar saubrobdnen axalgazrda da

zrdasruli damnaSaveebis cal-calke moTavsebis Sesaxeb, xandazmulobisa da

nasamarTleobis vadebis Semcirebis, sasjelis calkeuli saxeebis gamoyenebisa da

arasrulwlovanTaTvis aRmzrdelobiTi xasiaTis iZulebiTi zomebis gamoyenebis

Sesaxeb, vinaidan es sakiTxebi mxolod momdevno epoqebis monapovari iyo. Tumca,

zogadad humanizmis ideebi arasrulwlovan damnaSaveTa dasjis problemas namdvilad

Seexo. romis samarTlis monapovari iyo axalgazrdis gardamavali fsiqologiuri

mdgomareobis gaTvaliswineba.

romis samarTalSi arsebobda zogadi wesi, rom am periodSi arasrulwlovans

pasuxismgebloba ar ekisreboda, anu minor non tenetur respondere durante (aetas legitima) zRvari

25 wlis asakze modioda, anu samarTlis yvela minori actati (arasrulwlovani

pasuxismgeblad ar iTvleba sakuTari arasrulwlovanebis ganmavlobaSi).

Tu Tanamedrove gagebiT, zrdasrulobis asaki 16 wlamde grZeldeba, xolo CI

mixedviT, srulwlovanebis dargis samarTalsubieqtobisaTvis, sisxlis samarTlis

garda, dadgenili iyo 25 weli; sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgebloba ki 14 wlis

asakidan dgeboda. amavdroulad, kanonmdeblobiT ganmtkicda mcirewlovnebis asaki

(aetas infantiae proxima – aTwlinaxevris asakamde), romlis mimarT yovlad dauSvebeli

iyo sisxlis samarTlis sasjelis gamoyeneba. da bolos, sqesobrivi simwifis

dadgomamde asakobrivi jgufis pirebisaTvis (aetas pubertati proxima – aTwlinaxevridan 14

wlis asakamde) sasamartlo uSvebda sasjelis Sefardebas mxolod im SemTxvevaSi,

Tu miiCnevda arasrulwlovans sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobaunarian pirad

(dolicapax – asakobrivad unariani Cadenili qmedebisaTvis agos pasuxi.

276

bibliografia

1. romis samarTlis Zeglebi. iustinianes digestebi. wigni pirveli. laTinuridan Targmna, winasityvaoba, SeniSvnebi da saZiebeli daurTo istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtorma, profesorma n. surgulaZem. Tbilisi, meridiani, 2000.

2. romis samarTlis Zeglebi. iustinianes digestebi. wigni ocdamesame. laTinuridan Targmna, winasityvaoba, SeniSvnebi da saZiebeli daurTo istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtorma, profesorma n. surgulaZem. Tbilisi, nekeri, 2001.

3. romis samarTlis Zeglebi. iustinianes instituciebi. laTinuridan Targmna, winasityvaoba, SeniSvnebi da saZiebeli daurTo istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtorma, profesorma n. surgulaZem. Tbilisi, meridiani, 2002.

4. iustinienes digestebi. wigni ormocdameaTe. frangulidan Targmnes m.xoferiam da d. labuCiZem.

5. monteskie S. l., kanonTa goni, frangulidan Targmna da saZieblebi daurTo d. labuCiZem, Tbilisi, 1994.

6. plutarqe, rCeuli Txzulebeli, berZnulidan Targmna, Sesavali werili da ganmartebebi daurTo ak. uruSaZem, Tbilisi, 1975.

7. gariSvili m., personaliebi romis samarTalSi, Tbilisi, 2005. 8. dernburgi h., pandeqtebi, zogadi nawili, germaulidan Targmna al.

andronikaSvilma, tfilisi, 1928. 9. pereterski i., saxelmwifosa da samarTlis zogadi istoria, nawili I, nakveTi II,

Zveli romi, rusulidan iTargmna da gamoica 1947w. 10. xoferia m., `pirovnebis samarTlebrivi statusi Zvel romSi~, Jurn. `samarTali~

#4_5, 2000w. gv.110-115. 11. xoferia m., `romis samarTalSi mziTevis gankargvis wesi qorwinebis periodSi~,

Jurn. `samarTali~ #9_10, 2002w. gv.124-126. 12. xoferia m., `mziTevis bedi qorwinebis Sewyvetis SemTxvevaSi~, Jurn. `samarTali~

#4_5 2003w. gv.158-159. 13. Гай. Институции /Пер. с латинского Ф. Дыдынского, под. ред. В.А. Савельева, Л.Л. Кофанова.

– MМосква, Юристъ, 1997. 14. Гай Светоний Транквилл, Жизнь двенадцати Цезарей, Пер. с латинского, предисловие и

примечания М.Л. Гаспарова, MМосква, Правда, 1988. 15. Дигесты Юстиниана, MМосква, Статут, 2002-2004. 16. Памятники римского права, Институции Юстиниана, перев. Д. Расснера,MMМосква, Зерцало,

1998. 17. Плутарх, Избранные жизнеописания, в двух томах, Т I,Т II, MМосква, Правда, 1987, 18. Хрестоматия по истории древнего мира, Рим, /под.ред. акад. В.В. Струве, Т.III, ЗАКОНЫ XII

ТАБЛИЦ, ст.21-33, MМосква, гос.учебно-педаг.изд.МБ СССР, 1953. 19. Барон Ю., Система римского гражданского права, Санкт-Петербург, Юридический центр Пресс,

2005. 20. Бартошек М., Римское право. Понятия, термины, определения. MМосква, Юридическая

литература, 1989. 21. Брокгауз Ф., Ефрон И., Энциклопедический словарь, Современная версия, MМосква, Эксмо,

2006. 22. Гарсиа Гарридо М. Х., Римское частное право: Казусы, иски, институты, Перевод с

испанского. Ответ. ред. прoф. Л.Л. Кофанов, MМосква, Статут, 2005. 23. Дернбург Г., Пандекты. Т.III, Санкт-Петербург, 1911. 24. Дождев Д.В., Римское частное право, Учебник для ВУЗов, MМосква, Норма, 2004. 25. Зомм Р., Институции римскаго правa, MМосква, 1888.

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26. Зомм Р., Институции. История и система римскаго гражданскаго правa, MМосква, 1916. 27. Нейхардт А. А., Легенды и сказания Древней Греции и Древнего Рима, MМосква, Правда,

1987. 28. Латинские юридические изречения, Сост. Е.И. Темнов. MМосква, Юрист, 1996, 29. Пасек Л., Пособие к лекциям по истории римского право, Юрьев, 1907. 30. Пухан И., Поленак-Акимовская М., Римское право, MМосква, Зерцало,1999. 31. Римские Древности, Под. ред. И.В. Алферовой, Смоленск, Русич, 2001. 32. Римское частное право, Учебник (под. ред. проф. И.Б.Новицкого и проф. И.С. Перетерского),

MМосква, Июриспруденция, 2002. 33. Хвостов В., История римского права, MМосква, 1919. 34. Хвостов В., Женщина и человеческое достоинство, MМосква, 1914. 35. Gaudemet J., Droit privй romain, Paris, Montcherstien, 2000. 36. Gide P., Йtude sur la condition privйe de la femme dans le droit ancient, Du caractиre de la dot en droit

romain, Paris, 1885.

teqstSi gamoyenebuli Semoklebebi

Gai., I. _ gaiusis instituciebi

D _ iustinianes digestebi

SC _ senatuskonsulta

Ulp., _ ulpiane

L

sarCevi

Tavi I. romis samarTlis istoriuli safuZvlebi gv.

$1. civiluri samarTali ius civile gv.

$2. pretoruli samarTali ius praetorium gv.

$3. xalxis samarTali ius gentium gv.

$4. bunebiTi samarTali ius naturale gv.

Tavi II. romis samarTlis wyaroebi gv.

I. arqauli periodis ZiriTadi Taviseburebani (qr.S.-mde 753-367 ww.) gv.

$1. CveulebiTi samarTali gv.

$2. kanoni (leges) da plebiscitebi (plebiscita) gv.

a) kanoni _ leges gv.

278

b) plebiscitebi _ plebiscita gv.

$3. sarCeli, rogorc samarTlis wyaro gv.

$4. iuristebis moRvaweoba, rogorc samarTlis wyaro gv.

$5. romaeli samarTalmcodneTa saqmianoba _ iurisprudencia gv.

$6. samarTlis sxva wyaroebi gv.

a) Iudicatum _ sasamarTlo prcedenti gv.

b) Senatusconsultum _ senatuskonsulta gv.

g) Edicta magistratuum _ magistratebis ediqtebi gv.

d) Constitutiones principum _ imperatorebis konstituciebi gv.

II. winaklasikuri periodi (qr.S-mde 367-17 ww.) gv.

III. klasikuri periodi qr.S-mde 17 w. _ qr.S-is 235 w. gv.

IV. postklasikuri periodi (IV-V ss.) gv.

V. iustinianes periodi (527-565 ww.) gv.

VI. romis samarTali da misi rececia evropaSi gv.

$1. glosatorTa saqmianoba. gv.

$2. kanonistebi. gv.

$3. `VII muxli~ gv.

VII. saerTo samarTali da moqmedi romauli samarTali gv.

$1. komentatorebi _ consiliatores gv.

$2. humanistebi gv.

$3. bunebiTi samarTlis Teoria. gv.

$4. samarTlis istoriuli skola (germanuli). gv.

$5. XIX saukunis pandeqtistebi. gv.

VIII. romauli iurisprudencia da moqmedi iuridiuli sistemebi gv.

$6. samoqalaqo kodeqsebi gv.

$7. inglisuri samarTali gv.

Tavi III. romis sajaro-samarTlebrivi institutebis ganviTarebis ZiriTadi etapebi

279

da Taviseburebani gv.

$1. Civitas Casxva: Rex-is xana gv.

a) Rex gv.

b) senati. gv.

g) xalxi da saxalxo krebebi gv.

$2. patriciul-plebeuri civitas da respublika gv.

a) magistratura gv.

b) senati gv.

g)saxalxo krebebi gv.

$3. msoflio imperia qr.S-is I-V ss.

a) principati gv.

b) dominati gv.

Tavi IV. sasamarTlo organizacia da procesi Zvel romSi gv.

$1. sasamarTlo Zvel romSi gv.

$2. procesis cneba da saxeebi gv.

$3. Legisactiones gv.

$4. Per formulas a) in iure; b) apud iuidicem gv.

$5. procesualuri wamomadgenloba gv.

$6. Indefensio dacvaze uaris Tqma gv.

$7. Litis contestatio _ dacvis sagnis dadgena gv.

$8. sarCelebis konkurencia gv.

$9. Iudicatum sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba gv.

$10. interdiqtuli warmoeba gv.

a) interdiqtis saxeebi gv.

b) restituciis safuZvlebi gv.

$11. saaRsrulebo warmeba gv.

$12. Extra ordinem cognitio eqstraordinaluri procesi gv.

280

$13. postklasikuri procesi gv.

Tavi V. pirTa statusi romis samarTalSi gv.

$1. monebi (servi) gv.

$2. Liberti _ gaazatebulebi gv.

$3. Peregrini _ ucxoelebi gv.

$4. Persona alieni iuris sxvis xelisuflebaSi myofi pirebi gv.

$5. Capitis deminutio - uflebaunarianobis damcroba gv.

$6. Persona _ piri gv.

$7. Colonus _ koloni gv.

$8. Universitates _ iuridiuli pirebi gv.

$9. warmomadgenloba gv.

Tavi VI. romis saojaxo samarTali gv.

$1. romauli ojaxi da naTesaoba gv.

$2. niSnoba da qorwineba gv.

$3. Dos (mziTevi) gv.

$4. Adoptio (Svileba) gv.

$5. qorwinebis Sewyveta romis samarTlis mixedviT gv.

$6. Paterfamilias (ojaxis ufrosi) gv.

$7. Tutela et cura (mzrunveloba da meurveoba) gv.

Tavi VII. romis memkvidreobiTi samarTali gv.

$1. kanoniT memkvidreoba ab intestato gv.

$2. anderZiT memkvidreoba successio testamentaria gv.

Tavi VIII. romis sanivTo samarTali gv.

I. qoneba gv.

II. nivTebi gv.

a) sxeulebrivi da arasxeulebrivi nivTebi gv.

b) moZravi da uZravi nivTebi gv.

281

g) Res mancipi da res nec mancipi gv.

d) gayofadi da gauyofadi nivTebi gv.

e) gamoyenebadi da gamouyenebli nivTebi gv.

v) gvarovnuli da individiualuri niSniT gv.

z) martivi da rTuli nivTebi gv.

T) ZiriTadi da damatebiTi nivTebi gv.

i) sakuTvnebeli gv.

k) nayofi gv.

l) brunvidan amoRebuli nivTebi gv.

III. sakuTreba gv.

$1. sakuTrebis ufleba gv.

$2. TanasakuTreba gv.

$3. sakuTrebis uflebis saxeebi gv.

a) kvirituli sakuTreba gv.

b) peregrinebis sakuTreba gv.

g) provinciuli sakuTreba gv.

d) bonitaruli anu pretonuli sakuTreba gv.

e) sakuTreba iustinianes samarTalSi gv.

$4. sakuTrebis uflebis SeZena xelSekrulebiT gv.

a) Mancipacio gv.

b) In iure cessio gv.

g) Traditio gv.

d) specifikacia gv.

$5. Usucapio _ SeZena xandazmulobiT gv.

IV. mflobeloba gv.

V. servitutebi gv.

$1. servitutebis cneba gv.

282

$2. servitutebis warmoSoba gv.

$3. servitutis saxeebi gv.

$4. sasoflo (miwis) servitutebi gv.

$5. sasoflo servitutebis saxeebi gv.

$6. piradi servitutebi gv.

1. Usufructus uzufruqti gv.

$7. servitutis Sewyveta gv.

$8. servitutebis dacva gv.

$9. dacvis sxva saSualebebi gv.

VI. superficiumi da emfiTevzisi gv.

$1. superficiumi gv.

$2. emfiTevzisi gv.

$3. emfiTevtas movaleobebi gv.

$4. emfievzisis warmoSoba gv.

$5. emfiTevzisis gadatana gv.

$6. emfiTevzisis Sewyveta gv.

Tavi IX. Zveli romis valdebulebiTi samarTali

$1. valdebulebis cneba gv.

$2. valdebulebis klasifikacia gv.

$3. valdebulebis Sinaarsi gv.

$4. valdebulebis wyari gv.

a) verbis gv.

1) Stipulatio et sponsio gv.

2) novacia gv.

3) rwmuneba anu piradi uzrunvelyofa gv.

4) Fideiussio gv.

5) intercessio gv.

283

b) Litteris gv.

g) Re gv.

d) Consensu gv.

e) kvazi kontraqtebi gv.

v) deliqtebi gv.

T) kvazi deliqtebi gv.

Tavi X. Zveli romis sisxlis samarTali

1. zogadi moZRvreba Zv. romis sisxlis samarTalze $1. Zv. romis sisxlis samarTlis principebi gv.

$2. danaSaulis cneba, saxeebi, stadiebi Zv. romis sisxlis samarTalSi gv.

$3. bralis cneba da formebi gv.

$4. sasjelis cneba da saxeebi gv.

bibliografia gv.

teqstSi gamoyenebuli Semoklebebi gv.

sarCevi gv.

romis samarTlis safuZvlebi - tsulawyers · 2018. 1. 17. · 3 romis kerZo samarTlis (ius privatum)...

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Transcript of romis samarTlis safuZvlebi - tsulawyers · 2018. 1. 17. · 3 romis kerZo samarTlis (ius privatum)...