ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti

saqarTvelos istoriis instituti

emil avdaliani

romi da bizantia barbarosTa migraciis

winaaRmdeg: dunais da pontos sazRvrebis

SedarebiTi analizi (IV-VII ss.)

istoriis doqtoris (Ph.D.) akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad

warmodgenili

d i s e r t a c i a

samecniero xelmZRvaneli: istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori

Tedo dundua

Tbilisi

2016

Sinaarsi

0

avtoris stili daculia

Sesavali. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

wyaroebis da literaturis mimoxilva . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Tavi I. bizantiuri samyaro IV-VI saukuneebSi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Tavi II. bizantiuri strategia praqtikaSi: iustiniane da misi

memkvidreebi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

50

Tavi III. barbarosebis qveyanaSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

1. Sida aziis geografia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

2. Sida aziis koncefcia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

3. romaelebi da guTebi. valensis pirveli guTuri omi (367-369

ww.): politika, ekonomika da imperiuli ideologia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

93

Tavi IV. bizantiis arabuli politika gvian antikurobaSi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

Tavi V. bizantiis imperiuli mowinaaRmdege: sasanuri irani .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

Tavi VI. bizantiis `qristianobis geopolitika~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159

daskvna ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174

gamoyenebuli wyaroebi da literatura . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185

danarTi ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197

1

Sesavali

gviani antikuri periodis saqarTvelos istoriis kvlevas sakmaod

didi yuradReba eTmoba qarTul istoriografiaSi. Tumca, tendencia,

romelic ikveTeba am periodis SeswavlaSi, aris naklebi yuradRebis

daTmoba amave periodis maxlobel aRmosavleTSi, bizantiis balkanur

provinciebSi, Tu evraziis stepebSi mimdinare movlenebisTvis. bizantiis

samxreTkavkasiuri politika mniSvnelovani iyo, pirvel rigSi,

gadasasvlelebis gamo, magram am regionSi mimdinare politikuri,

samxedro, ekonomikuri, Tu religiuri movlenebi aucilebelia ganxilul

iqnas im saerTo procesebSi, romelic viTardeboda bizantiis yvela

sazRvarze. rogorc Tanamedrove periodSi, iseve gvian antikur xanaSi,

movlenebi qveynis erT sazRvarze did gavlenas axdenda sxva

mimarTulebebze. sxva sityvebiT, sanam iustiniane jarebs gaagzavnida

lazikaSi adgilobrivebis dasaxmareblad sasanianebis SekavebisTvis, mas

unda gaeTvaliswinibena samxedro viTareba apeninis naxevarkunZulze, Tu

ramdeni sajariso SenaerTi hyavda CrdiloeT mesopotamiaSi da mxolod

amis Semdeg mieRo gadawyvetileba.

igives Tqma SeiZleba sasanur iranzec. Sesabamisad, me Sevecade, rom

es naSromi ara mxolod gvian antikuri periodis imperiebis (bizantia da

irani) politikur urTierTobebze yofiliyo fokusirebuli, aramed am

imperiebis periferiebze mimdinare samxedro, ekonomikur, Tu politikur

procesebzec. vecade samxreT kavkasia ganmexila ara rogorc calke

mdgomi regioni, aramed rogorc or hegemons Soris mimdinare samxedro

da ekonomikuri brZolis erTerTi arena, Tanabari, Tavisi mniSvnelobiT,

dunaispireTTan, eTiopiasTan, siria-mesopotamiis sazRvarTan da

CrdiloeT afrikasTan.

amavdroulad, es naSromi ar aris bizantiisa da sasanuri iranis

2

omebis, Tu maTi mSvidobiani urTierTobebis istoria. Tu, Tavdapirvelad,

me vcdilobdi, uSualod, bizantiaze da mis samezobloze damewera,

naSromis momzadebis bolos, aRmovaCine ramdenad bevri mqonda

daTmobili sasanuri iranisTvis. amis mizezi is aris, rom sasanuri irani

arafriT Camouvardeboda bizantiis imperias (imis sawinaaRmdegoT, rasac

amtkicebs mkvlevarTa umravlesoba dasavleTSi) iqneba samxedro,

ekonomikur, religiur, Tu romelime sxva sferoSi. ufro metic, rogorc

naCvenebi iqneba, xSir SemTxvevaSi, sasanianebi bizantielebze ufro

mZlavr samxedro koaliciebs qmnidnen, axerxebdnen konstantinopolis

ekonomikur dasustebas da erTdroulad ramodenime frontze Tavisi

imperiis efeqtianad dacvas.

naSromSi dasmuli mTavari kiTxva aris, Tu rogor icavdnen sakuTar

sazRvrebs bizantiis da sasanuri iranis imperiebi gvian antikur

periodSi. ra samxedro, ekonomikuri da politikuri xerxebis gamoyeneba

xdeboda imperiebis usafrTxoebis misaRwevad? rogor xdeboda samxedro

da ekonomikuri potencialis mobilizeba samxedro kampaniis

sawarmoeblad? da rac mTavaria: SeeZloT, Tu ara imperatorebsa da

SahanSahebs strategiulad emsjelaT omebis da zavebis dadebis dros?

rogor esmodaT Tavisi imperiebis geografia, arsebuli sazRvrebi da

maTi gafarToebis saWiroeba? arsebobda, Tu ara imperiebisTvis

teritoriuli eqspansiis zRvari, romlis farglebSic imperatorebi da

SahanSahebi mSvidobianad moaxerxebdnen Tanacxovrebas?

qarTuli istoriografia am sakiTxebze faqtobrivad ar arsebebobs,

xolo dasavleTsa da ruseTSi ki, yuradReba, ZiriTadad, bizantiis da

sasanuri iranis politikur istorias eTmoba. agreTve, kargad aris

Seswavlili imperiebs Soris warmoebuli omebis istoria III saukunidan

meSvides 30-ian wlebamde. Tumca, mkvlevarTa absoluturi umravlesoba

uaryofs strategiulad azrovnebis niWis arsebobas bizantielebSi, xolo

sasanianebis SemTxvevaSi, es sakiTxi, samwuxarod, arc ki ganxilula. imis

mtkiceba, rom bizantieli imperatorebisa da SahanSahebis mier yoveli

miRebuli gadawyvetileba strategiul xasiaTs atarebda ar iqneboda

mTlianad marTebuli. Tumca, mosazreba, rom geografiuli manZilisa da

zusti rukebis ararsebobis gamo, iustinianes da herakle keisars, umetes

3

SemTxvaSi, ar SeeZloT mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebis miReba, meore

mcdar ukiduresobas warmoadgens.

Sesabamisad, am naSromSi Sevecade Semexamebina es ori radikalurad

gansxvavebuli midgoma da gamomeTqva mosazreba, rom bizantiis imperiam,

raTa SeenarCunebina Tavisi saxelmwifoebrioba mravali saukunis

ganmavlobaSi, SeimuSava sazRvrebis dacvis da sakuTar samezoblosTan

urTierTobis sakuTari koncefcia. am koncefciaSi diplomatia, fulisa

da titulebis darigeba, vaWrobis aRdgena, Tu gauqmeba, religia da

samokavSireo aliansebi ufro mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobdnen vidre

samxedro Zalis gamoyeneba, rogorc es erTiani romis imperiis dros iyo.

meore mniSvnelovani daskvna iqneba sasanur iranze: bizantielebis

msgavsad, iranelebsac gaaCndaT Tavisi samezoblos mowyobis sakuTari

xedva. ufro metic, imperiis garSemo aSenebuli samxedro

infrastruqtura, qveynis SigniT jarebis ganlageba, arabebTan, Tu

samxreT kavkasiis xalxebTan samxedro aliansebi, metyvelebs SahanSahebis

`did strategiaze~ msoflios sxvagvarad mosawyobad.

gadavideT uSualod naSromis struqturaze, romelic Svidi

ZiriTadi Tavisgan Sedgeba. radgan SeuZlebeli iyo mimomexila yvela is

mezobeli, romelic imperias, daaxloebiT, oTxi saukunis (IV-VII)

ganmavlobaSi esazRvreboda, amitomac, SevCerdi konstantinopolis

ZiriTad metoqeebze da ganvixile imperiis oTxi mTavari sazRvari:

dunaispireTi – guTebi da momdevno periodSi mniSvnelovani nomadi

xalxebi (hunebi; avarebi); evfrati – sasanuri irani; siria-palestina –

winaislamuri xanis arabebi; CrdiloeT afrika – vandalebi da maT

winaaRmdeg VI saukunis 30-ian wlebSi mimarTuli samxedro kampania.

pirveli Tavi exeba bizantiis Sida mdgomareobas IV-VI saukuneebSi.

mkiTxveli SeniSnavs, rom aqcenti naklebad aris gakeTebuli am periodis

politikur istoriaze, aramed istoriuli faqtebi ufro gamoyenebulia

istoriuli wyaroebis da istoriografiuli naSromebis sxagvari

interpretirebisTvis. 395 wels, romis imperatori Teodosius I-is

gardacvalebis Semdeg, imperia mis or Svils, arkadiussa (imperiis

aRmosavleT nawilSi) da honoriuss (imperiis dasavleT nawilSi) Soris

daiyo. imperia aqamdec iyofoda, magaliTad, tetrarqebis mmarTvelobaSi

4

(III saukunis bolosa da IV-is dasawyisSi), an mogvianebiT, Zmeb valenssa

da valentinianes Soris (360-370-iani ww.). Tumca, 395 wlis dayofam metad

Seuwyo xeli imperiis dasavleTi da aRmosavleTi nawilebi gansxvavebuli

politikuri, ekonomikuri da samxedro veqtorebiT ganviTarebuliyo.

yovel gasul weliwadTan erTad, imperiis or nawils Soris samxedro da

ekonomikuri TanamSromloba sul ufro mcirdeboda. amasTan erTad, rac

ufro meti sagareo safrTxe emateboda imperiis TiToeul nawils,

ZiriTadad, CrdiloeTidan germanuli tomebisa da nomadebis saxiT,

mexuTe saukunis ganmavlobaSi naTeli gaxda, rom aRmosavleT romis

imperias ukeT SeeZlo sakuTari sazRvrebis dacva da nomaduri wnexis

Sekaveba. ufro metic, aRmosavleTi nawili, nomadebTan brZolebis

paralelurad, axerxebda aRmosavleTSi mZlavri sasanianTa imperiis

Sekavebas.

magram, strategiuli TvalsazrisiT, dasavleT nawilTan SedarebiT,

aRmosavleT romis imperia mniSvnelovnad araxelsayrel geografiul

pirobebSi imyofeboda. Sesabamisad, am Tavis meore nawilSi saubari iqneba

imaze, Tu rogor axerxebda konstantinopoli imperiis sazRvrebis

SenarCunebas sagrZnoblad gauaresebuli geografiuli, ekonomikuri, Tu

samxedro pirobebis fonze. ra samxedro da diplomatiur xerxebs

iyenebdnen bizantieli imperatorebi erTdroulad ramodenime

mimarTulebidan samxedro safrTxis Sesakaveblad? sxva sityvebiT,

axsnili iqneba V saukuneSi bizantiis axali strategiis Camoyalibebis

procesi, romelic iyo reaqcia imperiis istoriaSi erTerT umZimes

periodze: atilas da sasanianebis paralelur Setevebze.

meore Tavi isev bizantiazea, Tumca pirveli nawilisgan gansxvavebiT,

saubari iqneba bizantiur strategiaze mis praqtikaSi gamoyenebisas.

rogor iReben gadawyvetilebebs bizantieli mmarTvelebi da ra

resursebs floben isini mTeli imperiis masStabiT? sxva sityvebiT, ra

procesebi mimdinareobs imperiis SigniT, rodesac qveynis usafrTxoeba

safrTxeSia? amis yvelaze TvalsaCino magaliTi, udavod, iustinianes

periodia, rodesac imperias, erTdroulad, uwevda sakuTari sazRvrebis

dacva nomadebisgan dunaispireTSi, sasanianebisgan aRmosavleTSi da

dampyrobiTi omebi ewarmoebina CrdiloeT afrikasa da apeninis

5

naxevarkunZulze. amis paralelurad, konstantinopoli finansurad

exmareboda eTiopelebs ekonomikuri da samxedro gavlena gaevrcelebinaT

arabeTis naxevarkunZulze. iustiniane aZlierebda bizantiis arabi

mokavSireebis dafinansebasac da cdilobda, indoeTSi sakuTari savaWro

flotis gazrdiT, sasanianebis mier dawesebuli ekonomikuri blokadidan

Tavis daRwevas. magram, yvelaze saintereso ki is aris, rom am periodSi

werilobiTi wyaroebis siuxvis gamo, Cven iseTi detalebic mogvepoveba,

rogoric aris strategiulad mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebis miRebis

procesi. vandalebis winaaRmdeg omis gamocxadebamde, iustinianes

diskusiebi jarebis meTaurebTan da imperiis `ekonomikur gundTan~

hqonda. procesis gaanalizebis Semdeg, naTeli xdeba, rom iustiniane,

miuxedavad imisa, rom mas ar gaaCnda zusti geografiuli rukebi, kargad

iyo garkveuli, Tu ra mimarTulebiT iyo saWiro imperiis resursebis mi-

marTva qveynis usafrTxoebis uzrunvelsayofad. agreTve, iustinianes

saxiT, naTeli xdeba, Tu ramden faqtors iTvaliswinebdnen bizantieli

imperatorebi raime politikuri gadawyvetilebis miRebis win.

momdevno Tavebi, uSualod, imperiis TiToeul saRzvars Seiswavlis.

mesame TavSi, romelic, Tavis mxriv, sam mcire nawilad aris dayofili,

ganxilulia imperiis yvelaze problemuri sazRvari – dunaispireTi.

imperias, adreul periodSi (I-IV ss.), brZolebi uwevda mxolod germanul

tomebTan. III saukuneSi, dunais gaswvriv gamoCenili guTebi, marTalia,

qmnidnen problemebs jer kidev gaerTianebuli imperiis balkanuri

provinciebisTvis, magram, jamSi, imperiuli jari SedarebiT martivad

axerxebda barbarosTa Sekavebas. viTareba Seicvala IV saukunis bolos,

evraziuli stepebidan nomadebis (hunebis) gamoCeniT. nomadebi, naxevrad

dasaxlebuli cxovrebis stilis matarebel germanul tomebisgan

gansxvavebiT, ufro mZlavr samxedro Zalas warmoadgendnen. Sesabamisad,

am TavSi yuradReba daTmobili iqneba ara mxolod imperiasa da

barbarosebs (germanuli tomebi da nomadebi) Soris urTierTobebs, aramed

evraziis geografiisTvisac. saWiroa aixsnas, Tu ratom momdinareobda

imperiisTvis umTavresi safrTxe, uSualod, stepebidan. ra abrkolebda

tundrasa da taigis macxovreblebs politikur erTeulad

Camoyalibebuliyvnen da, Tavis mriv, safrTxe SeeqmnaT mediteraniisTvis?

6

geografiuli elementis axsna ormagad mniSvnelovania, radgan nomadebi

safrTxes mxolod romis imperias ar uqmnidnen, aramed gviani antikuri

periodis kidev erT mZlavr imperias – sasanur irans, romlis CrdiloeTi

sazRvari, bizantiis msgavsad, evraziis stepebs esazRvreboda.

radgan bizantiuri politika nomadebis mimarT sakmaod didi

sakiTxia da Tavisuflad SeiZleba calke kvlevis sagani iyos, vecade

erTi patara omis (aRmosavleT romis imperatoris, valensis, 367-369

wlebis konfliqti guTebTan) magaliTze meCvenebina, Tu rogor muSaobda

konstantinopolis diplomatia, samxedro manqana da rogor xdeboda

ekonomikuri, religiuri, samxedro da sxva sakiTxebis gaTvaliswineba

omis gamocxadebamde, Tu zavis dadebisas. agreTve, rogor iyenebdnen

bizantielebi Tavisufal vaWrobas da sakuTar saxelmwifoebriv

simdidres, mSvidobianobis Jams, barbarosTa Sesakaveblad, xolo omis

dros, maTi ekonomikis gasanadgureblad. imperator valensis magaliTze,

gamoTqmuli iqneba mosazreba, rom xSir SemTxvevaSi, barbarosebTan omis

wamowyebis iniciatorebi zustad bizantieli imperatorebi iyvnen.

ar iqneboda marTebuli, rom am naSromSi aqcenti mxolod bizantiis

did da mniSvnelovan mezoblebze gamekeTebina. konstantinopolis

urTierTobebi patara mezoblebTan xSirad ukeTesad asaxavs, Tu rogor

muSaobda imperiuli institutebi, jer diplomatiuri urTierTobebis

damyarebasa da Semdeg, maTi gaZlierebis mizniT. winaislamuri xanis

arabebi, rogorc bizantielebis mokavSireebi, sakmaod cudad Seswavlili

sakiTxia. saqarTveloSi, am sakiTxze, faqtobrivad, ar mogvepoveba

mniSvnelovani publikacia. rusul istoriografiisgan gansxvavebiT,1

dasavleTSi, am sakiTxiT daintereseba mxolod bolo dros daiwyo. am

TavSi ori axali mosazreba iqneba gamoTqmuli: 1. bizantiis mier

winaislamuri xanis arabebis aRzeveba saWiro iyo arabeTis

naxevarkunZulis CrdiloeT nawilSi imperiis savaWro gzebis dasacavad;

2. sasanianTa gavlenis Sesakaveblad siria-mesopotamiis udabnoSi.

Semdegi nawili sasanianebs Seiswavlis. bizantiis samezobloSi

sasanuri irani gamonakliss warmoadgenda. SahanSahebis samxedro da

ekonomikuri siZliere maT guTebisgan, Crdiloeli nomadebisgan,                                                             1 aRsaniSnavia, 1940-1960-ian wlebSi nina pigulevskaias mier gamocemuli naSromebi.

7

arabebisgan, lazebisa da somxebisgan gansxvavebiT, bizantiasTan Tanabar

doneze ayenebda. Tumca, saqarTveloSi sasanuri iranis istoriis kvleva,

samwuxarod, mxolod dawyebiT etapzea, rac, faqtobrivad, gamoricxavs am

sakiTxze mniSvnelovani publikaciebis arsebobas. dasavleTsa da

ruseTSi, mdgomareoba am kuTxiT sagrZnoblad ukeTaa, Tumca mkvlevarTa

umravlesoba (iSviaTi gamonaklisebis garda) Seiswavlis sasanuri iranis

mxolod politikur istorias, sadac yuradReba mTlianad

romTan/bizantiasTan omebis istorias eTmoba. am TavSi Sevecade sasanuri

irani, bizantiis Tanabar (zog SemTxvevaSi ki, ufro mZlavr) Zalad

warmomeCina. aseve, Sevecade meCvenebina, rom sasanianebs, bizantielebis

msgavsad, gaaCndaT imdroindeli msoflios mowyobis sakuTari xedva.

bizantiasTan SedarebiT, uares geografiul pirobebSi arsebobam,

ktesifonSi msxdomi SahanSahebi aiZula specifiuri samxedro,

diplomatiuri da ekonomikuri xedvebi CamoeyalibebinaT sakuTari

imperiis sazRvrebis dasacavad. Sendeboda uzarmazari kedlebi imperiis

CrdiloeTiT, aRmosavleTiT da samxreTiT, mesopotamiis winaislamuri

arabebisgan dasacavad. sxva sityvebiT, naCvenebi iqneba, rom sasanianebs,

maxlobel aRmosavleTSi gabatonebisTvis, sakuTari `didi strategia~

gaaCndaT. ramodenime TvalsaCino magaliTi iqneba moyvanili: 1.

koaliciebis Seqmna winaislamur arabebTan; 2. bizantiuri receptio-s

sasanuri versia; 3. aqemenianebis dros dakarguli teritoriebis

dabrunebis moTxovnebi, rogorc pragmatuli sagareo poltikis nawili.

naSromis bolo TavSi saubari iqneba qristianobaze, ufro sworad

ki, mis gavrcelebaze bizantiis samezobloSi. Tumca, qristianobis

gavrcelebis istoriis nacvlad, Sevecade sxvagvarad Semexeda am

sakiTxisadmi da mepasuxa Semdeg kiTxvaze: ramdenad gamiznulad

axorcielebdnen bizantieli imperatorebi axali religiis gavrcelebas

imperiis sazRvrebis gawvriv mcxovreb mezobel xalxebSi. ramdenad

SeiZleba imis Tqma, rom bizantielebi cdilobdnen mezoblebis

gaqristianebas maTgan potenciuri safrTxis gasaneitraleblad. marTlac,

guTebis gaqristinebis SemTxvevaSi, Cven pirdapiri cnoba gagvaCnia, rom

imperatorma konstancius II-m (337-361 ww.) uSualod gasca sanqcia am

wamowyebisTvis. ufro metic, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imas, geografiulad ra

8

mimarTulebebiT vrceldeboda qristianoba, VI saukunisTvis bizantia

gaqristinebuli xalxebis rkalSi iyo moqceuli. samxreTiT, eTiopielebi

– mniSvnelovani mokavSire indoeTSi mimavali savaWro gzebis

gasakontroleblad; arabebi _– mniSvnelovani mokavSire siria-

mesopotamiis udabnoSi sxva arabi tomebis SesaCereblad da sasanianTa

gavlenis Sesamcireblad; CrdiloeT-aRmosavleTiT lazebi, da iberielebi

– mniSvnelovani mokavSireebi kavkasionis gadasasvlelebSi evraziuli

stepebidan mosuli nomadebis Sesakaveblad; aRmosavleTiT, somxebi –

mniSvnelovani mokavSireebi, radgan somxeTze kontroli bizantielebs Se-

saZleblobas aZlevda gaekontrolebinaT CrdiloeT mesopotamia da mar-

tivad mieRwiaT sasanianTa dedaqalaqamde. sxva sityvebiT, strategiulad

mniSvnelovani teritoriebis gakontroleba konstantinopolis upirveles

mizans warmoadgenda, xolo am TavSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebiT ki,

qristianobis gavrceleba efeqtiani xerxi iyo am miznis misaRwevad.

naSromi kompleqsuri kvlevis meTods efuZneba, romelic zemoT

dasaxelebuli istoriografiuli problemebis detalur ganxilvas

iTvaliswinebs. agreTve, kvlevis aucilebel pirobas istoriul-kom-

parativistuli meTodi warmoadgens, ris Sedegadac, naSromi

mniSvnelovani iqneba saqarTveloSi gviani antikuri periodis bizantiis,

sasanuri iranis, winaislamuri xanis arabebisa da nomadi xalxebis

istoriis SeswavlisTvis.

aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom avtori specialistTa, Tu am sakiTxebiT

dainteresebuli mkiTxvelisagan miRebul saqmian SeniSvnebs miiRebs da

aucileblad gaiTvaliswinebs am sakiTxis kvlevis Semdgom saqmianobaSi.

9

wyaroebis da literaturas mimoxilva

gviani antikuri periodis (IV-VII ss.) Sesaxeb arsebuli akademiuri

literatura sakmaod vrcelia. Tumca, isic unda iTqvas, rom am periodis

mkvlevarTa umravlesoba yuradRebas, ZiriTadad, romis/bizantiis imperiis

istoriis Seswavlas aqcevs. naklebad aris Seswavlili, magaliTad,

bizantiis mezoblad mcxovrebi eTiopielebis, dunais gaRma mcxovrebi

nomadi xalxebis, an siria-palestinaSi, winaislamuri xanis arabebis

istoria. metic, bizantielebis yvelaze mZlavri mowinaaRmdegis sasanuri

iranis istoriasac ki am kvlevebis sakmaod patara raodenoba eTmoba.

amave periodis istoriuli wyaroebi Semonaxuli gvaqvs, ZiriTadad,

rogorc berZnul, aseve laTinur enebze. TviTmxilveli istorikosebis

garda, bevri cnoba aris Semonaxuli bizantiis oficialuri saxis

dokumentebSi (saimperatoro brZanebebSi Tu imperiis sakanonmdeblo

krebulebSi). berZnul-romauli wyaroebis paralelurad arsebobs

imperiis mezobel xalxebSi Seqmnili naSromebi, sadac sakmaod

saintereso monacemebi aris Semonaxuli, iqneba es bizantia-iranis omebze

da Semdeg dadebul zavebze, Tu qristianobis gavrcelebasa da orive

imperiis Sida ekonomikur da administraciul wyobilebaze.

wyaroebi

werilobiT wyaroebidan erTerTi mniSvnelovani naSromi IV

saukunis istorikoss amiane marcelines ekuTvnis. miuxedavad imisa, rom

misi XXXI tomiani naSromis pirveli cameti nawili dakargulad iTvleba,

Res Gestae (amiane marceline, 1935), `qmedebani~, moicavs saintereso cnobebs

jer kidev 350-iani wlebidan moyolebuli erTiani romis imperiis Sesaxeb,

378 wels, adrianopolSi datrialebul katastrofamde. miuxedavad Tavisi

berZnulenovani ganaTlebisa, amianem Res Gestae laTinur enaze Seasrula.

10

marTalia naSromSi aRwerilia imperiis istoriis xanmokle, 25-wliani

periodi, amiane Zvirfas cnobebs gvawvdis, rogorc imperiis SigniT

arsebul mdgomareobaze, aseve qveynis sazRvrebze arsebul viTarebaze.

man detalurad aRwera romaul-sparsuli konfliqti (daaxl. 330-360 ww.)

da iuliane gandegilis xanmokle mmarTvelobis periodSi (361-363 ww.)

ganxorcielebuli warumatebeli aRmosavluri laSqroba.

amiane marcelines naSromi, agreTve, mniSvnelovania imperiis

CrdiloeT sazRvris – dunaispireTis – SeswavlisTvis. man detalurad

aRwera imperator valensis (364-378 ww.) pirveli guTuri omi2 da 376 wels,

guTebis mier dunais gadalaxva. amianes cnobebi ormagad mniSvnelovania,

radgan mas pirvels hqonda aRwerili imperiis CrdiloeT sazRvarze

evraziuli stepebidan nomadebis gamoCena. gviandeli istorikosebis

cnobebTan Sedarebisas, gasakviria, Tu raoden swor informacias awvdis

amiane Tavis mkiTxvels, gansakuTrebulad, rodesac saubrobs hunebis

gamoCenaze – `xalxTa didi gadasaxlebis~ dasawyisze.

miuxedavad imisa, rom romaeli istorikosi tacitusi ax. w. I-II ss.

cxovrobda, misi erTerTi naSromi, Germania, Seucvlel wyaros

warmoadgens romsa da barbarosebs Soris urTierTobebis SeswavlisTvis

(tacitusi, 2009). iseve rogorc amiane marceline, tacitusis naSromidan

naTlad Cans, rom ax. w. I-II ss. barbarosuli germaniis ganviTarebis

mTavari maxasiaTebeli iyo migraciebi Tanamedrove CrdiloeT evropidan

samxreTiT, uSualod, romis imperiis sazRvrebisken.

evsevi kesarielis mier IV saukuneSi dawerili `saeklesio istoria~

(evsevi kesarieli, 1975) mniSvnelovan informacias gvawvdis romis imperiis

istoriaSi gardamaval periodze – konstantine I didis (306-337 ww.)

mmarTvelobaze. sainteresoa evsevis cnobebi imperiaSi da mis

samezobloSi qristianobis gavrcelebis dinamikaze, rac mniSvnelovania

Semdeg kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemaT: ramdenad iyo waxalisebuli

qristianobis gavrceleba imperiis samezobloSi uSualod saimperatoro

kariT?

                                                            2 zustad, amianes saintereso cnobebis gamo, gadavwyvite am naSromSi valensis pirveli guTuri omis calke sakiTxad ganmexila.

11

IV saukunis konstantinopolSi moRvawe imperiuli propagandistis

Temistiusis sityvebi kidev erT saintereso wyaros warmoadgens

(Temistiusi, 2001). mis sityvebSi kargad Cans, Tu rogor muSaobda

imperiuli propaganda qveynis SigniT, Tu gareT Seqmnili politikuri

krizisebis periodSi. istorikosebi Temistiuss xSirad ganixilaven

mxolod rogorc ama Tu im mmarTvelis propagandistad, romelic

zrunavda, rom konstantinopolis mosaxleobas imperatoris Sesaxeb

pozitiuri Sefaseba hqonoda. Tumca, rogorc am naSromSi iqneba

aRniSnuli, Temistiusis sityvebSi, agreTve, vxdebiT saintereso

istoriul faqtebs: valensis guTur omebze da, zogadad, im

mdgomareobaze, romelic sufevda dunaispireTSi 370-iani wlebis bolos,

nomadi hunebis gamoCenamde.

mravali faqtobrivi Secdomis miuxedavad, V saukunis istorikosis

zosimes naSromi `istoria~ (zosime, 1982), ramodenime saintereso cnobas

Seicavs. erTerTi maTgani aris konstantine didis politikaze bar-

barosebisadmi dunaispireTSi. agreTve, sainteresoa zosimes cnobebi imave

konstantines samxedro strategiaze da rogor Tqva uari imperatorma III

saukunis bolos diokletianes dros SemuSavebul ukana-xazze-Tavdacvis

strategiaze. iqve mocemulia konstantines mier SemoRebuli axali

midgoma imperiis sazRvrebis dasacavad. zosimes mixedviT, zustad

konstantinem SemoiRo cnobili comitatenses-i, romelic imperiis

sazRvrebis gaswvriv dayenebis nacvlad, qveynis Sida regionebSi

gaanawila. zosime, agreTve, aRniSnavs, rom momdevno periodSi imperiis

warumatebloba barbarosebis Semosevebis SeCerebaSi, pirvel rigSi,

konstantines am gadawyvetilebiT iyo ganpirobebuli.

miuxedavad guTebis warmoSobasTan dakavSirebuli bevri

uzustobisa, VI saukunis istorikosis iordanes Getica (iordane, 1915)

warmoadgens kidev erT saintereso wyaros romis imperiis CrdiloeT

sazRvris SeswavlisTvis. legendebiT mosili ambebis garda, iordanes

cnobebi guTebisa da hunebis pirvel Sejaxebebze 370-ian wlebSi,

sainteresoa im mizezebis gasarkvevad, Tu ratom damarcxdnen guTebi ase

martivad nomadebTan brZolaSi.

12

amiane marcelines msgavsad, gviani antikuri periodis istorikosTa

Soris, prokopi kesarielis naSromebi gamoirCeva informaciis sizustiT,

radgan is imperator iustinianes (527-565 ww.) karTan daaxloebuli piri

iyo. ufro metic, prokopis, iustinianes uniWieresi generlis,

belisariusis TanxmlebiT, mouwia CrdiloeT afrikaSi vandalebis,

apeninis naxevarkunZulze guTebis da aRmosavleTSi sasanuri iranis

winaaRmdeg gamarTuli omebis uSualo TviTmxilveli yofiliyo.

Sesabamisad, mas xeli miewvdomoda oficialur informaciamde. magaliTad,

prokopisTan Semonaxulia sasanuri jarebis zusti ricxvebi. amasTan

erTad, mas saintereso cnobebi aqvs sasanianebsa da evraziul stepebSi

mcxovreb barbarosebs Soris arsebul urTierTobebze. prokopi, amianes

msgavsad, aRwers bizantiis dunais sazRvars da balkaneTSi nomadebis

(magaliTad, kutriRurebis) Semosevebs.

prokopi kesarielma calke naSromi, De Aedificiis, iustinianes aRmSe-

neblobas miuZRvna (prokopi kesarieli, 1914-1940). pirvel rigSi, es

naSromi sainteresoa imperatoris mier aRmosavleT sazRvarze sasanuri

iranis winaaRmdeg aSenebuli cixesimagreebis aRweriT. vandalebTan omis

aRwerisas, prokopi, rogorc belisariusTan da imperatorTan

daaxloebuli piri, aRwers im diskusias, romelic iustinianesa da mis

generlebsa da saxelmwifo ministrebs Soris gaimarTa. es uiSviaTesi

SemTxvevaa, rodesac Cven informacia mogvepoveba strategiulad

mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebis – am SemTxvevaSi omis gamocxadeba

vandalebis winaaRmdeg (533 w.) – miRebis procesis gasanaalizeblad. es

cnobebi ormagad mniSvnelovania, radgan am naSromis centraluri sakiTxi

iqneba: rogor xdeboda strategiuli gadawyvetilebis miReba bizantiis

imperiaSi?

da bolos, prokopis naSromebi, agreTve, saintereso cnobebs

gvawvdis imperiis mezobel xalxebzec. arabi mokavSireebis aRzeveba3

iustinianes mmarTvelobaSi da maTsa da imperias Soris siria-palestinis

sazRvrebis dacvis sistemis Camoyalibeba. agreTve, arabebis monawileoba

mesopotamiaSi bizantielebis mier mowyobil samxedro kampaniebSi. aseve,

                                                            3 maTvis, 530-540 wlebSi, konstantinopolidan finansuri da samxedro daxmarebis gazrda sasanianTa gavlenis SesaCereblad da regionSi savaWro gzebis dasacavad.

13

mniSvnelovania cnobebi samxreT kavkasiis xalxebis Sesaxeb,

gansakuTrebulad ki, did omianobaze (542-562 ww.) egrisSi, sadac

konstantinopolis da sasanuri iranis interesebi erTmaneTs ekveTeboda

Sav zRvaze gasasvlelis gasakontroleblad.

Semdeg gvaqvs, ekleziastikuri xasiaTis naSromebi:

1. ase, ieronime stridonels (342-419/420 ww.) epistoleebSi (ieronime

stridoneli, 1996) saintereso cnobebi aqvs Semonaxuli im procesebze,

romelic lokalur doneze, siria-palestinis teritoriaze mimdinareobda.

kerZod, rogor xdeboda arabi tomebis gadmobireba imperiis mesveurebis

mier? rogor mimdinareobda arabi nomadebis dasaxleba udabnosTan

mosazRvre bizantiis soflebSi, rac Semdeg axlad-dasaxlebulebis

gaqristianebiT sruldeboda;

2. kirile skifopolelma,4 romelic 525-558 wlebSi cxovrobda,

ieronimes msgavsad, religiuri xasiaTis naSromebi Seqmna. maT Soris

`palestinis berebis cxovreba~ (kirile skifopoleli, 1991) gamo-irCeva

lokalur doneze imperiasa da arab tomebs Soris politikuri da

samxedro kavSirebis Seqmnis detalebis gadmocemiT;

3. 386/393-457 wlebSi mcxovrebi Teodoreti kiroseli5 iyo

antioqiaSi moRvawe cnobili saeklesio beri. misi `saeklesio istoria~

savsea imperiaSi mimdinare religiuri procesebis, sxvagvarad

moazrovneTa devnis da politikuri istoriis saintereso detalebiT

(Teodoreti, 1843). rogorc wina ori saeklesio naSromi, Teodoretic

kargad asaxavs arabi nomadebis bizantiis teritoriaze dasaxlebis da

gaqristianebis process. es yvela wyaro, prokopisa da amiane marcelines

monumenturi naSromebisgan, lokaluri istoriis gadmocemiT gansxvavdeba

– anu, ra xdeboda bizantiis sazRvrebis piras arsebul patara qalaqebSi

da rogor moqmedebda imperiuli administracia ama Tu im samxedro, Tu

politikuri krizisis dros.

saistorio wyaroebis garda, mniSvnelovania saxelmwifo

dokumentebic. maT Soris, aRsaniSnavia imperatorebis Teodosius II-is da

iustinianes dros gamocemuli sakanonmdeblo krebulebi (Teodosiusis

                                                            4 skifopoli – Tanamedrove beiT-Seani, israelSi mdebareobs. 5 kirosi – qalaqi Tanamedrove siriaSi.

14

kodeqsi, 1952; iustinianes kodeqsi, 1954). CvenTvis, gansakuTrebulad,

sainteresoa imperatorebis dadgenilebebi imperiidan mniSvnelovani

produqciis gatanis akrZalvis Sesaxeb. sxva sityvebiT, rogor zrunavda

konstantinopoli qveynis SigniT Seqmnili iaraRi, an Zvirfasi produqcia

ar gasuliyo CrdiloeTSi, barbarosebSi, an aRmosavleTiT, sasanur

iranSi. amgvarad, bizantieli mmarTvelebi zrunavdnen samxedro da

ekonomikur sferoebSi imperiis pirvelobis SenarCunebaze. Semdeg,

bizantieli strategosebis mier Seqmnili samxedro traqtatebi modis.

maT Soris, CvenTvis yvelaze sainteresoa VII saukunis dasawyisSi,

imperator mavrikes (582-602 ww.) mier dawerili Strategikon-i (mavrike, 2004).

avtori, mimoixilavs imperiis yvela mezobels da rCevebs iZleva, Tu

rogor unda daicvas imperiam sazRvrebi ama Tu im mtris winaaRmdeg.

Strategikon-i, agreTve, sainteresoa imperiis jaris wyobilebis Sesaswavlad.

es yvelaferi ki, pirdapir miuniSnebs imaze, rom imperiis mesveurebi

mudmivad fiqrobdnen imperiis sazRvrebis dacvis problematikaze.

literatura

gviani antikuri periodis (IV-VII ss.) Sesaxeb bevri mniSvnelovani

naSromi aris dawerili. edvard gibonis (giboni, 1998) da Teodor

momzenis (momzeni, 1992) romis istoriis monumenturi kvlevebi amis karg

magaliTs warmoadgens. rusulenovan istoriografiaSi aRsaniSnavia

vasilievis ortomeuli, История византийской Империи (vasilievi, 1925) da

msgavsi saTauris mqone, uspenskis История византийской Империи  (uspenski,

1929). kidev erTi fundamenturi naSromi, История византийского государства,

giorgi ostrogorskis ekuTvnis, sadac avtori mimoixilavs bizantiis

istorias IV saukunidan, 1453 wels, konstantinopolis dacemamde

(ostrogorski, 2011). Tanamderove periodSi, aRsaniSnavia kembrijis uni-

versitetis mier gamocemuli Tormeti tomisgan Semdgari Cambridge Ancient

History. es seria moicavs romis imperiis yvela ZiriTad sakiTxs

(ekonomika, jari, religia, mezoblebi, dapyrobiTi omebi da sxva)

(kembrijis antikuri..., 2005).

15

Tumca, aRsaniSnavia isic, rom am kvlevebis umetesoba

fokusirebulia uSualod romis/bizantiis istoriaze. naklebi yuradReba

eTmoba bizantiis mezoblebis (barbarosebi CrdiloeTiT, arabebi samxreT-

aRmosavleTiT, sasanianebi aRmsavleTiT, eTiopielebi samxreTiT,

qarTvelebi da somxebi samxreT kavkasiaSi da mravali sxva xalxi

imperiis periferiaze) istoriaze. winamdebare naSromi, dasavlur

istoriografiaSi, zustad, am mTavari xarvezis Sesworebas Seecdeba.

xolo, rac Seexeba, qarTul istoriografias, naSromi erTerTi pirveli

iqneba am periodis bizantiis da sasanuri imperiebis istoriis

SeswavlaSi.

daviwyoT imperiis CrdiloeT sazRvriT. barbarosebTan

urTierTobis Sesaxeb saintereso naSromia The Cambridge History of Early

Inner Asia (Sida aziis6..., 1990). amas unda daematos halford makinderis

naSromi evraziis kontinentis geografiaze (makinderi, 1942) da ra

gavlenas axdenda es ukanaskneli stepebSi mcxovreb barbarosebze da maT

garSemo periferiaSi arsebul did imperiebze. es orad-ori naSromia,

sadac avtorebi barbarosebis Semosevebis ukan, ekonomikuri mizezebis

garda, agreTve, cdiloben geografiuli mizezebic dainaxon. Tomfsonis

naSromi, Romans and Barbarians: The Decline of the Western Empire, sainteresoa

imperiasa da barbarosebs Soris vaWrobis mniSvnelobis kargi analiziT

(Tomfsoni, 1982).

edvard lutvakis ori wigni The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire

(lutvaki, 1976) da The Grand Strategy of the Byzantine Empire (lutvaki, 2009)

mkiTxvels saintereso xedvas sTavazobs. avtori SeniSnavs, rom orive

imperiis SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs e. w. `didi gegmis~ arsebobasTan,

romelsac imperatorebi iyenebdnen qveynis sazRvrebis dasacavad. bevri

kritikis Semdeg, dasavleTSi, lutvakis mosazrebebi, ZiriTadad,

uaryofil iqna, radgan romaelebs/bizantielebs ar gaaCndaT zusti

geografiuli rukebi, rac, Sesabamisad, gamoricxavda imas, rom

imperatorebs romidan Tu konstantinopolidan SeeZloT warmoesaxaT, Tu

sad mdebareobda esa Tu is mdinare, mTebis sistema, savaWro gza da a. S.

                                                            6 sivrce, romelic rusul istoriografiaSi „evraziis“ saxelwodebiT aris cnobili.

16

miuxedavad amisa, lutvakis bevri argumenti romis imperiis did

strategiasTan dakavSirebiT, jer kidev farTod aris miRebuli. maT

Soris, diokletianes mier SemoRebuli ukana-xazze-Tavdacva. Tumca, rac

Seexeba mis wigns bizantiis did strategiaze, aq avtors ukeTesi

argumentebis moyvana SeeZlo sakuTari koncefciis dasamtkiceblad. ase,

lutvaki, ugulvebelyofs religiis rols da sakmaod zogadad

ganixilavs bizantiis urTierTobebs TiToeul mezobelTan. miuxedavad

amisa, unda iTqvas, rom misi naSromi karg safuZvels warmoadgens am

sakiTxis momavalSi ukeT SeswavlisTvis.

lutvakis sapirispirod, isaaki, wignSi, The Limits of Empire: The

Roman Army in the East, amtkicebs, rom imperias ar SeeZlo hqonoda rame

saxis `didi strategia~, radgan sasanianebTan TiToeuli konfliqtisas,

konstantinopoli Tavis dacvas ara winaswar gaTvlili gegmis mixedviT

axorcielebda, aramed Seqmnili viTarebebidan gamomdinare (isaaki, 1991).

imperiasa da barbarosebs Soris urTierTobebis SeswavlaSi Zalian

karg naSromebs warmoadgens heveris ramodenime wigni (heveri, 2006; heveri,

2009). mas, agreTve, ekuTvnis wigni guTebis warmoSobasa da am xalxis

dunaispireTSi gamoCenis Sesaxeb (heveri, 1991).

Tomas barnsis wigni, Barbarians Within the Gates of Rome, mkiTxvels

saintereso mosazrebas sTavazobs romis imperiaSi barbarosebis

Semosevebis Sesaxeb. avtori amtkicebs, rom imperiis mesveurebs e. w.

receptio-s, `miRebis~ (barnsi, 1994), sistema hqondaT SemuSavebuli. sxva

sityvebiT, romaelebi da Semdeg bizantielebs kargad hqondaT

SemuSavebuli imperiaSi barbarosebis SeSvebis taqtika, romlis

mixedviTac, axladmosulebs eZleodaT miwis nakveTi, jarSi msaxuris

perspeqtiviT. bizantia-barbarosebis urTierTobebze, aseve, sainteresoa

kulikovskis wigni, Rome’s Gothic Wars: From the Third Century to Alaric

(kulikovski, 2007), sadac avtori amtkicebs, rom nomadebis migraciebi ar

warmoadgens simarTles da es mxolod berZen-romaeli instorikosebis

meir SemuSavebuli narativia. bizantiis CrdiloeT sazRvris Seswavlisas

erTerTi fundamenturi naSromi, Failure of the Empire, Valens and the Roman

State in the Fourth Century A.D., noel lenskis ekuTvnis (lenski, 2002).

17

lenskim detalurad Seiswavla valensis saSinao politika da misi

gavlena imperiis sagareo politikaze, pirvel rigSi, guTebTan

urTierTobaze. amasTan erTad, mas heverisgan radikalurad gansxvavebuli

azrebi gaaCnia bizantia-guTebis urTierTobebis mTel rig sakiTxebze.

lis wigni, Information and Frontiers: Roman Foreign Relations in Late

Antiquity, gvian antikur periodSi romis sazRvrebsa da mmarTveli klasis

politikur informirebulobaze, karg safuZvels warmoadgens gvian

antikur xanaSi bizantiasa da sasanur iranSi rame saxis strategiis

arsebobis Sesaswavlad (li, 1993). li amtkicebs, rom geografiam Zalian

didi gavlena moaxdina konstantinopolis mier sazRvrebis aRqmaSi. ase,

bizantielebi naklebad iyvnen gacnobierebulebi, Tu ra xdeboda dunais

gaRma, vidre imaSi, Tu ra viTareba iyo sasanur iranSi.

gvian antikur xanaSi konstantinopolis aRmosavlur politikaze,

mniSvnelovani naSromi bloklis Roman Foreign Policy: Formation and Conduct

from Diocletian to Anastasius aris (blokli, 1992). avtori detalurad

ganixilavs konstantinopolis politikas sasanuri iranisa da sxva

xalxebis mimarT, III saukunidan imperator anastasiusis mmarTvelobamde.

edvelis wigni evfratze, rogorc sazRvarze or imperias Soris, did

yuradRebas aqcevs mesopotamiis geografias da cdilobs maT Soris

arsebuli mudmivi konfliqti araxelsayreli bunebrivi barierebis

arsebobiT axsnas (edveli, 2008).

konstantinopolis urTierTobebze arabebTan aRsaniSnavia greg

fiSeris naSromi, Betweeen the Empire: Arabs, Romans and the Sasanians in Late

Antiquity, sadac avtori zogadi istoriis garda, aqcents akeTebs

winaislamuri xanis arabebSi eTnikuri maxasiaTeblebis ganviTarebaze

(fiSeri, 2011). kidev erTi saintereso naSromia elizabeT foudenis The

Barbarian Plain (foudeni, 1999). avtori siria-mesopotamiis udabnoSi wmida

sergiusis taZris garSemo arsebul istorias ikvlevs da ganixilavs mas

saerTo geopolitikuri brZolis konteqstSi, romelic sasanianebsa da

bizantielebs Soris mimdinareobda arabi tomebis gadmosabireblad.

rusul istoriografiaSi, winaislamuri xanis arabebze aRsaniSnavia

pigulevskaias ori saintereso wigni, Византия на путях в Индию

18

(pigulevskaia, 1951) da Арабы у границ Византии и Ирана в IV-VI вв.

(pigulevskaia, 1964), sadac avtori detalurad mimoixilavs arabebis

aRzevebas da maT rols bizantiis sazRvrebis dacvaSi.

jefri greitreqsis wigni, Rome and Persia at War, 502-532, gamonakliss

warmoadgens im mxriv, rom avtori bizantiasa da sasanur irans Soris

arsebuli konfliqtis gamomwvev mizezebs Soris asaxelebs sasanuri

iranis rTul ekonomikur mdgomareobas (greitreqsi, 1998).

sasanur iranze literatura vrcelia. Tumca, kvlevebis umetesoba

mxolod imperiis politikur da samxedro istorias ganixilavs. cota

aris dawerili imperiis Sida administraciul da samxedro wyobilebaze

(kacitaZe, 2001). dasavleTSi, iseve, rogorc saqarTveloSi, samwuxarod ar

gagvaCnia fundamenturi naSromi, romelic Seiswavlida sasanuri iranis

politikas Tavisi samezoblosadmi. garda amisa, iSviaTi gamonaklisebis

garda (hovard jonstoni, 1995), sasanuri iranis istoriaze arc erT

kvlevaSi (qristenseni, 1944) ar daisva Semdegi kiTxvebi: gaaCndaT, Tu ara

sasanianebs, bizantielebis msgavsad, sakuTari `didi strategia~? rogor

icavdnen sasanianebi imperiis sazRvrebs da ra prioritetebi

amoZravebdaT maT sagareo politikaSi?

da bolos, bizantiis imperiaSi da mis samezobloSi qristianobis

gavrcelebaze. fletCeri wignSi, The Barbarian Conversion, barbarosebSi

qristianobis gavrcelebaze da im problemebze saubrobs, romelsac

axali religia qmnida imperiis sagareo politikisTvis (fletCeri, 1997).

kristofer haasis statia, Mountain Constantines: The Christianization of Aksum

and Iberia, saintereso paralelebs avlebs iberielebsa da eTiopielebSi

qristianobis gavrcelebis Sesaxeb (haasi, 2008). foudenis kvleva, Empire to

Commonwealth, qristianobis eqspansiaze imperiis, gareT saintereso

mosazrebas iZleva, rom mezobel qveynebSi axali religiis gavrceleba

iyo mcdeloba Seqmniliyo erTi qristianuli sivrce – `Tanamegobroba~

(foudeni, 1993). heverisa da meTius avtorobiT gamocemuli, The Goths in

the Fourth Century, Seicavs rogorc guTebSi qristianobis gamavrceleblis

ulfilas moRvaweobaze SemorCenil wyaroebs, aseve sakmaod karg analizs

im socialuri problemebis, romelic axali religiis Tanmdevi iyo

19

(heveri, 1991). Tumca, am naSromebSi ar iyo mcdeloba mkvlevarebis mier

ganexilaT qristianobis gavrceleba bizantiis samezobloSi, rogorc

konstantinopolis mier gamiznulad gatarebuli politikis nawili.

20

Tavi I

bizantiuri samyaro IV-VI saukuneebSi

ax. w. 395 wels Teodosiusi I-is gardacvalebisas konstantinopoli

(Zvelad bizantionad wodebuli) ukve 60 weliwadze meti xnis

ganmavlobaSi romauli samyaros dedaqalaqs warmoadgenda.

konstantinopoli – `konstantines qalaqi~ – daarsebul iqna konstantine

didis (306-337 ww.) mier 320-ian wlebSi, xolo sarezidencio qalaqad

daaxloebiT 330 wlidan gadaiqca (ix. ruka 2). ufro xSirad,

konstantinopols, qalaq romis sapirispirod, aRmosavlur dedaqalaqs

uwodebdnen, Tumca ar iqneba marTebuli vifiqroT, rom konstantine 330

wlisTvis axladaSenebuli qalaqis mTeli imperiis dedaqalad gadaqcevas

gegmavda (kemeroni, 1993: 12-15; dagroni, 1974: 21-35). man konstantinopoli

daaarsa ufro arsebuli tetrarqiuli dedaqalqebis nikomediisa da

trieris magaliTze.7 ufro metic, wyaroebidan viciT, rom konstantine

Tavisi mefobis bolos gegmavda tetrarqiul mmarTvelobas dabruneboda,

rac avtomaturad imperiaSi ramodenime dedaqalaqis SemoRebas

gamoiwvevda, rogorc es diokletianes dros (284-304 ww.) iyo

(krauthaimeri, 1983: 41-67). diokletianes msgavsad, konstantines surda misi

mefobis Semdeg xelisufleba mis vaJebs Soris tetrarqiuli principiT –

ori avgustusi da ori keisari – gadanawilebuliyo. konstantines gegmebi

tetrarqiis aRdgenaze 337 wels, misi gardacvalebisas CaiSala. imperiaSi

mis Svilebs Soris xelisuflebisTvis dawyebuli brZola sabolood 350

wlisTvis konstantines mesame vaJis konstancius II-is (337-361 ww.)

                                                            7 tetrarqebis mmarTvelobis periodSi, rodesac imperia or keisarsa da ori avgustusiT imarTeboda, romis imperias, faqtobrivad, ramodenime dedaqalaqi gaaCnda.Upirvel rigSi, es ganpirobebuli iyo imiT, rom imperatorebi did dros imperiis sazRvrebze omebis warmoebas uTmobdnen. zustad am periodSi romma imperiis politikuri centris roli dakarga.

21

gamarjvebiT dasrulda, rodesac is imperiis erTpirovnuli mmarTveli

gaxda (kemeroni, 1993: 15-20; barnsi, 1985: 126-130).

miuxedavad imisa, rom imperia isev erTpirovnulad imarTeboda, IV

saukunis meore naxevridan sul ufro naTeli xdeboda, rom sam

kontinentze (evropa, maxlobeli aRmosavleTi da afrika) gadaWimuli

imperiis erTi centridan marTva SeuZlebeli iyo. amitomac, IV saukunis

ganmavlobaSi, xSiri iyo SemTxvevebi, rodesac imperias erTdroulad ori

mmarTveli gaaCnda. amis kargi magaliTia Zmebi valensis (364-378 ww.)

(aRmosavleT romis imperia) da valentinianes (364-375 ww.) (dasavleT

romis imperia) mmarTveloba. Sesabamisad, 395 wels Teodosiusi I-is mier

imperiis or nawilad dayofa Tavisi SvilebisTvis honoriusisTvis

(dasavleT romis imperia) da arkadiusisTvis (aRmosavleT romis imperia)

siaxles ar warmoadgenda (ix. ruka 1). mizani amgvari dayofis ara

imperiis erTianobis moSla iyo, aramed qveynis sazRvrebis efeqtiani

Tavdacvis uzrunvelyofa. Tumca, amjerad (395 wlis Semdeg) movlenebi

sxvagvarad ganviTarda: yovel gasul weliwadTan erTad samxedro da

ekonomikuri TanamSromloba imperiis or nawils Soris sul ufro

mcirdeboda (lutvaki, 2009: 2-15).

qristianuli imperia?

337 wels, konstantines gardacvalebis periodisTvis, mis mier

daarsebuli qalaqi konstantinopoli ar iyo mTlianad qristianuli.

imdroindeli wyaroebis nawilis mixedviT, qalaqSi warmarTobis yvela

niSani ganadgurebul iqna. Tumca, mravali sxva cnobis mixedviT,

konstantines dros konstantinopolSi ori warmarTuli taZaric ki aigo.

ufro metic, savaraudod, es iyo ara konstantine, aramed misi Svili

konstancius II (337-361 ww.), romelmac axal dedaqalaqSi wminda sofias

taZari aaSena (dagroni, 1974: 39-55). konstanciusi Rrmad religiuri

pirovneba iyo, Tumca mis Semdeg taxtze warmarTi iuliane gandegilis

(361-363 ww.) asvlam cxadyo, rom warmarTebis ricxvi sakmaod didi iyo ara

marto imperiis rigiT mosaxleobaSi, aramed saimperatoro karisa da

qveynis biurokratiul aparatSi. iulianes aRzeveba agreTve mianiSnebda

imazec, rom qristianobis gamarjveba am periodisTvis jer kidev ar iyo

22

gadawyvetili, xolo imperiis qalaqebis biurokratiul aparatSi

momsaxure warmarTuli religiis mimdevrebi (magaliTad romis

senatorebi) warmarTobis aRorZinebis umTavres bastions warmoadgendnen.

Sesabamisad, mTeli IV saukune, gansakuTrebiT ki konstantine didis

gardacvalebis Semdgomi periodi, SeiZleba daxasiaTdes rogorc or

religias Soris mimdinare konfliqti, romelSic jer kidev ar iyo

naTeli Tu vin gaimarjvebda. niSandoblivia isic, rom eklesiebis ageba

masStaburad mxolod V saukuneSi daiwyo. IV-V saukuneebSi qristianoba

ar iyo Tanabrad gavrcelebuli imperiis provinciebSi da mas, ZiriTadad,

meti mimdevari imperiis zRvispira centrebSi hyavda. soflis mosaxleoba

ki, jer kidev didi xnis ganmavlobaSi darCa warmarTuli religiis

mimdevari (kemeroni, 1993: 20-26).

rac ar unda yofiliyo imperator konstantines gegmebSi, konstanti-

nopoli IV saukunis ganmavlobaSi nelnela imperiis dedaqalaqad gadaiq-

ca. romis msgavsad, qalaqs sakuTari senati da konsulebi gaaCnda. ukve IV

saukunis meore naxevarSi metnaklebad identuri biurokratiuli

aparatebi arsebobda, rogorc aRmosavleT, aseve dasavleT romis

imperiaSi (krauthaimeri, 1983: 55-65). Tumca, rac ufro meti sagareo

safrTxe uCndeboda imperiis or nawils CrdiloeTidan germanuli

xalxebisa da nomadebis saxiT, V saukunis ganmavlobaSi naTeli gaxda,

rom aRmosavleT romis imperias ukeT SeeZlo sakuTari sazRvrebis dacva

da nomadebis Sekaveba. ufro metic, aRmosavleTi nawili, nomadebTan

brZolebis paralelurad, aseve axerxebda aRmosavleTSi mZlavri

sasanuri iranis Sekavebas.

imperiis strategiuli mdgomareoba uaresdeba

V saukunis dasawyisisTvis, aRmosavleT romis imperia ramodenime

mniSvnelovani problemis winaSe idga. upirveles yovlisa, es iyo dunais

miRma mcxovrebi barbarosebisgan momdinare safrTxis ganeitraleba.

barbarosebis sakiTxTan agreTve dakavSirebuli iyo qristianobis

erTerTi mimdinareoba – ariozoba, romelic IV saukuneSi qalaq

aleqsandriaSi mcxovrebi beris ariozis saxelidan momdinareobs. misi

swavlebis mixedviT, Ze RmerTi (ieso qriste) mama RmerTis Tanaswori ar

23

iyo da masSi adamianuri mxare Warbobda RvTiurze (kemeroni, 1993: 57-65).

miuxedavad imisa, rom 325 wels qalaq nikeaSi Catarebulma msoflio

saeklesio krebam oficialurad dagmo ariozoba, IV saukunis

ganmavlobaSi mas mravali mimdevari hyavda rogorc qveynis SigniT, aseve

imperiis sazRvrebs gareTac. ase, magaliTad, guTebSi qristianobis

ariozuli versia gavrcelda imperiidan gagzavnili beri ulfilas mier

IV saukunis Sua xanebSi (heveri, 1991: 124-144). rainisa da dunais miRma

mcxovreb barbarosebSi qristianobis orTodoqsaluri versiis

gavrceleba iyo erTerTi saSualeba riTac konstantinopols surda uz-

runvelyo dunaispireTis usafrTxoeba. zustad amitom, ariozobis gavrce-

leba guTebSi SeiZleba nawilobriv imperiisTvis strategiul marcxadac

CaiTvalos.8

amasTan erTad, Teodosiusis vaJebi, honoriusi da arkadiusi, 395

wlisTvis jer kidev Zalian axalgazrdebi iyvnen imperiis nawilebis

damoukideblad samarTavad da advilad eqceodnen maT garSemo myof

barbarosuli warmoSobis mqone ministrebis gavlenis qveS. dasavleT

nawilSi cnobili iyo vandali stiliqo, xolo aRmosavleTSi – rufinusi,

eutropiusi da sxvebi. arsebuli rTuli mdgomareobis kargi magaliTia

400 wels konstantinopolSi momxdari ambavi, rodesac guTma gainasma,

romelmac aRmosavleT romis imperiis jarSi maRal Tanamdebobas miaRwia,

moawyo gadatrialeba da droebiT dedaqalaqic ki daikava (kemeroni, 1993:

33-40). sabolood, gainasis damarcxeba moxerxda, magram es ar cvlida

arsebul mdgomareobas: imperiis rogorc dasavleT, aseve aRmosavleT

nawilSi, barbarosTa warmomavlobis mqone pirebs maRali Tanamdebobebi

ekavaT imperiis biurokratiul aparatSi. amas emateboda isic, rom IV

saukunis Sua periodidan imperiuli jari TiTqmis mTlianad

barbarosebisgan Sedgeboda (teinteri, 1988: 128-152).

konstantinopolSi mmarTvel klass barbaros meTaurebTan

mimarTebaSi ori gamosavali hqonda: 1. gaegrZelebina Semwynarebluri

                                                            8 Tumca, rogorc qvemod imperiis `qristianobis geopolitikaze~ saubrisas iqneba naCvenebi ufro xSirad imperiis mmarTvelebi ar interesdebodnen Tu qristianobis romeli versia gavrceldeboda mezobel xalxebSi. Sesabamisad, guTebTan mimarTebaSi, ariozobis gavrceleba konstantinopolisTvis, garkveulwilad, xelisSemSleli faqtori unda yofiliyo. Tumca, zogadad, imperiisadmi am mtrulad ganwyobili xalxis gaqristianeba saimperatoro karisTvis sakmaod did gamarjvebas warmoadgenda.

24

politika biurokratul aparatSi arsebuli germanuli elementebis

mimarT; 2. mTlianad gaenadgurebinaT isini. arCevani xSirad barbarosTa

ganadgurebaze keTdeboda. ase, magaliTad, 395 wels Zlevamosili

rufinusis, xolo 399 wels ki, eutropiusis moSorebiT dasrulda

(kemeroni, 1993: 36-40).

exla ki, ramodenime aTwleuliT ukan davbrundeT. 376 wels, valensi

Seecada mdinare dunais gadakveTis Semdeg imperiaSi Semosuli

barbarosebis problema gadaewyveta maTi romaul miwaze rogorc

federatebad (foederati – laTinurad mokavSires niSnavs) dasaxlebiT. am

politikam ar imuSava, ramac imperia 378 wels qalaq adrianopolTan

datrialebul katastrofamde miiyvana (lenski, 2002: 320-340).9 amis

sapasuxod, romaelebi daubrundnen tradiciul politikas – subsidiebis

gadaxda barbarosebisTvis maTi Semosevebis Tavidan asacileblad. ase,

magaliTad, guT alarixze aman mxolod droebiTi Sedegi gamoiRo, radgan

misi meTaurobiT vestguTebma 380-iani wlebis dasawyisSi daiwyes

balkaneTis didi nawilis darbeva (heveri, 2006: 224-230). Tumca,

aRmosavleT romis imperiam am krizisis daZlevac moaxerxa, rodesac

Teodosiusma 382 wels alarixTan vesTguTebis balkaneTidan italiis

mimarTulebiT gasvla SeaTanxma. sxva sityvebiT, Cven mivadeqiT

aRmosavleT da dasavleT romis imperiebs Soris arsebul fundamentur

sxvaobas. konstantinopols ufro didi finansuri rezervi gaaCnda

dasavleT romis imperiasTan SedarebiT da warmatebulad moaxerxa

barbaros generlebisa da jarebisgan Tavis daRweva (lutvaki, 2009: 5-20).

Tumca, unda aRiniSnos isic, rom IV saukunis bolos romis imperiis

CrdiloeT sazRvarze dawyebuli barbarosTa Semosevebis talRa gan-

sakuTrebul siaxles ar warmoadgenda konstantinopolSi msxdom mmarTve-

lebisTvis. romaeli imperatorebi, iqneboda es  markus avreliusi II

saukuneSi, Tu aureliane 270-ian wlebSi, mravali saukunis ganmavlobaSi

ebrZodnen Crdiloel barbarosebs da SedarebiT martivad amarcxebdnen

maT (heveri, 2009: 94-107). Tumca, 370-ian wlebSi dunaispireTSi hunebis

gamoCenam Tavdayira daayena arsebuli politikuri koniunqtura da

                                                            9 brZolaSi romauli laSqris ZiriTadi nawilebi ganadgurda. daRupulebs Soris TviT

imperatori valensic iyo.

25

guTebi aiZula 376 wels valensisTvis imperiis balkanur teritoriaze

dasaxlebis ufleba eTxovaT. 378 wels adrianopolis brZolam da

imperiuli jarebis marcxma imdenad didi STabeWdileba datova imperiis

imdroindel macxovreblebze,10 rom Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas imperiasa da

barbarosTa Soris urTierTobaSi axali etapi daiwyo. rogorc zemoT

iTqva, guTebma adrianopolis brZolis Semdeg daiwyes balkanuri miwebis

darbeva da mxolod 382 wels moxerxda Teodisi I mier guTebTan

xelSekrulebis gaformeba da maTvis dunais gaswvriv da balkaneTis

naxelvarkunZulze teritoriebis sacxovreblad gadacema.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom hunebis gamoCenam xeli Seuwyo dasavleT romis

imperiis dasustebas da 470-ian wlebSi mis saboloo ganadgurebas. hunebis

Semosevebma gamoiwvia e. w. `dominos principi~, rodesac 405 wels mdinare

rainis miRma arsebuli teritoriebidan dasavleT imperias barbarosTa

didi raodenoba Seesia. stiliqom Tavdapirvelad moaxerxa maTi

damarcxeba, Tumca aman ver Secvala saerTo mdgomareoba. 406 wels ki,

Cven meore didi Semosevis mowmeni gavxdiT – amjerad alanebis da

vandalebis meTaurobiT romaul galiaSi (gofarti, 1980: 112-145).

am Semosevebis Sedegi iyo V saukunis ganmavlobaSi dasavleT romis

imperiis teritoriaze barbarosTa samefoebis daarseba. vandalebi 430-ian

wlebSi CrdiloeT afrikaSi dasaxldnen. Tumca, sxva barbarosul

samefoebisgan gansxvavebiT, vandalTa saxelmwifos arseboba erT

saukuneze cotaTi met xans gagrZelda – V saukunis 30-ian wlebamde

(prokopi kesarieli, 1914-1940: BV. III. I-XII). 530-iani wlebidan VII saukunis

Sua xanaSi arabebis gamoCenamde, CrdiloeT afrika aRmosavleT romis

imperiis provinciad gadaiqca (ix. ruka 2).

490 wels, ostguTebma Teodorixis meTaurobiT apeninis naxe-

varkunZuli daikaves, riTac safuZveli Caeyara ostguTTa samefos (490-554

ww.). vandalTa samefos msgavsad, ostguTTa saxelmwifoc, 554 wels,

daaxloebiT ocwliani omis Semdeg, iustinianes jarebis mier ganadgurda.

Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom CrdiloeT afrikisgan gansxvavebiT, 568 wels,

langobardebis mier CrdiloeT italiaSi dawyebulma Semosevebma

                                                            10 magaliTad, IV saukunis istorikosi amiane marceline Tavis naSroms Res Gestae 378

wels datrialebuli katastrofis aRweriT asrulebs.

26

bizantias am regionze kontroli daakargvina da amieridan

konstantinopolis gavlena mxolod dedaqalaq ravenis garSemo arsebul

saegzarqoze vrceldeboda (ix. ruka 2).11

raoden gasakviric ar unda iyos, ostguTebis saxelmwifos bevri

msgavseba gaaCnda Zvel romaul saimperio warsulTan. ase, magaliTad,

aristokratuli romauli ojaxebis umravlesobam SeinarCuna maRali

Tanamdebobebi axali reJimis arsebobis pirobebSi. miuxedavad rTuli V

saukunisa, senatma da konsulebma12 moaxerxes Tavisi funqciebi Seenar-

CunebinaT. romaulma elitam moaxerxa axladCamoyalibebul ostguTur

elitastan Tanacxovreba (kemeroni, 1993: 176-186). am mxriv, TvalsaCinoa

kasiodores, simaqusisa da boetiusis magaliTebi. samive pirovnebas

ostguTebis biurokratiul aparatSi maRali Tanamdebobebi ekava da did

sazogadoebriv saqmianobasac eweodnen. boetiusis ori vaJi konsulebad

iyvnen daniSnulebi, xolo TviTon boetiusi ki Teodorixis magister

officiorum-i13 iyo (haldoni, 2006: 41). Tumca, VI saukunis 20-iani wlebis da-

sawyisSi Teodorixs romaul elitastan urTierToba daeZaba, rac 523-524

wlebSi simaqusisa da boetiusis sikvdiliT dasrulda (kemeroni, 1993: 176-

186).

pirobiTad, Sua saukuneebi dasavleT romis imperiis teritoriaze

barbarosuli saxelmwifoebis CamoyalibebiT iwyeba. Tumca, rogorc ukve

iTqva, axladSeqmnil barbarosul saxelmwifoebSi bevri msgavseba

arsebobda romaul periodTan. magaliTad, arqeologiuri monacemebi,

metyvelebs imaze, rom V-VI saukuneebSi vaWroba da mogzauroba ar

Sewyvetila mTel xmelTaSua zRvis auzSi. aseve, am periodSi

dasaxlebebis dagegmarebaSi mimdinare cvlilebebi mxolod dasavleT

romis imperiiT ar iyo Semofargluli, aramed agreTve damaxasiaTebeli

iyo aRmosavleT romis imperiis aziuri provinciebisTvis. Sesabamisad,

dasavleT romis imperiaSi mimdinare procesebis aRmosavleT nawilisagan

                                                            11 zogadad, langobardebis Semosevebis Sedegad viTareba mTel italiaSi sakmaod

qaoturi iyo. ar aris gasakviri, rom zustad am periodSi moipova papobam uzarmzari

ekonomikuri da politikuri gavlena. am mxriv aRsaniSnavia romis pap gregori didis

moRvaweoba 590-604 wlebSi (lozunski, 1986: 36-55). 12 konsuloba ostguTTa samofoSi gauqmebul iqna TviT iustinianes mier 541 wels. 13 umaRlesi administraciuli Tanamdeboba gvian antikuri periodis bizantiur imperiaSi.

27

gancalkevebulad ganxilva araswori iqneba. barbarosulma samefoebma

SeinarCunes mravali romauli saxelmwifo instituti da mWidro

urTierToba hqondaT konstantinopolTan. iq msxdom imperators

aRiarebdnen rogorc erTaderTs (poli, 2006; 449), ris sanacvlodac

imperiul aRiarebas da mniSvnelovan titulebs iRebdnen (beri, 1928: 322-

350). romaul kanonmdeblobasTan paralelurad arsebobda barbarosuli

kanonebi. aseTi viTareba gvxvdeba vestguTebTan, ostguTebTan, frankebTan

da a. S.14

dasavleT romis imperiaSi centralizebuli sagadaxado sistemis

ganadgurebam xeli Seuwyo arsebuli politikuri sistemis rRvevas.

naklebi Semosavali ki pirdapir gavlenas axdenda imperiis sagareo

politikaze barbarosebis mimarT. yovelTviuri Tu yovelwliuri

Tanxebis gadaxda miRebuli sagareo politikuri xerxi iyo

CrdiloeTidan mosuli mtris mosagerieblad. aRmosavleT romis imperiam

dasavleT nawilisgan gansxvavebiT SeinarCuna sagadaxado sistema, ramac

gavlena iqonia imperiis potencialze barbarosebisTvis fuli gadaexada,

maTTan omis Tavidan asarideblad (halsali, 2007: 115-155). gviani antikuri

periodis istorikosebi mezobeli xalxebisTvis fulis gadaxdas

uaryofiTad uyurebdnen da xSirad am faqtors iyenebdnen ama Tu im

mmarTvelis gasakicxad (prokopi kesarieli, 1914-1940: Anecdota. 19). raoden

didic ar unda yofiliyo kritika, fulis gadaxda ucxo xalxebisTvis

romaelebSi/bizantielebSi sakmaod farTod miRebul diplomatiur xriks

warmoadgenda. ase magaliTad, 531 da 562 wlebSi dadebuli zavebis

mixedviT bizantia did Tanxebs uxdida sasanur irans.

da mainc rCeba ramodenime mniSvnelovani kiTxva: sad iyo imperiuli

jari da ra bedi ewia mas? ratom ver moxerxda barbarosebis Sekaveba

rainsa da dunaspireTSi? gviani antikuri periodis wyaroebi barbarosTa

Semosevebis warmatebas erTi mTavari mizeziT xsnian: sasazRvro sistemis

gamiznuli dasustebiT, romelic istorikosma zosimem konstanine didis

moRvaweobas daukavSira. istorikosi gviambobs, rom konstantinem, erTpi-                                                            14 sakuTriv is faqti, rom barbarosTa samofoebis nawili ariozuli qristianobis mimde-

vari iyo. mogvianebiT, VI saukunis Sua xanaSi imperiulma propagandam orTodoqsi iusti-

nianes meTaurobiT marjved gamoiyena es faqti vandalTa da ostguTTa samefoebis

wanaaRmdeg omis dasawyebaT (prokopi kesarieli, 1914-1940: BV. 1.5.8-9).

28

rovnul mmarTvelad gaxdomis Semdeg, uari Tqva imperiis CrdiloeTiT,

rainisa da dunais gaswvriv diokletianes mier dayenebuli sajariso

SenaerTebis SenarCunebaze da isini qveynis Sida regionebSi ganalaga.15

zustad am, imperiis Sida teritoriebSi ganlagebul sajariso

SenaerTebs, istorikosebi uwodeben rogorc comitatenses-i. amasTan erTad,

bevr imdroindel istoriul wayroebSi romaeli jariskacebi xSirad

aradisciplinirebulobaSi iyvnen dadanaSaulebulni. Comitatenses-Tan

erTad sazRvrebze ganlagebuli iyvnen naxevrad glexebad gadaqceuli

romaeli jariskacebi – limitanei-ebi.16 (kemeroni, 1993: 49-50).

miuxedavad imisa, rom IV saukunis bolosa da mTeli V saukunis

ganmavlobaSi mimdinare barbarosuli Semosevebis warmateba unda aixsnas

mravali mizeziT, iqneba es imperiis Sida socialuri Tu ekonomikuri,

samxedro problemebi – am periodSi romauli jaris mdgomareoba da misi

warumatebloba mtris SekavebaSi – warmoadgendes umTavres faqtors

dasavleT romis imperiis dacemaSi, xolo aRmosavleT nawilis

gadarCenaSi.

IV-V saukuneebis romaulma jarma, wina imperiul xanasTan

SedarebiT, ramodenime fundamenturi cvlileba ganicada. magaliTad,

sajariso SenaerTebi aRar iyo ganlagebuli uSualod sazRvrebis

gaswvriv, aramed, SedarebiT, imperiis SigniT, did qalaqebTan axlos.

amisTvis ki mravali mizezi arsebobda. erTerTi is aris, rom IV

saukuneSi barbarikumSi axali mtrebi gamoCndnen, ramac konstantine didi

sasazRvro TavdacviTi strategiis gadaxedva aiZula. Tumca, arsebobs

sxva, aranakleb mniSvnelovani mizezebic. ase, magliTad, IV saukunis Sua

periodidan diokletianesa da konstantines reformebis Sedegad

imperiul jars uxdidnen rogorc naturaluri, aseve fuladi saxiT.

Sesabamisad, imperiuli jaris sazRvrebidan qveynis Sida regionebSi,

msxvil sacxovrebel centrebTan gadatana logikuri gadawyvetileba iyo.

mravali wyaros mixedviT, diokletianes ekuTvnis sasazRvro sistemebis

                                                            15 IV saukunis Sua xanebSi dawerili anonimuri naSromis De Rebus Bellicis-is avtoric

(miuxedavad imisa, rom istorikisTa umetesoba ar endoba masSi dacul cnobebs) agreTve

miuniSnebs sazRvrebis davdacviTunarianobis daqveiTebaze, pirvel rigSi jarebis

dunaisa da rainispireTidan samxreTiT, qveynis SigniT gadataniT (Tomfsoni, 1979). 16 Limitanei-ebi wyaroebSi Cndebian IV saukunis bolodan.

29

gaZliereba. Tumca, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mis dros ukana-xazze-Tavdacvis

Camoyalibebam (lutvaki, 1976: 127-155), Tavis mxriv, xeli Seuwyo romis

jaris struqturul cvlilebas. klasikuri romauli legionis wevrTa

raodenoba Semcirda (lutvaki, 1976: 127-155). Tumca, ukeTesi iqneba

ganvixiloT cvlilebebi romaul jarSi rogorc evolucia, romelic

miesadageboda imperiis SigniT ganviTarebul procesebs da, rac ufro

mniSvnelovania, imperiis sazRvrebis gaswvriv aRmocenebul axal

safrTxeebs – germanuli tomebi, momTabare hunebi da mZlavri sasanuri

irani aRmosavleTidan.

IV saukunis romauli jaris mTavari maxasiaTebeli iyo misi

Semadgenloba, romelic TiTqmis mTlianad barbarosebisgan Sedgeboda.

barbarosebi romaul jarSi msaxurobdnen rogorc federati foederati –

mokavSire – meomrebi (iqneba es tomobrivi gaerTinebis Tu individualuri

daqiravebuli meomris saxiT). imperia valdebuli iyo federatebisTvis

specialuri gadasaxadi annona gadaexada an gaekeTebina yovelive es

fuladi saxiT. Annona warmoadgenda imperiuli sagadaxado sistemiT

jarisTvis marcvleulis gadanawilebas (li, 2006; 116-125).

adre imperiul xanaSic barbarosi molaSqreebis romis jarSi

federatebis saxiT ayvana sakmaod gavrcelebuli praqtika iyo. magram, IV-

V saukuneebSi federatebis SenaerTebi ZiriTadad ukve imperiis SigniT

mcxovrebi barbarosebisgan momdinareobdnen, rac mowmobs imaze Tu

raoden didi iyo am ukanasknelebis raodenoba ukve imperiis sazRvrebs

SigniT. amasTan erTad, Tu I-II saukuneebSi romaul jarSi federatebis

ricxvi mxolod mcire nawils warmoadgenda, IV saukunidan imperiuli

jari `gabarbarosda~. Tumca, varaudi, rom V saukuneSi imperiis jaris

warumatebloba rainsa da dunaispiras mtris mogeriebaSi unda aixsnas

imiT, rom rigiTi romaeli ki aRar ibrZoda sakuTari imperiisTvis,

aramed daqiravebuli ucxoeli, ar aris marTebuli. ra Tqma unda,

mniSvnelovania is faqtic, rom daqiravebuli barbarosebi im tomebs

warmoadgendnen, romelTac imperia ebrZoda rainisa da dunaispireTSi.

Tumca, werilobiTi wyaroebi am mosazrebas ara Tu ar amtkiceben, aramed

piriqiT, xSiria monacemebi imis Sesaxeb, rom federati da daqiravebuli

barbarosi meomrebi ufro metad gamoirCeodnen sabrZolo moqmedebebSi

30

vidre romaelebi. magaliTebis moyvana jaris qveda eSelonSi myof

jariskacebze weriloobiTi wyaroebis simwiris gamo SeuZlebelia, Tumca

IV saukunis bolosa da TiTqmis mTeli V saukunis ganmavlobaSi Cven

gvxvdeba iseTi pirovnebebi, rogoric aris ricimeri, stiliqo, odoakri

da mravali sxva (kemeroni, 1993, 40-48). am adamianebis biografiidan, maTi

warmoSobidan dawyebuli Tu maTi dasavleT Tu aRmosavleT romis

imperiebSi dakavebuli poziciebidan gamomdinare, rTulia imis mtkiceba,

rom romis jarSi momsaxure barbarosebi naklebad loialurni iyvnen

romaelebze. romis jarSi barbarosebis saxelebi xSirad aris naxsenebi

amiane marcelines naSromSi Res Gestae (greitreqsi, 2006: 99-109) da avtori

arc erTxel ar miuTiTebs imperiul jarSi barbarosi meomrebis

araloialurobaze. imperiul jarSi barbarosebi sxvadasxva statusis

matareblebi iyvnen. Cven ukve vaxseneT federatebi. amasTan erTad, xSirad

gvxvdebian laeti da gentiles. orive termini miekuTvneba imperiul miwaze

dasaxlebul barbarosTa im jgufebs, romelTac evalebodaT romis jarSi

msaxuri. iyo kidev erTi statusi – dediticii – omis tyveebi, imperiis

sazRvrebs gareT Sepyrobili barbarosebi (greitreqsi, 2006: 99-109).

bolomde garkveuli araa, Tu ratom moxda imperiis

Tavdacvisunarianobis gadabma barbarosebze. mravali savaraudo mizezi

SeiZleba gamoiTqvas, dawyebuli mosaxleobis Semcirebidan, damTavrebuli

imiT, rom calke aRebuli barbarosis brZolisunarianoba ufro maRali

iyo vidre rigiTi romaeli jariskacis. Tumca, bizantiis jaris

`barbarizaciis~ procesSi am mizezebis umTavres faqtorebad ganxilva ar

iqneba mTlianad gamarTlebuli cnobebis simwiris gamo. xolo, rac

danamdvilebiT cnobilia aris is, rom barbarosebi imperiaSi

saxldebodnen sakmaod didi raodenobiT da maTi gamoyeneba yvelaze

efeqtianad zustad imperiul jarSi iqneboda (heveri, 2006: 145-150). amasTan

erTad, romael glexebTan SedarebiT barbarsTa jarSi gawveva ufro

martivi iyo. glexebis gawvevas ewinaaRmdegdebodnen msxvili

miwaTmflobelebi, romelTa gavlena sul ufro da ufro izrdeboda V

saukuneSi.

Cven ganvixileT ekonomikuri da socialuri problemebi, romelic

arsebobda imperiis SigniT da ramac, Tavismxriv xeli Seuwyo romis

31

jaris warumateblobas sagareo mtris winaaRmdeg. magram, rCeba mTavari

kiTxva: ra raodenobis iyo romauli jari? Notitia Dignitatum-is mixedviT

(noticia dignitatumi, 1962: 12-24), romelic mimoixilavs sajariso

SenaerTebs mTeli imperiis masStabiT gvian IV-sa da adreul V saukuneSi,

romis imperiuli jari 395 wlisTvis daaxloebiT 400,000 adamiani unda

yofiliyo. VI saukunis bizantieli istorikosi ioane lidieli axsenebs

435,000 adamians (ioane lidieli, 1898: I.27). mogvianebiT, agaTia wers 645,000-

iani imperiuli jaris Sesaxeb (agaTia, 1975: V.13). rogorc agaTia TviTon

aRniSnavs, es bolo ricxvi gadaWarbebuli unda yofiliyo. miuxedavad

qaRaladze arsebuli 645,000-iani jarisa, Notitia Dignitatum-is mixedviT,

brZolisunarian nawils mxolod 150 000 warmoadgenda (noticia

dignitatumi, 1962: 12-24). es bolo ricxvi, Tavis mxriv, meore

ukiduresobas warmoadgens da rTulia imis warmodgena, rom erTiani

imperiis pirobebSi ramodenime aTas kilometrze gadaWimuli sazRvrebis

Tavdacvas, Sida usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofasTan erTad, mxolod 150,000

adamiani SeZlebda. Tumca, momdevno saukuneebis bizantiis istoridan

mravali magaliTi mogvepoveba, rodesac mcire sajariso SenaerTebi

axdendnen vrceli teritoriebis dapyrobas. ase, magaliTad, belisariuss

15,000 jariskaci hyofnida CrdiloeT afrikis dasapyrobaT, xolo cotaTi

meti – italiis dasalaSqraT (li, 2006: 115-120).

miuxedavad imisa, rom IV saukuneSi imperiis CrdiloeT sazRvris

Sesaxeb sakmaod mwiri werilobiTi masala mogvepoveba, arqeologiuri

monacemebis mixedviT, imperias Camoyalibebuli hqonda ukana-xazze-

Tavdacva. am davdacviT sistemaSi igulisxmeba samxedro instalaciebis

mTeli rigi, romelic Sedgeboda sadarajo koSkebis, sawyobebisa da

mniSvnelovan gzebze mcire da didi zomis simagreebisagan. diokletianes

mmarTelobidan moyolebuli, es sistema galiis CrdiloeTidan, rainis da

dunais gaswvriv, Sav zRvamde aRwevda da sakmaod efeqtiani iyo

CrdiloeTidan mosuli mtris SekavebaSi (lutvaki, 1976: 123-166). viTareba

kardinalurad Seicvala 370-iani wlebis bolos hunebis gamoCeniT. V

saukunis dasawyisidan naTeli gaxda, rom barbarosTa Sekaveba

SeuZlebeli iyo. amitomac, TavdacviTi zomebi gansxvavdeboda da

miesadageboda calkeul mters misi sabrZolo SesaZleblobebis da

32

adgilobrivi geografiuli pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT. ase, TavdacviTi

xazi galiaSi araefeqtiani gamodga iseve, rogorc e. w. fossatum Africae

CrdiloeT afrikaSi vandalTa Semosevebisgan (lutvaki, 2009: 3-15).

aRmosavleTiT, sadac Savi zRvidan samxreTiT, sinais naxevarkunZulamde,

erTiani TavdacviTi xazi ar arsebobda, Crdiloel barbarosebTan

SedarebiT, metad agresiuli sasanuri irani, romis imperias

fundamenturad gansxvavebul safrTxes uqmnida. sxva sityvebiT, adreuli

romis imperiis periodSi arsebuli TavdacviTi sistemebis efeqtianoba

pirvel rigSi gamowveuli iyo mniSvnelovani safrTxis ararsebobiT.

parTiis imperia aRmosavleTSi, miuxedavad imisa, rom romaelTa

warmosaxvaSi sakmaod didi samxedro Zala iyo, ar warmoadgenda

fundamentur safrTxes romis aRmosavluri provinciebisTvis. xolo,

rainisa da dunais gadaRma, III saukuneSi guTebis gamoCenamde, mcxovrebi

tomebi ki martivad eqvemdebarebodnen bizantiis rogorc samxedro, aseve

diplomatiur gavlenas.

bolos davamatebdiT, rom 395 wels imperiaSi dawyebuli krizisi,

romelic mis or nawilad dayofiT da Semdeg, V saukunis meore

naxevarSi, dasavleT nawilis ganadgurebiT dasrulda, ar iyo

ganpirobebuli mxolod barbarosTa SemosevebiT. mTlianad romis imperia

da gansakuTrebulad ki dasavleT nawili barbarosTa dasaxlebis

punqtad iyo gadaqceuli ukve saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi. rogorc Cans,

maTi raodenoba imdenad didi iyo (gansakuTrebulad sazRvrispira

regionebSi), rom imperiuli jari 3/4 Sedgeboda ucxouri

kontingentebisgan (vitbi, 2008: 300-307). imperiis SigniT arsebul

socialur problemebze, agreTve, metyvelebs is faqtic, rom barbarosebma

moaxerxes imperiis biurokratiuli aparatis umaRles Tanamdebobebze

daniSnuliyvnen. CvenTvis ucnobia is mizezebi, Tu ratom moedinebodnen

CrdiloeTidan barbarosi tomebi romis imperiis teritoriisken, magram

naTelia isic, rom es procesi ar dawyebula IV saukunis bolos, aramed

mSvdobiani migraciis saxiT ukve ramodenime saukunis ganmavlobaSi

mimdinareobda. Tavdapirvelad, es problemebi damaxasiaTebeli iyo

imperiis rogorc dasavleT, aseve aRmosavleT nawilebisaTvis, Tumca

konstantinopolma romTan SedarebiT moaxerxa saxelmwifo struqturebis

33

SenarCuneba da jarSi umaRles Tanamdebobebze barbarosTa hegemonobisgan

Tavis daRweva. xolo, Tu rogor moaxerxa konstantinopolma amis

gakeTeba, qvemoT visaubrebT.

bizantiuri strategiis aRmoceneba

gviani antikuri xanis bizantiis imperiis mkvlevarebi Tanxmdebian

imaze, rom imperiis geografiuli adgilmdebareoba arasaxarbielo iyo,

xolo sazRvrebi romelic, gadaWimuli iyo ramodenime aTas kilometrze,

ar warmoadgenda sakmaris dabrkolebas maT gareT arsebuli mtrebisaTvis

reidebi, xSir SemTxvevaSi ki, srulmasStabiani Semosevebi gane-

xorcielebinaT (li, 2008: 33-51; lutvaki, 2009: 5-25). mtrebTan efeqtianad

gamkvlavebisTvis konstantinopoli sxvadasxva TavdacviT samxedro stra-

tegias mimarTavda, romelic uSualod ergeboda am Tu im sagareo

mowinaaRmdeges da sazRvarze arsebul geografiul pirobebs.

mdinareebi raini da dunai, romlebic imperiis CrdiloeT sazRvars

warmoadgendnen, did geografiul zRudes ar qmnidnen barbarosi

tomebisTvis reidebi ganexorcielebinaT galiis, panoniisa da imperiis

sxva mdidari sazRvrispira provinciebis qalaqebis dasalaSqrad.

romaelebi iZulebuli iyvnen am sazRvris mTel gayolebaze garnizonebi

ganelagebinaT da TavdacviTi kedeli – limes-i – aRemarTad. IV saukunidan

moyolebuli da imperiis 395 wels dayofis Semdegac ki,

romaelebi/bizantielebi CrdiloeTidan permanentuli safrTxis qveS

imyofebodnen guTebis, alanebis, hunebis, avarebis, slavebis da sxva

germanuli Tu nomaduri (momTabaruli) warmomavlobis xalxebisgan.

miuxedavad amisa, roms CrdiloeT sazRvarze gaaCnda warmtebuli

TavdacvisTvis saWiro teritoriuli siRrme: im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac ver

xorcieldeboda mtris SeCereba uSualod sazRvarze, xdeboda misi

qveynis SigniT Seyvana da iq arsebul cixe-simagreebSi ganlagebuli

jarebiT mtrisTvis alyis Semortyma da misi ganadgureba. bizantieli

imperatorebi amas akeTebdnen hunebTan mimarTebaSi, rodesac atilas

jarebi TiTqmis dedaqalaqamde, konstantinopolamde aRweevdnen, Tumca

iZulebulni iyvnen ukan dunais CrdiloeTiT daexiaT.

romis samxreTi sazRvari afrikis kontinentis CrdiloeTis

34

gayolebaze erT bunebriv zonaSi – udabnoSi – gadioda. marokodan

egviptes sazRvramde romis provinciebi tripolitania, bizacena, Tu

numidia afrikuli tomebis Tavdasxmebis samiznes warmoadgenda. Tumca,

iqnebodnen IV saukunis 60-ian wlebSi austorianelebi, Tu prokopi

kesarielis mier aRwerili berberebi (prokopi kesarieli, 1914-1940: BV.

III.X.2-7), romis afrikuli sazRvari saukuneebis manZilze centralur

xelisuflebas mniSvnelovan problemebs ar uqmnida. samxedro

ganviTarebis dabal doneze mdgomi afrikuli tomebisgan momdinare

safrTxe mxolod mciremasStabiani reidebiT ifargleboda, romelTa

mogerieba advilad xdeboda wina-xazze-TavdacviT, radgan ar arsebobda

sakmarisi teritoriuli siRrme.

III saukunis Sua xanebidan moyolebuli, roms aRmosavleTiT, Savi

zRvidan moyolebuli CrdiloeT mesopotamiamde sazRvris monakveTze,

yvelaze didi mteri hyavda sasanuri iranis saxiT (ix. ruka 2). ardaSir I-

is (224-240 ww.) mier ganxorcielebuli revolucia ar Semoifarglebda

mxolod qveynis Signid arSakidebis CamogdebiT. 224 wlidan ardaSiris

memkvidris Sapur I-is (240-272 ww.) mmarTvelobis dasrulebamde

sasanianebma moaxerxes romaelebisTvis warmoudgeneli ram: siriisa da

CrdiloeT mesopatamiis dalaSqvra. Tu parTelebi romTan mimarTebaSi

ufro TavdacviT politikas atarebdnen da ar gadaulaxiaT imperiebs

Soris arsebuli pirobiTi sazRvari – evfrati, ardaSirma aiRo

mesopotamiaSi strategiuli mniSvnelobis mqone qalaqebi: CrdiloeTiT –

kara da nizibisi, xolo samxreTiT – hatra. agreTve, maRali samxedro

teqnologiebis meSveobiT sasanianebi iseT qalaqebs iRebdnen, rogoric

iyo antioqia, edesa, amida da sxva (dignasi, 2007: 15-29). magram sasanianebis

es revolucia romze mxolod sazRvris am monakveTiT ar

Semoifargleboda. ZalTa balansi Seicvala siriis udabnoSi da samxreT

kavkasiaSic. roms sasanianebTan mimarTebaSi gaaCnda teritoriuli siRrme

mcire aziis saxiT, Tumca CrdiloeT mesopotamiidan samxedro gzebi

umeteswilad mdidar da urbanizebul siriisa da palestinis

mimarTulebiT midioda. Sesabamisad, romaelebi davdacvas ufro

sazRvarze ganlagebuli cixe-simagreebis gamagrebiT da mtris qveynis

SigniT mxolod mcire manZilze SemoSvebiT axorcielebdnen.

35

maRaldisciplinirebuli jari da mcire, Tumca efeqtiani floti,

sakmarisi iyo xmelTaSua zRvis garSemo mcxovrebi imperiis mosaxleobis

usafrTxoebisTvis. ra Tqma unda, IV-VII saukuneebis romis jari ar

warmoadgenda im jaris klasikur magaliTs, romliTac keisari galias

ipyrobda da krasusi parTelebTan ibrZoda. klasikuri 5,000 kaciani

legionebi ufro mcire nawilebad iyvnen dayofilni, sazRvrebs limitanei-

ebi icavdnen xolo maT ukan imperiis sami ZiriTadi sazRvris rainis,

dunais da evfratis ukan ganlagebuli iyo savaraudod konstantine I

dros Camoyalibebuli mobiluri savele jarebi – comitatenses-i. gviani

romis imperiis jaris raodenobaze mravali Teoria arseobobs. Tu ax. w.

II saukunis dasawyisSi imperias 30, 5,000-kaciani legioni icavda (anu

150,000 jariskaci) da daaxloebiT amave raodenobis damxmare jarebi

(auxiliae) (jamSi 300,000 jariskaci), gviani imperiis xanaSi jaris raodenoba

sxvadasxva kvlevebis mixedviT meryeobs 400,000-dan 600,000 jariskacamde

(heveri, 2006: 62-64; li, 2006: 113-132).

395 wels erTiani romis imperiis dayofis Sedegad Camoyalibebul or

imperiul nawils ganviTarebis sxvadasxva gza hqondaT. dasavleT romis

imperia, daculi germanuli warmoSobis mTavarsardlebis mier, romelTa

gankargulebaSi umeteswilad germaneli migrantebisgan Semdgari jarebi

imyofeboda, V saukuneSi srulmasStabiani barbarosuli Semosevebis

wnexis qveS msxvil teritoriul fragmentacias ganicdida. mdidar galur

da afrikul miwebze terotoriuli kontrolis dakargvas mohyveboda

gadasaxadebisgan miRebuli Semosavlis dakargva da samxedro sistemis

moSla. Sesabamisad, 476 wlis 4 seqtembers romulus avgustulusis

taxtidan moSoreba ufro formalobas warmoadgenda vidre mniSvnelovan

politikur movlenas (poli, 2006: 448-465).

gansxvavebuli bedi ewia aRmosavleT romis imperias. germanuli

tomebis nawilobriv ganadgurebiT, nawilobriv ki sxva terotoriebze

moSorebiT (rogorc es moxda imperator Teodosius I-is mmarTvelobaSi

alarixTan mimarTebaSi), xolo 440-ian wlebSi atilas mier Seqmnili

krizisis gadatanis Semdeg, aRmosavleT romis imperiaSi yalibdeboda

axali strategiuli meTodi, romlis gamoyenebiT konstantinopoli

36

warmatebiT axerxebda momTabare tomebis da sxva mtrebis ukugdebas

momdevno saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi. isev da esev, aRmosavleT romis

imperias Tavs esxmodnen axali momTabare xalxebi evraziis stepebidan da

aRmosavleTSi, CrdiloeT mesopotamiidan, sasanuri irani. Gamonakliss

mxolod VII saukune warmoadgens, rodesac mTeli maxlobeli

aRmosavleTi moeqca arabuli mmrTvelobis qveS, xolo arabuli floti

konstantinopolTan idga. Tumca, aqac, imperia ar dacemula, rogorc

sasanuri irani da gaagrZela Tavisi arseboba 1204 wlamde.

rodesac romis imperia erTiani iyo, mZlavri samxedro Zala

romauli legionebis saxiT warmatebiT icavda imperiuli sazRvrebis

mTel perimetrs. zomieri gadasaxadebi da efeqtiani sarekruto sistema

sakmarisi iyo sazRvao flotisa da sasazRvro punqtebSi Cayenebuli

daaxloebiT 500,000 jaris Sesanaxad. III saukuneSic ki, rodesac dunaisa

da rainispireTSi Zlieri barbarosuli konfederaciebi iqmneboda, xolo

aRmosavleTSi ki mZlavri sasanuri irani Camoyalibda, romis imperia

metnaklebad isev axerxebda mtrebis Sekavebas ukana-xazze-Tavdacvis

strategiis gamoyenebiT (lutvaki, 1976: 122-155).

aRmosavleT romis imperias arasdros gaaCnda amxela samxedro

resursi. 395 wels imperiis dayofa Tavidan formalur xasiaTs atarebda,

radgan Teodosiusis Svilebi – honoriusi da arkadiusi –

urTierTTanxmobaSi agrZelebdnen mmarTvelobas. es iyo Tanabari dayofa,

romelic aRmosavleT romis imperia sam kontinentze ganalaga. evropaSi

imperiis sazRvari Tanamedrove serbeTis CrdiloeT teritoriaze

gadioda, romelSic Sedioda Tanamderove makedonia, bulgareTi,

rumineTis SavizRvispireTi, saberZneTi da evropuli TurqeTi

konstantinopolis CaTvliT. aziaSi, imperiuli teritoria uzarmazari

anatoliis naxevarkunZulidan – dRevandeli aziuri TurqeTi – aseve

siriis, iordaniis, israelis da Tanamedrove erayis CrdiloeT

nawilisgan Sedgeboda. CrdiloeT afrikaSi imperias gaaCnda egviptes

provincia, romelic aRwevda qalaq Tebemde, Tanamedrove libiis

aRmosavleT nawili, romelic Sedgeboda zeda da qveda libiidan,

romelic adre kireneikas saxeliT aris cnobili (ix. ruka 2).

arkadiuss (395-408 ww.) wilad xvda zustad es yovelwliurad

37

sakmaod didi mosavlis da gadasaxadebis momtani miwebi. amas daemateba

isic, rom balkaneTis naxevarkunZuli, anatolia, siria-palestina da

egvipte adamianuri resursebiT mdidari regionebi iyo. puris

maeqsportebeli egvipte da anatoliis nayofieri mindvrebi

gansakuTrebulad mniSvnelovani iyo. mxolod balkaneTis teritoriebi

iyo im droisTvis seriozulad dazaralebuli guTebis, gepidebisa da

hunebis Semosevebisgan.

magram, strategiuli TvalsazrisiT, aRmosavleT romis imperia

dasavleT nawilTan SedarebiT, mniSvnelovnad araxelsayrel

geografiul viTarebaSi imyofeboda. Tavis grZel, daaxloebiT 500-

kilometrian aRmosavlur sazRvarze, romelic gadaWimuli iyo samxreT

kavkasiidan evfratamde imperiis mowinaRmdege agresiuli sasanuri imperia

iyo, romelic 220-iani wlebidan imperiis pirveli mowinaaRmdege iyo

(dariae, 2010). magram, imperiis dayofis Semdeg, aRmosavleT romis imperiis

mmarTvelebs sasanianebis warmatebiT SekavebisaTvis aRar SeeZloT

dasavleT romis imperiis adamianuri da ekonomikuri resursebis

mobilizeba. irani ki, realur safrTxes uqmnida konstantinopolis

batonobas aRmosavleTSi. sasaniani mmarTvelebi atarebdnen iranuli da

arairanuli miwebis mefeTa mefis tituls. maTi imperia moicavda

istoriul persidas (sparseTs), parTias, xuzistans, asureTs, adiabenes,

arabeTs, azerbaijans, somxeTs, saqarTvelos nawils, kavkasiur albaneTs,

midias, gurgans, mervs, qermans, Turans, qaSgars, sogdianasa da sxva

teritoriebs centralur aziaSi da agreTve erTi periodi arabeTis

naxevarkunZulis samxreT nawilsac, kerZod Tanamedrove omanis da iemenis

teritorias SahanSah xosro anuSirvanis mmarTvelobis dros (ix. ruka 2)

(qristenseni, 1944: 130-140).

viTareba CrdoloeT-aRmosavleTiT aranakleb saxifaTo iyo.

bizantielebi iZulebulebi iyvnen daecvaT dunais sazRvari hunebis,

slavebis, avarebis, onoRur-bulgarelebis, magiarebis da paWanikebis

winaaRmdeg (poli, 2006: 460-476). yvela es xalxi nodamur cxovrebas

atarebda da samxedro sakiTxebSi ufro did safrTxes uqmnida imperiul

jarebs, vidre germanuli tomebi. romaelebisTvis saSiSi guTebic ki

gaeqcnen hunebs da es moxda iqamde sanam atilam moaxerxa alanebis,

38

gepidebis, herulebis, rugebis da sxva germanuli tomebis Tavis imperiaSi

gaerTianeba.

aRmosavleT romis imperias arc sakmarisi hinterlandi hqonda,

rogorc es iyo dasavleT nawilSi. nayofieri da puris maeqsportebeli

CrdiloeT afrika, iberiis naxevarkunZuli daculi pirineebis mTebiT,

galiis samxreT provinciebi sakmaod daSorebuli iyo saxifaTo rainis

sazRvridan, xolo italia CrdiloeTSi alpebiT iyo garSemortymuli.

aRmosavleT romis imperiis geografia ki radikalurad gansxvavebulia:

egviptesa da aRmosavleT libiis garda, teritoriebis umetesoba Zalian

axlos iyo saxifaTo sazRvrebTan imisaTvis, rom Semosevebis dros

sakmarisi strategiuli siRrme hqonodaT. anatoliaSic ki, romelic Tavis

mxriv aRmosavleTidan icavda konstantinopols saxmeleTo

Semosevebisgan, yvelaze nayofieri miwebi mdebareobda zRvispira,

xmelTaSua da Savi zRvis regionebSi da Sesabamisad zRvidan

Semosevisgan mTlianad daucveli iyo.

sazRvrebis miRma ufro mZlavri mtrebiT da mTlianad

araxelsayreli geografiiT, aRmosavleT romis imperia danamdvilebiT

uares strategiul mdgomarebaSi imyofeboda vidre dasavleT romis

imperia.

miuxedavad amisa, dasavleT romis imperiam ufro adre Sewyvita

Tavisi arseboba. aRmosavleT romis imperiam, SemdgomSi bizantiam,

moaxerxa arsebobis gagrZeleba pirvel rigSi ki imis meSveobiT, rom

konstantinopolSi msxdomi imperatorebi axerxebdnen arsebuli rTuli

geopolitikuri mdgomareobisTvis adaptirebas da Zvel da axal mtrebTan

brZolaSi axali strategiebis SemuSavebas. jari da sazRvao floti,

agreTve, Zalian mniSvnelovani gadasaxadebis amkrefi biurokratiuli

aparati ar icvlebodnen saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi. Tumca, erTi saxecvla

nadmvilad TvalSisacemia. erTiani romis imperiasTan SedarebiT,

bizantiis sagareo politika naklebad emyareboda samxedro Zalas da

ufro metad ki, diplomatiis yvela formas: mokavSireebis ayvana, mtrebis

Semosevebisgan gadafiqreba da potenciuri mtrebis daZaleba erTmaneTTan

omis sawarmoeblad. ufro metic, rodesac bizantielebi iZulebulebi

iyvnen omSi CarTuliyvnen, isini naklebad cdilobdnen mtris mTlian

39

ganadgurebas, aramed aqcents ufro mis SedarebiT dasustebaze an

Sekavebaze akeTebdnen. es maT aZlevda saSualebas SeenarCunebinaT

sakuTari Zala. grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi ki, bizantielebi xvdebodnen,

rom dRevandeli mteri xval SeiZleba Seucvlel mokavSired

gadaqceuliyo evraziuli stepebidan mosul axal momTabareebTan

saomrad.

ase moxda, magaliTad, atilas dros, rodesac bizantielebma

sakuTari adamianuri resursebis minimumiT moaxerxes hunebis Semosevebis

mimarTulebis gadatana dasavleT romis imperiisken. ase rom, aRmosavleT

romis imperiis gadarCena moxerxda gansakuTrebuli strategiuli war-

matebis wyalobiT. es ufro metia vidre ubralod brZolebSi gamarjveba.

SeuZlebeli iyo yvela brZolaSi gamarjvebis mopoveba rva saukunis

ganmavlobaSi. imperiam ganicada mravali marcxi, maT Soris ramodenime

katastrofuli xasiaTis.17 imperiuli teritoria mravaljer

eqvemdebareboda barbarosul Semosevebs, xolo sakuTriv

konstantinopoli, 330 wels qalaqis daarsebidan 1204 wels, meoTxe

jvarosnul laSqrobamde, ramodeni alya gadaitana.

bizantiis imperiis strategiuli warmateba gansxvavedeboda

taqtikuri gamarjvebebisgan. bizantielebs gaaCndaT niWi, romliTac,

saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi axerxebdnen sakmaod mcire samxedro Zalis

Sekrebas da mis kombinirebas diplomatiasTan da efeqtian dazvervasTan.

oficialuri sagareo saqmeTa saministros da sadazvervo organizaciebis

arqonisas, bizantiis imperiaSi ar arsebobdnen profesionali

diplomatebi an jaSuSebi. wyaroebSi ar gvaqvs Semonaxuli cnobebi, rom

bizantiaSi sistematuri katalogebi arsebobda, sadac SeiZleboda

saxelmwifosTvis strategiulad mniSvnelovani informaciis Senaxva. sxva

sityvebiT, Cven ar mogvepovepa cnoba konstantinopolSi, an romelime sxva

bizantiur qalaqSi sagareo saqmeebisTvis mikuTvnili arqivis arsebobis

Sesaxeb.

Tumca, miuxedavad am naklisa, imperiuli mmarTvelebi konstan-

tinopolSi ukeTesad iyvnen gacnobierebulebi imaSi, Tu ra xdeboda

                                                            17 Ayvelaze TvalsaCino magaliTebs warmaodgens 378 wlis adrianopolis brZola da 1071 wels manaskertTan Turq-selCukebisgan gancdili marcxi.

40

sazRvrebs gareT, mezobel qveynebSi. aseve, miuxedavad imisa, rom

bizantielebs (iseve rogorc maT winaT erTiani imperiis farglebSi

mcxovreb romaelebs) ar gaaCndaT swori parametrebis mqone rukebi,

arsebuli samxedro gzebi kargad mianiSnebs imaze, rom bizantielebs

gacnobierebuli hqondaT sxvadasxva punqtebs da geografiul barierebs

Soris realuri distanciebi. bizantielebi am upiratesobas warmatebiT

iyenebdnen Tavis sasargeblod ucxouri elCebis manipulirebisTvis,

rodesac es ukanasknelebi imperiis sazRvrebSi Sediodnen. menandre

proteqtorTan Semonaxulia kargi cnoba imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogori

SemovliTi gziT waiyvanes Turqi hakanis elCi konstantinopolSi

(blokli, 1985: 14).

amavdroulad, zemomoyvanilma faqtebma ar unda Segviqmnas imis Sta-

beWdileba, rom konstantinopoli 395 wlis Semdeg mxolod diplomatiaze

iyo gadasuli. piriqiT, arsebobda periodebi, rodesac imperiaSi samxedro

Zalis siWarbec iyo, riTac xerxdeboda axali, Tu Zvelad dakarguli

teritoriebis dapyroba, Tu dabruneba. xandaxan, bizantiuri jari da

floti imdenad dasustebuli iyo, rom TviT imperiis gadarCena adreul

periodSi diplomatiiT SeZenili mokavSireebis meSveobiT xerxdeboda.

am or ukiduresobas Soris – susti da Warbi samxedro Zala –

umeteswilad arsebobda dabalansebuli midgoma mezobel qveynebisadmi da

zogadad sagareo saqmeebisadmi. aq sami ZiriTadi komponentis gamoyofa

SeiZleba: diplomatia; strategiulad mniSvnelovani informacia;

efeqtiani samxedro Zala.

diplomatia yovelTvis pirvel rols asrulebda, magram samxedro

Zalac bizantiuri saxelmwifos ganuyofel nawils Seadgenda. efeqtiani

samxedro Zalis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi barbarosebisgan fuliTa da

saCuqrebiT aridebuli Semoseva mxolod droebiTi iqneboda. Sesabamisad,

Zlieri jaris yola iyo yvelaze didi gamowveva, romelsac bizantiuri

saxelmwifo saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi ebrZoda.

aRmosavleT romis imperiaSi, dasavleT romis imperiasTan

SedarebiT, jaris arseboba SesaZlebeli gaxda ori romauli praqtikis

SemonaxviT: efeqtiani sagadasaxado sistema da sistemuri samxedro

gawvrTna.

41

saerTo Semosavali, romelic Sedioda saimperio biujetSi,

ZiriTadad miwis gadasaxadis saxiT (annona) iyofoda provinciebs Soris,

Semdeg TiToeul qalaqisTvis da TiToeuli miwis nakveTisTvis

proporciulad savaraudo mogebasTan mimarTebaSi. VII saukuneSi

imperiuli biujetis danawileba `zemodan-qvemod~ aRar xorcieldeboda,

magram miwis gadasaxadis akrefa xorcieldeboda `qvemodan-zemoT~.

mravali problema arsebobda am sagadaxado sistemasTan dakavSirebiT.

gadasaxadebis amkrefni, auditorebi, inspeqtorebi da zedamxedvelebi

sakuTriv uzarmazar biurokratiul aparats qmnidnen, romlis Sesanaxad

didi fuli ixarjeboda. amasTan erTad, moxeleebi iRebdnen qrTamebs,

krefdnen arakanonier gadasaxadebs, axerxebdnen Semosavlis nawilis

miTvisebas da a. S.18 agreTve, miwaTmflobelebi cdilobdnen

gadasaxadebisgan Tavis daRwevis mizniT gadasaxadebis Setana daekisraT

mcire mflobelebze da moijareebze.

miuxedavad amdeni naklisa, bizantielebis mier Semonaxul

fiskalur manqanas erTi mniSvnelovani upiratesoba gaaCnda: is

damoukideblad muSaobda wlidan wlamde da oqros saxiT uzarmazar

Semosavals awvdida saxelmwifo biujets. es Semosavali ZiriTadad

faravda saimperatoro karis, biurokratiuli aparatis da, rac mTavaria,

imperiuli jaris da flotis xarjebs. regularuli sagadaxado sistemis

arsebobam SesaZlebeli gaxada permanentuli samxedro samsaxuri. Tu

bizantiis mtrebis samxedro potenciali ZiriTadad tomobriv da

moxalise laSqars eyrdonoboda, romelic TviTon, damoukideblad

irCenda Tavs laSqrobisas, bizantielebs SeeZloT jamagiriani imperiuli

jariskacebis, mezRvaurebis da rezervistebis yola mTeli wlis

ganmavlobaSi.

aman, Tavis mxriv, saSualeba misca bizantielebs gamoeyenebinaT

romaelebisgan Semonaxuli meore mniSvnelovani praqtika: sistematuri

samxedro gawvrTna; axalgawveulebis, rogorc individualuri, aseve

                                                            18 karg magaliTs warmoadgens 376-378 wlebSi datrialebuli tragedia dunaispireTSi, rodesac bizantieli biurokratebi ukananod iTvisebdnen imperiaSi Semosul guTebisTvis mikuTvnil sakvebs da cdilobdnen maT maRal fasad gasaRebas. Sedegad, daiwyo guTebis ajanyeba, ramac 378 wels konstantinopoli adrianopolis katastrofamde miiyvana.

42

samxedro formaciebSi swavleba. logikuria Tu vityviT, rom jaris

sistematiur gawvrTnaSi araferia gansakuTrebuli: gawvrTna aris is

riTac jari, rogorc calke instituti unda iyos dakavebuli. Tumca,

saqme imaSia, rom arcerT samefo kars Tu barbaros tomTa gaerTianebas

bizantiis samezoblodan ar gaaCnda imperiis msgavsi samxedro sistema.

mtris jaris SemadgenlobaSi ZiriTadad arafrofesionali meomrebi

Sediodnen. gviani antikurobis periodSi da momdevno saukuneebSic

bizantiur jars mravali aRmasvlisa Tu dasustebis periodi gaaCnda,

Tumca saxelmwifos gadarCena permanentuli omebis fonze SesaZlebeli

iyo mxolod jaris gawvrTnis meSveobiT. maSinac ki, rodesac 626 wels

konstantinopols orive mxridan avarebi da sparselebi edgnen,

imperatorma heraklem (610-641 ww.) sasanuri iranis winaaRmdeg sapasuxo

Setevis dawyeba zustad jariskacebis gawvrTniT daiwyo.

yoveli jariskaci mzaddeboda gansazRvrul teritoriaze gan-

sazRvruli metoqis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad, rac agreTve, met upi-

ratesobas aniWebda imperiul SenaerTebs. imperator mavrikes (582-602 ww.)

`strategikoni~ kargi magaliTia imisa, Tu rogor xdeboda jariskacis

gawvrTna potenciuri mtris winaaRmdeg. amis Sesasruleblad imperias esa-

Wiroeboda swori informaciis qona metoqis Sesaxeb, rac kargad aris

naCvenebi mavrikes naSromis eTnografiul nawilSi.

romaul sagadaxado sistemasa da jaris permanentul gawvrTnas

bizantielebma daumates sakuTari aRmoCenac – `didi strategia~.

imperiaSi sagareo politikis strategiulad ganxilvis mTeli kultura

arsebobda. calsaxad, bizantielebi ar eZaxdnen amas Tanamderove

terminebiT rogoric aris `erovnuli strategia~, es imdroindeli

mentalobisTvis ucxo iqneboda. bizantielebs arc strategiaze momuSave

moxeleTa calke jgufi hyavda. magram, qveynis strategiuli interesebis

gacnobiereba namdvilad xdeboda, rac naTlad aris danaxuli im mdidar

samxedro literaturaSi rac SemorCenilia gviani antikurobidan adreul

bizantiur periodamde. samxedro kulturas (disciplinas) bizantielebma

agreTve daumates mezobel xalxebTan urTierTobis klasikuri romauli

midgoma: titulebisa da Zvirfasi saCuqrebis gadacemiT mtrulad

ganwyobili tomebis beladebis dunaipireTidan Tu aRmosavleTiT patara

43

samTavroebis mflobelebis gadmobireba.

SeuZlebeli iyo imperiis SenarCuneba moxerxebuliyo calkeul

brZolebSi gamarjvebebiT. imperiis mtrebi ZiriTadad aRematebodnen

konstantinopols samxedro potencialiT. arc mxolod TavdacviT

xazebze dafuZnebul davdacvas SeeZlo didi xniT balkaneTis an

anatoliis provinciebisTvis usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa. bizantiuri

saxelmwifos gadarCena arsebuli safrTxeebisaTvis mxolod da mxolod

axali samxedro Tu diplomatiuri meTodebis SemoRebiT iyo

SesaZlebeli. amasTan erTad, axali midgomebis SemuSaveba grZelvadiani

politikis, anu strategiis CarCoebSi iyo moqceuli, romelic SemuSavda

395 wels erTiani romauli saxelmwifos daSlis Semdeg. sxvadasxva

xalxebisadmi sxvadasxva taqtika airCeoda, rac agreTve ekonomikuri da

religiuri faqtorebis gamoyenebas iTvaliswinebda. sxva sityvebiT,

imperiam Tavi daaRwia sasanur, nomadur, arabul da Semdgom nawilobriv

dasavleTevropul safrTxes, mxolod sakuTari imperiis Tavdacvis

grZelvadiani gegmis SemuSavebiT. konstantinopolis kedlebi mravaljer

iqna alyaSi moqceuli rogorc zRvidan aseve xmeleTidan, zog

SemTxvevaSi ki erTdroulad ori mxridan. Tumca, isev da isev,

xerxdeboda mokavSireebis monaxva da mtrebis ukuqceva da xelaxla

imperiuli kontrolis aRdgena dakargul teritoriebze. metoqeebs

SeeZloT imperiis damarcxeba calkeul brZolebSi, Tumca uZlurni iyvnen

imperiis saerTo strategiis winaaRmdeg.

bizantiuri strategia ar iyo ucabedad gamogonili. misi

Tavdapirveli elementebi gamoCnda atilas mier dunaispireTSi Seqmnili

krizisis sapasuxod imperator Teodosius II-is (408-450 ww.)

mmarTvelobaSi. zustad am periodSi naTeli gaxda, rom arasakmarisi

jaris arsebobis gamo SeuZlebeli iyo atilas Semosevebis SeCereba

mTeli dunais gaswvriv. magram, atilas Semosevebi ufro did safrTxes

qmnidnen, ara marto imperiuli jarebis ukmarisobis gamo, aramed

damatebiTi ori mniSvnelovani faqtoris gamo: atilas hunebi ufro

swrafebi da ufro metni iyvnen guTebTan Tu sxva germanikul tomebTan

SedarebiT. hunebis SeCereba, romlebic dunais gadalaxvisas gaurkveveli

mimarTulebebiT gadaadgildebodnen balkaneTSi, patara, Tundac

44

mobiluri ZalebiT, TiTqmis SeuZlebeli iyo.

is rac VI saukuneSi moxda imperator iustinianes mmarTvelobaSi

(527-565 ww.), ar iyo axladCamoyalibebuli strategiis konsolidireba,

aramed militarisutuli sagareo politikisken mibruneba. iustinianes

erTdroulad SeeZlo omi ewarmoebina afrikaSi, italiasa da maxlobel

aRmosavleTSi. amasTan erTad, ebrZola siriis udabnoSi arabi tomebis da

dunaispireTSi slavebis winaaRmdeg. misi gardacvalebis Semdeg samxedro

Zalis gamoyeneba isev meore planze gadavida, xolo herakles

mmarTvelobis dros, rodesac imperia yvelaze did politikur kriziss

ganicdida, moxda bizantiuri strategiis – sakuTari samezoblosadmi

grZelvadiani xedvis – saboloo versiis Camoyalibeba.

Sesabamisad, bizantiuri strategiis Camoyalibeba iyo sakmaod

grZeli procesi dawyebuli atilas mier dunaispireTSi Zlieri

tomobrivi gaerTienebis SeqmniT,19 da damTavrebuli herakles dros

Seqmnili sagareo safrTxiT, rodesac balkaneTidan avarebma

damorCilebul slavebTan erTad, xolo mcire aziidan sasanianebi, alyaSi

moaqcies dedaqalaqi da safrTxe Seuqmnes uSualod bizantiur saxelmwi-

foebriobas.

atilas safrTxis Tavidan moSorebis Semdeg, bizantielebma brwyin-

vale diplomatiuri midgoma SeimuSaves stepebidan mosuli axalaxali

xalxebisgan momdinare Setevebis Sesakaveblad. sxvadasxva ekonomikuri da

religiuri xerxebiT bizantielebi axerxebdnen daerwmunebinaT stepis

xalxebi erTmaneTTan erbZolaT da erTiani frontiT imperiis winaaRmdeg

ar gamosuliyvnen. atilas imperia gamonaklis warmoadgenda.

bizantielebma ver moaxerxes evraziis stepebSi hunebis winaaRmdeg

mokavSireebis monaxva. atilas imperia zustad amitom warmoadgens

fenomens, radgan misi Zalaufleba vrceldeboda yvela germanikul da

nomad xalxze, romelic saxlobda karpatebis mTidan aRmosavleTiT

CrdiloeT SavizRvispireTamde. mogvianebiT, VI saukunis bolos da

                                                            19 am koaliciaSi hunebis garda, agreTve, Sedioda mravali germanuli tomi Tu xalxi. aman ki, hunebi mZlavr samxedro metoqed gadaaqcia. koaliciis mniSvneloba mtkicdeba imiTac, rom atilas gardacvalebis Semdeg da hunebis mier Seqmnili gaerTienebis daSlis Semdeg es ukanasknelebi aRar warmoadgendnen mniSvnelovan safrTxes bizantiis imperiisTvis.

45

meSvides dasawyisSi, igive gaakeTes avarebma riTac egzistencialuri

safrTxe Seuqmnes bizantiis balkanur provinciebs. sxvadasxva nomadi

jgufebs Soris arsebuli brZola saZovrisTvis bizantielebs Carevis da

susti mxarisTvis daxmarebis gaweviT status qvos SenarCunebis

saSualebas aZlevda. garda amisa, xorci, rZe, tyavi da sxva umniSvnelo

sagnebi iyo is maqsimumi, rac nomadebs moepovebodaT. Sesabamisad,

rogorc Tavis droze germanul tomebs, nomadebsac iZulebuls xdida

konstantinopolidan momdinare simdidreze yofiliyvnen damokidebulebi.

mTliani stepuri derefani karpatebidan CrdiloeT kavkasionamde

bizantiuri diplomatiis moqmedebis arenas warmoadgenda. radgan atilas

dros stepebSi potenciuri mokavSires monaxva ver moxerxda,

bizantielebs erTaderTi gamosavali darCenodaT: oqroTi moexerxebinaT

Semosevebis Tavidan acileba. wyaroebSi Semonaxulia 447 wels

gaformebuli xelSekrulebiT 6,000 funti oqro. Tu ramdenad did Tanxas

ixdidnen bizantielebi, amaze priskus panielic gamoTqvamda sakuTar

ukmayofilebas.

da, am taqtikam warmatebiT imuSava. atilam gadamwyvet momentSi ar

ganaxorciela Seteva aRmosavleT romis imperiaze. Samagierod, Seutia da-

savleTs. 451 wlisTvis is ukve italiaSi iyo. amavdroulad, 450 wels

konstantinopolSi taxtze avida niWieri mxedarTmTavari marciane (450-457

ww.) da misi erTerTi pirveli nabiji iyo atilasTvis fulis gadaxdaze

uaris Tqma. aman ar gomoiwvia atilas sapasuxo nabiji, radgan misi

jarebi dasavleTSi samxedro kampaniebSi iyvnen Cabmuli. atilas safrTxe

SedarebiT umtkivneulod iqna Tavidan moSorebuli. hunebis SeCereba

moxerxda didi samxedro Zalis gamoyenebis gareSe. sxva sityvebiT: jer

diplomatia, Semdeg samxedro Zala, rac calsaxad mianiSnebs

militaristuli romidan diplomatiur bizantiaze gadasvlas.

avarebi bizantiis diplomatiur horizontze 558-560 wlebSi

gamoCndnen. avarebis aRmosavleTiT Turquli modgmis utriRurebi da

kutriRurebi, antebi da slavebi iyvnen. 558-560 wlebisTvis avarebi ar

warmoadgendnen absolutur safrTxes bizantiis dunais sazRvrisTvis.

Sesabamisad, konstantinopolisTvis aramomgebiani iqneboda avarebis

sruli ganadgureba, radgan es xalxi saWiro mokavSire iqneboda sxva

46

nomad xalxebTan brZolaSi. klasikuri bizantiuri midgoma iyo xeli

SeeSala nomaduri koaliciebis SeqmnisTvis. Tu calkeuli nomaduri

jgufis SeCereba nawilobriv Zlieri jariT, nawilobriv ki fulis

gadaxdiT xdeboda, nomaduri koalicia xarisxobrivad sxvagvar safrTxes

uqmnida imperiul jars da provinciebs: SeuZlebeli iyo sazRvris mTeli

perimetris (magaliTad dunais sazRvari) gakontroleba. es moxda maSin,

atilas dros, rodesac moxerxda alanebis, guTebis da sxva xalxebis

gaerTianeba hunebis meTaurobiT da V saukunis 80-ian wlebSi, rodesac

avarebma daimorCiles slavebi, antebi da sxva nomadi xalxebi da mTeli

Tavisi samxedro Zalisxmeva bizantiis dunais sazRvarze miitanes.

avarebi damarcxdnen, dakarges kontroli slav qveSevrdomebze,

magram aqac bizantielebi ar cdilobdnen maT srul ganadgurebas, radgan

dRevandeli mteri xval SeiZleba axali stepebidan axali nomaduri

safrTxis winaaRmdeg iqnas gamoyenebuli. avarebis saboloo ganadgureba

mxolod 791 wels moxda karlos didis mier. sxva sityvebiT, avarebi

bizantiisTvis zomier safrTxes warmoadgendnen sanam ar iyvnen

koaliciaSi sxva nomad an germanul tomebTan.

kidev erTi bizantiuri siaxle iyo informaciis Segroveba

potenciur mterze. mtris adaT-wesebi, maTi liderebi da am

ukanasknelebis xasiaTi, samxedro potenciali da savaraudo gegmebi.

atilas da zogadad hunebis cxovrebis Sesaxeb priskus panielis

detaluri naSromidan viciT (priskus panieli, 1982: 24-29). niSandoblivia,

rom priskusi gayva bizantiur elCobas hunebTan savaraudod erTi mizniT:

aRewera hunebis cxovreba da maTi adaT-wesebi da miewoda es cnobebi

saimperatoro karisTvis konstantinopolSi. es ar niSnavs imas, rom adre

romaelebi ar iyvnen dainteresebulni an ar aRwerdnen mezobel xalxebs.

tacitusis germania albaT am eTnografiuli Janris saukeTeso magaliTia.

mniSvnelovania, rom aqcenti mezobeli xalxebis samxedro potencialis

garkvevaze gaZlierda erTiani romis saxelmwifos dayofis Semdeg,

rodesac konstantinopoli ver iqneboda mxolod sakuTar samxedro

Zalaze damokidebuli, aramed saWiroebda mezobeli xalxebis susti

mxareebis codnas, maTi mcire ZalebiT dasamarcxeblad.

47

iustiniane: Tavdacvidan Setevaze

flavius petrus sabatius iustinianusi, cnobili rogorc iustiniane

I, taxtze 527 wels avida. misi drois bizantiis imperia Zlier

saxelmwifos warmoadgenda, romelSic imperator Teodosius II-is dros

SemoRebuli TavdacviTi strategiis saboloo konsolidireba

ganxorcielda. sasanuri irani aRmosavleTSi rCeboda strategiul

safrTxed, rac imperiis sazRvris gaswvriv samxreT kavkasiidan CrdiloeT

mesopotamiis gavliT, siriis udabnomde, jaris permanentul mzadyofnaSi

arsebobis saWiroebas qmnida.

amis paralelurad, konstantinopols ar gaaCnda Zlieri

mowinaaRmdege uSualod dunais sazRvris gaRma. ostguTebis samefo

imperiasTan kargi urTierTobebis Camoyalibebaze iyo orientirebuli,

xolo vandalebi da alanebi CrdiloeT afrikaSi samxedro safrTxes

sazRvao eqspediciebiT veRar uqmnidnen egviptesa da balkaneTis

naxevarkunZuls. rac Seexeba evraziuli stepebidan momdinare safrTxes,

iustinianes dros iyvnen kutriRurebi, Tumca maTi Zala ver Seedreboda

atilas dros hunebis an ufro mogvianebiT avarebis mier Seqmnil

samxedro koaliciebs.

rogorc iTqva, 530-ian wlebSi avarebi jer ar gamoCenilan

politikur asparesze, Tumca iustinianes taxtze asvlis periodisTvis

stepebis xalxebs ukve dakarguli qondaT is gadamwyveti strategiuli

upiratesoba, rac V saukuneSi hunebs gaaCndaT: bizantielebma Seqmnes

amxedrebul mSvildosanTa SenaerTebi SeiaraRebuli `Sedgenili

mSvildebiT~. amasTan paralelurad, imperiulma jarma SeinarCuna axlo

manZilze brZolis klasikuri romauli xelovneba. miuxedavad imisa, rom

nomadebi ufro daxelovnebulebi iyvnen mSvildosnobaSi vidre

bizantielebi, am ukanasknelebis damarcxeba veRar xdeboda ise martivad,

rogorc pirvelad hunebis dros. bizantielebis mier nomadebis kidev

erTi upiratesoba gabaTilda: kavaleria imperiuli laSqris mTavari

damrtymeli Zala gaxda. sxva sityvebiT, is nakli rac gaaCnda calkeul

bizantiel amxedrebul mSvildosans nomad meomarTan mimarTebaSi,

kompensirebuli iyo bizantiuri samxedro discipliniT da Sekruli

SenaerTebiT.

48

Sesabamisad, imperiul jars upiratesoba gaaCnda iustinianes dros

afrikaSi mcxovreb vandalebsa da alanebze da italiaSi ostguTebze.

alanebi ZiriTadad cxenosnebi iyvnen, xolo vandalebi da guTebi

Zlierebi axlo manZilze brZolaSi da gamagrebuli qalaqebisTvis alyis

SemortymaSi. bizantiur jarTan mimarTebaSi orives gaaCnda taqtikuri

nakli. es martivad xsnis im samxedro warmatebas, rac wilad xvda

iustinianes 533-534 wlebSi CrdiloeT afrikaSi, xolo 535 wels ki –

apeninis naxevarkunZulze.

da mainc, ganxorcielebadi iyo Tu ara `strategia~ bizantiur

periodSi? mkvlevarTa didi nawili miiCnevs, rom zusti rukebis ar

arsebobisas romaelebs da Semdeg bizantielebs ar SeeZloT efiqraT

`strategiulad~; zustad ganesaszRvrad manZili geografiul obieqtebs

Soris; da ganesazRvraT Tu sad mTavrdeboda imperia da iwyeboda

mezoblebis miwebi. Tumca, Tavdapirvelad unda ganisazRvros is, Tu ra

igulisxmeba sityvaSi `strategia~. Zvel dros strategiis arsebobis

Teoriis skeptikosebi ganixilavdnen sityva `strategias~, rogorc

Tanamedrove da biurokratiul saqmianobas, rogorc garkveuli

politikuri gadawyvetilebebis Sedegs. zusti geografiuli codnis

saWiroeba xSirad arev-darevas iwvevda da strategia `geopolitikad~

gamoisaxeboda. am TavSi moyvanilma magaliTebma naTlad gviCvena, rom

strategia ar aris mxolod jarebis gadaadgileba an dedaqalaqSi

rukebTan msxdomi saxelmwifos mmarTvelebis mier msjeloba e. w.

`erovnul interesebze~. strategia ufro qmedebaTa mTel rigs

warmoadgens samxedro Zalis, imperiuli prestiJis, religiuri faqtoris,

mezobeli xalxebis susti mxareebis da upiratesobebis swori da

Tanadrouli gamoyenebiT.

49

Tavi II

bizantiuri strategia praqtikaSi: iustiniane da misi

memkvidreebi

560-iani wlebis bolos, iustinianes memkvidris iustine II-is (565-574

ww.) mmarTvelobaSi, konstantinopolSi, centralur aziaSi mcxovrebi

Turqebis mmarTvelis, sizabulis elCoba Camovida. Turqebma cota xnis

win gawyvites urTierToba sasanianebTan da surTad politikuri kavSiri

SeekraT bizantielebTan. iustinem ramodenime kiTxva dausva elCobas.

kiTxvebis Sinaarsi sakmaod sainteresoa, radgan did informacias

gvawvdis imdroindeli bizantieli mmarTvelebis geopolitikur

Tvalsawierze. iustines kiTxvebi daaxloebiT Semdegnairi iyo, Tu vin

iyvnen heftalitebi, romelbzedac, Turqebis TqmiT, maTi batonoba

vrceldeboda; vin iyvnen avarebi, romelnic sul mokle drois win

bizantias CrdiloeTidan daemezobldnen (greitreqsi, 2006: 99-109).

elCebisgan am kiTxvebze pasuxis miRebis Semdeg, iustinem Turqebis

mmarTvelTan politikuri aliansi Sekra, ramac Secvala maxlobel

aRmosavleTSi arsebuli ZalTa balansi. TurqebTan kavSirma da

sasanianTa iranze ori frontidan omis warmoebis perspeqtivam, iustines

ubiZga iranTan saomari moqmedebebi ganeaxlebina. Sedegad, omi or did

imperias Soris arabebis gamoCenamde ar Sewyvetila.20 konfliqti or

imperias Soris herakle keisris gamarjvebiT da ori imperiis

mniSvnelovani dasustebiT dasrulda. aman, nawilobriv, 630-ian wlebSi,

xeli Seuwyo islamis droSis qveS arabTa jarebis winsvlas maxlobel

                                                            20 im mokle periodis gamoklebiT, rodesac bizantieli imperatori mavrike Caeria iranis Sida saqmeebSi da samxedro daxmarebis meSveobiT moaxerxa bahram Cobinis mier xelisuflebas moSorebuli xosro II-is taxtze aRdgena.

50

aRmosavleTSi.21

magram, davubrundeT zemo aRweril elCobas, romelic gansa-

kuTrebulad ori mizeziT aris saintereso. pirveli aris iustines

daintereseba imaSi, Tu ra xdeba sasanianTa imperiis aRmosavleT pro-

vinciebSi da centralur aziaSi. imperatorma elCebs kiTxvebi dausva

heftalitebis (TeTri hunebis) samefos da Turqebis qveynis wyobis

Sesaxeb. meore saintereso faqti aris is, rom iustines sakmaod kargad

esmoda, Tu ras niSnavda bizantiis da Turqebis aliansi riTac

SesaZlebeli iqneboda iranze erTdroulad ori frontidan Tavdasxmis

ganxorcieleba. es ukanaskneli argumenti sainteresoa imis

gaTvaliswinebiTac, rom gviani antikuri periodis mkvlevarebi bolo

dros sul ufro metad gamoTqvamen mosazrebas konstantinopolSi rame

saxis `didi strategiis~ ararsebobis Sesaxeb da, Sesabamisad, bizantieli

maRalCinosnebis uunarobaze warmatebiT ganexorcielebinaT imperiis

grZelvadiani sagareo politika. istorikosebi, agreTve, miiCneven imas,

rom, Tu bizantielebs ar hqondaT wvdoma swor geografiul rukebze, maT,

faqtobrivad, ar SeeZloT srategiulad emsjelad. zogi mkvlevari

cdilobs monaxos strategiuli azrovneba avgustusis politikaSi, zogi

II saukunis romis mmarTvelebSi, sxvebi ki, IV saukunis imperatorebSi.

Tumca, mkvlevarebi Tanxmdebian imaze, rom detaluri rukebis

ararsebobis gamo, romaelebs ar SeeZloT zustad aReqvaT geografiuli

sivrce, iqneba es Tavisi imperiis SigniT, Tu mis sazRvrebs gareT. amis

nacvlaT, bizantielebi moqmedebdnen ufro daumarcxeblobis ideologiiT

(vitakeri, 2004: 28-49, 63-87), rodesac imperiis uzarmazari resursebi

mxolod axali teritoriebis dasapyrobad iyo gankuTvnili, xolo

samxedro kampaniebis wamowyeba xSirad ama Tu im mmarTvelis pirad

ambiciebze iyo damokidebuli da ara saerTo saxelmwifoebriv

interesebze. aqedan gamomdinare, mkvlevarTa umravlesobisTvis saubari

raime saxis “strategiaze~ ubralod zedmetia (isaaki, 1990: 19-53; 372-418).

                                                            21 Tumca, rodesac vsaubrobT imperiebis dasustebaze, bevri mkvlevari bizantia-iranis bolo oms gadamwyvet faqtorad miiCnevs arabebis momaval warmatebaSi. nawilobriv marTali, magram or imperias Soris bolo konfliqtma pirvel rigSi daarRvia ZalTa balansi siria-mesopotamiaSi arsebuli kavSirebi nomad arabebTan, romelTac unda daecvaT imperiebis sazRvrebi arabeTis naevarkunZulidan momdinare safrTxisgan.

51

qvemoT moyvanil diskusiaSi ki, SevecdebiT vaCvenoT, rom gvian

antikur periodSi, gansakuTrebiT ki, V-VI saukuneebSi, bizantielebs

danamdvilebiT gaaCndaT sakuTari sazRvrebis is xedva, romelic

exmareboda konstantonopolSi mjdom imperators mieRo esa Tu is

politikuri, religiuri Tu ekonomikuri gadawyvetileba, romelic

imperiis grZelvadian sagareo politikas qmnida. amis paralelurad,

naCvenebi iqneba isic, rom imperias gaaCnda `gansazRvruli~ sazRvrebi –

xazebi, romlis meore mxares arsebuli teritoria ar aRiqmeboda

imperiis nawilad – yovel SemTxvevaSi mTliani sasazRvro perimetris

umetes nawilSi.

Tumca, sanam gavagrZelebdeT, saWiroa gaverkvioT imaSi, Tu ras

vgulisxmobT sazRvarSi, rodesac vsaubrobT bizantiis imperiaze. rogor

unda iTargmos laTinuri sityvebi limes-i da fines-i? Fines-i ufro zogadi

saxis terminia, xolo limes-i ki, ufro konkretuli (Tumca, aqac bevri

gansxvavebuli azri arsebobs) da aRniSnavs sasazRvro teritorias,

romelic ar moicavs mxolod sasazRvro zols, aramed am zolis orive

mxares arsebul dasaxlebebs Tu safortifikacio nagebobebs da sat-

ransporto gzebs. omis warmoeba umniSvnelovanes rols TamaSobda gvian

antikur periodSi qveynebs Soris arsebul urTierTobebSi (greitreqsi,

2006: 103-105).

miuxedavad sxvadasxva mosazrebisa, rom romaelebs ar gaaCndaT imis

gancda, Tu sad mTavrdeboda maTi imperium-is sazRvrebi, istoriuli

wyaroebi amis bevr magaliTs iZlevian. 376 wels, mdinare dunais

CrdiloeTiT mdebare teritoriidan romis imperiis balkanur provinciebs

guTebis didi raodenoba miuaxlovda. mdinaresTan miaxloebisTanave, bar-

barosebma romael jariskacebs sTxoves isini imperiis `teritoriaze~ –

dunais samxreTiT – SeeSvaT, risTvisac aRmosavleT romis imperator

valensis (364-378 ww.) specialuri brZaneba iyo saWiro. romaelebisTvis,

iseve, rogorc guTebisTvis, mdinare dunais gadakveTa erTi qveynidan

meoreSi gadasvlasTan iyo asocirebuli. im teritoriebze, sadac dunais

magvari geografiuli barieri ar arsebobda romaelebi agebdnen kedlebs

(skorpani, 1980: 12-35), romelic, xSir SemTxvevaSi, imdenad ar iyo

TavdacvisTvis gankuTvnili, ramdenadac imperiuli teritoriis mar-

52

kirebisTvis. magaliTad, Agri Decumates-i, romelic aages ax. w. I saukuneSi

romis imperiis CrdiloeTis sazRvris im monakveTze, romelic ar iyo

daculi rainisa da dunais mdinareebiT. is rom, romaelebis mier agebuli

nagebobebi CrdiloeT sazRvarze ar iyo mxolod TavdacvisTvis, aramed

ufro sazRvris aRsaniSnad, amtkicebs is faqtic, rom, rodesac

imperatorma aurelianem (270-275 ww.) gadawyvita daetovebina Agri Decumates-

i, amas ar mohyolia barbarosTa Tavdasxmebis gamo sazRvris am

monakveTis samxedro kolafsi. sxva sityvebiT, Agri Decumates-i Tavis

droze ar iyo agebuli mxolod germaniidan momdinare barbarosuli

safrTxis mosagerieblad, aramed romis imperiis sazRvris aRsaniSnadac.

gadavinacvloT VI saukuneSi, rodesac istorikosi prokopi

kesarieli imperator iustinianes moRvaweobas aRwerda. prokopis erTerT

naSromSi De Aedeficiis, sadac aRwerilia iustinianes aRmSeneblobiTi

RonisZiebebi mTeli imperiis masStabiT, ramodenime saintereso faqti

aris Semonaxuli sazRvris cnebasTan dakavSirebiT (prokopi kesarieli,

1914-1940: De Aedeficiis, II.4.1-7). imperiis aRmosavleT sazRvarze saubrisas,

prokopis kargad aqvs gacnobierebuli, Tu sad mTavrdeba imperiis

sazRvrebi da sad iwyeba sasanuri iranis teritoria. aRsaniSnavia isic,

rom somxeTSi arsebuli sazRvari or imperias Soris xSirad icvleboda,

rac am teritoriaze msxvili samxedro infrastruqturis agebas

aramomgebians xdida. magram, CrdiloeT mesopotamiaSi iustinianem

romauli teritoriis aRsaniSnad aago mravali cixe-simagre.22 ufro

metic, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imas, Tu rogor saerTo politikas atarebda

imperatori, kerZod ki romis imperiis istoriuli miwebis dabrunebisTvis,

SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom konstantinopolisTvis ormagad mniSvnelovani

iyo ara mxolod imperiis axali sazRvrebis efeqtiani dacva, aramed

imperiis miwebis araromauli teritoriebisgan gamijvnac.

gviani antikuri periodis romis imperatorebi, miuxedavad imisa, rom

imperium sine fine-s ideologiiT xelmZRvanelobdnen, kargad xedavdnen, Tu

sad mTavrdeboda romauli miwa da iwyeboda mezobeli qveynebis teri-

                                                            22 iustinianem, agreTve, cvlilebebi Seitana imperiis aRmosavluri sazRvris TavdacviT

zolSi. somxeTisa da samxreT kavkasiis teritoriebisTvis axali magister militum-i dainiSna.

53

toriebi. am mxriv, samagaliTo iqneba 530-iani wlebis dasawyisSi

iustinianes gadawyvetileba afrikuli miwebis dapyrobis Sesaxeb. man

kargad icoda, rom vandalebamde romaelTa samflobelo afrikaSi

mxolod kontinentis CrdiloeT nawiliT iyo Semofargluli. iustinianes

dros Seqmnil kanonTa krebulis Codex Justinianus-is erTerTi kanonis

monakveTSi saintereso informacia mogvepoveba imaze, Tu rogor

ganixilavda imperatori axladdapyrobil teritoriebs da hqonda Tu ara

mas, arsebuli ideologiis miuxedavad, dawesebuli rame zRvari romauli

Zalauflebis gavrcelebisTvis. Codex Justinianus-Si vkiTxulobT

(iustinianes kodeqsi, 1954: I.27.4):

“…usque ad illos fines prouincias africanas extendere ubi ante invasionem

Vvandalorum et Maurorum respublica romana fines habuerat et ubi custodes antiqui

seruebant, sicut ex clusuris et burgis ostenditur.”

`gavafarTovoT afrikuli provinciebi im sazRvrebamde, sadac

odesRac romis saxelmwifos sazRvrebi gadioda vandalebis da

berberebis Semosevebamde da sadac Zveli darajebi iyvnen, rac kedlebisa

da koSkebis arsebobiT mtkicdeba.~ 

 

sxva sityvebiT, iustinianem kargad icoda, Tu sad gadioda adre

romis imperiis sazRvrebi. bizantielebs esmodaT, Tu sad mTavrdeboda

imperiuli iurisdiqcia, rac nominalurad gvian antikur periodSi

sazRvrebis arsebobaze metyvelebs. vandalebis winaaRmdeg gatarebulma

samxedro kampaniis Sedegebma cxadyo, bizantielebs ar ufiqriaT

daepyroT is, rac odesRac imperias ar ekuTvnoda. belisariusis jarebs,

533-534 wlebSi, ar daukavebiaT sanapiro zolis samxreTiT arsebuli

miwebi.

Tumca, gadavinacvloT oriode saukuniT ukan. kargi magaliTia 299

wels sasanianTa SahanSah nersesa (293-302 ww.) da romis imperator

deokletianes (384-305 ww.) Soris dadebuli sazavo xelSekruleba,

romliTac or saxelmwifos Soris xangrZlivi omi dasrulda. zavis

54

mixedviT, romaelebs somxeTis ramodenime provincia gadaecaT. amasTan

erTad, zavis erTerTi punqti mimoixilavda zinTas cixesimagres,

romelic xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad, iranSi, midiis sazRvarze

mdebareobda. es ki, niSnavs imas, rom romaelebs, iseve rogorc

sparselebs, kargad hqondaT gacnobierebuli imperiebs Soris formaluri

sazRvrebis arsebobis saWirieba. ufro metic, amave sazavo

xelSekrulebiT mdinare tigrosi or imperias Soris arsebul sazRvrad

gamocxadda.

xelSekrulebis punqtebi metyvelebs imaze, rom romaelebs samxedro

gamarjvebebisa da axali miwebis SemoerTebis SemTxvevebSic ki, kargad

gaegebodaT sakuTari imperiis teritoriuli gafarToebis ukiduresi

xazi, romlis iqeT arsebuli miwa ar aRiqmeboda imperiul sakuTrebad.

strategiuli gadawyvetilebis miReba saimperatoro karze

omis warmoeba gvian antikuri xanis erTerTi umniSvnelovanesi

maxasiaTebeli iyo. gansakuTrebiT, amis Tqma SeiZleba imperator

iustinianes mmarTvelobis periodze (527-565 ww.). mis mier wamowyebuli

reconquista-s Sedegad moxerxda CrdiloeT afrikis dapyroba, apeninis

naxevarkunZulis gaTavisufleba ostguTebisagan da espaneTis samxreTi

nawilis dabruneba (kemeroni, 1993: 104-127). amasTan erTad, aRmosavleTSi

iustinianes uwevda xosro anuSirvanis (531-579 ww.) mZlavri sasanianTa

imperiis Sekaveba. Tumca, yvelaze gasakviri ki, albaT, is unda iyos, rom

amdeni samxedro moqmedebis miuxedavad, iustinianes, adreuli

imperatorebis konstantines, valensis, Teodosiusis da sxvebis msgavsad,

TviTon monawileoba arc erT samxedro kampaniaSi ar miuRia. yvelaferi

imperiuli dedaqaliqidan imarTeboda, rac kidev erTxel metyvelebs

imaze, rom, miuxedavad arsebuli komunikaciebisa, SesaZlebeli iyo

erTdroulad ramodenime frontze samxedro moqmedebebis warmatebiT

koordinireba. amas amtkicebs isic, rom prokopis naSromebSi arsad

gvxdeba mcire cnobac ki, rom iustinianes TviTon moenaxulebina brZolis

veli, iqneba es aRmosavleTis frontze, Tu axlad dapyrobil miwebze –

CrdiloeT afrikasa da italiaSi.

rogorc iTqva, iustiniane Tavisi mefobis umetes nawils konstanti-

55

nopolSi, imperiul sasaxleSi atarebda. es nakleboba samxedro

saqmianobaSi SeiZleba im patara samxedro gamocdilebiT aixsnas, ro-

melic mas gaaCnda imperatorad gamocxadebamde. Tumca, unda aRiniSnos

isic, rom iustinianes qmedebebi emyareboda im axlad tradicias, romelic

395 wels imperator Teodosiusis gardacvalebis Semdeg iqna SemoRebuli.

misi Svilebi arkadiusi da honoriusi ar monawileobdnen samxedro

kampaniebSi – tradicia, romelic maTi memkvidreebis dros ufro gamyarda.

Tumca, amas ar Seumcirebia imperatorebis survili miRweuli samxedro

warmatebebi sakuTari TavisTvis mieweraT. iustiniane am mxriv karg

magaliTs warmoadgens, rodesac konstantinopolSi, wminda sofiis taZris

win, Tavisi, rogorc sasanianebze gamarjvebulis, cxenze amxedrebuli

Zegli daadgmevina (kemeroni, 1993: 104-127). meore magaliTi aseve

iustinianes mmarTvelobaSi gvxvdeba, rodesac belisariusma gamarjveba

moipova vandalebze da maTi damarcxebuli mefe gelimeri tyved Caiyvana

konstantinopolSi. vandalTa mefe ipodromze gaatares, sadac man,

saimperatoro loJasTan gasvlisas, iustinianes Tayvani sca (prokopi

kesarieli, 1914-1940: BV. IV.IX.12).

magram, isev davubrundeT mTavar sakiTxs: Tu imperatori pirdapir

ar monawileobda samxedro kampaniebis warmoebaSi, rogor xdeboda

strategiuli mniSvnelobis mqone gadawyvetilebebis miReba? es sakiTxi

pirdapir aris dakavSirebuli arsebuli naSromis mTavar TemasTan:

gaaCnda Tu ara bizantiis imperias IV-VII ss. grZelvadiani politika

imperiis sazRvrebis gaswvriv mcxovrebi xalxebis mimarT?

Sesabamisad, strategiuli gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesis

Sesaswavlad, Tavdapirvelad saWiroa ganvixiloT imperiis samxedro

potenciali. periodi, romelic aq iqneba pirobiTad ganxiluli, aris

iustinianes mmarTveloba (527-565 ww.). radgan werilobiTi wyaroebis

raodenobis mixedviT, es aris gvian antikur epoqis yvelaze mdidari

monakveTi. arqeologiuri da paleografiuri monacemebi aranakleb

mniSvnelovania, Tumca Cven, ZiriTadad, yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT

werilobiT wyaroebze. aq gamoirCeva prokopi kesarielis mier

datovebuli iustinianes omebisa da aRmSeneblobis aRwera. prokopis

upiratesoba, garda naSromebis im didi raodenobisa, romelic man Cven

56

dagvitova, agreTve imaSicaa, rom is, rogorc belisariusTan

daaxloebuli piri, sxvadasxva saomari moqmedebebis uSualo

TviTmxilveli iyo. prokopis garda, aseve niSandoblivia

konstantinopoleli iuristis, agaTias mier dawerili prokopis istoriis

gagrZeleba, sadac avtori mimoixilavs ostguTebis winaaRmdeg

warmoebuli omis bolo etaps da detalurad gadmogvcems bizantiisa da

sasanianTa iranis brZolas samxreT kavkasiaSi. aranakleb mniSvnelovania,

agreTve, menandre proteqtoris istoria, romelic ZiriTadad,

mimoixilavs movlenebs 557 wlidan 565 wels iustinianes

gardacvalebamde. menandres wyaro gansakuTrebulad sainteresoa, radgan

is moicavs cnobebs im movlenebis Sesaxeb, romelic imperiis

sazRvrebidan Sors, Tanamedrove centraluri aziis teritoriaze,

xdeboda (menandre proteqtori, 1985).

garda zemo moyvanili ZiriTadi werilobiTi wyaroebisa, agreTve

mniSvnelovania bizantiuri warmomavlobis samxedro traqtatebi.

erTerTia anonimuri naSromi saxelwodebiT `strategiaze~, romelic

iustinianes mmarTvelobiT TariRdeba (kuCma, 2001: 37-50; 208-243). meore,

ufro cnobili naSromia `strategikoni~, romelic pirobiTad imperator

mavrikes ekuTvnis da daaxloebiT VII saukunis dasawyisiT TariRdeba

(mavrike, 2004: 5-59).

strategiuli gadawvetilebis miRebis procesi: omis gamocxadeba

vandalebis winaaRmdeg

prokopis naSromSi `omi vandalebTan~ sakmaod bevr monacems vawyde-

biT imaze, Tu rogor mimdinareobda mzadeba konstantinopolidan

CrdiloeT afrikaSi, belisariusis meTaurobiT, 15,000-iani samxedro

eqspediciis gasagzavnad. prokopi aRwers araformalur konsiliums,

romelic iustinianem moiwvia saomari moqmedebebis mosamzadeblad:

`rodesac imperator iustinianem gansazRvra, rom viTareba sakmaod

xelsayreli iyo rogorc qveynis SigniT, aseve sparseTTan urTierTobaSi,

man mTeli Tavisi yuradReba CrdiloeT afrikisken gadaitana. magram,

rodesac man gaumxila Tavis momxreebs, rom agrovebda jars vandalebisa

57

da gelimeris23 winaaRmdeg, maTi umravlesoba ukmayofilo iyo am

gadawyvetilebiT da ganixilavda mas Secdomad. isini ixseniebdnen

imperator leos eqspedicias, basiliskes warumateblobas,24 Tu ramdeni

jari daiRupa da ramdeni fuli dakarga saxelmwifom. adamianebi,

romelic yvelaze metad iyvnen Sewuxebulebi, iyvnen pretorianeli

prefeqti, xazinis gamgebeli da isini visac evaleboda gadasaxadebis

akrefva...

magram, erTaderTma adamianma, romelmac gabeda winaaRmdegoba gaewia

imperatorisTvis, raTa xeli SeeSala eqspediccisTvis, pretorianeli

prefeqti ioane kapadokieli iyo (prokopi kesarieli, 1914-1940: BV. III.10).”

am amonaridSi naTlad Cans, Tu ra faqtorebis gaTvaliswineba

esaWiroeboda romis imperators mniSvnelovani samxedro gadawyvetilebis

miRebis win. iseve, rogorc Tanamedrove periodSi, mmarTveli bizantiis

imperiaSi, iseTic ki rogoric iyo avtokrati iustiniane, ekiTxeboda

moxeleebs ekonomikuri dabrkolebebis Sesaxeb, romelic samxedro

kampaniisTvis mzadebisas Seiqmneboda. is faqti, rom iustinianes gegmas

SeewinaaRmdega pretorianeli prefeqti ioane kapadokieli, metyvelebs

imaze, Tu rogori mniSvnelovani iyo ekonomikuri sakiTxis (iqneba es

damatebiTi gadasaxadebis akrefva, Tu xazinidan omis meti dafinanseba)

gaTvaliswineba saomari moqmedebebis dawyebamde.

Tumca, ekonomikur sakiTxebTan erTad, iseve, rogorc Tanamedrove

saxelmwifo moRvawe, strategiuli gadawyvetilebis miRebis win,

iustinianes surda or frontze omi Tavidan aecilebina. Sesabamisad,

mniSvnelovani iyo aRmosavleTSi samxedro moqmedebebis dasruleba

dasavleTSi omis sawarmoeblad, samxedro da ekonomikuri resursebis

koncentrirebisTvis. Tumca, rogorc wyarodan Cans, omis gamocxadebiT

gamowveul SesaZlo ekonomikur problemebze maRla dadga (yovel

SemTxvevaSi, ritorikulad) imperatoris religiuri politikis

moTxovnebi – kerZod ki daxmareba gaewia CrdiloeT afrikaSi vandalebis

mmarTvelobis qveS Cagrul orTodoqs qristianebisTvis. prokopi

                                                            23 im dros vandalebis mefe. 24 468 wels.

58

ramodenimejer axsenebs, Tu rogor agrovebda cnobebs iustiniane

qristianebis gausaZlis pirobebze afrikaSi da imperatoris sapasuxo

werilebze vandalebis mefe gelimerisadmi. iustiniane, afrikaSi samxedro

intervenciisTvis ritorikulad iyenebda religiur mizezs: vandalebis

ariozelobas – qristianobis mwvalebluri mimarTuleba, romelic III

saukunis aleqsandrieli beri ariozis mier iyo Camoyalibebuli. raoden

moulodnelic ar unda yofiliyo, vandalebis mmarTveloba afrikaSi

daeca belisariusis meTaurobiT 15,000-iani bizantiuri jaris Semotevis

Semdeg. swrafi gamarjvebis miuxedavad, samxedro kampaniam didi wnexi

daatana imperiis ekonomikur resursebs, radgan konstantinopoli

iZulebuli iyo jari permanentulad hyoloda ganlagebuli

axladSemoerTebul teritoriebze.

sainteresoa, Tu ra samxedro memkvidreoba darCa iustinianes da ra

cvlilebebi ganorcielda am sferoSi misi reformatoruli

mmarTvelobis xanaSi. struqturulad, IV saukuneSi konstantine didis

mier SemoRebuli reformebis Semdeg, romaul jars mniSvnelovani

cvlilebebi ar ganucdia. marTalia, arc prokopisTan da arc romelime

sxva VI saukunis istorikosTan ar gvxdeba terminebi comitatenses da

limitanei, sxvaoba am savele da sasazRvro jarebs Soris ucvleli darCa.

iustinianes taxtze asvlis droisTvis imperiaSi arsebobda xuTi

regionuli savele jari (ori konstantinopolTan, TiTo jari

ilirikumSi, TrakiaSi da imperiis aRmosavleT sazRvarze), romelTa

saTaveSic magister militum-ebi idgnen. Semdeg, imperatorma meeqvse savele

jaric Seqmna (li, 2006: 120-125), xolo aRmosavleTis savele jari or

nawilad daiyo – erTi somxeTis, meore ki mesopotamiuri provinciebis

dasacavad. es nabiji, savaraudod, pirdapiri pasuxi iyo sasanianTa

gaZlierebul interesze samxreT kavkasiaSi.

Tumca, IV da VI saukuneebis imperiul jarebs Soris am

fundamenturi msgavsobebis miuxedavad, ramodenime saxecvla imperiulma

jarma mainc ganicada. kavaleria ufro metad aqtiur rols TamaSobda

sabrZolo moqmedebebSi, xolo foederati da bucellarii metad popularuli

sajariso SenaerTebi gaxdnen. romaelebi foederati-ebs eZaxdnen ucxoelebs,

59

romelnic romaul jarSi msaxurobdnen (li, 2006: 120-125), xolo bucellarii

ki, Tavdapirvelad Seiqmna, rogorc samxedro generlebis piradi dacva.

droTa ganmavlobaSi, bucellarii sakmaod mZlavr saomar erTeulebad

gadaiqca.

ramdenad didi iyo iustinianes jari? VI saukunis istorikosi

agaTia aRmosavleT romis imperiaSi 150,000-iani jaris Sesaxeb wers.

Tumca, istorikosebis umetesoba miiCnevs, rom agaTias mocemuli aqvs

arsebuli jaris minimaluri raodenoba, radgan is, zogadad, aris

ukmayofilo iustinianes mier gatarebuli samxedro politikiT. ufro

swori iqneboda, gvefiqra 300,000-350,000-ian jarze aRmosavleT romis

imperiis samsaxurSi. rTulad warmosadgenia, rom konstantinopols amaze

didi jaris mobilizeba moexerxebina mas Semdeg rac imperia 395 wels

orad daiyo. ori imperatoris arseboba romaul samyaroSi or

saxelmwifo aparatis arsebobas gulisxmobda rac, pirvel rigSi, imperiis

samxedro potencialis dayofas niSnavda. garda amisa, CvenTvis arsebuli

monacemebi miuTiTebs imaze, rom V saukunidan moyolebuli, aRmosavleT

romis imperiis calkeuli jarebis raodenoba ar iyo didi.

502 wels SahanSah kavadma konstantinopols omi gamoucxada, riTac

daasrula saukenuze metxans gagrZelebuli TanamSromloba or imperias

Soris.25 prokopisTan gvxvdeba pirdapiri cnoba, rom 503 wels imperator

anastasiusis dros, moxerxda CrdiloeT mesopotamiaSi sasanianTa

Zalebis winaaRmdeg 52,000-iani jaris ganlageba. magram, es ricxvi ufro

gamonakliss warmoadgenda. wyaroebis mixedviT, iustinianes jarebis

rixcvi meryeobda 15,000-dan 30,000-mde (li, 2006: 120-125).26 amasTan erTad,

VII saukunis dasawyisiT daTariRebul samxedro staqtat Strategikon-Si,

15,000-20,000-kaciani jari sakmaod did erTeuladaa miCneuli. damatebiT

argumentad SegviZlia isic gamoviyenoT, rom ramodenime frontze saomar

moqmedebaSi myof iustinianes gauWirdeboda erTdroulad italiaSi

osTguTebisa da mesopotamiaSi sasanianTa jarebis winaaRmdeg 35,000-50,000-

                                                            25 TanamSromloba, ZiriTadad, usafrTxoebis saerTo koncepciis SemuSavebaze mimdinareobda evraziis stepebidan momdinare nomaduri safrTxis aRmosafxvrelad. 26 Tumca, isic unda aRiniSnos, rom xSiri iyo ufro mcirericxviani sajariso SenaerTebis operireba fronis xazebze. ase, magaliTad, egrisSi sasanian jarebTan brZolaSi qarTvelebis dasaxmareblad, iustinianem 5,000-6,000-iani jari gamoagzavna.

60

iani jarebis gamoyvana.

iustinianes periodSi iseve, rogorc adreul saukuneebSi, jaris

Sevseba xdeboda ori gziT: 1. jarSi msaxurebis ufleba/valdebuleba

memkvidreobiT gadaicemoda mamidan Svilze; 2. ucxoelebis daqiraveba.

Sesabamisad, ar aris gasakviri hunebis, guTebis, islamamdeli arabebis27

da sxva germanuli, Tu nomaduri warmomavlobis xalxebis imperiul

jarSi integrireba.28

jarze ixarjeboda imperiis adamianuri, Tu ekonomikuri resursebis

didi nawili. sxvadasxva gamoTvlebiT jarze yovelwliurad imperiis

xazinis naxevari, an 3/4 ixarjeboda.29 gamoTvlebis gakeTeba

SesaZlebelia, Tu gvecodineba ramdens xarjavda imperia TiToeul

jariskacze. III saukuneSi dawyebulma inflaciam daaqveiTa romaeli

jariskacis xelfasis – stipendium-is – TviTRirebuleba. inflaciam iseT

zomebs miaRwia, rom saxelmwifo iZulebuli iyo SemoeRo naturaluri

gadasaxadi – annona. Tumca, am sistemiT amoRebuli gadasaxadebis erTi

teritoriidan meoreSi gadatana iwvevda satransporto problemebs.

amitomac, droTa msvlelobaSi, annona-m modifikacia ganicada da VI

saukuneSi saxelmwifo zog imperiul sajariso SenaerTs naturalur

gadasaxads, zogs ki – fuls uxdida.30 agreTve, arsebobda bonusebi,

romelic gadaecemoda jariskacebs taxtze axali imperatoris

asvlisTanave da misi mmarTvelobis yovel momdevno mexuTe weliwads.31

                                                            27 Tumca, eseni struqturulad ar erwymodnen imperiul jarebs, magaliTad, siria-mesopotamiis udabnoSi, aramed, xSir SemTxvevebSi, damxmare erTeulebad gamodiodnen. 28 mkvlevarTa erTi jgufi miiCnevs, rom 540-ian wlebSi gavrcelebuli Wiris Semdeg imperiuli jari ufro metad eyrdnoboda daqiravebul ucxoelebs. Tumca, CvenTvis mniSvnelovania gavarkvioT, Tu ra negatiuri gavlena moaxdina Wirma imperiis soflis mosaxleobaze, saidanac xdeboda jaris ZiriTadi nawilebis gamoyvana. aseve unda avRniSnoT, rom zusti statistikuri monacemebis moyvana SeuZlebelia. ramodenime istokirosi miiCnevs, rom, daaxloebiT, imperiis mosaxleobis 1/3 unda ganadgurebuliyo, saidanac didi wili soflis macxovreblebze midioda. zomieri midgoma am sakiTxisadmi aris is, rom miuxedavad rTuli mdgomareobisa, romelic Seiqmna epidemiis Semdeg, sofelSi mosaxleobis daklebas ar unda Seeqmna krizisuli mdgomareoba jaris SevsebaSi. amasTan erTad, arqeologiuri monacemebi imperiis sxvadasxva regionidan, magaliTad siridan, metyvelebs imaze, rom soflis mosaxleoba ara marto ar daklebula VI saukunis Sua xanebSi, aramed momatebulic ki iyo. 29 Tumca, es gamoTvlebi pirobiTia zusti ekonomikuri monacemebis ararsebobis da gamo. 30 zogadad, naturalur gadasaxads limitanei-ebs, xolo fuls ki comitatenses–is jarebs uxdidnen. 31 bonusebi yovel xuT weliwadSi exmareboda ama Tu im imperators imperiuli jaris loialuroba SeenarCunebina. mniSvnelovania isic, rom axali imperatoris dros

61

amasTan erTad, jariskacebs eZleodaT damatebiTi Tanxebi samxedro

aRWurvilobis SesaZenaT.32

eseTi iyo V saukunis imperiuli jaris infrastruqtura.

sistemisTvis mTavar sirTules warmoadgenda samxedro kampaniis mowyoba.

yvelaze msxvili saeqspedicio jari VI saukunis dasawyisSi imperator

anastasiusis dros iyo mobilizebuli. 503 wels anastisiusma 52,000-iani

jari Sekriba, xolo 533 wels iustinianem 15,000-iani saeqspedicio jari

gaagzavna CrdiloeT afrikis vandalebisgan gasaTavisufleblad.

belisariusis jaris es ricxvi mniSvnelovnad naklebia, vidre

anastasiusis mier Sekrebili laSqari. miuxedavad amisa, 15,000-ian jars

yoveldRiurad esaWiroeboda 30 tona xorbali, 13 tona sakvebi da 30,000

galoni wyali. Sesabamisad, urbanizebul teritoriebze omis warmoeba

ufro martivi iyo, radgan ar iyo rTuli sakvebisa, Tu wylis moZieba

minimaluri raodenobiT mainc (vitbi: 2008: 288-311).

es SedarebiT patara saeqspedicio jarebi sakmaod efeqtiani iyo

mtris damarcxebisTvis. ase, 530 wels, belisariusma sasanianTa didi

jaris damarcxeba moaxerxa qalaq darasTan (CrdiloeT

mesopotamia).Pparalelurad, imave wels, sxva orma bizantielma

mxedarTmTavarma, sitasma da doroTeusma gamarjveba moipoves isev

sasanianTa mravalricxovan jarebze. vandalebis winaaRmdeg mowyobilma

kampaniam sasurveli Sedegi gamoiRo belisariusis mier or brZolaSi, ad

dekimumTan da trikamarumTan, gamarjvebebis mopovebis Semdeg. am pe-

riodSi mcirericxovani bizantiuri jariT mravalricxovan metoqeze ga-

marjvebebis sakmaod didi siis Sedgena SeiZleba.33

VI saukunis bizantiuri jarebis aseTi efeqtianobis erTerTi mizezi

iyo qveiTi erTeulebis roli. agreTve, VI saukuneSi kavaleriamac daikava

sakmaod mniSvnelovani roli. bizantieli mSvildosnebis upiratesobam

guTebis SubiT SeiaraRebul kavaleriaze mravalmxriv ganapiroba ita-

                                                                                                                                                                                                gacemuli bonusi daaxloebiT udrida ori wlis naturalur gadasaxads, xolo yovel xuT weliwadSi gacemuli bonusi ki – erTi wlis naturalur gadasaxads. 32 es ki xorcieldeboda imperiul qarxnebSi (fabricae). 33 Tundac, aRsaniSnavia iseTi gamarjvebebi rogoric aris narses mier guTebis damarcxeba taginasTan da mons laktariusTan (italia) 552 wels, xolo 554 wels ki frankebze kasilinusTan. germanusma (aseve bizantielma mxedarTmTavarma) dunaize antebi daamarcxa iustinianes gamefebamde, xolo 530 wels mundusma ki, bulgarelebi daamarcxa.

62

liis dapyroba. aRsaniSnavia, rom xSiri iyo SemTxvevebi, rodesac mSvil-

dosnebi cxenebidan Camodiodnen da brZolas qveiT jarTan erTad

agrZelebdnen. garda amisa, imperiuli jari gamoirCeoda discipliniT,

romelic ukve saukuneebis tradicias iTvlida. bizantiel

mxedarTmTavrebs gaaCndaT uamravi strategia, Tu rogor unda

SeenarCunebinaT, an gaeZlierebinaT disciplinis done jarSi, iyo es

sistemuri varjiSebis dawesebiT, Tu damrRvevTaTvis mkacri jarimebis

SemoRebiT. aRsaniSnavia, rom xelfasebis gadauxdelobisas xSiri iyo

sabrZolo moralis daqveiTebis SemTxvevebic.

miuxedavad zemonaxsenebi warmatebuli samxedro sistemisa,

gamarjvebebi calkeul brZolebSi ar SeiZleba ganxilul iqnas, rogorc

imperiis samxedro Zlierebis sazomi. imperiul jarebs bevri marcxic aqvs

gancdili dabali samxedro momzadebis mqone jarebTan.34 amitomac,

saWiroa imperiis moqmedebebis kompleqsuri Seswavla: yvela arsebuli

ekonomikuri, Tu adamianuri resursis, dazvervis efeqtianobis da a. S. am

mxriv, karg magaliTs warmoadgens vandalebis winaaRmdeg mowyobili

eqspedicia. marTalia, ad dekimumTan da trikamarumTan gamarTuli

brZolebi gadamwyveti iyo vandalTa gasanadgureblad, belisariusis

warmateba 15,000-iani jariT ar iqneboda iseTi martivi, rom ara ajanyebebi

tripolitaniasa (vandalTa samefos erTerTi provincia) da kunZul

sardiniaze, romelTa CaxSobisTvis gelimers samxedro Zalebis

gadanawileba uwevda ramodenime frontze. amasTan erTad,

konstantinopolSi kargad icodnen, rom CrdiloeT afrikis mosaxleobis

sakmaod didi nawili, romelic diofiziti35 iyo, dadebiTad iyo

ganwyobili religiurad moZme bizantielebis samxedro Zalebis

gamoCenisadmi. es ukve metyvelebs imaze, Tu rogori sadazvervo

samuSaoebi hqonda gatarebuli iustinianes xelisuflebas kampaniis

dawyebamde. prokopi kesarielis narativi am omis Sesaxeb mkiTxvels

utovebs STabeWdilebas, rom konstantinopolSi isic ki icodnen, Tu

ramdeni vandali cxovrobda afrikaSi da ra socialuri foni arsebobda

im droisTvis. radgan prokopi belisariusis proteJes warmoadgenda da

                                                            34 brZola adrianopolTan 378 wels guTebis winaaRmdeg. 35 gavixsenoT, rom vandalebi arianelebi iyvnen.

63

sakuTriv bevri aRwerili movlenis mowme iyo, martivad savaraudebelia,

rom am informacias flobdnen imperiis samxedro Stabis wevrebi,

rodesac samxedro moqmedebebs amzadebdnen. igives Tqma SeiZleba

belisariusis mier guTebis damarcxebaze italiaSi, rodesac guT

liderebs Soris arsebulma winaaRmdegobebma xeli Seuwyo bizantielTa

gamarjvebebs. Sesabamisad, bizantielTa samxedro warmatebebze saubrisas,

saWiroa ganxilul iqnas, sxvadasxva faqtori, iqneba es ekonomikuri,

politikuri, religiuri, Tu usafrTxoebasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxi.

mniSvnelovania, agreTve, bizantielebis mier saalyo teqnikis

gamoyeneba. belisariusma Tavis afrikul, Tu italiur kampaniebSi

bevrjer gamoiyena specialuri danadgarebi da alyis sxva meTodebi,

iqneba es alyaSi myofTaTvis wylis miwodebis SezRudva Tu sakvebis

ganadgureba.36 es ki, metyvelebs bizantielebSi samxedro codnis maRal

doneze. saalyo teqnikis gamoyeneba aranakleb mniSvnelovani iyo

sasanianebTan brZolaSi CrdiloeT mesopotamiasa, Tu samxreT kavkasiaSi.

magram, vandalebTan da guTebTan SedarebiT, aq bizantielebis

upiratesoba naklebad TvalsaCino iyo, radgan iranelebs aranaklebi

samxedro gamocdileba gaaCndaT.37 es kargad gamoCnda kavadis mier 502

wels dawyebul omSi (greitreqsi, 1998: 35-66).

bizantiis jaris efeqtianobaze saubrisas, martivia yuradReba ar

mivaqcioT iseT mniSvnelovan sakiTxs, rogoric aris saomari moqmdebebis

roli imperiis rigiT mosaxleobaze. am mxriv, yvelaze metad dazaralda

urbanuli centrebi, magaliTad italiaSi, siriasa da CrdiloeT

mesopotamiaSi. Cven ukve vaxseneT, Tu ra xSiri iyo apeninis

naxevarkunZulze belisariusis samxedro kampaniis dros didi urbanuli

centrebis alyebi. sagrZnoblad dazaralebuli iyo siriis didi qalaqebi,

                                                            36 unda aRiniSnos isic, rom qalaqebi xSirad Signidan tydeboda, rodesac araguTuri mosaxleoba bizantielebis mxares gadaioda. 37 amasTan erTad, unda vaxsenoT swrafi Tavdasxmebisa da ukan daxevis taqtikebi, rac TiTqos da ucxo unda yofiliyo bizantielebisTvis, Tumca nomad xalxebTan samxedro kotaqtebma garkveuli gavlena moaxdines am taqtikis SemoRebisTvis. amasTan erTad, bizantielebi msgavs samxero aqtivobebSi mokavSire xalxebTan arab tomebTan (siria-mesopotamiis udabnoSi) Tu berberebTan (CrdiloeT afrikaSi) erTad ebmeodnen. arabebi, iseve rogorc berberebi, geografiuli pirobebis da gamo, maRali mobilobiT gamoirCeodnen da Sesabamisad efeqtian Zalas warmoadgendnen sadazvervo saqmianobisTvis Tu mciremasStabiani Setevebis gansaxorcieleblad. Sesabamisad, bizantielebi iyenebdnen maT rogorc mokavSireebs sazRvrebis dacvaSi.

64

rogoric aris alepo da antioqia, magaliTad 540-ian wlebSi xosro

anuSirvanis Semosevebis dros. urbanuli centrebis alyebi, rogorc wesi,

sakmaod xangrZlivi drois manZilze mimdinareobda. magaliTad, roms

orjer Semoartyes alya. TiTo alyam TiTo weli gastana – 537-538 da 545-

546 ww. prokopis italiuri qalaqebis alyebis aRwerilobaSi bevrjer

gvxvdeba faqtebi, Tu ra gaWirvebamde iyo dayvanili urbanuli

mosaxleoba.38 msxvili centrebis mosaxleoba imiTac zaraldeboda, rom

xangrZlivi alyis Semdeg mteri ZiriTadad qalaqis ZarcviT asrulebda

urCi mosaxleobis dasjas.39

msgavsi argumentebis moyvana SeiZleba soflis mosaxleobazec.

elementaruli mizezi ki albaT isaa, rom samxedro kampaniebis dros

jarebi wyalsa da sxva sakvebs, ZiriTadad, soflis mosaxleobis xarjze

moipovebdnen, Tu imperiuli centrebidan sakvebis transportireba

ferxdeboda. jaris gavlas soflebSi, xSir SemTxvevaSi, mohyveboda

Zarcva da mosaxleobis qonebis dazianeba an ganadgureba. es

gansakuTrebulad maSin xdeboda, rodesac brZola warumateblad

mTavrdeboda da sajariso SenaerTebi qaoturad ixevdnen ukan.

xSiri iyo SemTxvevebi, rodesac mosaxleoba iZulebuli iyo

sacxovrebeli adgili Seecvala da axali, naklebad saxifaTo

teritoriebi daekavebinaT. arqeologiurad mtkicdeba, magaliTad, 540-ian

wlebSi centralursa da samxreT italiaSi sacxovrebeli vilebis

mitovebis faqtebi. prokopisTan ramodenime cnoba aris Semonaxuli

amasTan dakavSirebiT, rodesac is aRwers italiuri qalaqis emilias

mosaxleobis beds (prokopi kesarieli, 1914-1940: 6.20.18-22). emilias

mosaxleobam datova sakuTari teritoria da qalaq picenumisken

gadaixvewa, imis imediT, rom misi teritoriuli mdebareoba (picenumi

zRvispira qalaqi iyo) xels Seuwyobda mosaxleobis martiv gamokvebas.

                                                            38 ufro metic, CrdiloeT mesopotamiaSi qalaq amidas alyisas (sasanur iranTan 502 wels ganaxlebuli saomari moqmedebebis Semdeg) wyaroebSi kanibalizmis fatebic aris naxsenebi. rTulia imis Tqma simarTles Seesabameba es cnobebi, Tu avtorebs surdaT gaemuqebinaT arsebuli mdgomareoba. yovel SemTxvevaSi, es cnobebi unda metyvelebdes urbanuli mosaxleobis sakmaod rTul mdgomareobaze. 39 ramodenime magaliTi sakmarisi iqneba. 540 wels, sanam iustinianes jarebi dasavleTSi iyvnen dakavebulni, xosrom antioqia aiRo alyis Semdeg. ara mxolod mosaxleobis nawi-lbriv ganadgureba ganxorcielda, aramed nawilis gadasaxleba iranSi. xosrom dedaqalaq qtesifonTan daaarsa axali qalaqi antioqiis mosaxleobiT.

65

prokopis mier post-vandaluri CrdiloeT afrikis aRwerilobac

adgilobrivi umZimesi socialuri fonis bevr faqts gadmogvcems. soflis

mosaxleobis masobrivi gadasaxlebebi agreTve xSiri iyo balkaneTSi,

rodesac 540-550 wlebSi dunaispireTidan slavebis tomebis masStaburi

Semosevebi daiwyo. imperiis aRmosavleT provinciebSi, magaliTad

epigrafikuli masaliT mdidar siriaSi, 540-550 wlebSi Semonaxuli arc

erTi epigrafikuli Zegli gvxvdeba. amis dakavSireba ki sasanur iranTan

warmoebul omebiT da Wiris epidemiasTan SeiZleba. Tumca, unda

aRiniSnos isic, rom permanentulma samxedro moqmedebebma nawilobriv

dadebiTi Sedegic gamoiRo, radgan masStaburad mimdinareobda cixe-

simagreebis gamagreba/aSeneba. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom safortifikacio

nagebobebze muSaoba ara iZulebiT, aramed Cveulebriv saxelfaso

samsaxurs warmoadgenda, rac xels uwyobda socialuri donis amaRlebas

dasaqmebulTa raodenobis gazrdiT.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom iustinianes jarebi sakmaod efeqtian samxedro

erTeulebs warmoadgendnen, xolo samxedro sistema (samxedro infras-

truqtura) ki, erTdroulad ramodenime frontze sxvadasxva Zalis mqone

mowinaaRmdegesTan oms uZlebda. imperiulma samxedro manqanam mraval

cvlilebas gauZlo. Tu 532 wels vandalebis winaaRmdeg samxedro

moqmedebebis warmoeba mas Semdeg daiwyo, rac iustinianem zavi dado

xosrosTan da Sesabamisad, grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi, erT frontze

(vandalebTan) mouwevda omis warmoeba, 540-550-ian wlebSi bizantielebs

erTdroulad sami mimarTulebiT uwevdaT brZolebis gamarTva. imperiis

samxedro infrastruqturam am wnexs warmatebiT gauZlo. amas unda

daematos Wiris epidemiac da masTan dakavSirebuli bizantiur soflebSi

adamianuri resursebis Semcireba (hordeni, 2006: 134-155). guTebTan,

afrikaSi berber meamboxeebTan da sasanianebTan brZolebis paralelurad,

bizantielebs safrTxes ukve slavebic uqmnidnen dunaispireTidan.

konstantinopols konkurenciisTvis unda gaeZlo sasanianebTan samxreT

arabeTSi, indoeTis portebSi da siria-mesopotamiaSi winaislamuri epoqis

arabi mokavSireebis mozidvaSi. xolo, rodesac imperiuli jarebi

warumateblobas ganicdidnen, magaliTad italiaSi guTebis winaaRmdeg,

es, ZiriTadad, gamowveuli iyo uTanxmoebebiT romael mxedarTmTavrebs

66

Soris an jariskacebisTvis xelfasebis gadauxdelobiT da amiT

gamowveuli samxedro moralis dacemiT. amavdroulad, is nakli, romelic

imperiul jars gaaCnda udabnosa da mTian regionebSi omis warmoebisas,

ZiriTadad, bizantiuri diplomatiis meSveobiT balansdeboda.

67

Tavi III

barbarosebis qveyanaSi

1. Sida aziis geografia

IV saukunis 70-iani wlebSi hunebis, dunaispireTSi gamoCeniT daiwyo

cnobili `xalxTa didi gadasaxleba~. rogorc davinaxeT, am procesma

mniSvnelovani gavlena moaxdina aRmosavleT romis imperiis

ganviTarebaze, imperatorebis msoflmxedvelobaze da gamoiwvia bizantiis

imperiis samxedro strategiis Secvla. Cven amaze sakmaod bevri

visaubroT, Tumca kiTxvaze, Tu ratom esxmodnen nomadebi imperias

CrdiloeTidan, pasuxi ar gagvicia. am da momdevno TavSi zustad es

problema iqneba ganxiluli. Cemis azriT, amosaval wertils am sakiTxis

garkvevisTvis geografiuli pirobebi warmoadgens. da bolos, aq

motanili msjeloba relevanturi iqneba, ara mxolod bizantiisTvis,

aramed sasanuri iranisTvisac, romelic nomadebis Semosevebis pirvel

talRas xvdeboda centraluri aziidan da kavkasionidan.

momdevno TavSi, Sida aziis koncefciis ganxilvisas, yuradReba,

ZiriTadad, gamaxvilebuli iqneba stepebis ekonomikaze da mis rolze

barbarosebsa da civilur samyaros Soris urTierTobis damyarebaSi.

saubari, agreTve, iqneba Sida aziaSi40 arsebul geografiul pirobebze. es

pirobebi ki, amosaval wertils warmoadgenda evraziis stepebsa, Tu

evropaSi, kerZod ki, ungreTis dablobze mcxovrebi barbarosebis

                                                            40 regioni, romelic pirobiTad moicavs yofil sabWoTa kavSiris teritorias samxreT kavkasiisa da TurqmeneTis gamoklebiT.

68

ekonomikuri cxovrebis modelis garkvevisTvis. aranakleb mniSvnelovania,

agreTve, gaverkvioT imaSi, Tu ratom gaxda stepi is geografiuli

landSafti, romelSic iqmneboda aTasobiT kilometrze, dunaidan

kaspiamde, gadaWimuli nomaduri imperiebi (hunebi, avarebi, yivCaRebi da

sxva). Sida aziis geografiuli pirobebis ganxilva mniSvnelovania kidev

erTi sakiTxis garkvevisTvis: rogor moxda, rom ganviTarebis primitiul

doneze mcxovrebi barbarosebi samxedro saqmeSi axerxebdnen bizantiisa

da sasanuri imperiebis Seviwroebas am saxelmwifoebis CrdiloeT

sazRvris mTel gayolebaze, centraluri aziidan, gurganis velidan

(kaspiis zRvis aRmosavleTiT), evropaSi, mdinare rainamde.

evraziis kontinentis ukiduresi CrdiloeTi, wlis umetesi drois

ganmavlobaSi, mTlianad yinuliTa da TovliT aris dafaruli. mxolod

ukanaskneli saukunis ganmavlobaSi SeiniSna zednadebi Tovlisa da

yinulis donis Semcireba evraziis CrdiloeT napirebTan. miuxedavad

imisa, rom Tanamedrove gemebiT gamartivda arqtikis yinulis zRudis

gadalaxva, es gza dResac, rogorc bolo mravali saukunis ganmavlobaSi,

mowyvetilia msoflios okeanes da masze gamaval savaWro gzebs (bergi,

1950: 61-75).

ise moxda, rom evraziis kontinentis sami udidesi mdinare lena,

ienisei da obi evraziis Sua teritoriidan CrdiloeTis mimarTulebiT,

navosnobisTvis miuwvdomel CrdiloeT okeaneSi miedineba da, Sesabamisad,

saokeano navigaciisgan mowyvetilia. es samive mdinare msoflioSi

yvelaze did dablobze moedineba. mdinare obi moedineba dasavleT

cimbiris dablobze, romlis umaRlesi wertilic zRvis donidan 285

metrs Seadgens. obisa da irtiSis saTaveebidan CrdiloeT okeanemde

moyolebuli, dasavleT cimbiris vake, realurad, warmoadgens msoflioSi

yvelaze did Waobs (kembrijis Sida..., 1990: 23). dasavleT cimbiris

aRmosavleTiT Sua cimbiris dablobi mdebareobs, romlis gaswvrivac

mdinare enisei miedineba. Sua cimbiris dablobi zRvis donidan SedarebiT

ufro maRla mdebareobs, vidre dasavleT cimbiris dablobi, Tumca misi

umaRlesi wertili 1678 metria, rac umeteswilad, gamonakliss

warmoadgens (saSualo simaRle, daaxloebiT, 800 metrs aRwevs).

Sesabamisad, miuxedavad sxvaobisa simaRleSi zRvis donidan da

69

sxvadasxva geografiuli saxelis qonisa, dasavleT cimbiris da Sua

cimbiris dablobebi realurad erT did gigantur dablobs qmnian

(kaplani, 2013: 154-160). Sua cimbiris dablobis aRmosavleTiT, mdinare

lena moedineba, romelsac, saSualod, 2,500 metris simaRlis mqone qedebi

esazRvreba (msoflio atlasi, 1999: 8-9). mxolod verxoianskis da Cerskis

qedebi qmnian sakmaod maRal mTian regions, romelic SeiZleba CaiTvalos

zemo aRwerili `giganturi dablobis~ aRmosavleT sazRvrad (msoflio

atlasi, 1999: 8-9).

ganvixiloT Sida aziaSi mdebare sxva mdinareebic. iseTi didi

mdinareebi, rogorebic arian, amudaria da sirdaria, miedinebian

msoflios yvelaze did _ kaspiis da aralis _ tbebSi da, Sesabamisad,

mowyvetilebi arian saokeano naviagacias. SedarebisTvis, dunais da rainis

mdinareebi, dResac ki, aqtiurad gamoiyenebian kontinenturi vaWrobisTvis

(msoflio atlasi, 1999: 8-9).

evraziis kontinentis CrdiloeT da centraluri nawilebis

samdinaro sistemebis analizisas, Semdegi dasknis gakeTeba SeiZleba:

mTeli teritoria kamCatkidan Sav zRvamde da evraziis ukiduresi

CrdiloeTidan samxreTiT, iranis mTian regionamde da mis aRmosavleTiT

mdebare gobis udabnomde, aris Caketili teritoria mezRvaurebisTvis da

rTuli klimaturi pirobebis gamo qmnis erT regions, romelsac

SegviZlia, pirobiTad, davarqvaT Sida azia. evropasTan da samxreT da

samxreT-aRmosavleT aziasTan SedarebiT, Sida azia gamoTiSulia

saokeano navigacias. didi albaTobiT, zustad aman (civ klimatTan erTad)

ganaporoba isic rom, civilizaciebi ar iqmneboda iseTi didi mdinareebis

gaswvriv rogorebic aris lena, ienisei, obi, volga da sxva (makinderi,

1944: 53-82).

Magram, davubrundeT Cveni `did dablobis~ dasavleT nawils,

romelic samxreTiT, zRvis donidan, daaxloebiT, 1,100 metrian sibrtyeSi

gadadis (dRevandeli yazaxeTi, kerZod ki astanasa da karaRandas garSemo

mdebare teritoria). am sibrtyidan, samxreT-aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT,

kaspiis zRvis aRmosavleT napirebamde Turanis dablobia. masSi Sedian

aralis zRva, mdinareebi amudaria da sirdaria da ufro samxreTiT ukve,

iranis maRalmTian regions esazRvreba, kerZod ki, elbursis mTian

70

sistemas. Sesabamisad, evraziis am nawilis geografiuli eqskursis

mTavari daskvna aris is, rom, pirobiTad, gvian antikur xanaSi, cxenze

amxedrebul nomads didi gaWirvebis gareSe SeeZlo gadaelaxa mTeli

manZili wynare okeanidan iranis saszRvrebamde (msoflio atlasi, 1999: 8-

9).

Turanis dablobidan, aRmosavleTiT, balxaSis tbamde da am

ukanasknelidan isev aRmosavleTiT, iwyeba Zungariis dablobi, romelic

msoflioSi yvelaze did bunebriv zRudeT SeiZleba CaiTvalos: tian-Sani

samxreTiT da altais mTebi CrdiloeTiT. Zungariis derefnis gavlis

Semdeg, Cven avRmoCndebiT monRoleTis dablobze, romlis samxreTiT,

kidev erTi geografiuli barieri – gobis udabno – mdebareobs

(latimori, 1940: 24-36).

magram, modiT isev davubrundeT dasavleT cimbiris dablobs,

romelsac dasavleTidan uralis mTebi esazRvreba. uralis mTebi

miRebulia, rogorc evropis pirobiTi aRmosavluri sazRvari (kembrijis

Sida aziis istoria, 1990: 24). Tumca, uralis mTebis umaRlesi wertili

mxolod 1895 metria, xolo saSualo simaRle _ 800 metria. sxva

sityvebiT, miuxedavad imisa, rom uralis mTebi CrdiloeT okenedan

samxreTiT, TiTqmis aralis zRvamde Camodis, dasavleT cimbiris

dablobis mcxovrebTaTvis es geografiuli barieri ar warmoedgenda

gadaulaxav zRudes. ufro metic, kaspiis zRvasa da uralis mTebs Soris

mdebareobs uzarmazari, 300 kilometris siganis derefani, romelic

aRmosavleT evropis dablobSi gadadis, (Tavis mxriv gaSlili uralis

mTebidan karpatebamde) (msolfio atlasi, 1999: 8-9). Sesabamisad, SeiZleba

iTqvas, rom aRmosavleT evropis dablobi (miuxedavad sxva bunebrivi

pirobebisa) didi cimbiruli dablobis ganuyofel nawils warmoadgens

(gadaWimuli uralis mTebidan mdinare lenamde). pirobiTad rom aviRoT,

nomad mxedars uproblemod SeeZlo mdinare lenidan moyolebuli

dasavleTis mimarTulebiT wasuliyo da karpatebTan aRmoCeniliyo. Tu

gavixsenebT nomadi xalxebis mier civilur samyaroze (bizantiasa da

iranze) Tavdasxmebs, zemoaRwerili geografiuli pirobebi yvelanairad

xels uwyobda daubrkolebvriv gadaelaxaT mTeli teritoria

Tanamderove baikalis midamoebidan karpatebis mTebamde.

71

zemoT moyvanili geografiuli eqskursi ramodenime daskvnis

gamotanis saSualebas gvaZlevs. Sida azia – teritoria mdinare lenadan

gobis udabmnomde da dasavleTiT Savi zRvis CrdiloeTamde (dRevandeli

centraluri aziis da cimbiris didi dablobis CaTvliT, romelSic

aRmosavleT evropis dablobic Sedis) _ ufro axlos aris

dakavSirebuli evropasTan da maxlobel aRmosavleTTan, vidre CineTsa

da indoeTTan. erTis mxriv, tibetisa da tian Sanis mTebi, xolo meores

mxriv, gobis udabno gadaulaxav geografiul barirebs qmnidnen

nomadebisTvis am qveynebze Tavdasasxmelad. Cven ar gagvaCnia msgavsi

zRude Sida aziidan evropaSi da maxlobel aRmosavleTSi gadasavlelad.

zustad amiT unda aixsnas nomadebis laSqrobebis mimarTuleba. Sedegi ki

is aris, rom mesopotamiis, siriis da romis imperiis aRmosavleT nawilis

miwaTmoqmedi mosaxleoba nomadebi Tavdasxmebis samiznes warmoadgenda.

Sida azia erTvis mniSnelovan Sav da baltiis zRvebs. orive zRva

miekuTvneba okeanur navigacias mxolod viwro skagerakis da dardanelis

sruteebiT. sxva sityvebiT, martivad SesaZlebelia am oris Caketva, rac

ramodenimejer momxdara istoriis ganmavlobaSi. magaliTad, pirveli

msoflio omis dros, TurqeTma Savi zRva Caketa, riTac avtomaturad

mdinareebis mTeli sistemebi (doni, dnepri da sxva) miakuTvna Sida azias.

amave omSi inglisis da safrangeTis gemebi ver axerxebdnen baltiis

zRvaSi Sesvlas, radgan germenelebma mTeli srutis gaswvriv naRmebi

ganaTavses. eseT SemTxvevebSi, Sida aziis sazRvari gadaiweoda dunais

samxreTiT (radgan es mdinarec gamoeTiSeboda saokeano navigacias). amis

paralelurad, mravali sxva magaliTi mogvepovepa, rodesac Savi da

baltiis zRvebi ar ekuTvnoda Sida azias. magaliTad aviRoT yirimis omi,

romlis Sedegic is iyo rom ruseTs ar SeeZlo flotis yola

sevastopolSi. aseT SemTxvevaSi, Sida aziis sazRvari Savi zRvis

CrdiloeTiT gaivlis. Sesabamisad, Savi zRva gardamaval sazRvars

warmoadgens da misi upiroboT Sida aziisTvis mikuTvneba SeuZlebelia

(makinderi, 1942: 53-82).

Sida aziis regioni ikavebs uzarmazar teritorias evraziis Sua da

ukidures CrdiloeT nawilebSi da moicavs, daaxloebiT, aT milion

kvadratul kilometrze mets, rac, daaxloebiT, msoflios miwis erT-

72

merveds Seadgens. Tu ra distanciebTan gvaqvs saqme, sakmarisia

gavixsenoT, rom didi aRmoCenebis epoqis mogzaurebi zRvaze daaxloebiT

msgavs distanciaze mgzavrobdnen. unda aRiniSnos, imis da gamo rom es

teritoria Caketilia, rogorc samxreTidan, aseve CrdiloeTidan (zemo

moyvanili geografiuli eqskursi amas naTlad mowmobs), Sida aziis

teritoriaze gadaadgileba, umTavresad, saxmeleTo gzebiT

xorcieldeboda da ara mdinareebiTa da zRvebiT. gamonakliss

warmoadgens Savi zRva, magram rogorc vTqviT is Sida aziis periferiul

nawils, gardamaval teritorias (sazRvaric SeiZleba) warmoadgenda.

Sida aziis did mdinareebs ar gaaCniaT gasasvleli sanavigacio

wylebSi. igives Tqma SeiZleba kaspiis da aralis zRvebis samdinaro

sistemebzec. erTaderT gamonakliss amuris mdinare warmoadgens. magram

aqac, is saTaves taigaSi iRebs, anu CrdiloeTSi da ara meurneobiT

mdidar samxreTSi. Sida aziis es nakli nawilobriv kompensirebulia

aRmosavleT evropis dablobiT, sadac baltiisa da Savi zRvis samdinaro

sistemebiT xerxdeboda CrdiloeT-samxreT savaWro gzis amoqmedeba. Tu

mdinareebis gamoyeneba vaWrobasa da gadaadgilebisaTvis SeuZlebeli iyo,

samagierod, Sida aziis geografiuli pirobebi cotaoden dabrkolebas

qmnidnen saxmeleTo gadaadgilebisavis. sxva sityvebiT, es saxmeleTo

gzebi saokeano gzebis ekvivalenturi gaxda.

Sida aziis regioni gamoirCeva msoflioSi kontinentalurobis

yvelaze maRali doniT, rodesac gvxvdeba yvelaze didi sxvaobebi civ da

Tbil temperaturebs Soris. zamTari aris Zalian civi, xolo zafxuli

ukiduresad cxeli. monRoleTi da mis garSemo mdebare teritoria

gamoirCeva maRali wneviT, romlis Sedegic aris nulze dabali

temperatura da naleqis simcire (kembrijis Sida..., 1990: 24).

rogorc am uzarmazari geografiuli teritoiidan Cans, Sida azia

moicavs mravals fizikur-geografiul landSafts, tian-Sanis mTebidan da

gobis udabnodan CrdiloeTiT tundramde. tyeebi, stepebi da udabnoebi,

romelnic erTmaneTisgan gardamavali zonebiT arian dayofilni,

horizontalur bunebriv zonebs warmoadgenen. albaT gagviWirdeba iseTi

gansxvavebuli zonebis moZieba, rogorebic aris: mdinareebiT da tyiT

mdidari dasavleT cimbiris dablobi da centralur aziasa da dasavleT

73

CineTSi mdebare taklamakanis udabno.

mTis sistemebi mniSvnelovan rols asruleben Sida aziis oazisebis

wyliT momaragebaSi. haeris masebi, romelnic dablobebSi ar toveben

naleqs, amas umaRles mTian wertilebSi akeTeben. mTebis wertilebi wlis

didi xnis ganmavlobaSi inaxavdnen naleqs Tovlis an yinulis saxiT

Tavis umaRles wertilebSi. maTi dadnoba gazafxulobiT xdeboda, riTac

ikvebebodnen oazisebi. magaliTad, ese ikvebeba oazisebi amu-darias

deltaSi. garkveulwilad, mTebze damokidebuli oazisebi warmoadgens

kompensacias CineTis dasavleT nawilisa da monRoleTis vakisTvis

damaxasiaTebeli simSralisTvis. amasTan erTad, ar unda dagvaviwydes

isic, rom stepis oazisi gansxvavdeba udabnos oazisisgan. es ukanaskneli

izolirebulia da TviTkmari, maSin rodesac stepis oazisebi erTmaneTTan

balaxiTa da miwiT arian dakavSirebuli. zustad am urTierTdakavSirebis

gamo stepis oazisebis nomadebisagan dacva ufro rTulia, vidre es

magaliTad udabnos stepebSi xdeboda (kembrijis Sida..., 1990: 28-29).

rogorc vTqviT, Sida aziis teritoria Tavisi uzarmazari zomis ga-

mo, geografiulad Zalian diversificirebulia, riTac esa Tu is

geografiuli landSafti horizontalurad gadaWimulia ramodenime aTas

kilometrze. magaliTad, wynari okeanidan dasavleTis mimarTulebiT,

eqvsi aTasi kilometris gavlaa SesaZlebeli, erTi geografiuli

landSaftidan – taigidan – meore landSaftSi gadausvlelad. tyiani

taigis samxreTiT aris stepebi. aqac SesaZlebelia, manjuriidan evropaSi,

ungreTis dablobamde miRweva, erTi landSaftidan meoreSi gadausv-

lelad. calke es faqtoric ki, Zalian bevrs xsnis, Tu ratom xdeboda am

gziT nomadebis Tavdasxmebi bizantiis da iranis CrdiloeT sazRvrebze

da ratom axdenda pirdapir gavlenas manjuriasTan an centralur aziaSi

nomad xalxebs Soris mimdinare brZolebi bizantiis dunais da kavkasiis

sazRvrebze.

Sida aziaSi mTis mravali sistemebi arsebobs, romelic

gamoirCevian Tavisi geologiuri struqturiTa da asakiT. Tumca,

geografiulad isini Sida aziis erT regionSi mdebareoben da ramodenime

magaliTis garda ganuwyvetel xazs warmoqmnian. mTiani regioni iwyeba

ukidures aRmosavleT cimbiridan, daaxloebiT, 3,000-metriani simaRleebiT

74

da Camodis samxreTiT erTvis altais mTebis sistemas, romlis

samxreTidan, Zungariis viwro vakis gavlis Semdeg, iwyeba tian-Sanis

sistema. xolo, am ukanasknelis samxreTiT mdebareobs pamiri da

himalaebi, sadac yvelaze didi simaRleebi gvxvdeba. albaT, gamonakliss

warmoadgens orad-ori sistema: elbursis mTebi da kavkasioni,41 romlebic

uSualod erTvian steps. zustad aman ganapiroba iranelebis mier iq

TavdacviTi kedlebis ageba (ixileT qvemoT).

taigisa da stepis zonebis gamoyofis paralelurad, agreTve mniSv-

nelovania udabnos zonis gamoyofa. Sida aziaSi, udabno iwyeba kaspiis

zRvis ukidures samxreT-aRmosavleT nawilSi (sanam iranis mTianeTSi

gadava) da viwro zolad aRmosavleTiT midis, sanam farTo gobis

udabnos ar SeuerTdeba. am udabnoebis teritoriebze miwis damuSaveba da

mosavlis moyvana mxolod oazisebSi SeiZleboda, radgan SeuZlebeli iyo

sairigacio arxebis gayvana. istoriulad, samiwadmoqmedo kulturis

gavrcoba stepur zonaSi mxolod CineTis didi kedlis CrdiloeTiT

xdeboda, xolo danarCeni stepuri zona ki, axal periodamde

xelSeuxebeli rCeboda. meore, aranakleb mniSvnelovani problema,

romelic xels uSlida miwadmoqmedebis ganviTarebas, iyo qariT

gamowveuli erozia (kembrijis Sida..., 1990: 28-29).

tundra da taiga ki ufro arastumarTmoyvarea miwaTmoqmedebisTvis.

garda imisa, rom es regionebi Zalian civia, rac mokle samiwadmoqmedo

periodiT da TiTqmis pemanentulad gayinuli miwiT, mand agreTve uamravi

Waobia. es dabrkolebebi dResac ki, ver iqna gadalaxuli. Tumca, unda

aRiniSnos, rom miwiT gamowveuli problemebi nakleb dabrkolebas qmnis

vidre mSrali an civi klimati. magaliTad, rogorc zemoT iyo naxsenebi,

mTebiT Caketil xriok miwaze, mosaxleoba ufro did sargebels

naxulubs mTebidan Camosuli wyliT da maT ferdobebze arsebuli

vegetaciiT. Sesabamisad, mTel stepur zonaSi intensiuri meurneobis

warmoeba SeuZlebelia, riTac iyo gamowveuli am mosaxleobis mier

pastoralur nomadizmze gadasvla (xazanovi, 1994: 85-91).

Sida aziis TiToeuli zonisTvis damaxasiaTebelia specifiuri

                                                            41 TiTqos, am gamonaklisTa siaSi karpatebis Seyvanac SeiZleba, Tumca es ukanaskneli Seudarebelia kavakasionTan da elbursTan geografiul zRudeT gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT.

75

vegetacia. Tumca, sxvadasxva bunebrivi zonis erTerTi mTavari

damaxasiaTebeli, savaradod naleqis raodenobaa. 10-santimetriani naleqi

tundrasa da gobis udabnoSi sxvadasxva Sedegs gamoiRebs aorTqlebis

sxvadasxva donis gamo (kembrijis Sida..., 1990: 28-29). amavdroulad,

sinestis done iklebs CrdiloeT evraziidan samxreTSi Camosvlisas.

tundraSi naleqis done 50% metia vidre aorTqlebis. udabnoSi naleqi

potenciuri aorTqlebis donis mxolod erT-merveds warmoadgens

(kembrijis Sida..., 1994: 28-29).

bunebrivi zonebis gansazRvrasa da maTi sazRvrebis mkacr

demarkaciaze, agreTve, Semdgomi oTxi faqtori axdens gavlenas: adamianis

Careva bunebrivi zonis vegetaciaSi; bunebrivi zonebis cvlileba;

sxvadasxva bunebrivi zonis arseboba da gardamavali zonebis arseboba.

ungreTis vake istoriulad, manjuriidan momdinare stepis evropul

daboloebas warmoadgenda. amis mtkice argumentia, magaliTad, stepebSi

hunebis laSqrobebis dawyeba evropis mimarTulebiT. es xalxi tipiur

nomadur cxovrebas misdevda da evropaSi maTi dasaxlebis areali ver

iqneboda sxva romelime teritoria, Tu ara ungreTis vake. Tumca

dResdReisobiT, magaliTad, adamianis faqtorma gamoiwvia is, rom

ungreTis stepuri zoli tyed aris gadaqceuli. miuxedavad imisa, rom

soflis meurneobis gavrceleba nestian stepur zonaSi mxolod XIX-XX

saukuneebSi uaxlesi teqnologiebis ganvrcobiT moxda, tundris, taigis,

udabnosa da garkveulwilad stepis udides nawils, jer kidev, aqvs

Senaxuli Tavisi Tavdapirveli bunebrivi Tvisebebi (xazanovi, 1994: 33-38).

aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac bunebrivi zonebi icvlian sazRvrebs,

Tumca, imis dadgena SeuZlebelia moxda es bunebrivad, Tu soflis

meurneobis ganvrcobis Sedegad. agreTve, aRsaniSnavia, rom es cvlilebebi

mxolod moklevadiania da maTze Sida aziaSi momxdari istoriuli

cvlilebebis damyareba usafuZvlo iqneba. Sida aziis bunebriv zonebSi,

aseve, mniSvnelovan rols asruleben gardamavali zonebi.

tundra evraziis ukidures CrdiloeTs ikavebs skandinaviis naxevar-

kunZulidan kamCatkamde da, umeteswilad, unayofo miwas warmoadgens xis

gareSe mcenareulobiT, buCqebiTa da xavsuriT (ix. ruka 4).

damaxasiaTebelia xeebis mcire raodenoba. Tumca, miuxedavad imisa, rom

76

tundra, zogadad, daxasiaTebulia mwiri mcenareulobiT da moicavs

evraziis CrdiloeTis viwro zols, aqac ki, SeiZleba gardamavali

bunebrivi zonebis ganxilva. magaliTad, tundris mousavliani

CrdiloeTis nawili samxreTisken buCqovan tundraSi gadadis, romlis

Semdegac naxevrad taigis msgavsi tyeebi iwyeba.

CrdiloeT okeanes siaxlove permanentuli Rrublianobisa da

burusis mizezia. wvimis simcirem da aorTqlvis dabalma donem xeli

Seuwyo wylis dagubebas da Waobebis Seqmnas. CrdiloeTis iremi

erTaderT cxovels warmoadgens romelic tundraSi mcxovrebi xalxis

saWiroebebs pasuxobs.

Sesabamisad, daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom geografiuli

pirobebi iyo umTavresi faqtori nomadebis Tavdasxmebis ukan.

geografiuli pirobebi saSualebas iZleoda naxevrad saxelmwifoebrivi

gaerTienebebi Seqmniliyo mxolod evraziul stepebSi da ara taigasa da

tundraSi. mdinareebisa da mTebis adgilmdebareoba ki, xels uwyobda am

stepebSi mcxovreb nomadebs Tavdasxmebi ewarmoebinaT uSualod sasanuri

iranis da bizantiis imperiis CrdiloeT provinciebis mimarTulebiT. sxva

sityvebiT, evraziis geografia nomadebisa da samxreTuli imperiebis

urTierTobebSi warmmarTveli elementi iyo.

77

2. Sida aziis koncefcia

uZvelesi droidan evropasa da maxlobeli aRmosavleTisTvis

umTavresi safrTxe evraziis Sida raionebidan – evraziuli stepebidan –

momdinareobda. guTebi, alanebi, hunebi, slavebi, avarebi, paWanikebi,

mogvianebiT ki Turqebi da monRolebi – es im xalxTa arasruli

CamonaTvalia, romelic saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi bizantiis imperiisa da

sasanuri iranis CrdiloeT da aRmosavleT sazRvrebs Tavs esxmoda.

Tavdasxmebi xorcieldeboda, rogorc dunais da Savi zRvis

CrdiloeTidan, aseve kavkasionis qedis gadalaxviT da aseve centraluri

aziis mxridan. es iyo brZola pastoraluri nomadizmisa da civilur

samyaros Soris. xSiri iyo iranelebisa da bizantielebis Zalisxmevis

gaerTianeba saerTo mtris winaaRmdeg. Sida aziidan momdinare Setevebis

mogerieba civiluri samyaros mier gansxvavdeboda, rogorc xerxebiT,

aseve procesis xangrZlivobiT. ase, magaliTad, xSiri iyo

dampyroblisTvis samxedro marcxis miyeneba, misi ganadgureba da gaZeveba.

magram ufro xSiri iyo dampyroblis asimilireba adgilobrivi

mosaxleobis mier. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom civilur imperiebSi Sobadobis

maRali maCvenebeli iyo gadamwyveti faqtori am civilizaciaTa brZolaSi

nomadebis damarcxebisa (kembrijis Sida..., 1990: 3).

miwadmoqmed xalxebsa (bizantia da sasanuri irani) da nomadebs

Soris brZolaSi es ukanaskneli, ZiriTadad, agresoris rolSi

gamodioda.42 bizantielebisa da sasanianebis sagareo politikaSi ar

figurirebda aziis Sida regionebis samxedro damorCileba, radgan es,

umetes SemTxvevebSi, ar iqneboda ekonomikurad momgebiani. erTaderT

gamonaklis warmoadgens Tanamedrove ruseTi, rodesac XVI saukuneSi,

kazak ermakis meTaurobiT moxerxda cimbiris didi nawilis uSualod

                                                            42 Tumca, rogorc Semdgom TavSi iqneba naCvenebi, aseve xSiri iyo SemTxvevebi, rodesac agresoris rols zustad bizantielebi asrulebdnen.

78

SemoerTeba (kluCevski, 2005: 174-185). miwadmoqmedi xalxebi, ZiriTadad,

mciremasStabian Setevebs axorcielebdnen barbaricum-Si potenciurad

mZlavri barbarosuli koaliciebis Seqmnis winaaRmdeg. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu

gvian antikur xanaSi bizantiisa da iranis mier xorcieldeboda rame

saxis eqspansia evraziis stepur zonaSi,43 es pirvel rigSi gamowveuli

iyo imperiebis provinciebSi Warbi mosaxleobiT da Semdgom misi

axladSemoerTebul stepur teritoriaze mudmivad dasaxlebis da miwis

damuSavebis mizniT (kembrijis Sida..., 1990: 5-9). Sida aziis sazRvrebis

zustad dadgena rTulia. Tu vixelmZRvanelebT mxolod nomadebis

gansaxlebis arealis kriteriumiT,44 erTi ram naTelia, Sida aziis

sazRvrebi sagrZnoblad Semcirebisken midis (xazanovi, 1994: 28-36).

erTi ram naTelia, Sida azia mTeli Tavisi istoriis manZilze,

arsebobda, rogorc calke istoriuli sivrce, romlis teritoriaze

mosaxle xalxebs mWidro ekonomikuri da politikuri urTierToba hqonda

periferiebze mcxovreb dasaxlebul bizantielebTan, iranelebTan, Tu

CinelebTan. Tumca, rCeba erTi da, albaT, yvelaze mTavari kiTxva: ra

faqtorebma gamoiwvia Sida aziis regionis calke erTeulad

CamoyalibebaSi da ram ganapiroba nomadebisa da periferiebze

dasaxlebuli xalxebis gardauvali Sejaxeba.45

Tavidanve aRsaniSnavia, rom evraziuli stepebis periferiaze

mcxovrebi xalxebis ekonomika dafuZnebulia soflis meurneobaze, maSin

rodesac Sida aziisTvis damaxasiaTebelia wylis arasakmarisi raodenoba

da, zogadad, meurnebisTvis rTuli klimati. ra Tqma unda, arsebobda

teritoriebi sadac xorcieldeboda soflis meurneoba, magram misi

masStabebi imdenad mcire iyo, rom ver Secvlida saerTo suraTs.

evraziis stepebi – teritoria kaspiis zRvis CrdiloeTidan koreis

naxevarkunZulamde – erTaderTi teritoria iyo Sida aziaSi, sadac

                                                            43 rogorc amas Cinelebi akeTebdnen manjuriaSi. 44 ase, magaliTad, V saukunis 40-ian wlebSi hunebis gansaxlebis arealSi istoriuli romauli provincia panonia Sedioda, xolo XII saukuneSi mcire azia Sedioda Sua aziis teritoriaSi radgan is selCukebis gansaxlebis arealic iyo. igives Tqma SeiZleba cineTis CrdiloeT nawile, romelic istoriulad ar Sedioda Sida aziis teritoriaSi, Tumca unda miekuTvnos am regions imis da gamo didi xnis ganmavlobaSi iyo kitanebis, iurCenebis, monRolebisa da manjurielebis batonobis qveS. 45 wina TavSi gamovTqvi mosazreba, rom CrdiloeT da Sua evraziis geografia (klimati, agreTve, zRvebis, tbebis, mTebisa da mdinareebis mdebareoba) mniSvnelovani faqtori iyo nomadsa da miwadmoqmeds Soris arsebul permanentul konfliqtSi.

79

SesaZlebeli iyo mZlavri samxedro gaerTianebebis Seqmna. evraziuli

stepi Tavis macxovreblebs mxolod mesaqonleobiT dakavebis saSualebas

aZlevda. stepis garda, Sida aziis arc erTi sxva geografiuli sivrce –

tundra, taiga Tu udabno – ar iZleoda geografiul, Tu ekonomikur

pirobebs (ixileT qvemoT) saxelmwifo erTeulis Sesaqmnelad (kembrijis

Sida..., 1990: 4).

Tavidanve unda aRiniSnos, rom geografiuli pirobebis garda,

konfliqti nomadebsa da dasaxlebul xalxebs Soris, agreTve,

ekonomikuri faqtorebiT iyo motivirebuli. nomadebi mTeli gviani

antikurobis istoriis ganmavlobaSi cdilobdnen gaeumjobesebinaT

Tavisi ekonomikuri pirobebi. miwadmoqmedebsa da nomadebs Soris

arsebuli fundamentum divisionis – gamyofi – iyo maTi sacxovrebeli

miwebis radikalurad gansxvavebuli ekonomikuri potenciali (kembrijis

Sida..., 1990: 5-8).

zemo Tqmulidan gamomdinare, nomadebi yovelTvis yofiTi simdidris:

fulisa da sxva Zvirfaseulobis mosapoveblad ibrZodnen. amiane

marceline, bizantieli imperatorebi mavrike (582-602 ww.), konstantine II

porfirogeneti (913-959 ww.) (konstantine porfirogeneti, 1967: 61-73) Tu

Cineli istorikosebi, yvelani, nomadebis aRwerisas, calsaxad,

mianiSnebdnen maTi xasiaTis mtaceblur Tvisebebze, Tu rogor `iwvian

oqrosadmi dauokebeli surviliT~ (amiane marceline, XXXI, 2, II).

analogiur suraTs gvixatavs XIII saukunis istorikosi plano karpini

monRolebis aRwerisas. ufro metic, maSinac ki, rodesac monRolebma

daaarses im periodisTvis msoflioSi yvelaze didi saxmeleTo imperia,

isini iseTive Raribebi da oqrosa da sxva simdidris maZieblebi darCnen,

rogorebic XI-XII ss., sakuTari imperiis Seqmnamde iyvnen (latimori, 1938:

241-245).

Cndeba kiTxva, riTi iyo ganpirobebuli Sida aziaSi mcxovrebi

xalxis eseTi siRaribe da ratom iyo SeuZlebeli Sida aziis uzarmazar

teritoriaze mcxovrebi xalxisTvis igive sacxovrebo standartebis

Semqna, rogoric bizantiis, iranis da CineTis civilizaciebSi arsebobda.

problemis TavSi dgas arasakmarisi soflis meurneoba. amis gamomwvevi ki,

fizikur-geografiuli faqtorebi iyo. maT Soris, pirvelia klimati,

80

romelic stepebSi Zalian civi da, amavdroulad, mSralia masStaburi

soflis meurneobis gaRvivebisTvis. ase, magaliTad, Cinuri wyaroebi Sida

azias aRweren rogorc teritorias sadac `mkvleli sicive Zalian adre

isadgurebs~ (kembrijis Sida..., 1990: 6-8).

Sida aziis ukidures CrdiloeTiT mdebareobs tundra. is maqsimumi,

romelic am teritoriaze mcxovreb xalxs SeeZlo moepovebina iyo

arsebobisTvis minimaluri sakvebis moZieba. ufro metic, es SasaZlebeli

iyo mxolod im pirobiT, Tu ojaxebi erTmaneTisgan daSorebiT

cxovrobdnen, radgan adgilobriv miwas ar SeeZlo patara teritoriaze

adamianTa didi raodenobis gamokveba.46 politikuri Zala, romelic ama

Tu im SemosazRvrul teritoriaze mcxovreb aTiode ojaxs gaaCnda,

sakmaod minimaluri iyo. tundris mosaxleobas ar SeeZlo mezobeli

teritoriebis dapyroba, radgan maTi mcire mosaxleoba stepebis

mosaxleobasTan SetakebaSi ganadgurebis safrTxis winaSe dadgeboda.

mdgomareoba Sida aziis tyiur zonaSi – taigaSi – TiTqmis analo-

giuri iyo (ix. ruka 4). Tumca, unda iTqvas, rom taigaSi bunebrivi

pirobebi SedarebiT ufro met saSualebas iZleoda mosaxleobisTvis,

Tavi erCina meTevzeobiTa da nadirobiT. ufro metic, taigis

macxovreblebi nadirobasa da meTevzeobas sakmaod farTo masStabebiT

axorcielebdnen (es aqtivoba maTi gamokvebis ZiriTad wyaros

warmoadgenda) da yovelive es iwvevda amisTvis saWiro teqnologiebis

ganviTarebas. nadirobisTvis saWiro instrumentebis ganviTareba taigaSi

mcxovreb adamianebs tundris macxovreblebze ufro maRla ayenebda.

amasTan erTad, koleqtiuri meTevzeoba da nadiroba iTxovda socialuri

organizaciis arsebobas, romliTac SesaZlebeli iqneboda rTuli

TavdasxmiTi operaciebis ganxorcieleba. magram, aqac, rogorc tundraSi,

nadirobasa da meTevzeobaze dafuZnebuli ekonomika mTlianad

mtacebluri xasiaTis iyo. am aqtivobas ar SeeZlo didi raodenobis mo-

saxleobis gamokveba. es qmnida fundamentur dabrkolebas – axali teri-

toriebis dapyrobisTvis saTanado Zalis Segroveba faqtobrivad SeuZ-

                                                            46 viTareba evraziis CrdiloeT nawilSi dResac msgavsia gviani antikuri periodisa. isev SeuZlebelia masStaburi soflis meurneobis qona, xolo distanciebi dasaxlebul adgilebs Soris sakmaod did manZilebzea gadaWimuli.

81

lebeli iyo (makinderi, 1942: 53-75).47

ase rom, mxolod evraziuli stepi warmoadgenda gasaRebs msoflio

istoriaSi Sida aziis rolis gagebisTvis (ix. ruka 4). stepi am

uzarmazari da Caketili regionis eTgvar mamoZravebel sivrces

warmoadgenda. am teritoriaze mecxoveleoba sakmaod farTod iyo

gavrcelebuli. ekonomikuri TviTkmarobisTvis cxovelebi gansazRvrul

perimetrSi yovelTvis moZraobaSi unda yofiliyvnen. Cinuri andazis

mixedviT: `isini (nomadebi) yovelTvis balaxsa da wyals mihyvebian~

(sainori, 1975; 171-183). tundrisa da taigis macxovreblebisgan

gansxvavebiT, stepi Tavis macxovreblebs saSualebas aZlevda

mosaxleobis ufro didi raodenobis koncentrireba moexdinaT ama Tu im

teritoriaze. Sesabamisad, stepis geografia sakmaod mZlavri saxelmwifo

erTeulebis warmoqmnis saSualebas iZleoda. maTi politikuri

struqturis SenarCunebas im drois manZilze xorcieldeboda, sanam am

nomaduri sazogadoebis wevrebi axerxebdnen cxovrebisTvis saWiro

sakvebis da primitiuli nivTebis warmoebas. sxva sityvebiT, cxovreba

stepebSi dafuZnebuli iyo TviTkmar ekonomikaze – avtarkiaze. stepebSi

nomadi axerxebda sakvebis, sacxovreblis, tansacmlisa da gadaadgilebis

saSualebis mopovebas. amasTan erTad, xorcieldeboda mciremasStabiani

samTo saqmianoba da liTonis damuSavebac. Tu aseTi erTeuli veRar

axerxebda avtarkiiT Tavis gatanas, nomadebi gare samyarosTan kontaqtze

uars ar ambobdnen. ufro metic, istoriuli wyaroebidan mravali cnoba

mogvepoveba, Tu ra masStabur xasiaTs atarebda imperiebsa da nomadebs

Soris vaWroba. nomadi civilur samyarosTan vaWrobda Tavis ekonomikaSi

ar arsebuli nivTebis mosapoveblad, xolo sapasuxod gamohyavda yvelaze

Zvirfasi rac gaaCnda – cxeni (kembrijis Sida..., 1990: 8-10).

Sida aziuri cxeni, herodotedan (Zv. w. V saukune) moyolebuli

(romelsac isini piradad nanaxi ar qonda), Zveli samyaros yvela avtoris

mier iyo naqebi. gansakuTrebiT fasdeboda misi gamZleoba, imuniteti

sicivisadmi da samxedro kampaniis dros sakvebis patara raodenobis

saWiroeba (herodote, 1975: IV.127-129). dasavleli mogzaurisTvis nomadis

                                                            47 Mmsgavsi viTareba aris Tanamedrove periodSic. magaliTad, ruseTis tundrisa da taigis macxovrebelbi yvelaze naklebad arian SemCneulebi sajaro gamosavlebSi da ajanyebis mowyobis mcdelobebSi.

82

cxeni uSnod gamoiyureboda da zomiTac ufro mcire iyo, vidre gviani

antikuri periodis bizantiis an sasanuri iranis kavaleriis cxenebi.

magram, stepis cxens sakvebis mopoveba SeeZlo TovliT dafarul miwaSic

da martivad SeeZlo didi xnis ganmavlobaSi Tavi gamoekveba sxvadasxva

mcenariT, gamxmari totebiT da a. S. Tavisi siZlieris xanaSi nomadur

saxelmwifoebs (iqneba es hunebis, avarebis, Tu heftalitebis imperiebi)

yovelTvis cxenebis didi raodenoba gaaCndaT. ufro metic, am

saxelmwifoebis samxedro siZliere zustad imaze iyo damokidebuli, Tu

ramdeni cxenis Segroveba SeeZloT samxedro kampaniebis mowyobisTvis

(sainori, 1975; 180-183). Sua saukuneebSi, evropeli mogzaurebi gaocebulni

rCebodnen stepebSi cxenebis simravliT. karpini, monRolebze werisas,

aRniSnavda, rom maT hqondaT `cxenebis imdenad didi raodenoba, rac, Cemi

azriT, danarCen msoflioSi ar moiZebneba~. CineTis urTierTobebidan

Tavis Crdiloel nomad tomebTan Cven sakmaod mravali cnoba dagvrCa, Tu

ra rols asrulebda stepis cxeni vaWrobaSi da ramdenad faseuli iyo

civilur samyaroSi. 10,000 aTasi cxenis miyidva Cveulebriv biznes

saqmianobas warmoadgenda. magaliTad, ax. w. 222 wels hsien-pis tomma

CineTis veis samefos 70,000 cxeni mihyida (kembrijis Sida..., 1990: 8-9).

cxeni stepis ekonomikis sakvanZo nawils warmoadgenda da ama Tu im

nomaduri tomis simdidres ganapirobebda. Tu stepebSi rame saxis

bunebriv kataklizms ar hqonda adgili, magaliTad, rogoric aris

saZovrebis gayinva, cxenebis Warbi raodenobiT arsebobisTvis iq yvela

piroba arsebobda: stepebSi cxenebis raodenoba yovelTvis Warbobda

nomadebis Sida bazris moTxovnas (kembrijis Sida..., 1990: 8-9). stepis

arasamoneto ekonomikaSi, erTi socialur jgufis wevrebi iyvnen rogorc

mwarmoebelni, aseve momxmarebelni. es ki, imas niSnavda, rom cxenebis

Warbi raodenoba proporciulad ar aumjobesebda stepSi mcxovrebi

individisa Tu mTlianad jgufis cxovrebis dones. aradiversificirebul

ekonomikas ar SeeZlo misi wevrebis cxovrebis gaumjobeseba, imis gamoc,

rom nomaduri meurneoba ar iyo orientirebuli mogebaze. mizans ar

warmoadgenda simdidris akumulireba, aramed aqcenti keTdeboda mxolod

im produqciis miRebaze, romlis warmoebis saSualebas stepi ar iZleoda.

eseTi produqciis misaRebad nomadebi vaWrobas mimarTavdnen, ZiriTadad

83

maT garSemo arsebul bizantiis, sasanuri iranis da CineTis

civilizaciebTan (jagCidi, 1970: 56-71).

Tavidanve, komerciuli perspeqtivebi stepebsa da civilur samyaros

Soris idealuri iyo. pirvels SeeZlo bizantiasa da iranisTvis

pirveladi mniSvnelobis saqoneli – cxeni – miewodebina da sapirispirod

mieRo iseTi Zvirfasi nivTi, rogoric iyo abreSumi, Cai da sxva. zemoT

moyvanili msjeloba ar gamoricxavs imas, rom cxenebis moSeneba

SeuZlebeli iyo sxvagan, magaliTad bizantiis da sasanur imperiebSi.

magram, am mZlavr saxelmwifoebSi cxenebis gavrcelebuli jiSebi,

nomadis cxenTan SedarebiT, ufro mcire gamZleobiT xasiaTdebodnen.

maTi moSeneba ki, ver xerxdeboda imave raodenobiT, rogorc stepebSi.48

magaliTad, herodote, dariosis skviTebis winaaRmdeg gamarTuli

samxedro kampaniis aRwerisas, aRniSnavda: `am brZolebSi, skviTebis cxeni

yovelTvis ukan aqcevda mowinaaRmdegis cxens~ (herodote, 1975: IV.117).

mravali saukunis ganmavlobaSi cxenebis raodenobis nakleboba did

dabrkolebebs uqmnida Cinur samefoebs. problema gadauWreli iyo,

pirvel rigSi, ara imitom, rom Cinelebs ar gaaCndaT cxenebis moSenebis

specifiuri codna, aramed imitom, rom isini saZovrebis naklebobas

ganicdidnen. anu, Cinelebs, iseve rogorc, bizantielebsa da sasanianebs,

ar SeeZloT sakuTar sazRvrebSi arsebuli cxenebis raodenobiT

daekmayofilebinaT imperiebis samoqalaqo da samxedro institutebi. am

gadmosaxedidan, rogorc nomadi, aseve miwadmoqmedi, orive iyo

dainteresebuli am saxis vaWrobiT. erTi SexedviT, nomadebi,

miwadmoqmedebTan mimarTebaSi, upirates mdgomareobaSi imyofebobdnen,

radgan am ukanasknelebs ar SeeZloT saxelmwifos marTva cxenebis didi

raodenobis importis gareSe. sinamdvileSi ki, viTareba sxvagvari iyo,

radgan nomadis savaWro upiratesoba ikveceboda im faqtiT, rom mas,

cxenis garda, ar gaaCnda miwadmoqmedisTvis sxva romelime saWiro

                                                            48 zustad stepis cxenis fenomeniT unda aixsnas nomadebis samxedro warmatebebi bizantiisa da sasanur imperiebTan bZolebSi. am upiratesobam, magaliTad, gauadvila, hunebs Savi zRvis CrdiloeTiT da dunaipireTSi mcxovrebi germanuli tomebis ganadgureba IV saukunis 70-80 wlebSi. stepis cxenze aRmarTuli nomadi imdenad manevrirebadi iyo, rom bizantiis jarebi V saukunis pirveli naxevris ganmavlobaSi ver umklavdebodnen hunebis arc Tu ise mravalaTasian jarebs. nomadebis SeCereba moxerxda mxolod bizantiis jarebSi sakavalerio SenaerTebis gazrdiT.

84

produqti. stepi iyo cxenis erTaderTi mimwodebeli da, TiTqos, nomads

SeeZlo nebismieri fasis daweseba. magram, es ufro waagavs mSieri

adamians mdgomareobas, romelsac aqvs Zalian Zvirfasi qva da cdilobs

mihyidos qalaqSi erTaderT iuvelirs. iuveliris rolSi aq, ra Tqma

unda, miwadmoqmedi bizantieli, sasaniani an Cineli gamodis. Tumca,

viTareba SeiZleba kardinalurad Seicvalos, Tu am mSier adamians xelSi

iaraRi ekaveba (sainori, 1978: 171-183). zustad amas akeTebdnen nomadebi:

cdilobdnen Zalismieri meTodebiT (mcire/msxvilmasStabiani SemosevebiT)

mieRoT is, rasac ver iRebdnen vaWrobiT. magaliTad, hunebma amisTvis

ganaviTares e. w. `Sedgenili mSvildi~, romelic mZlavr iaraRs

warmoadgenda bizantielebTan brZolebSi (lutvaki, 2009: 22-28).

cxeni nomadis xelSi kargi savaWro produqtis garda, efeqtian

saSualebas warmoadgenda mezobeli qveynebis sazRvrispira teritoriebis

dasarbevad.49

Cinelebis samxedro Zalebis damokidebuleba stepis cxenze qmnida

sakmaod kuriozul mdgomareobas, rodesac stepebidan momdinare

nomaduri Setevebis mosagerieblad, Cinelebs esaWiroebodaT cxenebi,

romelTa miwodebac mxolod nomadebs SeeZloT. am cxenebis yidviT,

nomads SeeZlo mieRo is nivTi, romelic surda da amiT Semosevis

albaToba sagrZnoblad Seemcirebina. saWiro nivTis misaRebad nomads

qmedebis ori saSualeba eZleoda: barteri, an Zalismieri meTodi. orive

SemTxvevaSi cxeni mTavar rols asrulebda (kembrijis Sida..., 1990: 10-12).

nomaduri kavaleriis efeqtianoba damokidebuli iyo mis zomaze. erT

meomars ramodenime cxeni esaWiroeboda50 da, Sesabamisad, eseTi jaris

Senaxva damokidebuli iyo Sesabamisi saZovrebis arsebobaze. anu,

uSualod brZolis velze omis bedi ar wydeboda, radgan, Tu nomadebi

SeZlebdnen qveynis dapyrobas, isini ver axerxebdnen mand samudamod

dasaxlebas Tavis mTavar iaraRze – cxenze – uaris Tqmis gareSe.51 Tu ki

nomadebi uars ityodnen cxenze, es gamoiwvevda maT asimilirebas

                                                            49 zogadad, cxenebi istoriaSi evraziis kontinentze warmoebul yvela omSi umniSvnelovanes rols TamaSobdnen. sakuTriv meore msoflio omSic ki, cxeni aqtiurad gamoiyeneboda (lidel harti, 2014: 21; 25-26). 50Mkvlevarebi zogadad miiCneven, rom es proporciulad erT nomadur meomarze xuTi cxeni modioda (heveri, 2009: 218-219). 51 radgan dapyrobil qveyanaSi ubralod saWiro raodenobis saZovari ar arsebobda.

85

adgilobriv xalxSi. Tavis mxriv, miwadmoqmedi xalxi ver axerxebda

mravalricxovani kavaleriis Senaxvas da isev damokidebuli rCeboda

stepis nomadebze.

aRsaniSnavia, rom zogad samxedro SeiaraRebaSi upiratesoba

civilur samyaros hqonda.52 marTalia, nomadebs SeeZloT kargad

SeiaraRebuli meomris gamoyvana, bizantiuri da Cinuri samyarodan

sakmaod mravali magaliTi mogvepoveba, rodesac imperiuli xelisifleba

krZalavda qveynis SigniT damzadebuli SeiaraRebis sazRvrebs gareT

gatanas. magaliTad, hanis dinastiis dros ikrZaleboda iaraRis gatana

CrdiloeTiT mcxovreb nomadebSi. VI saukuneSi bizantiaSi embargo daedo

avarebisTvis SeiaraRebis miyidvaze (kembrijis Sida..., 1990: 11-13).

zemoT motanili diskusia gviCvenebs, rom Zalian martivi iyo

barbarosebsa da imperiebs Soris mSvidobiani vaWroba SeiaraRebul

konfliqtSi gadasuliyo. iyo SemTxvevebi, rodesac barbarosebisadmi,

radikaluri politika Zlierdeboda, rac, pirvel rigSi, gamoisaxeboda

maTTan vaWrobaze uaris TqmiT. es, Tavis mxriv, iwvevda SeiaraRebul

konfliqts (heveri, meTiusi, 1991: 17-26). meore, Semwynarebluri politikis

mimdevrebi miiCnevdnen, rom barbarosebisTvis, maTi minimaluri

moTxovnebis dakmayofilebiT, moxerxdeboda sazRvrebze grZelvadiani

mSvidobis SenarCuneba (lenski, 2002: 124). am ukanaskneli politikis

warmateba, umeteswilad, damokidebuli iyo imaze, Tu ramdenad zomieri

iyo nomadebis moTxovnebi da ramdenad didi resursi gaaCnda qveyanas am

moTxovnebis Sesasruleblad, an samxedro Setakebisas sazRvrebis

dasacavad. Sida aziis istoria savsea barbarosebisadmi, rogorc

warmatebuli, aseve warumatebeli politikis magaliTebiT. Cineli

mmarTvelebi xSirad ver xvdebodnen imas, rom nomadebis Tavdasxmebis

mTavari mizezi zustad siRaribe da SimSili iyo (kembrijis Sida..., 1990:

13-14). imave Cinelebis SemTxvevaSi, mravali istoriuli magaliTi

arsebobs, rodesac Semwynarebluri politika sakmaod did Sedegebs

                                                            52 Cven ukve vilaparakeT permanentuli gawvrTnis rogori sistema arsebobda romis imperiasa da Semdeg bizantiaSi. wyaroebis nakleboba dazustebiT imaves Tqmis saSualebas ar gvaZlevs sasanianebTan mimarTebaSi. Tumca, rogorc sasanur iranze diskusiisas iqneba naCvenebi, uzarmazari samxedro infrastrusturis arseboba metyvelebda sasanuri jarebis permanentul ganlagebaze imperiis sazRvrebis perimetris garSemo. es ki Tavis mxriv iranelebSi samxedro gawvrTnis saWiroebas iwvevda.

86

iZleoda.

Tumca, barbarosebis moTxovnebis Sesruleba did kritikas

ganicdida. bevri bizantielisTvis, iranelisTvis, Tu CinelisTvis,

barbarosebisTvis `xarkis~ gadaxda gaugebari da, ufro metic,

Seurawmyofeli iyo. ase, magaliTad, salviane marselieli aRniSnavda

Tavis De Gubernatione Dei-Si53 (salviane marselieli, 1930: VI, 98-99):

`adre romaelebi yvelaze Zlierebi iyvnen, xolo exla maT Zala

gamoecalaT; adre isini SiSs Rvridnen, xolo exla ki TviTon cxovroben

SiSSi; adre barbarosebi maT uxdidnen xarks, xolo exla ki piriqiT,

romaelebi uxdian maT. dRis sinaTlec ki fasad gvijdeba, mTel Cven

usafrTxoebaSi fass vixdiT... ra Sedegs mivaRwieT! da amisTvis

vumadlebT barbarosebs, rom Cven gveZleva saSualeba sakuTari Tavi

fasad gamovisyidoT. ra SeiZleba ufro miuRebeli da saSineli iyos,

vidre aseT pirobebze cxovreba. da mainc, amis Semdeg Cven yvelas

gvgonia, rom vcocxlobT, Cven, visi sicocxlec xarkze aris

damokidebuli. Cven sakuTar Tavs ufro sasacilod vxdiT, rodesac

gvgonia, rom oqro, romelsac vixdiT ubralod saCuqaria. Cven mas

saCuqars veZaxiT, sinamdvileSi ki es gamosasyidia. gamosasyidi, romelsac

gausaZlisi moTxovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT vixdiT. Cven arasdros varT

gadasaxadisgan Tavisuflebi: Cven mudam vixdiT gamosasyids, raTa

gvqondes imis saSualeba, rom mudam vixadoT~.

cotaodeni dro davuTmoT nomadebis samxedro Zalas. gvian

antikurobaSi stepis nomadi meomari mniSvnelovnad CamorCeboda sasanuri

iranis an aRmosavleT romis imperiis jariskacs. ra Tqma unda, nomads ar

gaaCnda maRali samxedro disciplina da mas arc cixe-simagreebis aRebis

gamocdileba da teqnologiebi gaaCnda. Tumca, cxenze manevrirebis

maRali done da saSualo zomaze didi mSvildi mas sakmaod Zlevamosil

meomrad aqcevda. mTavari sxvaoba stepebsa da mezoblo dasaxlebul

teritoriebs Soris aris meurneobis SeuzRudavad ganviTarebis

potenciali, xolo stepebSi mecxoveleobis da nadirobis teqnologiebi

                                                            53 romelic SeiZleba iTargmnos rogorc `RvTis mmarTvelobis Sesaxeb~.

87

ukanasknel dromde didad ar Secvlila. Tu nadiroba ZiriTadad

mtacebluri saqmianoba aris, xolo saqonlis moSeneba ki, mTlianad

cxovelis instinqtze aris damyarebuli, soflis meurneoba adamians

saSualebas aZlevs kontrols dauqvemdebaros, an zog SemTxvevaSi,

Secvalos kidevac, mis garSemo arsebuli bunebrivi pirobebi. miwis

ganwmendiT misi samomavlo damuSavebisTvis, sairigacio arxebis gayvaniT,

an wisqvilebis gamoyenebiT, miwadmoqmedi sakuTari Sromis investirebas

axorcielebs miwis garkveuli monakveTis ganviTarebaSi. es adamiani

mijaWvuli iyo am miwaze da ar SeeZlo misi mitoveba, Tu ki surda

sakuTari Sromis Sedegebi exila. nomadi ki ufro mis garSemo arsebuli

bunebis eqsploatirebaze iyo gadarTuli, vidre mis gaumjobesebaze. es

aris is fundamenturi sxvaoba, rac axasiaTebda am or samyaros

aTaswleulebis ganmavlobaSi (xazanovi, 1994: 33-36).

savaraudod, gviani paleoliTis xanaSi sxvaoba teqnologiur

ganviTarebaSi soflis meurneobaze da stepze dafuZnebul ekonomikebs

Soris ar aZlevda romelime maTgans gadamwyvet upiratesobas. cxenis

moSenebis Semdeg stepi, mand arsebuli uzarmazari saZovrebiT, sakmaod

mimzidvel regionadac aRiqmeboda, sadac xerxdeboda cxenebis

raodenobis gazrda da Semdgom maTi samxedro saqmianobaSi gamoyeneba. ar

unda daviviwyoT, rom nomadebi iyvnen pirvelebi, vinc samxedro saqmeSi

cxeni gamoiyenes,54 ramac maTi TiTqmis oraTaswlian gamoyenebas daudo

safuZveli samxedro saqmianobaSi. magram, Tu Tavidan stepis ekonomika

mimzidveli iyo, droTa msvlelobaSi naTeli gaxda, rom teqnologiurma

ganviTarebam gadaulaxav zRvars miaRwia.

warmatebis dros nomad mxedars SeiZleba ironiiTac Seexeda

miwadmoqmedisTvis, romelnic misTvis iyvnen Tavisufalni da sakuTari

bedis patronebi. magram, aseT triumfalur drosac ki, nomadebs izidavda

Zvirfasi produqcia, romlis warmoebis saSualebasac stepis ekonomika ar

iZleoda. Turqi ministri toniuquqi tyuilad afrTxilebda Tavisianebs,

Tu ra safrTxis momcveli iyo Cinelebis cxovrebis wesebis gadmoReba da

morgeba. magram es arc SeiZleboda sxvanairad yofiliyo, radgan TviTon

samxedro kampaniis arsi mdgomareobda imaSi, rom nomads mieRo is

                                                            54 skviTebi.

88

produqcia, romlis miRebac mas stepSi ar SeeZlo. ase, rom nomads

arCevani hqonda stepSi Rirseul `siRaribeSi~ ecxovra – sxva nomad

jgufebTan permanentul brZolebSi ukeTesi saZovrebisaTvis – an

moesurva civiluri samyaros ganuyofeli nawili gamxdariyo adgilobriv

mosaxleobasTan SereviT da sabolood sakuTari identobis dakargvis

fasad (kembrijis Sida..., 1990: 13-14). saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi nomadebis

umetesoba meore alternativas irCevda, xolo civiluri samyaros

gafarToeba ara mxolod samxedro aqtivobiT xdeboda, aramed barbarosi

xalxebis imperiebis SigniT Casaxlebis xarjzec.

Tumca, mezobeli qveynis SigniT gansaxlebis gadawyvetileba

mxolod barbarosebze ar iyo damokidebuli. maT esaWiroebodaT

imperiuli administraciis sruli Tanxmoba. maTi SeSveba, agreTve,

aranakleb iyo damokidebuli imaze, Tu ramdeni adamiani cxovrobs

teritoriaze, sadac unda momxdariyo barbarosebis gansaxleba. miRebuli

praqtikis mixedviT, dasaxlebis mTxovnelni ar unda Warbodnen

adgilobriv mosaxleobaze. agreTve, mniSvnelovani iyo, hqonda Tu ara

provinciul administracias Sesabamisi resursi barbarosebis

gamosakvebad (heveri, 2006: 145-167). CineTSi es praqtika aranakleb

warmatebulad xorcieldeboda, vidre romsa da sparseTSi. ufro metic

CineTis samefoebis sazRvrispira regionebi ufro martivad axerxebdnen

axladdasaxlebuli barbarosebis STanTqvas Warbi mosaxleobis xarjze.

376 wels, rodesac imperator valens mouvida cnoba, rom dunaize

mravali guTi iTxovda imperiaSi SeSvebas, imperatori daTanxmda. magram,

provinciulma administraciam ver Camoayaliba guTebis Casaxlebis

efeqtiani meqanizmi (maTi gamokveba gardamaval periodSi), ramac

ajanyebamde da 378 wels, adrianopolis brZolaSi TviT imperatoris

sikvdilamde miiyvana. konstantinopols kidev aTiode weliwadi dasWirda

guTebis problemis mogvarebisTvis (heveri, 2006: 145-167).

Tu adgilobrivi mosaxleoba ver moaxerxebda axlad

dasaxlebulebis STanTqvas, maSin ukuRma procesi iwyeboda: nomaduri

kulturis momZlavreba, rogorc es moxda anatoliaSi, XII saukunidan

moyolebuli Turq-selCukebis dros.

aqamde ganvixileT evraziis dayofa Sida aziad da periferul

89

zonebad mxolod ekonomikuri ganviTarebis faqtoriT. Sida azia –

nadiroba, meTevzeoba andac mecxoveleoba; xolo periferiuli

civilizaciebi (romi/bizantia, irani da CineTi) – soflis meurneobaze

damyarebuli ekonomika. zustad es ekonomikuri fundamentum divisionis-i _

gamyofi _ iyo, ZiriTadad, is, ramac stepebsa da civilur samyaroSi

mcxovrebi sxvadasxva ganviTarebis gzaze mdgomi xalxebi

konfrontaciamde miiyvana.

magram, modiT vecadoT Sida aziis regioni sxva aspeqtebiTac

ganvixiloT. arsebobs Tu ara, ekonomikuri faqtoris garda, sxva rame

saxis kriteriumebi Sida aziis, rogorc erTiani regionis

gansazRvrisTvis. Tavidanve unda iTqvas, rom religia, ena da damwerloba

Zalian mcireoden rols asrulebdnen am regionis nomadebis xalxebaT

CamoyalibebaSi.

damwerlobas nadmvilad didi mniSvneloba aqvs. Tundac, rom ganvi-

xiloT laTinuri anbanis gavrceleba Sua saukuneebSi; an kirilikuri an-

banis gavrceleba XIX-XX saukuneebSi, naTeli xdeba, Tu ramdenad did

rols asrulebs erTiani damwerloba adamianTa gaerTianebisTvis.

agreTve, ama Tu im damwerlobis miRebas, SeuZlia xalxs kulturuli

afilireba Seucvalos, rogorc es moxda 1926 wels, TurqeTSi arabuli

anbanis nacvlad, laTinuri anbanis SemoRebiT. magaliTad, erTnairi

damwerloba sxvadasxva enaze molaparake xalxebis daaxloebasac, an

erTi regionisTvis mikuTvnebas amartivebs, rogorc es dRes aris

Cinelebsa da koreelebs Soris (an Tundac Cinelebsa da iaponelebs

Soris, miuxedavad maTi istoriuli antagonizmisa). Sida aziis xalxebs

arasdros hqoniaT erTiani damwerlobis sistema.

rac Seexeba fizikur anTropologias, am komponentSic ki, Sida azia

ar warmoadgenda monogamur sivrces, miuxedavad imisa, rom

monRoloiduri da tunRusTa rasebi Sida aziur tipebad aRiqmeba.

magaliTad, neoliTur xanaSi, amave teritoriaze arqeologiurad

dasturdeba indo-evropelebis arsebobac (kembrijis Sida..., 1990: 53-70).

afanasievos kultura, romelic aRmocenda daaxloebiT Zv. w. 2000 wels,

stepSi, minusinskis garSemo. altaidan kaspiis zRvamde arsebul

teritoriaze aRmocenebuli andronovos kultura, aseve indo-evropelebs

90

ekuTvnoda. monRoloidebis gamoCena, savaraudod, daaxloebiT, Zv. w. 1200

wels unda momxdariyo, rodesac maT dominanti roli daikaves

minusinskis regionSi. Zv. w. II aTaswleulis meore naxevarSi, moxda

arielebisa da iranuli modgmis xalxis migracia samxreTiT, dRevandeli

indostanis naxevarkunZulisken da Tanamedrove iranisa da erayis

teritoriaze (boisi, 1975: 3-21). magram, es ar niSnavda Sida aziis

regionidan iranuli elementis gaqrobas. Zv. w. I aTaswleulSi, stepebSi,

Cven vxdebiT skviTebs. iranuli modgmis xalxis gaqroba stepebSi mxolod

ax. w. pirvel saukuneebSi moxda, rodesac Turquli modgmis xalxma

moaxerxa maTi STanTqva. amitomac, fiziologiuri anTropologia ar

SeiZleba aRebul iqnas Sida aziis xalxebis civiluri samyaros

xalxebisgan ganmasxvavebel kriteriumad.

Sida aziis regions ar daubadebia romelime msoflio religia. miu-

xedavad imisa, rom zaraTuSTra, savaraudod, stepSi cxovrobda (Zv. w.

1450-1200 ww.) da axal religias avrcelebda, misi mimdevrebi mxolod

iranuli modgmis tomebi gaxdnen, romelnic Semdeg samxreTiT

gadasaxldnen (boisi, 1975: 20-29).55 wyaroebis simcire ar gvaZlevs

saSualebas detalurad SeviswavloT nomadebis religia, magram

cnobilia, rom isini Tayvans scemdnen cas (tengri). ase iyo Sua

saukuneebSic, rodesac evropelebma pirvelad naxes monRoluri tomebis

cxovrebis stili. magram, savaraudod, damwerlobis ar qonam gamoiwvia

arsebuli legendebis da adaT-wesebis daviwyeba.

uZvelesi werilobiTi wyaro Sua aziidan ax. w. VIII saukunes

ekuTvnis da Sesrulebulia Turqul enaze (kembrijis Sida..., 1990: 16-18).

miuxedavad imisa, rom werilobiTi wyaroebis simcire gvaqvs, rac

SeuZlebel xdis Sida aziis lingvisturi istoriis aRdgenas, eWvs

gareSea faqti, rom gvian antikur xanaSi lingvisturi kuTxiT Sida azia

ufro Wreli iyo. XVIII saukunisTvis, rodesac evropelma mkvlevarebma

Sida aziis enebis Seswavlis interesi gamoiCines, mravali ena ukve

mkvdari iyo. ramdenadac cnobilia, Turqulad da monRolurad mosaubre

nomadebs erTmaneTis ar esmodaT. xolo, Tu dRes rame saxis msgavseba

arsebobs ramodenime enas Soris, es ufro sxvadasxva xalxs Soris

                                                            55 indostanis naxevarkunZulisken da Tanamadrove iran-erayis teritoriisken.

91

interaqciiT aris gamowveuli. ase magaliTad, Tu atilas dros misi

mxleblebis saxelebi, ZiriTadad, guTuri warmoSobis iyo, es moxda ara

imitom, rom maTi enebi urTierTgasagebi iyo (hunuri enis warmomavloba

dRemde ar aris dadgenili), aramed imis gamo, rom am xalxebis istoria

atilamde 50 wliT ukve iyo erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli (heveri, 2009: 209-

220).

ase rom, TiTqmis mTeli istoriis ganmavlobaSi da, gansakuTrebiT

ki, gvian antikurobaSi, Sida aziasa da civilur samyaros Soris, anu

nomadsa da miwadmoqmeds Soris, arsebuli fundamentum divisionis-i pirvelis

ekonomikuri da kulturuli CamorCena unda iyos da ara lingvisturi, an

anTropologiuri kriteriumi. Sesabamisad, rodesac momdevno TavebSi

visaubrebT, barbarosebis mier ganxorcielebul Semosevebze bizantiisa

da sasanur miwebze, amis umTavresi mizezi unda yofiliyo am imperiebis

ekonomikuri simdidre.

92

3. romaelebi da guTebi.

valensis pirveli guTuri omi (367-369 ww.):

politika, ekonomika da imperiuli ideologia

370 wlis dasawyisSi, aRmosavleT romis imperiis mmarTveli valensi

(364-378 ww.), guTebTan samwliani omis Semdeg, dunaispireTidan

konstantinopolSi dabrunda. dedaqalaqSi valenss konstantinopolis

senatis wevri Temistiusi (daaxl. 317-390 ww.) Sexvda da imperatoris

gamarjvebas saxalxo sityva _ `valensis zavis Sesaxeb~ _ miuZRvna (heveri,

1991: 14-16; vanderspoeli, 1995: 173-176). Tavis sityvaSi Temistiusi saubrobs

valensis interesze filosofiisadmi, Semdgom ki, platonis msgavsad,

acxadebs, rom mmarTvels, romelsac SeuZlia omis warmoeba, aseve

SeuZlia qveynisTvis momgebiani zavis dadeba. amis Semdeg, Temistiusi

barbarosebis bunebas exeba da acxadebs, rom TiToeul maTganSi devs

mSvidobis, an omis marcvali (Temistiusi, 1991: Or. 10.129-132). mxolod

gamosvlis meore nawilSi Temistiusi gadadis mTavar sakiTxze: 367-369 ww.

omi valenssa da guTebs Soris (Temistiusi, 1991: Or. 10.135-139). is faqti,

rom sityvis TiTqmis naxevari im mdgomareobis exeba, romelic sufevda

dunaispireTSi valensis gamefebamde, Temistiusis sityvas

umniSvnelovanes wyarod aqcevs.

valensis omebi guTebTan sakmaod kargad Seswavlili sakiTxia. bevri

daiwera heveris, lenskis, kulikovskisa da volframis mier. miuxedavad

amisa, am mkvlevarebis mosazrebebi fundamenturad gansxvavdeba

erTmaneTisagan iseT sakiTxze, rogoric aris omis dawyebis mizezebi da

konfliqtis Sedegebi. volframi, kulikovski da nawilobriv, lenski,

miiCneven, rom omis dawyeba romaelebis iniciativa iyo. amis sapirispirod,

heveri Tvlis, rom iniciativa guTebisgan modioda, romelTac surdaT

93

arsebuli ZalTa balansis Secvla (lenski, 2002: 116-127; heveri, 1991: 17-26;

volframi, 1988: 64-75; volframi, 2005: 64-5; kulikovski, 2007: 114-118;

meTiusi, 1989: 318-319; bernsi, 1994: 2-5, 8-9; Sovo, 1998: 195-198; halsali, 2007:

173). Tumca, am istorikosTa naSromebis zogadi maxasiaTebeli aris amiane

marcelines guTur-romauli omis mokle aRwerilobis gamoyeneba da,

raoden gasakviric ar unda iyos, Temistiusis meaTe sityvis TiTqmis

mTliani ugulvebelyofa (zogadad Temistiusze: heveri, monkuri, 2001;

vanderspoeli, 1995; dagroni, 1968).

naSromis am TavSi SevecdebiT, konstantine didis mmarTvelobidan

moyolebuli, sxva kuTxiT davinaxoT guTur-romauli urTierTobebi IV

saukunis ganmavlobaSi. mTavari kiTxva iqneba, Tu ratom awarmoa valensma,

367-369 wlebSi, grZeli da sakmaod Zviri omi guTebTan. Tumca, aqcenti ar

iqneba gamaxvilebuli mxolod omis mizezebsa da Sedegebze, aramed

imperiis TavdacviT strategiebze, saomari moqmedebebis dros. rogor

samxedro strategiebs iyenebdnen romaelebi da ra ekonomikur, Tu

ideologiur faqtorebs iTvaliswinebdnen imperiis mesveurebi omis

gamocxadebamde, mis warmoebisas da sazavo xelSekrulebis dadebis

dros? aranakleb mniSvnelovania, samxedro kuTxiT imperiis mier or

frontze omis warmoeba da rogor cdilobdnen aRmosavleT romis

imperiis mmarTvvelebi es Tavidan aecilebinaT. sxva sityvebiT, am patara

omis magaliTze kargad iqneba naCvenebi konstantonopolSi strategiuli

gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesi – am naSromis erTerTi centraluri

sakvlevi kiTxva.

Temistiusi

romis imperiaSi Sida, an sagareo sirTuleebis Jams, iqneba es

Semosevebi, warumatebeli samxedro kampaniebi, Tu ajanyebebi, Cveul

praqtikas warmoadgenda imperatorebis mier daxmarebis Txovna

profesional mexotbeebisaTvis. am mexotbeebis namuSevrebi, ZiriTadad,

eZRvneboda imperatorebs, Tu sxva maRalCinosnebs da kargad amJRavnebda

ama Tu im dros saimperatoro karze damyarebul politikur mosazrebebs.

erTerTi mTavari meTodi, romelic mexotbeebis mier gamoiyeneboda, iyo

tradiciuli Temebis arCeva (romis imperatorebis mier mSvidobis

94

miRwevis survili; romis imperiis misia mis garSemo mdebare barbarosul

samyaroSi civilizaciis gavrceleba; romis imperatoris guluxvoba,

windaxeduloba, Tu keTilgoniereba; da bolos, imperatorebis

mzrunveloba imperiis gamarjvebisTvisa da usafrTxoebisaTvis)

(Carlzvorti, 1937: 15-25), maTi dakavSireba imperiaSi arsebul

problemebTan da maTi xelaxali interpretireba. amasTan erTad,

mexotbeebis sityvebSi ganxilvis erTerTi mTavari sakiTxi iyo

mmarTvelis ganaTlebuloba.56 mexotbeebis sityvebSi aucileblad unda

aRniSnuliyo romis imperatorebis oTxi mniSvnelovani Tviseba: simamace,

zomiereba, samarTlianoba da sibrZne (virtus, clementia, iustitia, pietas)

(Carlzvorti, 1937: 9-14). mexotbe Temistiusi gamonakliss ar warmoadgenda.

man aRwera valensi, rogorc mmarTveli, romelic cdilobda

keTildReoba moepovebina ara mxolod imperiis sazRvrebisTvis da maT

SigniT mcxovrebi mosaxleobisTvis, aramed imperiis garSemo arsebul

barbarsebisTvisac. am ricxvSi, pirvel rigSi, Sedian mdinare dunais

CrdiloeTiT mcxovrebi barbarosebi – guTebi; aRmosavleTSi – sasanuri

irani. TemistiusTan valensi ufro metad naqebi iyo, vidre romis didi

imperatorebi, xolo misi mcirewlovani vaJi ki, Sedarebuli iyo

aleqsandre makedonelTan (Temistiusi, 1991: Or. 8.180). marTlac,

mexotbeebis mier gamoyenebuli es wesebi imdenad iyo gavrcelebuli

imdroindel romaul samyaroSi, rom valensis paralelurad, dasavleT

romis imperiaSi, kidev erTi imperiuli mexotbe – senatori, warmarTi

simaqusi – aqebda valensis Zmis valentinianes clementia-s barbaros

alemanebis (!) mimarT (sonio, 2006: 12-17) da, amavdroulad, xazs usvamda

mis umowyalo samxedro kampaniebs mdinare rainis CrdiloeTiT, imave

alemanebis winaaRmdeg.57 Sesabamisad, araswori iqneba, rom Cven romaeli

imperatorebis mexotbeebis sityvebi ganvixiloT mxolod, rogorc

                                                            56 ganaTlebulobis faqtoris xazgasma xdeboda imis da miuxedavad, rom imperatorebis umetesoba, realurad, ar gamoirCeoda ganaTlebis gansakuTrebuli doniT. imperatori valensi, am mxriv, karg magaliTs warmoadgens (Carlzvorti, 1937: 15-25). 57 valentinianes calke provincia „alemaniis“ Seqmna undoda. Tumca, am gegmis ganxorcieleba imperators ar gamouvida erTi martivi mizezis gamo: IV saukunis meore naxevris rainisa da dunais CrdiloeTiT arsebuli barbarosuli gaerTianebebi ufro Zlier koaliciebs warmoadgendnen, vidre es iulius keisris, an markus avreliusis laSqrobebis dros iyo.

95

ubralo propaganda.

Temistiusis meaTe sityvis Cveneburi interpretireba damokidebulia

imaze, Tu, zogadad, rogor gvesmis romis imperiis miznebi

dunarispireTSi barbarosebTan omis sawarmoeblad. Tu Cven miviRebT im

mosazrebas, rom valensma ver miaRwia Tavis mizans guTebTan omSi da 369

wels, dunais SuaSi, iZulebuli iyo zavi daedo guTebis liderTan.58 es

migviyvans im daskvnamde, rom Temistiusi Tavis sityvaSi, ubralod,

cdilobda Seerbilebina imperatoris warumatebloba senatisa da,

zogadad, konstantinopolis macxovreblebis winaSe (heveri, 1991: 20).

Tumca, SeiZleba omis alternatiuli scenaris daxatva. Tavidanve vTqvaT,

miuxedavad imisa, rom weriliboTi wyaroebi gansxvavebul cnobebs iZleva

omis dawyebis mizezebze, yvela maTgani miuniSnebs romaelebisTvis

arasasurvel Sedegebze (amiane marceline, 1935: 27.5.7-8; zosime, 1982: 4.10.3-4;

Temistiusi, 1991: Or. 10.135-136). kidev erTi mniSvnelovani mosazrebaa,

davakavSiroT valensis Sida politika da misi ideologiuri

miswrafebebi dunaize arsebul viTarebasTan, gansakuTrebulad, 332 wels,

konstantine didis mier guTebTan dadebuli zavis Semdeg. zustad aq

iqneba mniSvnelovani Temistiusis sityvis, rogorc wyaros gamoyeneba.

Sesabamisad, dasawyisSi, detalurad unda ganvixiloT 332 wlis zavi, im

martivi mizezis gamo, rom 369 wlamde guTebTan sxva xelSekruleba ar

dadebula.

konstantine didi da guTebi

IV saukunis Sua xanebSi, daaxloebiT, ocdaaTi wlis ganmavlobaSi

(332-365 ww.), urTierTobebi romis imperiasa da guTebs Soris efuZneboda

konstantine didis mier, 332 wels, guTebze dawesebuli sazavo

xelSekrulebiT. evsevi kesarielis mixedviT, romis jarma, 100,000 guTi

gaanadgura (evsevi kesarieli, 1975: 1.8.2; 4.5.1-6.1). udavoa, rom es ricxvebi

gadaWarbebulia, magram isini amtkiceben imas, rom guTebs didi

                                                            58 sxvaTa Soris, is faqti rom valensi, dunais SuaSi, barbarosTa meTaurTan xels awers sazavo xelSekrulebas, metyvelebs imaze, rom imperiis mesveurebs kargad hqondaT gaaz-rebuli, Tu sad sruldeba romaelTa Zalaufleba da sad iwyeba barbarosebis teritoria. rogorc am naSromis wina TavebSi iyo naCvenebi, romaelebis mier imperiis eqspansiis limitis gacnobiereba pirdapir metyvelebs imaze, rom konstantinopolSi SeeZloT CamoeyalibebinaT grZelvadiani politika TiToeuli sazRvris mimarTulebiT.

96

danakargebi hqondaT, xolo konstantine didis gamarjveba ki, imdenad

srulyofili iyo, rom man SeZlo guTebze imperiisTvis saukeTeso

pirobebisgan Semdgari sazavo xelSekruleba daewesebina. amavdroulad,

imperatorma ufleba misca damarcxebul guTebs romis jarSi emsaxuraT,

xolo guTi maRalCinosnebi ki, konstantinopolidan saCuqrebs

miiRebdnen.59

mSvidobis uzrunvelsayofad, xelSekrulebaSi calke debuleba iyo

Setanili mdinare dunaize SeuzRudavi vaWrobis Sesaxeb. miuxedavad imisa,

rom Cven ar gagvaCnia pirdapiri cnoba imisa, rom es iyo konstantine

didis mTavrobis iniciativa, SegviZlia es vivaraudoT ramodenime mizezis

gamo (lenski, 2002: 124; heveri, 1991: 113-114). imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom,

zogadad, vaWrobasTan dakavSirebuli gadawyvetileba saimperatoro karze

miiReboda, Zalian mcirea imis albaToba, rom Tavisufali vaWroba

guTebTan sazRvarze arasakmarisi kontrolis Sedegi yofiliyo. ufro

metic, rogorc qvemoT iqneba naCvenebi, geopolitikuri mizezebi, rogoric

iyo problemebi maxlobel aRmosavleTSi, mxars uWers im mosaxrebas, rom

debuleba Tavisufali vaWrobis Sesaxeb, zustad, 332 wlis sazavo

xelSekrulebaSi unda Sesuliyo.

vaWrobaze SezRudvebis gauqmeba, SeiZleba, miCneul iqnas, rogorc

uprecedento nabiji, radgan romis imperatorebi yovelTvis cdilobdnen

gaekontrolebinaT romauli teqnologiebis, samxedro da ekonomikuri

informaciis eqsporti imperiis sazRvrebs gareT (iustinianes kodeqsi,

1954: 4.41.1; Tomfsoni, 1982: 10). ori politikuri qmedeba iqna SemoRebuli:

pirveli, sanqciebis daweseba strategiuli mniSvnelobis masalis

gatanaze (javSani, iaraRi, cxenebi, rkina, xorbali da a. S.) (iustinianes

kodeqsi, 1954: 4.36.2); meore miRebuli zoma iyo imperiuli sazRvrebis

mkacri gakontroleba da maTze ramodenime punqtis ganTavseba, sadac

                                                            59 es sakmaod saintereso faqtia da bevrs metyvelebs romis imperiis diplomatiaze. miuxedavad mtris sruli damarcxebisa, romaelebi uars ar eubnebodnen barbarosebs Zvirfas saCuqrebze da, rogorc SemdgomSi iqneba naCvenebi, vaWrobazec. imperiis mesveurebs kargad esmodaT, rom dunais sazRvarze grZelvadiani mSvidobis mosapoveblad saWiro iyo barbarosebis Semorigeba da ara maTi sruli daCagvra. rogorc valensis omidan iqneba naCvenebi, imperatorma zustad es gaakeTa, rodesac guTebs vaWrobac Seuwyvita. Sedegad, sazRvari arastabiluri gaxda da 370-iani wlebis bolosken, hunebis gamoCenis droisTvis, dunaispireTSi ar arsebobda romelime Zala, romelsac SeeZlo romis jarebTan erTad nomadebisTvis efeqtiani winaaRmdegobis gaweva.

97

vaWroba mezobel xalxebTan nebadarTuli iqneboda.60 sxva sityvebiT,

vaWroba sazRvrebis gaswvriv mkacrad kontroldeboda. cnobilia, rom

aseTi zomebi farTod iyo gavrcelebuli imperiaSi, gansakuTrebulad ki,

V-VI saukuneebSi. prokopi kesarieli werda iustinianes qmedebebis Sesaxeb

SeeCerebina sxvadasxva saxis SeiaraRebis gatana SavizRvispireTisa da

dunais CrdiloeTiT (prokopi kesarieli, 1914-1940, Anecdota, 25.3-6;

Tomfsoni, 1982: 11). amavdroulad, Tu am wesisTvis arsebobda rame saxis

gamonaklisi, rogorc es iyo erTerT germanul tomTan – hermundurebTan

– mimarTebaSi, es faqti, aucileblad, romaeli istorikosebis gansjis

sagani xdeboda (tacitusi, 2009: 41).

Tumca, mezobel xalxebTan SeuzRudav vaWrobas potenciurad SeeZlo

strategiuli, aseve ekonomikuri ziani mieyenebina imperiisTvis:

1. Ria sazRvrebis pirobebSi barbarosebs imperiidan martivad

SeeZloT gaetanaT mniSvnelovani informacia romauli jaris da

TavdacviTi infrastruqturis Sesaxeb. barbarosebs, agreTve, SeeZloT

zusti geografiuli codnis miRebac, rac maT, samomavlo samxedro

moqmedebebSi, mniSvnelovan upiratesobas mianiWebda. garda amisa, vaWrobis

mizniT Semosuli barbarosebi, realurad, SeiZleba mZarcvelebic

yofiliyvenen (amiane marceline, 1935: 31.10.1-6; li, 1993: 130-3, 161-5).

2. imperiuli monetebis imave raodenobiT Semosvla, romelic

Tavdapirvelad imperiidan gadioda, lokalur donezeDekonomikas

ajansaRebda (todi, 1998: 88-103). Tumca, Ria sazRvars SeeZlo sxva efeqtic

hqonoda imperiis finansebze. vaWrebs (romaelebis CaTvliT) martivad

SeeZloT Tavi aeridebinaT gadasaxadebisaTvis. SeuzRudavi vaWroba ki,

imperiis usafrTxoebisaTvis mniSvnelovani nivTebis gatanas SesaZlebels

xdida. am mxriv, gansakuTrebulad sainteresoa ramodenime faqti romis

aRmosavleT sazRvridan. magaliTad, 298 wels, romsa da sasanur irans

Soris dadebuli zavis mixedviT, imperiebs Soris vaWroba mxolod qalaq

nizibisSi iyo SesaZlebeli. mogvianebiT, V saukunis dasawyisSi, mas

                                                            60 ase iyo ara mxolod dunaisa da rainze. msgavsi praqtika miRebuli iyo sasanur irnTan saszRvarzec: vaWroba, umeteswilad, kontroldeboda mdinare evfratsa da CrdiloeT somxeTSi mZlavri sajariso SenaerTebis koncentrirebiT. Tumca, amasTan erTad, gamoyofili iyo ramodenime punqti sazRvris gaswvriv SezRuduli savaWro aqtivobisTvis.

98

kalinikumi da artaqsata daemata (iustinianes kodeqsi, 1954: 4.63.6). udavod,

amis gamomwvev mizezebSi SeiZleba qveynis usafrTxoebasTan

dakavSirebuli problemebi yofiliyo: magaliTad, jaSuSebisTvis

sazRvris gadakveTaSi xelis SeSla. magram, naTelia isic, rom vaWrobis

nebarTva gansazRvrul qalaqebSi ekonomikuri mizezebiT iyo gamowveuli:

gadasaxadebis efeqtiani akrefva da mniSvnelovani produqciis (iaraRi,

oqro da sxva liToni) eqsportis gakontroleba.

magram, miuxedavad am safrTxeebisa, Tavisufali vaWroba kidev erTi

ramisken iyo mimarTuli.61 konstantinem, romelsac surda guTuri

problema moegvarebina, ugulvebelyo SeuzRudavi vaWrobiT Seqmnili

ekonomikurad araxelsayreli mdgomareoba. mas esaWoroebida

grZelvadiani mSvidoba dunaispireTSi, radgan imperatori gegmavda axali

samxedro kampaniis mowyobas aRmosavleTSi. 330 wels, mefe Trdatis

gardacvalebis Semdeg, somxeTSi politikuri krizisi daiwyo, rac

sasanianebma Tavis sasargeblod gamoiyenes da somxeTis Sida saqmeebSi

Caerivnen. amavdroulad, iranelebma Tavdasxmebi moawyes romis CrdiloeT

mesopotamiis samflobeloebze (blokli, 1992: 10-12). konstantines sapasuxo

nabiji unda gadaedga. imperatori aRmosavleTSi masStaburi samxedro

kampaniis mowyobas gegmavda (blokli, 1992: 10-12). Sesabamisad,

aRmosavleTSi arsebulma rTulma politikurma mdgomareobam gavlena

moaxdina 332 wels guTebTan dadebul zavze. es karg magaliTs

warmoadgens imisa, rodesac imperiis strategiuli usafrTxoeba metad

mniSvnelovani iyo potenciur ekonomikur zaralze. Sesabamisad,

Tavisufali vaWrobis Sesaxeb miRebuli piroba, uSualod, guTebze iyo

morgebuli, dunaispireTSi grZelvadiani mSvidobis dasamyareblad.

eseTi iyo problemebi, romelic valensis gamefebis droisTvis (364

w.), imperiis dunais sazRvarze arsebobda. Tumca, SedarebiTi mSvidoba,

romelic Seiqmna 332 wlis zavis pirobebiT, amavdroulad, seriozul

ekonomikur da usafrTxoebasTan dakavSirebul problemebs uqmnida

imperias. marTalia, guTebi didi ekonomikuri sargeblis gamo, naklebs

fiqrobdnen imperiuli teritoriis darbevaze, romaelebs gadawyvetili                                                             61 rac ufro masStaburi iyo vaWroba imperiasa da barbarosebs Soris, miT ufro didi gavlenis moxdena SeeZlo konstantinopols mezoblebze vaWrobis SemcirebiT, an misi nawilobriv SewyvetiT.

99

hqondaT arsebuli wesrigis Secvla.

imperiis Sida problemebi

361-365 wlebi, imperiisTvis erTerT yvelaze rTul periods

warmoadgenda. sasanianebTan konstanciusis samxedro konfrontaciam

(blokli, 1992: 12-24), misma dapirispirebam momaval imperator iulianesTan

da am ukanasknelis 363 wlis warumatebelma samxedro kampaniam iranis

winaaRmdeg, sagrZnoblad Seasusta imperiis samxedro da ekonomikuri

potenciali (meTiusi, 1989: 100-105). gaurkvevloba ar damTavrebula 363

wels meomar iovianes imperatorad gamocxadebiTac. mxolod

weliwadnaxevris Semdeg, moxerxda viTarebis gamoswreba, rodesac 364

wels, imperia Zmeb valentianesa da valens Soris daiyo. rTuli samxedro

viTarebis garda, imperatorebs iulianesgan rTuli ekonomikuri

mdgomareoba xvda wilad, rodesac maT uwevdaT 1,500,000 silidis gadaxda

daaxloebiT 300,000-350,000-kaciani imperiuli jarisTvis (lenski, 2002: 290).

sxva zomebs rac Seexeba, imperatorebma gaauqmes iulianes kanoni

religiuri pirebisTvis taZrebis qonebis gadacemis Sesaxeb da isini

xelaxla imperiuli xazinis mflobelobaSi daabrunes (lenski, 2002: 291;

iustinianes kodeqsi, 1954: 5.13.3, 10.1.8). Tumca, yvelaze mtkivneuli iyo

gadasaxadebis akrefvis axali meTodi. aq, gansakuTrebulad, Tavi

gamoiCina valensis simamrma petroniusma (amiane marceline, 1935: 26.6.6-9;

lenski, 2002: 291). axali praqtikis mixedviT, imperiis mesveurebs ufleba

miecaT erTsaukunovani valebis amoRebac moexdinaT (amiane marceline,

1935: 26.6.7). am zomebma konstantinopolis mosaxleobis didi nawili

gaanawyena, ramac, garkveulwlad, xeli Seuwyo vinme prokopis aRzevebas

da mis ajanyebas.

prokopis ajanyeba da guTebi

365 wels, mcire aziaSi myofma valensma miiRo Setyobineba, rom

guTebi gegmavdnen Trakiis darbevas (amiane marceline, 1935: 26.6.14).

miuxedavad amisa, antioqiisken mimaval imperators, gezi ar Seucvlia da

mxolod damxmare erTeulebi gaagzavna dunais sazRvris dasacavad (amiane

marceline, 1935: 26.6.14). prokopis ajanyebam da guTebis mier misTvis

100

samxedro daxmarebis gawevam, sabolood gaafuWa urTierTobebi

konstantinopolsa da guTebs Soris. guTebis lideri, aTanarixi,

savaraudod, imedovnebda, rom prokopis warmatebuli ajanyeba imperiasa

da guTebs Soris arsebul status quo-s ucvlelad datovebda. am

mosazrebidan gamomdinare, aTanarixis mier ajanyebuli prokopisTvis

3,000 meomris gagzavna, logikur nabijs warmoadgenda. Tumca, es

gamoricxavs imasac, rom guTebs ar esmodaT, Tu ra avantiuraSi

ebmobodnen da ra Sedegi SeiZleba amas mohyoloda, prokopis gamarjvebis

SemTxvevaSi. guTebs imperiis Sida saqmeebSi Carevis sakmaod didi

gamocdileba hqondaT. guTebis gamoyeneba aqtiurad xdeboda imperiis

SigniT samoqalaqo omebis dros. magaliTad, 320-ian wlebSi konstantinesa

da liciniuss Soris mimdinare konfliqtSi, guTebma am ukanasknels

dauWires mxari (kulikovski, 2007: 82). msgavsi ram moxda 361 welsac,

rodesac konstanciusma daxmareba sTxova guTebs iulianesTan

sabrZolvelad. es badebs Semdeg kiTxvas: ram gamoiwvia guTebis eseTi

ukmayofileba (heveri, 1991: 116; lenski, 2002: 152), rom 364 wels valensis

taxtze asvlis xanmokle periodis Semdeg, maT 365 wels, imperiis

teritoriis darbeva gadawyvites?

rogorc iTqva, taxtze asvlis Semdeg valensis mTavari sazrunavi

imperiis SigniT ekonomikuri da samxedro mdgomareobis gamosworeba iyo.

erTerTi zoma korufciasTan brZola da imperiis sazRvrebSi

sagadasaxado procesis mkacri gakontroleba iyo. rogorc amiane da

Temistiusi acxadebdnen, arakontrolirebad vaWrobas dunaispireTSi

marTlac did qaosamde SeeZlo mieyvana politikuri mdgomareoba

(Temistiusi, 1991: Or. 10. 136; amiane marceline, 1935: 31.5.4). dunaispireTSi

korufcia farTod gavrcelebuli movlena iyo, xolo imperiis

jariskacebi ki, xSirad, ukanono ekonomikur saqmianobaSi iyvnen

CarTulni. guTebs martivad SeeZloT Tavi aeridebinaT gadasaxadebisTvis

da, amavdroulad, imperiis jaris umoqmedobis gamo, mciremasStabiani

laSqrobebic moewyoT (Temistiusi, 1991: Or. 10. 136-137; amiane marceline,

1935: 22.7.7, 26.4.5; zosime, 1982: 4.10.1). amis garda, imperia valdebuli iyo

guTebisTvis fuli gadaexada, rac konstantinopolSi radikalebs Soris

101

ukmayofilebas iwvevda (Sovo, 1998: 193-194). gauaresebuli urTierTobebis

kidev erTi mizezi gaxda, 367 wlisTvis, konstantine didis dros agebuli

xidis ganadgureba. xidis ararseboba mniSvnelovnad amcirebda

romaelebis samxedro ponencials _ Seteva ganexorcielebinaT dunais

gaRma. valensis ekonomikurma zomebma qveynis SigniT didi gavlena

moaxdina dunaispiras ukananono vaWrobis gasauqmeblad. es, Tavis mxriv,

guTebis ukmayofilebas iwvevda. sapasuxod, 365 wlis 19 ivniss, valensma

daavala provincia dakia ripensisis mmarTvels, aRedgina samxedro

infrastruqtura dunais gaswvriv (Teodosiusis kodeqsi, 1952: 15.1.13).

SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom dunaispireTSi vaWrobis mkacri gakontroleba

prokopis ajanyebamdec daiwyo, ramac aiZula guTebi valensis winaaRmdeg

gamosuliyvnen.

sainteresoa, rom prokopis damarcxebis Semdeg, valensis pozicia

fundamenturad ar Secvlila. imperatoris momxreni prokopis damarcxebas

sufTa gamarjvebad ganixilavdnen, Tumca ekonomikuri problemebi

imperiaSi arsad gamqrala da saerTo ukmayofilebis Tavidan

asacileblad, mas axladSemoRebuli gadasaxadebis gauqmeba mouwia. am

mxriv, sainteresoa TrakiaSi moRvawe auqsoniusis qmedebebi, romelic,

zosimes gadmocemiT (zosime, 1982: 4.9.2), mkacrad meTvalyureobda rame

saxis gadaWarbeba ar momxdariyo gadasaxadebis akrefvis dros. imperiis

ekonomikur mdgomareobas, agreTve, arTulebda samxedro konfrontacia

sasanianebTan, CrdiloeT mesopotamiaSi. amitomac, samxedro kampania

guTebis winaaRmdeg aRadgenda imperiis ekonomikur da samxedro wesrigs

dunaize.

ideologiur mizezebs aseve SeeZloT aeZulaT valensi omi daewyo.

valens ori mizani hqonda: gaaqarwla konstantine didis dinastiis mimarT

guTebis erTguleba; gamoesworebina Tavisi imperiuli imiji, romelic

sagrZnoblad Seilaxa prokopis ajanyebis gamo. valensis imperatoruli

prestiJis aRdgenas, marTlac, didi mniSvneloba hqonda.

romis respublikisa da gansakuTrebiT romis imperiis adreul

periodSi imperiis legionebma bevri triumfi gadaixades. IV saukuneSi ki,

viTareba radikalurad Seicvala. imperiis jarebi iseTi sixSiriT veRar

imarjvebdnen sagareo omebSi da gadaxdili triumfebis ricxvic sakmaod

102

Semcirda. savaraudod, 298 wels, imperator galeriusis gamarjveba

sasanianebTan omSi (blokli, 1992: 5-7) da iuliane gandegilis mier, 357

wels, argentorarumis (strasburgis) (brauningi, 1975: 84-88; boversoki,

1978: 40-41) brZolaSi barbarosebis damarcxeba, mxolod gamonaklisebs

warmoadgenda. sxva mxriv, didi samxedro gamarjvebebis mopoveba ufro

rTuli gaxda. amitomac, imperatorebis mier mosaxleobisTvis imperiis

uZlevelobis demonstrireba mniSvnelovani iyo (makormiki, 1986: 1-10, 36-46).

amis gakeTebis erTerTi kargi saSualeba iyo IV saukuneSi, imperatorebis

mier taxtis uzurpatorebze gamajvebebis aRniSvna. zogi imperatori

xSirad aWarbebda miRweuli gamarjvebis mniSvnelobas (meTiusi, 1989: 234).

miuxedavad imisa, rom `gamarjvebis mniSvnelobis gadaWarbeba~

gansakuTrebulad gavrcelda 378 wels adrianopolSi gancdili marcxis

Semdeg (makormiki, 1986: 41), valensis mdgomareoba aranakleb rTuli iyo.

amis ori mizezi arsebobda: prokopis ajanyeba iyo pirveli mcdeloba

CamoegdoT imperatori aRmosavleT romis imperiaSi; ajanyeba ara

provinciebSi, aramed, uSualod, dedaqalaqSi daiwyo. ajanyebam aCvena

raoden arastabilur mdgomareobaSi iyo valensi. Sesabamisad, guTebze

swrafi gamarjveba valensis problemebis umetes nawils moagvarebda.

369 wlis sazavo xelSekruleba

Temistiusi dunais, 368-369 wlebSi, orjer ewvia (vandespoeli, 1995:

138-173). man guTebTan molaprakebebSi aqtiuri monawileoba miiRo, rac

xsnis im faqts, rom mis sityvebSi Semonaxulia mniSvnelovani istoriuli

detalebi. zosimesTan (zosime, 1982: 4.11.4), ZiriTadad, igive weria rac

TemistiusTan, xolo amiane ki, mxolod tyveebis gacvlaze laparakobs

(amiane marceline, 1935: 27.5.10). zavis pirobebi Semdegia: 1. guTebisTvis,

TiTqmis, mTliani sazRvris Caketva vaWrobisTvis (garda ori

axladSeqmnili punqtisa); 2. romaelebma Sewyvites guTebis liderebisTvis

fulis gadaxda (Temistiusi, 1991: Or. 10. 135-136).

SegviZlia am pirobebis mixedviT, vilaparakoT imaze, Tu ra

miznebis miRweva surda valens (milari, 1982: 1-23)? amianes da zosimes

mixedviT, omi bizantielebis mier wamowyebuli sadamsjelo kampania iyo

(amiane marceline, 1935: 27.5.2). am mxriv, Temistiusis sityva gansxvavebul

103

cnobebs iZleva dunaispireTSi arsebul problemebze. rogorc ukve iyo

naTqvami, konstantines mier dadebulma zavma, droTa msvlelobaSi, cud

mdgomareobaSi Caagdo imperiis TavdacviTi infrastruqtura. amas unda

daematos romaelebis valdebuleba guTebisTvis yovelwlirad fuli

gadaexadaT. Temistiusi, Tavis sityvaSi, am sakiTxebze akeTebs aqcents da

iribad aRniSnavs, rom valenss yvelaze metad, zustad, am ori problemis

mogvareba surda.

Temistiusis sityvidan Cans, rom zavis dadebis Sedegad,

bizantielebma dunaisireTSi sazRvris gamagreba daiwyes. CrdiloeTSi

problemebis mogvarebiT, valenss, agreTve, surda Tavi aeridebina

erTdroualad or frontze omisgan.

amavdroulad, saWiroa imis Tqmac, rom valensis zomebi ar

iTvaliswinebda vaWrobis mTlianad Sewyvetas. omis Semdeg, imperiam

vaWroba mTlianad Tavis kontrols dauqvemdebara. es ki, kidev erTxel

amtkicebs vaWrobis mniSvnelobas imperiis sagareo politikaSi.

daskvnis saxiT SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom 369 wlis sazavo

xelSekrulebam mTlianad Secvala konstantine didis dros

dunaispireTSi miRweuli ZalTa balansi. rogorc naCvenebi iyo, amianes da

zosimes cnobebis miuxedavad, 367-369 wlebis omi ar dawyebula mxolod

guTebis mier prokopisTvis daxmarebis gawevis gamo. ufro metad, valenss,

364 wels, taxtze asvlisTanave, wilad xvda samxedro, ekonomikuri da

ideologiuri gamowvevebi, romelic axali imperatori aiZula guTebTan

pirdapir konfliqtSi Sesuliyo.

104

Tavi IV

bizantiis arabuli politika

gvian antikurobaSi

ax. w. pirveli sami saukunis ganmavlobaSi arabi nomadebi, romlebic

saxlobdnen siria-mesopotamiis udabnoSi iSviaTad Tu gvxvdebian romaul

wyaroebSi. mxolod IV saukunidan moyolebuli gviani romauli da

adreuli bizantiuri wyaroebi ganixilaven saracinebs (arabebis

saxelwodebis adreuli forma) (romaul wyaroebSi termini „arabis“ da

„saracinis“ SemoRebasTan dakavSirebiT sainteresoa grafi, 1997: 14-15;

Sahidi, 1984: 123-41), rogorc mniSvnelovan faqtors romaul-sparsul

urTierTobebSi. SeiZleba gamoiTqvas varaudi, rom saracinebis wina

planze wamoweva dakavSirebul unda iyos ardaSir I mier ax. w. 220-ian

wlebSi sasanuri saxelmwifos CamoyalibebiT, romelmac mTlianad

Secvala ZalTa balansi imdroindel maxlobel aRmosavleTSi (hovard-

jonstoni, 1995: 157-226; edveli, 2008: 7-30; greitreqsi, 1998: Tavi 2) samxreT

kavkasiidan moyolebuli arabeTis naxevarkunZulis ukidures samxreTamde.

aman, Tavis mxriv, gamoiwvia axali samokavSireo dajgufebebis Seqmna

sazRvrispira regionebSi. romisa da sasanuri iranis dapirispireba ki

iseT regionSi, rogoric aris siria-mesopotamiis udabno, iq mcxovreb

lokalur mmarTvelebs SesaZleblobas aZlevda meti Zalaufleba

moepovebinaT imperiebTan samxedro da politikuri aliansebis SekvriT da

ekonomikuri sargeblis mopovebiT.

bevri ram daiwera ukanasknel periodSi arabebis rolze konstan-

tinopolis aRmosavlur politikaSi V_VI saukuneebSi. mkvlevarebs Soris

arsebuli gansxvavebebi romis imperiaSi islamamdeli arabebis rolis

aRqmaSi kargad asaxavs im saerTo diskurss, romelic dawyebulia

105

arabebis mniSvnelobaze romsa da sasanuri iranis urTierTobebSi. iseTi

mkvlevarebi rogoric arian maikl uitbi da mark uitou miiCneven, rom

arabebi naklebad mniSvnelovanni iyvnen (vitbi, 1992: 80; vitou, 1999: 216),

maSin rodesac sxvebi – magaliTad irfan Sahidi – arabebs zedmetad

mniSvnelovan rols aniWeben da Rasanidebis konfederaciis erTerT

dinastias, jafnidebs, romis aRmosavluri TavdacviTi strategiis

qvakuTxeds uwodeben (Sahidi, 1995: 646). sartrs, robensa da fiSers ki

gansxvavebuli pozicia ukaviaT da cdiloben kompromisuli azri

daafiqsiron (fiSeri, 2011; sartri, 1982; robeni, 2008). Tumca, erTi

mniSvnelovani damaxasiaTebeli am yvela kvlevisTvis aris is, rom

yuradReba ZiriTadad gamaxvilebulia bizantiur-arabul urTierTobebis

politikur da religiur aspeqtebze, xolo naklebad ki arabebis rolze

savaWro gzebis dacvaze da Tu ramdenad Sors moaxerxes romis mokavSire

arabebma sakuTari gavlena gaevrcelebinaT imperiuli sazRvris iqeT

siria-mesopotamiis udabnosa da arabeTis naxevarkunZulis CrdiloeT

nawilSi – hijazSi. Sesabamisad, SemoTavazebul naSromSi ZiriTadi

yuradReba gadatanili iqneba ekonomikur faqtorebze, raze dayrdnobiTac

wamoyenebuli iqneba idea, rom Talabidebis (kidev erTi dinastia

RasanidTa konfederaciidan) aRzeveba 502 wels, xolo jafnidebis ki –

528 wels, gamowveuli iyo romis aRmosavlur provinciebSi – arabeTsa da

palestina III – savaWro gzebis dacvis saWiroebiT. rac Seexeba

geografiul pirobebs, naCvenebi iqneba, rom is, rasac romaelebi

Seejaxnen siria-mesopotamiis udabnoSi realurad iyo Ria sazRvari,

romelic xels uwyobda arabebis warmatebas romTan urTierTobaSi da,

amavdroulad, zRudavda kidevac maTi moqmedebis areals. daviwyeb

geografiuli pirobebis aRweriT, radgan siria-mesopotamiis landSaftma

umeteswilad gansazRvra romisa da arab tomebs Soris urTierTobebi.

geografiuli pirobebi

siria-mesopotamiis vake did da sakmaod mdidar teritorias

warmoadgenda, romlis bunebrivi pirobebi ganisazRvreba mTebiT,

romlebic mis garSemoa – palestinis, libanis, antilibanis da amanusis

mTebi dasavleTiT, tavris mTebi CrdiloeTiT da zagrosis –

106

aRmosavleTiT (geografiuli mimoxilvisTvis ix. isaaki, 1990: 9-14; foudeni,

1999: 1-4; doneri, 1981: 91-2; fiSeri, 2011: 26-9). Tumca, es mTebi ar

warmoadgenda gadaulaxav barierebs, radgan vaWrobiTa da mesaqonleobiT

siria da mesopotamia dakavSirebuli iyo udabnos landSaftTan (aq da

Semdeg ix. ruka 1). zagrosis mTebi gadaWimulia sparseTis yuridan

Tanamedrove qurTistanamde da acalkevebs siria-mesopotamiis vakes mZime

klimatis mqone iranuli platosgan. qurTistanis miRma zagrosi ebmis

somxur tavrs, romelic Tavis mxriv grZeldeba samxreT-dasavleT

anatoliasaken, sadac is tavris ZiriTad mTebs uerTdeba. siria-

misepotamiis vakeze amaRlebuli tavris mTebi iyo sakmaod mkveTri, rac

gadaulaxavi barieris STabeWdilebas tovebda, Tumca mTebSi arsebuli

sami gadasavleli martivad aZlevda saSualebas nebismier did Zalas

(iqneba es romi Tu irani), romelsac ekava regioni, daekavSirebina

aRmosavleT armenia mesopotamiis CrdiloeTTan da ufro CrdiloeTiT

samxreT kavkasiis qveynebTan (hovard-jonstoni, 2009: 436). siria-

mesopotamiis vakis ukidures CrdiloeT-dasavleTiT, mdinare orontesi

miedineba xmelTaSua zRvaSi, riTac garkveul zRudes qmnida udabnosa da

romaul palestinaSi mcxovreb adamianebs Soris. amrigad,

garSemortymuli mTebiT yvela mxridan garda samxreT sazRvrisa, siria-

mesopotamiis vake zRvis donidan ufro maRla mdebareobs (daaxl. 500 m.)

vidre xmelTaSuazRvispireTis sanapiro levantSi.

siria-mesopotamiis vakis umetesi nawili SeiZleba aRiweros rogorc

stepi, xeebis mcire raodenobiT, Tumca mdidari miwebiT garSemortymuli.

sezonuri wvimebi arsebuli landSaftis nawilobriv saxecvlas iwvevda,

kerZod ki buCqebis da balaxis droebiTi amosvliT, rac umeteswilad

gansazRvravda mesaqonleebis moZraobas. stepi potencialiT gansxvavdeba

udabnosgan, radgan potenciurad SesaZlebelia misi nawilobriv

damuSaveba.

siriis stepi aRmosavleTiT mesopotamias erwymis. magram Tavisi

zomisa da mravalferovnebis gamo, siria-mesopotamiis vake ver

kontroldeboda am teritoriaze macxovrebTa erTi romelime jgufis

mier. amis sanacvlod, momTabareni, miwaTmoqmedni, xelosnebi, vaWrebi,

sasuliero pirebi da jariskacebi, realurad, simbiozs qmnidnen. am vakis

107

aRmosavleT, CrdiloeT da dasavleT napirebi sakmaod mWidrod

dasaxlebuli iyo, xolo macxovreblebi, gansakuTrebiT ki aRmosavleT

nawilSi, sxvadasxva modgmis da religiuri mrwamsis xalxs

warmoadgendnen – cecxlTayvanismcemlebi, ebraelebi, nestorianuli

mimarTulebis qristianebi, qalkedonelebi, poliTeistebi da sxvebi

(foudeni, 1999: 4).

moZraoba stepebSi ramdenime formas iZenda: sezonuri migracia,

savaWro mogzauroba, omi da piligrimoba (momlocveloba) (doneri, 1981:

11-49). zemoT ganxilulma bunebrivma pirobebma ganapiroba is, rom

politikuri sazRvari romis imperiasa da sasanur irans Soris sxva

araferi iyo, Tu ara pirobiTi zoli da xSirad monacvleobda sakmaod

mniSvnelovani teritoriiT. arabebis unari martivad da swrafad

gadaelaxaT mTeli siria-mesopotamiis udabno, gadaaqcia isini Zlier

iaraRad imperiebs Soris warmoebul omebSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom arabi

tomebisgan momdinare safrTxe mciremasStabiani, Tumca ekonomikisTvis

didi zianis momtani TavdasxmebiT Semoifargleboda, erTaderTi gza

aseTi Setevebis SeCerebisTvis iyo sawinaaRmdego arabuli dajgufebis

Seqmna.

rogorc es romis aRmosavluri sazRvris geografiuli mimoxilva

gviCvenebs romsa da irans warmoebuli omebis mTavari areali

mdebareobda CrdiloeT siriasa da mcire aziis aRmosavleT nawilSi.

sazRvari udabnoSi provinciebSi palestina III arabeTi ar warmoadgenda

uSualo sazRvars iranTan, xolo udabno aRmosavleTiT gadaulaxavi iyo

orive didi saxelmwifosaTvis. sxva sityvebiT, strategiuli brZolis

veli or imperias Soris iyo provincia osroena da CrdiloeTi

mesopotamia, 363 wlis Semdeg qalaq nisibinis dasavleTiT mdebare

sazRvriT (blokli, 1992: 24-30).

yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, unda aRiniSnos, rom qveynis

usafrxoebis TvalsazrisiT romis aRmosavlur sazRvars mniSvnelovani

strategiuli nakli gaaCnda. viwro teritoria, romelic gadioda sinais

naxevarkuZulidan tavris mTebamde iseTi qalaqebiT, rogoric aris

antioqia, ierusalimi da damasko, SeiZleboda martivad moqceuliyo

mZlavri arabul Tavdasxmis msxverpli samxreTidan, xolo CrdiloeTidan

108

ki – sasanianebisgan. sxva sityvebiT, imperiis sazRvris am monakveTze ar

arsebobda raime bunebrivi barieri, romelic palestinas da siriis

mdidar qalaqebs daicavda udabnodan mosuli mtrisagan. romis imperiul

jarebs arabuli ZalebisTvis unda gaewiaT winaaRmdegoba am

ukanasknelisTvis moxerxebul Ria velze. geografiuli pirobebi

imperiul jarebs xels ar uwyobda gamoeyenebinaT strategiuli

(teritoriuli) siRrme mtris mosagerieblad.62 erTaderTi gamosavali

konstantinopoliTvis iyo sakuTari arabuli klientelis63 Seqmna

daefinansebinaT..

bizantiis arabuli sazRvris Taviseburebani

CrdiloeT mesopotamiidan samxreTiT aqabas yuremde moyolebuli

romis sazRvris mTavari maxasiaTebeli iyo arabi tomebisagan momdinare

mciremasStabiani Semosevebis safrTxe, romelic drodadro seriozul

xasiaTsac iRebda, Tumca egzistencialur safrTxes ar uyenebda romis

aRmosavluri provinciebs. sxva sityvebiT, konstantinopolis politikur

kontrols siria-palestinaSi, grZelvadian pespeqtivaSi, strategiuli

safrTxe ar emuqreboda (grafi, 1997: 6-7, 12-15, 341-356, sadac avtori

sakmarisad ar afasebs arabebisgan momdinare safrTxes; parkeri, 2006: 551-

552). miuxedavad amisa, unda aRiniSnos, rom mciremasStabian Semosevebs

SeeZloT SesamCnevi ekonomikuri ziani mieyenebinaT siria-palestinisTvis.

geografiulma eqskursma gviCvena, rom arab meomrebs problemebi ar

hqondaT konstantinopolis kontrolirebad teritoriaze SesaRwevaT. es

kargad Cans wminda ieronimes monaTxrobSi, rodesac 414 wels is werda,

rom arabebi da aragenebi (dResdReisobiT saracinebaT wodebulni)

aRwevdnen qalaq ierusalimis kedlebs (ieronime, 1996: 129.20-23).

Teodoreti, siriis qalaq kirosSi 423 wlidan moRvawe sasuliero piri,

Tavis Historia Religiosa-Si, aRniSnavs, Tu rogor axerxeben erTmaneTisadmi

mtrulad ganwyobili arabi tomebi beroeasa (alepo) da antioqias Soris

                                                            62 strategiuli siRrmis kargi magaliTia bizantiis provincia Trakia balkaneTSi, romelic saSualebas aZlevda konstantinopols warmatebiT moegierebina guTebis da ufro mZlavri nomadi xalxebis hunebisa da avarebis Semosevebi. 63 klienti – damokidebuli. romis imperiaSi, ZiriTadad, patara mokavSire xalxebTan mimarTebaSi gamoiyeneboda.

109

mdebare wminda simeonis adgilsamyofelamde misvlas locvisaTvis

(Teodoreti, 1843: XXVI.11-16, 21). arab liderebs, agreTve, martivad

SeeZloT gamoecvalaT sakuTari imperiuli patroni da meore mxares

gadasuliyvnen, riTac areulobas iwvevdnen ori didi imperiis

sazRvrebze. ase, magaliTad, aspebetusma, romelic Tavdapirvelad iyo

sasanianebis arabi mokavSire, daaxloebiT ax. w. 420 wels gadawyvita

romaelTa mxareze gadasuliyo riTac moxda siria-mesopotamiis udabnoSi

ZalTa balansis xelaxali gadanawileba (kirile skifopoleli, 1991: 14).

arabebisTvis gaweuli mxardaWera romis samxreT-aRmosavlur

sazRvarze ufro mkveTri gaxda VI saukunis dasawyisSi. es iyo pirdapiri

Sedegi 502 wels romsa da sasanianebs Soris didi Sesvenebis Semdeg

ganaxlebuli samxedro moqmedebebis Sedegi (greitreqsi, 1998: 73-118) da im

movlenebis, romlebic moxda romis arabul provinciaSi. Teofanes

qronografisgan Cven viciT, rom 497-502 wlebSi arabuli dajgufebebi

warmatebul Semosevebs axorcielebdnen romaul palestinasa da samxreT

siriaSi (Teofane bizantieli, 1997: AM 5995). es procesi dasrulda 502

wlis sazavo xelSekrulebiT, romelSic salihidebi Seicvalnen, rogorc

romis umTavresi mokavSire dajgufeba siria-mesopotamiis udabnosa da

stepSi (Teofane bizantieli, 1997: AM 5995). salihidebi am rols zemo

xsenebul xelSekrulebamde ori saukunis ganmavlobaSi asrulebdnen da

romaelebis mier aRiarebulebi iyvnen, rogorc romauli arabeTis

filarxebi (mmarTvelebi). unda aRiniSnos, rom isini sakmaod

warmatebulad axorcielebdnen palestina-samxreT siriis sazRvris

dacvas da mniSvnelovan imperiul savaWro gzebsac akontrolebdnen,

romlebic provincias kveTda. Tumca, VI saukunis dasawyisisTvis, xolo

amisTvis ki arsebobs saTanado cnobebi, salihidebis roli Sesustda da

isini efeqturad veRar axorcielebdnen romauli teritoriebis dacvas

(sartri, 1985: 155-162).

is, Tu ra SeTanxmebas miaRwies 502 wels, dRemde ar aris bolomde

garkveuli. ori varaudi arsebobs: 1. xelSekrulebam Caanacvla romis

salihidi mokavSireebi kinditebiTa da jafnidebiT (sxva arabi tomebiT

RasanianTa konfederaciidan) (sartri, 1985: 155-162; Sahidi, 1995: 3-12;

greitreqsi, 1998: 29; vati, trombli, 2000: 69; haareri, 2006: 34-6; parkeri, 2006:

110

567); 2. xelSekruleba daido mxolod TalabidTa liderTan al-hariTTan

(robeni, 2008: 178). miuxedavad imisa, rom Teofane aRniSnavs, rom 502 wlis

xelSekrulebis Semdeg mTeli palestina, arabeTi da finikia srul

usafrTxoebaSi imyofebodnen (Teofane bizantieli, 1997: AM 5995) da

yovelive es unda miuTiTebdes imaze, rom jafnidTa lideri jabala

(romelic romis provinciebs arbevda 497 wlidan) iZulebuli iyo romis

xelisuflebasTan kompromisisTvis mieRwia, amis bevri kontrargumenti

arsebobs. robeni, sakmaod kargi argumentaciiT, aRniSnavs, rom

Talabidebi da jafnidebi ar SeiZleba gaigivebul iqnas, radgan

wyaroebSi erTad ar arian naxsenebi (vitou, 1999: 212-213). agreTve, arsad

aris naxsenebi, rom jafnidebi CrdiloeT-aRmosavleT arabeTSi mcxovreb

mudaris toms ukavSirdebodnen robeni, 1996: 696-697). savaraudod, areta,

romelmac 502 wels xelSekruleba dado imperator anastasiusTan,

TalabidTa warmomadgeneli iyo, tomi Rasanidebis konfederaciidan

(robeni, 1996: 699).

yvela zemomoyvanili magaliTi mianiSnebs imaze, rom is rasac

romaelebi Seejaxnen siria-palestinis udabnos napirze, iyo Ria,

bunebrivi barierebis armqone sazRvari, rac moZraobis sakmaod maRali

koeficientiT gamoirCeoda da gansakuTrebiT sasargeblo iyo arabi

dajgufebebisTvis, rogorc ekonomikurad, aseve politikurad.

jafnidebi moqmedebaSi

528 wlis Semdeg da 531 wels kalinikumis samxedro kampaniis Catare-

bamde, imperator iustinianem (527-565 ww.) jafnid al-hariTs uboZa mefis

tituli. amis mizezi kargad aris axsnili iustinianes omebis aRmwer

istorikos prokopisTan, romelic aRniSnavs, rom al-hariTis aRzeveba iyo

pirdapiri reaqcia imisa, rom:

`...alamundaras (al-mundirma), romelsac mefis tituli hqonda da

marTavda saracins sparseTSi, Tavisi armiiT yovelTvis SeeZlo Tavs

dasxmoda romaul teritorias; arcerT romael mxedarTmTavars,

romelTac isini eZaxian mTavrebs (duces) da romaelebTan dakavSirebul

saracinTa arcerT liders, romelic iwodebobdnen filarxebaT, ar

111

SeeZloT alamundarasis SeCereba.~ (BP. 1.28.45-46)

al-mundiris Semosevebis warmateba mravalmxriv ganpirobebuli iyo

geografiuli pirobebiT. al-mundiri cnobili iyo swrafi Setevebis

ganxorcielebiT, saqaravno obieqtebis gaqurdviT da romaelebis

kontrSetevibisgan Tavis aridebiT. am uknasknelebs ki mkacri bunebrivi

pirobebi xel ar uwyobda siria-mesopotamiis udabnos SigniT

Sesuliyvnen. xolo Tu romaelebi amas ganaxorcielebdnen, es ZiriTadad

maTi marcxiT mTavrdeboda, rogorc, magaliTad VI saukunis dasawyisSi,

roca ori romaeli mxedarmTavari timostrate da ioane tyved Cauvardnen

sparselebTan Sekrul arabebs (prokopi kesarieli, 1914-1940: 17.43-44). VI

saukunis dasawyisisTvis, wina ramdenime aTwleulTan mkveTri

gansxvavebiT, sakmaod naTeli gaxda Semdegi realoba: sasanianebTan

kavSirSi myof nasridebs, al-mundiris meTaurobiT, martivad SeeZloT

mTel siria-mesopotamiis udabnos gaswvriv Setevebis ganxorcieleba da

ufro metic, samxreT siriasac aRwevdnen (prokopi kesarieli, 1914-1940: BP.

18.1-4). meore mniSvnelovani faqti is aris, rom al-mundiris mier

ganxorcielebuli Setevebi warmoadgenda ara tipiur mciremasStabian

omebs ori didi imperiis arab mokavSireebs Soris, aramed moicavda

bizantiis safortifikacio nagebobebis ganadgurebas, ekonomikisTvis

SesamCnevi zianis miyenebas da adamianTa didi raodenobis amoJletvas

(parkeri, 2006: 567). da bolos, aranakleb mniSvnelovania isic, rom al-

mundirs martivad SeeZlo romis profesionali sajariso SenaerTebis

damarcxeba.

Sesabamisad, jafnidebis statusSi amaRleba da al-hariTisTvis mefis

wodebis gadacema pirdapiri reaqcia iyo sasanianebis mokavSire nas-

ridebisgan momdinare samxedro safrTxisagan.

arsebuli cnobebidan Cven SegviZlia gamovsaxoT is sami ZiriTadi

movaleoba, romelic ekisreboda jafnid filarxebs, rogorc romaeleTa

mokavSireebs (isaaki, 1990: 243):

1. romis imperiis sazRvris gaswvriv an gadaRma arsebuli

teritoriis dacva mtruli tomebisagan an sasanianebis mfarvelobaSi

myofi arabuli dajgufebebis Setevebis SeCereba.

112

2. drodadro daxmarebis gaweva adgilobrivi imperiuli

administraciisTvis provinciaSi, wesrigis dasamyareblad anda

SesanarCuneblad, rogorc es filarxma gauwia daxmareba romaelebs

samaritelTa ajanyebis CaxSobaSi (sartri, 1982: 168-170).

3. imperiis samxedro kampaniebSi monawileobis miReba. maTi

monawileoba SeiZleboda ramdenime saxis yofiliyo: arab mokavSireebs

romsa da sasanianTa imperias Soris omebisas SeeZloT palestina-siriis

teritoriebis dacva, an romis imperiul jarebTan erTad Tavisi wvlilis

Setana mesopotamiaSi brZolebisas (magaliTad 531 wels brZola

kalinikumTan) (prokopi kesarieli, 1914-1940: BP. 1.28.30-37).

romaelebisTvis jafnidebis aRzeveba axal statusSi iyo mcdeloba

Tavisi siria-mesopotomiis sazRvris gaswvriv mcxovreb arabebSi

Zalauflebis axali ierarqia SeeqmnaT. agreTve, unda aRiniSnos isic, rom

romidan arabi liderebisaTvis momdinare mxardaWera iqneba es titulebis

(mag. patrikiosi) gadacemiT, Tu finansuri mxardaWeriT, romelime

aRiarebuli arabi filarxisTvis ar gamoricxavda imperiasTan

dakavSirebuli erTdroulad ramdenime filarxis arsebobas. ase, al-

hariTisTvis mefis titulis gadacemiT, am arabi lideris mmarTvelobis

areali, ZiriTadad, romauli arabeTiT iyo Semofargluli. arc mas da

arc mis Svils al-mundirs (ar agverios sasanianebTan kavSirSi myof al-

mundirTan) ar gauvrcelebiaT Tavisi gavlena provincia palestina III-ze,

romelic romaelebTan dakavSirebul sxva filarxis abuqarabosis

(ixileT qvemoT) gavlenis qveS iyo (prokopi kesarieli, 1914-1940: BP. 1.17.47).

mefis tituli avtomaturad ar niSnavda mTel provinciaze an sasazRvro

regionze arabi mmarTvelisTvis sruli kontrolis gadacemas. imperiis

provinciul mmarTvelebs Tu samxedro ierarqiis saTaveSi mdgom mTavrebs

(laTinuri duces) SeunarCundaT arsebuli uflebebi da arab klientebTan

erTad mmarTvelobiT simbiozs qmnidnen (robeni, 2008: 180).

aRmoCenili ramdenime warwera siria-mespotamiis udabnosa da

romauli levantis teritoriaze metyvelebs jafnidebis gavlenis

gavrcelebis ukidures wertilebze. kasr al-xair al-RarbiSi, patara

dasaxlebaSi damaskosa da emesas Soris, 559 wliT daTariRebuli

berZnuli warwera axsenebs jafnidi areTasis mmarTvelobas. meore

113

warwera, aRmoCenili al-bujSi, romelic mdebreobda romaul provincia

libanis finikiaSi (Phoenicia Libanensis), axsenebs patrikiuss da filarxs

flavius alamundaross. sergiopolisSi (Tanamedrove al-rusafa),

romelic mdebareobda siria da mesopotamiis sazRvarze, SenobaSi,

romelic aigo qalaqis SemogarenSi, napovni iqna Semdegi warwera: `dideba

al-mundirs~ (foudeni, 1999: 151). damaskosa da bosras Soris, erTerT

saxlze aRmoCenili da 578 wliT daTariRebuli warwera aseve

moixseniebs jafnidTa al-mundirs (hoilandi, 2009: 119). miuxedavad am

cnobebisa da arabi mmarTvelebis realuri Zalauflebisa romaul

arabeTsa da palestinaSi, mainc unda aRiniSnos, rom maTi Zalaufleba ar

cdeboda e. w. strata Diocletiana-s (milari, 2009), – imperator diokletianes

mier arakontrolirebadi arabi tomebis winaaRmdeg agebul TavdacviT

xazs. SeiZleba romaelebis mier arabi filarxebis qmedebebis iseTi

mWidro kontroli gamowveuli iyo jafnidebis sisustiT, uunarobiT

SeeCerebinaT agresiuli nasridebis meTauri al-mundiri, Tumca es

metyvelebs imazec, rom romaelebi frTxilobdnen arabi liderebisaTvis

zedmeti uflebebis gadacemas, rac maT uzomod gadidebul Zalauflebas

arakontrolirebads gaxdida. romaul mkacr kontrolze metyvelebs is

faqtic, rom jafnidebi iSviaTad Tu figurirebdnen damoukideblad

samxedro laSqrobebis mowyobaSi. erTaderTi gamonaklisi mesopotamiaSi

541 wels samxedro kampaniis Catareba iyo, rodesac jafnidebmda

soflebis Zarcvas mihyves xeli (prokopi kesarieli, 1914-1940: BP. 2.19.15-22).

saintereso magaliTia e. w. `kamaTi strata-s garSemo~. 540 wels xosro

anuSirvanma Tavisi mokavSire arabebis meTaurs al-mundirs sTxova, raime

saxis mizezi moepovebina 532 wels konstantinopolTan dadebuli zavis

dasarRvevad. al-mundirma al-hariTs brali wauyena siria-mesopotamiis

udabnoSi imperiebis arab mokavSireebs Soris gavlebuli sazRvrebis

darRvevaSi. es xazi – strata – samxreT siriidan samxreTiT palmiramde

gadioda. al-hariTi miiCnevda, rom radgan strata laTinuri sityvaa,

Sesabamisad, is Zveli droidan romaelebs miekuTvneboda, xolo al-

mundiri ki miiCnevda, rom am teritoriaze mcxovrebi arabi tomebi mas

gadasaxadebs ugzavnidnen (prokopi kesarieli, 1914-1940: BP. 2.1.1-9).

114

sabolood, xosrom iustinianesTan omi sxva mizezebis gamo ganaaxla,

Tumca prokopisTan Semonaxuli es pasaJi sainteresoa ramdenime kuTxiT:

rogor inawileben ori imperiis mokavSire arabebi siria-mesopotamiis

udabnos; wyaros es nawyveti agreTve sainteresoa imis gasarkvevad, Tu

sad iyo bizantielebis mokavSireebis gavlenis gavrcelebis geografiuli

limiti. Tu al-mundiris sityvebs davijerebT, rom is gadasaxadebs

krefda strata-s gaswvriv mcxovrebi arabebisagan, maSin SegviZlia Semdegi

daskvna gavakeToT: sasanianebis mokavSire arabebi qalaq al-hiradan

(Tanamedrove saudis arabeTsa da erayis sazRvarze mdebare qalaqi)

efeqturad axerxebdnen kontrolis damyarebas TiTqmis mTel siria-

mesopotamiis sazRvarze, uSualod romis provinciul sazRvramde.

Sesabamisad, gabalasis Svilis, areTasis, aRzeveba romaelebis mier

unda ganvixiloT, rogorc (msgavsad robenis msjlobisa) erTerTi nabiji

samxedro sakiTxebSi da imperiis aRmosavluri provinciebisTvis

usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofaSi. erTi mxriv, jafnidebi romaelebs

imperiis provinciebis dacvaSi gauwevdnen daxmarebas, meore mxriv ki,

saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, monawileobas miiRebdnen samxedro kampaniebSi,

rogorc sasanianebis mokavSire arabebis winaaRmdeg, agreTve sakuTriv

sasanuri imperiis jarebis winaaRmdegac romis damxmare jarebis saxiT

(robeni, 1996: 180). SeiZleba gamoiTqvas varaudi, rom jafnidebis wina

planze wamowevis Semdeg maTi gavlena efeqtianad ver axerxebda

sasanianebis klientebis nasridebis Setevebis SeCerebas, xolo romaelebi

mTlianad ar emyarebodnen jafnidebis samxedro Zalas siria-mesopotamiis

sazRvris gasakontroleblad. mxolod nasridi al-mundiris

mmarTvelobis bolos da gansakuTrebulad ki am ukanasknelis

gardacvalebis Semdeg, jafnidebma moaxerxes sakuTari gavlenis

gavrceleba siria-mesopotamiis udabnos siRrmeebSi.64

ekonomikuri faqtorebi

rogorc iyo naCvenebi, romaelebi nawilobriv warumatebelni iyvnen

siria-palestinis Ria sazRvarze usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofaSi. rodesac

                                                            64 sainteresoa isic, rom jafnidebma nasridebis winaaRmdeg gadamwyveti Seteva mxolod 570 wels miitanes da maTi dedaqalaqi al-hirac gadawves (fiSeri, 2011: 95-9).

115

zemoxsenebuli amorkesosi gavida iranis gavlenidan da gadawyvita

romaelebis teritoriaze dasaxlebuliyo, mas realurad ar gaaCnda rame

saxis winaRoba 473 wels, aqabas yureSi vaWrobisTvis mniSvnelovan

kunZulis iotabes dapyrobaSi da iqidan romaeli sagadaxado sistemis

biurokratebis gandevnaSi. rodesac maSindelma imperatorma leom naxa,

rom mis xelT im momentisTvis ar arsebobda raime xerxi arabi lideris

SesaCereblad, gadawyvita misi imperiul klienturaSi Cabma da filarxis

tituli uboZa. imoeratorma leom es gaakeTa, miuxedavad imisa, rom

konstantinopols iranTan dadebuli xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad, imperiebs

uari unda eTqvaT romelime gaqceuli arabi lideris miRebaze Tavisi

imperiebis farglebSi. amorkesosis iZulebiT filarxad aRiareba

romaelTa TavdacviTi xazebis sisusteze metyvelebda (letciosi, 1987: 533).

iotabeze sakuTari Zalauflebis damyarebam saSualeba misca arab

filarxs kontroli daewesebina or mniSvnelovan savaWro gzaze,

romelic samxreT arabeTidan xmelTaSua zRmade midioda. pirveli,

garSemo arsebul miwebze, kerZod CrdiloeT hijazsa da palestina III-is

teritoriebze kontrolis dawesebiT, amorkesos martivad SeeZlo

gadaeketa sazRvao gzebi mewamuli or portamde - klismasa da ialamde

(haareri, 2006: 42-43); meore savaWro gza bosradan meqamde miemarTeboda

(sartri, 1985: 127-28, 132-135). mas SeeZlo ara mxolod gzebis blokireba,

aramed agreTve xelT igdo sagadasaxado postebi, riTac imperias

finansuri danakargic miayena (sartri, 1982: 154-155).

aRmosavluri vaWroba mniZvnelovani iyo romis imperiisTvis

(pigulevskaia, 1951: 55-80). xmelTaSua zRvis portebamde indoeTidan da

CineTidan uamravi saqoneli Cadioda. ori savaWro gza iyo yvelaze

mniSvnelovani: pirveli – saxmeleTo gadioda umeteswilad sasanuri

iranis teritoriis gavliT; xolo meore sazRvao, indoeTis okeanisa

(eritreis zRva, rogorc is iyo cnobili romaeli vaWrebisa da

mogzaurebisTvis) da mewamuli zRviT klismas portamde sinais

naxevarkunZulis gavliT (saidboTami, 2009: 329-352). meore gzis arCevis

SemTxvevaSi, romael vaWrebs uwevdaT agreTve tabrobanes (Tanamedrove

Sri-lanka) kunZulamde CaRwevac (pigulevskaia, 1951: 184-191). IV saukunidan

romaelebs Tavisufali mimosvla hqondaT eTiopiis portebSi da martivad

116

aRwevdnen arabeTis naxevarkunZulis dasavleT napirs. aqedan ki saqoneli

indoeTidan aRwevda siriasa da palestinas mniSvnelovan qalaq petras

gavliT (pigulevskaia, 1951: 184-191). Tumca, miuxedavad amisa, romaelebi

mainc didi problemis winaSe idgnen, kerZod ki is, rom imperiis vaWrebi

gverds ver uvlidnen iranel mezRvaurebs, romelTa gemebi mTlianad

akontrolebdnen rogorc samxedro TvalsazrisiT, ise ekonomikurad,

sparseTis yures da indoeTTan misasvlel sazRvao gzebs (prokopi

kesarieli, 1914-1940: BP. 1.20.11-13). Sesabamisad, indoeTTan vaWrobis

monopolia sasanianebis mier iwvevda fasebis mkveTr zrdas importul

nawarmze. alternatiuli gzis monaxva ki gamoiwvevda fasebis dacemas

(rubini, 1989: 393), radgan abreSumis SetanisTvis bizantia realurad ver

acdeboda sasanianebs, iqneboda es samxreT kavkasiis, Tu mesopotamiis

savaWro gzebiT, optimaluri gamosavali konstantinopolisTvis iyo

nawarmis yidva comites commerciorum-ebis daxmarebiT SedarebiT dabal fa-

sad (rubini, 1989: 393). sasanianebi aranakleb iyvnen dainteresebulebi arse-

buli ekonomikuri mdgomareobiT. monopolia Soreul aRmosavleTTan, an

samxreT aziasTan vaWrobaSi sasanian monarqebs saSualebas miscemda dama-

tebiTi gadasaxadebi aekrifaT xazinis Sesavsebad da ramdenime frontze

erTdroulad ewarmoebinaT omi, rac iyo yvelaze didi problema

sasanianebisTvis (SahanSah kavadis magaliTi am xriv TvalsaCinoa,

rodesac fulis naklebobis gamo mas mouwia 502 wels

konstantinopolTan didi xnis win dadebuli zavis darRveva da omis

dawyeba) (greitreqsi, 1998: 7-42). Sesabamisad, savsebiT logikuria

sasanianebis mcdelobebi, yvelanairi xerxiT SeeCerebinaT romelTa

gavlenis gavrceleba arabeTis naxevarkunZulze. konstantinopolis SiSi,

rom iranis savaWro monopolia sabolood arabeTze misi politikuri

gavlenis gavrcelebiT dasruldeboda, gamarTlda, rodesac SahanSah

xosro anuSirvanma sakuTari mmarTvelobis bolos, samxedro razmebi

gagzavna arabeTis naxevarkunZulis samxreTi nawilis iemenis dasapyrobad.

es samxedro wamowyeba warmatebiT dasrulda da samxreT arabeTi

muhamedis da arabebis laSqrobebamde sasanianTa imperiis farglebSi

Sedioda (gaJda, 2009: 152).

Sesabamisadn, 498 wels zemoxsenebuli iotabes kunZulis xelaxla

117

dakaveba romauli jarebiT, mxedarTmTavari romanusis mier, unda

ganixilos rogorc konstantinopolis xelaxali mzadyofna, daemyarebina

kontroli samxreT savaWro gzaze (Teofane bizantieli, 1997: AM 5990).

iotabes sxvis xelSi gadasvliT imperias didi Semosavali akldeboda da

Sesabamisad, unda vivaraudoT, rom 498 wels samxedro moqmedebebis

Catarebis gadawyvetileba miRebuli iqna ara lokalur, administraciul,

aramed umaRles, imperiul doneze. 498 wlis Semdeg, imperiuli ediqtiT

axali Tanamdebobac – commerciarius – gaCnda kunZul iotabeze (haareri,

2006: 45-46).

rac Seexeba arab filarxebs, romis sustad dacul sazRvarTan

yofnisas, maT SeeZlebodaT ara mxolod samxedro daxmarebis gaweva

imperiisTvis sasanianebTan omebis dros, aramed, agreTve, uzrunveleyoT

gadasaxadebis modineba savaWro gzebis dacviT. romaelebisTvis ar iyo

ucxo arabi tomebis beladebis gamoyeneba savWro gzebis dasacavad

imperiis sazRvrebs gareT. III saukunemde, magaliTad, savaWro gza ailadan

qalaq bosramde, realurad imperator traianes mier agebul gzaze

gadioda. nabateelebi exmarebodnen romaelebs saqaravno gzis, vaWrebis

da da sxva saWiro infrastruqturis dacvaSi (grafi, 1997: 3).

imave dros, rodesac imperatorma iustinianem zemoxsnebuli jafnidi

al-hariTi mefis rangSi aiyvana, man agreTve win wamowia vinme

aboqarabusi, warmoSobiT arabi da daniSna is palestinis sazRvarze

mcxovrebi arabebis meTaurad. prokopi kesarielis Tanaxmad:

“es sanapiro (arabeTis) romelic aris palestinis miRma, saracinebis

xelSia, romelnic dasaxldnen palmis tyeebSi (Phoinikon). es tyeebi Sida

regionSi mdebareoben da vrceldebian miwis did monakveTze, romelzec

palmebis garda araferi izrdeba. imperator iustinianem es palmis tyeebi

saracinebis mmarTvelisagan aboqaribosagan saCuqrad miiRo da

imperatoris mier daniSnul iqna palestinaSi saracinebis mbrZaneblad. da

es ukanaskneli yovelTvis icavda miwas Zarcvisgan...~ (prokopi kesarieli,

1914-1940: BP 1.19.8-14)

118

palmis tyeebi an Phoinikon, rogorc maT berZnulad uwodeben, unda

yofiliyo CrdiloeTi hijazi (arabeTis naxevarkunZulis CrdiloeTi

nawili) (robeni, 1996: 180). palestina III-Si aboqarabosma Caanacvla

Talabidi al-hariTi, romelic 528 wels sasanianebis mokavSire arabi al-

mundiris mier moikla (robeni, 1996: 180). aboqarabosis Zalaufleba,

romaelTa sasazRvro teritoriis sxva tomebisgan Zarcvisgan dasacavad

vrceldeboda zustad im teritoriaze, sadac gvian antikurobaSi, orma

centralurma da erTma dasavlurma gzam siriasa da CrdiloeT hijazs

Soris gansakuTrebuli strategiuli mniSvneloba moipova. erTerTi

centraluri gza aerTianebda fajrs da kilvas al-jafrTan da bairTan;

meore gadioda tabukidan madavaras mimarTulebiT, xolo iqidan ki maanis,

udruhisa da isev bairTan (fiema, 2002: 232-233). ukiduresi dasavluri gza

momdinareobda CrdiloeT hijazidan, kerZod ki tabukidan, quraia,

mudavaras da ramis gavliT humeimas da saporto qalaq ailas

mimarTulebiT (fiema, 2002: 232-233). nawarmi amis Semdeg gadaizideboda

negevis gavliT Razas portamde (fiema, 2002: 232-233). qaravnebi, romlebic

samxreTidan modiodnen, Cerdebodnen Razasa da bosraSi, romelic

kontroldeboda romaeli moxeleebiT – comites commerciorum-ebis mier

(bozu, 1985: 157-158). Razadan da bosradan arabuli Tu induri nawarmi

aRwevda damaskosa da danarCen palestinas, xolo arabi vaWrebi ki

iRebdnen imperiul produqcias (bozu, 1985: 157-158). jafnid filarzebs

mniSvnelovani rolis Sesruleba SeeZloT bizantiuri nawarmis

usafrTxod gatarebaSi siria-palestinidan hijazis mimarTulebiT.

VI saukunis pirvel naxevarSi teritoria mkvdari zRvis

aRmosavleTiT, kerZod ki kerakis plato, gamoirCeoda mosaxleobis

zrdiT da ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gaumjobesebiT. am teritoriaze

dasaxlebuli punqtebis zrdis erTerTi mizezi SeiZleba yofiliyo am

regionSi zemoxsenebuli savaWro gzebis gavla. marTlac, kerakis

platoze aRmoCenilia V saukunis dasawyisiT daTariRebuli arqefaqtebi,

romlebic pirdapir mianiSnebs did distanciebze gadaWimuli vaWrobaze.

ase, magaliTad, Cven vxvdebiT nivTebs afrikidan, egviptidan da

kviprosidan. agreTve mniSvnelovania qvisgan damzadebuli sxvadsxva

nivTi, romelic savaraudod, arabeTis nacevarkunZulidan iqna

119

Semotanili (fiema, 2002: 237).

romis arabuli provinciebis miRma ekonomikuri cxovrebis

ganviTarebis erTerTi mizezi SeiZleba yofiliyo meRvineobis

ganviTarebac. adreuli islamuri wyaroebidan viciT, rom Rvino iyo

erTerTi umniSvnelovanesi produqti, romlis eqsportic xorcieldeboda

bosradan meqamde (sartri, 1985: 127-128, 132-135). igive teritoria, gvian

romaul periodSi iyo hijazisTvis xorblis mTavari mimwodebeli

(sartri, 1985: 127-128, 132-135; vilnovi, 1997: 121-126). miuxedavad imisa, rom

TiTqosda sakmarisi monacemi ar gagvaCnia jafnidebis aRzeveba regionSi

ekonomikur aRmavlobas davukavSiroT, erTi ram naTelia, farTo vaWrobam

xeli Seuwyo ara marto calkeuli qalaqebis ganviTarebas, aramed im

mTeli regionisa, romelic mdebareobda romis administraciuli

sazRvris miRma.

am TavSi naCvenebi iyo, rom romi siria-palestinis sakuTar

sazRvarze, ZiriTadad geografiuli pirobebis gamo, iZulebuli iyo

kavSiri daemyarebia arab dajgufebebTan. es gansakuTrebulad saWiro

gaxda VI saukunis pirvel or aTwleulSi, rodesac savaWro gzebi

ailadan da CrdiloeT hijazidan siria-palestinis mimarTulebiT isev

aqtiuri gaxda da agreTve imis da gamo, rom sasanianebis arab

mokavSireebs – nasridebs – SeeZloT gamanadgurebeli Setevebis

wamowyeba, siria-palestinis ekonomikisTvis SesamCnevi zianis miyeneba da

savaWro gzebis gaWra. zustad am garemoebebma gamoiwvia is, rom

nasridebTan SedarebiT, romaelebis arabi mokavSireni naklebad

erTvebodnen brZolebSi imperiuli sazRvris miRma. agreTve, jafnidebis

aRzeveba da amasTan erTad arabi tomebis statusis amaRleba

konstantinopolis aRmosavlur politikaSi ganxilul unda iqnas ara

mxolod siria-mesopotamiis udabnos konteqstSi, aramed saerTaSoriso

viTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT, kerZod ki konstantinopolis politikis

gaazrebiT mewamul zRvasTan mimarTebaSi da komerciuli kontaqtebiT

Soreul indoeTTan.

120

Tavi V

bizantiis imperiuli mowinaaRmdege: sasanuri irani

gviani antikuri periodis romis imperiis mkvlevarebi Tanxmdebian,

rom imperiis geografiuli adgilmdebareoba sakmaod arasaxarbielo iyo,

xolo misi sazRvrebi ki, bunebrivi zRudeebis (mTaTa sistemebi, didi

mdinareebi da a.S.) ararsebobis gamo, romelic gadaWimuli iyo ramodenime

aTas kilometrze, ar warmoadgenda sakmaris dabrkolebas/zRudes

CrdiloeTidan da aRmosavleTidan rogorc barbarosi tomebis, aseve

sasanuri iranis SesaCereblad (lutvaki, 2009: 3-6; hovard-jonstoni, 1996).

Tavdasxmebi am ori frontidan ki, xSir SemTxvevaSi, bizantiis imperiis

mTliani provinciebis srulmasStabian SemosevebSi gadadioda (lutvaki,

2009: 3-6). mtrebTan efeqtianad gamkvlavebisTvis romi ax. w. I-III sakuneebSi

sxvadasxva TavdacviT samxedro strategias mimarTavda,65 romelic

uSualod ergeboda ama Tu im sagareo mowinaaRmdeges da sazRvarze

arsebul geografiul pirobebs.

rainisa da dunais mdinareebi, romelic ax. w. 395 wlamde erTiani

imperiis CrdiloeT sazRvars warmoadgenda, did geografiul zRudes ar

qmnidnen barbarosi tomebisTvis permanentulad reidebi

ganexorcielebinaT galiis, panoniisa da romis sxva mdidari

sazRvrispira provinciebis qalaqebis simdidris xelSi Casagdebad (ix.

ruka 2) (kemeroni, 2001: 12-32). romaelebi uZulebuli iyvnen CrdiloeTis

mTeli sazRvris gayolebaze garnizonebi ganelagebinaT da TavdacviTi

kedelic – limes-i – aRemarTad (lutvaki, 1976: 154-170). IV saukunidan

                                                            65 romis imperiis samxedro strategiebis moyvarul mkvlevarebisTvis edvard lutvakis klasikuri naSromi jer kidev sakmaod popularuli aris (lutvaki, 1976: 7-49; 51-80; 154-

188).

121

moyolebuli da imperiis 395 wels dayofis Semdegac ki, romaelebi

CrdiloeTidan guTebis, alanebis, hunebis, avarebis, slavebis da sxva

germanuli Tu nomaduri xalxebisgan momdinare permanentuli safrTxis

qveS imyofebodnen.66 miuxedavad amisa, roms CrdiloeT sazRvarze gaaCnda

warmatebuli TavdacvisTvis saWiro teritoriuli (geografiuli) siRrme:

im SemTxvevaSi rodesac ver xorcieldeboda mtris SeCereba uSualod

sazRvarze, xdeboda misi qveynis SigniT Seyvana da iq arsebul cixe-

simagreebSi ganlagebuli jarebiT mtrisTvis alyis Semortyma da misi

ganadgureba. amas akeTebdnen romaeli imperatorebi hunebTan

mimarTebaSic, rodesac atilas jarebi TiTqmis dedaqalaqamde,

konstantinopolamde aRwevdnen, Tumca yovel jerze iZulebulni iyvnen

ukan dunais CrdiloeTiT daexiaT (lutvaki, 2009: 3-15).

romis samxreTi sazRvari mTeli afrikis kontinentis CrdiloeTis

gayolebaze erT bunebriv zonaSi – udabnoSi – gadioda (lutvaki, 2009: 3-

15). marokodan egviptes sazRvramde romis provinvciebi tripolitania,

bizacena, Tu numidia, afrikuli tomebis samiznes warmoadgenda. Tumca,

iqnebodnen es austorianelebi IV saukunis 60-ian wlebSi, Tu prokopi

kesarielis mier aRwerili berberebi (prokopi kesarieli, 1914-1940: BV

III.IV.X.), imperiis afrikuli sazRvari saukuneebis manZilze ar uqmnida

mniSvnelovan problemebs centralur xelisuflebas (lutvaki, 2009: 3-15).

sxva sityvebiT, samxedro ganviTarebis dabal doneze mdgomi afrikuli

tomebisgan momdinare safrTxe mxolod mciremasStabiani TavdasxmebiT

ifargleboda, romelTa mogerieba advilad xdeboda umetesad wina-xazze-

TavdacviT, radgan ukana-xazze-TavdacviTi strategiisTvis ubralod

sakmarisi teritoriuli siRrme ar arsebobda (evansi, 2001: 78-96).

aRmosavleTiT roms III saukunis 30-iani wlebidan moyolebuli

sasanuri iranis saxiT yvelaze didi mteri hyavda samezobloSi,

gansakuTrebulad ki Savi zRvidan CrdiloeT mesopatamiamde sazRvris

monakveTSi. ardaSir I (224-240 ww.) mier ganxorcielebuli revolucia –

parTieli arSakidebis Camogdeba – ar Semoifarglebda mxolod qveynis

Signid dinastiis CanacvlebiT. xelisuflebis Secvlam didi cvlilebebi

                                                            66 imperiis CrdiloeTi sazRvris kargi mimoxilva aris piter heverTan (heveri, 2006: 145-190; 300-348).

122

Seitana, agreTve, im dros maxlobel aRmosavleTSi arsebul

geopolitikur koniuqturaSi. 224 wlidan, ardaSiris Svilis Sapur I (240-

272 ww.) mmarTvelobis dasrulebamde, sasanianebma moaxerxes is rac

romaelebisTvis warmoudgeneli ram iyo parTiis imperiis dros, kerZod

ki CrdiloeT mesopatamiis dapyroba da siriis mniSvnelovani qalaqebis –

antioqiisa da edesas aReba (Tumca mcire xniT) (qristenseni, 1944: 206-225);

samxreT kavkasiaSi arsebuli ZalTa balansis Secvla da romaelebis

mniSvnelovnad Seviwroeba; siriis udabnoSi axali arabuli

konfederaciis Camoyalibeba da permanentuli reidebis mowyoba

palestina-siriis mimarTulebiT (fiSeri, 2011: 72-95). Tu parTelebi romTan

mimarTebaSi ufro TavdacviT politikas atarebdnen da ar gadaulaxiaT

imperiebs Soris arsebuli pirobiTi sazRvari – evfratis mdinare

(edveli, 2008: 35-57), ardaSirma aiRo mesopotamiaSi samxedro da

ekonomikuri mniSvnelobis mqone qalaqebi: CrdiloeTiT – kara da

nizibisi, xolo samxreTiT – hatra (qristenseni, 1944: 206-225). Sapuris

mefobaSi ki, sparselebma moaxerxes antioqiis aReba (qristenseni, 1944: 206-

225), rac ideologiurad romisTvis did dartymas warmoadgenda –

amieridan imperiis aRmosavleTSi mdebare mniSvnelovani provinciebi aRar

iyo daculi sasanianTa Setevebisgan.

roms sasanianebTan mimarTebaSi gaaCnda teritoriuli siRrme mcire

aziis saxiT, Tumca CrdiloeT mesopotamiidan samxedro gzebi

umeteswilad mdidar da urbanizebul CrdiloeT siriisa da palestinis

mimarTulebiT midioda. Sesabamisad, Tavdacvisas, romaelebi ufro

sazRvarze ganlagebuli cixe-simagreebis gamagrebaze akeTebdnen aqcents,

rac, agreTve, iTvaliswinebda mtris qveynis SigniT mxolod mcire

manZiliT SeSvebas.

maRaldisciplinirebuli jari da mcire, Tumca efeqtiani, floti

sakmarisi iyo ZiriTadad xmelTaSua zRvis garSemo mcxovrebi imperiis

mosaxleobis dacvis garanti yofiliyo (lutvaki, 2009: 3-15). ra Tqma unda,

IV-VII saukuneebis romis jari ar warmoadgenda im jaris klasikur

magaliTs, romliTac keisari galias ipyrobda (lutvaki, 1976: 154-170) da

krasusi parTelebTan ibrZoda (plutarqe, 1975: krasusi, XX). klasikuri,

daaxloebiT 5,000-kaciani legionebi ufro mcire nawilebad iyvnen dayo-

123

filni, sazRvrebs limitanei-ebi icavdnen (lutvaki, 1976: 115-135), xolo maT

ukan imperiis sami ZiriTadi sazRvris rainis, dunais da evfratis ukan

ganlagebuli iyo, savaraudod, konstantine didis dros Camoyalibebuli

mobiluri savele jarebi – comitantenses. (kemeroni, 1993: 40-57) gviani romis

imperiis jaris raodenobaze mravali Teoria arseobobs. Tu ax. w. II

saukunis dasawyisSi imperias 30, 5,000-kaciani legioni icavda (anu daax-

loebiT 150,000 jariskaci) da daaxloebiT amave raodenobis damxmare

jarebi (auxiliae) (jamSi daaxloebiT 300,000 jariskaci), gviani imperiis

xanaSi jaris raodenoba sxvadasxva kvlevebis mixedviT meryeobs 400,000-

dan 600,000 jariskacamde (heveri, 2006: 15-16).

zemomoyvanili mimoxilva naTlad gviCvenebs, rom roms/bizantias

yovel sazRvarze sxvadasxva saxis mteri hyavda, romelTa SesakaveblaT

imperias esaWiroeboda sazRvrebis mTeli perimetris dacva jarebis

permenentuli ganlagebiT da samxedro strategiebis SemuSavebiT, iqneba

es wina-xazze Tu ukana-xazze-Tavdacva, Tu diplomatiuri da ekonomikuri

xerxebis gamoyeneba. romauli saxelmwifoebrivi, kerZod ki samxedro

genia zustad imaSi mdgomareobda, rom arsebuli da axali mtrebis

winaaRmdeg imperia saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi warmatebulad moaxerxa

saxelmwifoebriobis SenarCuneba.

am azris aris romis imperiis mkvlevarTa nawili, magram antikuri

samyaros istoriuli Tu arqeologiuli kvlevebi, didi xnis

ganmavlobaSi savsea evrocentristuri tendenciebiT. pirveladi wyaroebi

dasavluri tendenciebiT aris Sedgenili (zaueri, 2013: 593-613), ramac

umeteswilad gamoiwvia sasanuri imperiis istoriisTvis da

arqeologiisTvis naklebi yuradRebis miqceva (zaueri, 2013: 593-613).

klasikosebisTvis sasanuri saxelmwifo bizantiuri samyaros

`periferiaze~ imyofeba, muhamedis Semdgomi arabuli imperiis

mkvlevarebisTvis sasanuri epoqa Zalian adreulia, xolo maxlobeli

aRmosavleTis Sua saukuneebis istoriis mkvlevarebisTvis ki Zalian

gviani. publikaciebi sasanuri iranis arqeologiasa da istoriaze

mxolod umcires nawils warmoadgens imisa, Tu samecniero naSromebis ra

raodenoba ibeWdeba romaul/bizantiur samyaroze gvian antikur periodSi,

kerZod ki romis aRmosavlur politikaze. garda imisa, rom Cven Zalian

124

cota viciT sasanuri imperiis Sesaxeb, romaeli avtorebis ritorikam

mniSvnelovnad Seuwyo xeli gvian antikurobaSi bizantiis sasanianebze

kulturuli da, rac ufro mniSvnelovania, samxedro upiratesobis miTis

ganviTarebas. mkvlevarTa mTeli pleada Tvlis, rom sasanianebs

permanentuli jaric ki ar hyavdaT (zaueri, 2013: 593-613). jeims hovard-

jonstoni, faqtobrivad, erTaderTi mkvlevaria romelic fiqrobs, rom

sasanianebis jari, savaraudod, minimum, ar Camouvardeboda romis

samxedro manqanas, rogorc raodenobrivad aseve, teqnologiurad (hovard-

jonstoni, 2012: 109-115).

gvian antikur samyaroSi sazRvrebis Seswavla ukve TiTqmis

saukunovan istorias iTvlis, Tumca naSromebi mTlianad

romaul/bizantiur samyarozea koncentrirebuli (vitakeri, 1994).

diplomatiuri strategiebi rainisa da dunais CrdiloeTiT mcxovreb

germanikul xalxebTan urTierTobaSi, sazRvrebis dacvis meqanizmebi da

maTi etapobrivi ganviTareba sakmaod farTod da kargad aris Seswavlili

(Separdi, 1992; lutvaki, 2009), rac qmnis imis STabeWdilebas, rom mxolod

roms/bizantias gaaCnda sakuTari sazRvrebis swori aRqma. Tumca, rogorc

qvemod iqneba naCvenebi, sasanuri iranis CrdiloeTis sazRvarze (gurgansa

da kavkasiaSi) napovni axali arqeologiuri monacemebis gaTvaliswinebiT

da samxreTiT arabi tomebis winaaRmdeg da aRmosavleTiT sxvadasxva

nomaduri tomis gasaCereblad aRmarTuli TavdacviTi kedlebi

romze/bizantiaze aranakleb samxedro teqnologiebis arsebobaze

mianiSnebda (ix. ruka 3). ufro metic, am kedlebis zomebi da maTi

adaptireba lokalur bunebriv pirobebze da metoqis Setevebis

specifikaze, naTlad mianiSnebda imaze, Tu ra kargad erkveodnen

sasanianebi maT sazRvrebis gareT arsebul viTarebaSi da rom maT

romaelebze aranaklebi `xedva~ (strategia) gaaCndaT sakuTari imperiis

TavdacviTi xazebis ganviTarebaSi da imperiis SenarCunebaSi saukuneebis

ganmavlobaSi.

Tavdapirvelad daviwyebT sasanuri imperiis geografiuli pirobebis

aRweriT. sasanuri irani kontinentur Zalas warmoadgenda. Warbi

mosaxleobis, Tumca rTuli klimatis mqone iranis zegani

garSemortymuli iyo ekonomikurad mdidari vakeebiT: mesopotamia da

125

xuzistaniT samxreTidan da samxreT-dasavleTidan, xolo xurasaniT da

adarbadaganiT CriloeTiT. faqtobrivad, mdidari vakeebidan amoRebuli

gadasaxadebiT xdeboda iranis zeganis mosaxlebidan Seqmnili jarebis

uzrunvelyofa (hovar-jonstoni, 2012: 95-115). es sistema muSaobda sanam

sasanuri dinastia axerxebda centralizebuli mmarTvelobis SenarCunebas

imperiis centridan – qtesifonidan. sxva sityvebiT, iranis ekonomikuri

siZlieris mamoZravebeli regionebi uSualod imperiis sazRvrispira

regionebi iyo, rac maT gare Zalebisgan permanentuli samxedro safrTxis

qveS ayenebda. Sesabamisad, sasanuri imperiis damaarseblidan, ardaSir I

moyolebuli, yvela SahanSahis umTavresi sagareo politikuri mizani iyo

qveyana ar gamxdariyo ramodenime frontidan wamosuli Setevebis

samizne,67 risTvisac nebismieri samxedro Tu diplomatiuri xerxiT unda

moexdina am regionebis sagareo safrTxisgan ganeitraleba. es ki, ufro

metad rTuli xdeboda sasanuri iranis geografiuli adgilmdebareobis

da yovel saszRvarze xvadasxva metoqis arsebobis gamo.

iranis zeganis samxreTiT da samxreT-aRmosavleTiT mdebare

zagrosis mTebi aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT nel-nela markanisa da

sakastanis naxevrad udabnoSi gadadis (dRevandeli pakistanis CrdiloeT-

dasavleTi da avRaneTis samxreT-dasavleTi) (hovard-jonstoni, 2012: 90-

111). sasanianebis mmarTvelobaSi am naxevarudabnoSi mZarcveli tomebis

Sekaveba iseTive rTuli iyo, rogoric dRes aris. Sesabamisad, am

regionidan momdinare safrTxe permanentul xasiaTs atarebda rac

sasanianebs stabilurobis damyarebisvis araxelsayrel pirobebs uqmnida.

sasanuri iranis SigniT oTxi mTavari saresurso teritoriis gamoyofa

SeiZleba:

1. midia udidesi saZovrebiT;

2. farsis provincia, saidanac sasaninebi iyvnen warmomavlobiT;

3. xorasani;

4. adarbadagani (klasikuri atropatene) (kembrijis iranis..., 1968: 5-

25).

                                                            67 karg magaliTs warmoadgens VI saukunis 60-iani wlebis bolos eseTi safrTxis Seqmna iranisTvis, rodesac Turqebma centraluri aziidan elCebi gaagzavnes konstantinopolSi da politikuri kavSiri Seqmnes bizantielebTan, riTac irani or frontze warmoebuli omis safrTxis qveS dadga.

126

es iyo is centrebi sadac mosaxleobis da simdidris didi nawili

iyo koncentrirebuli, Tumca umdidres mxareebs mainc mesopotamia,

xurasani da nawilobriv tabaristani warmoadgendnen, sadac sasanianebis

dros mosaxleobis zrda da urbanizaciis procesi uprecendento zomebs

miaRwia (hovard-jonstoni, 2012: 90-111).

makranisa da sakastanis CrdiloeTiT mdebareobda mdidari baqtria

da sogdiana, romelic uSualod evraziul stepebs da centralur aziaSi

mdebare udabnoebs esazRvrebodnen. am sazRvridan momdinare nomaduri

safrTxe ufro seriozul problemas warmoadgenda sasanuri

saxelmwifosTvis radgan georgrafiuli barierebis ar arsebobis gamo

nomadebs martivad SeeZloT imperiis CrdiloeTiT mdebare sasanianebis

TavdacviTi centris mervis da mdinare helmunds Soris arsebuli

uzarmazari derefniT imperiis Suagulamde – iranis zeganamde – mieRwiaT

(kembrijis iranis.., 1968: 25-44).

IV saukunis Sua naxevridan hunebi Sida aziis aRmosavleT stepebidan

dasavleTis mimarTulebiT gandevnes, riTac cnobili Volkerwanderung-i,

xalxTa didi gadasaxleba, daiwyo (heveri, 2009: 208-221). hunebis

gansaxlebis areali Savi da kaspiis zRvis CrdiloeTi gaxda, xolo 420

wlisTvis ki, evropis kontinentis Suaguls – ungreTis vakes miaRwies,

riTac kaspiis zRvis aRmosavleT da dasavleTidan uSualod iranTan

Sevidnen kontaqtSi (heveri, 2009: 208-221). nomadebisgan momdinare safrTxe

imiTac iyo gamZafrebuli, rom iranis CrdiloeT sazRvris gayolebaze ar

arsebobda romelime bunebrivi barieri razec SeiZleboda dayrdnoba

Tavdacvisas. hunebis Semdeg, Savi da kaspiis zRvebis CrdiloeTiT,

momdevno saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi sxvadasxva nomadi xalxi Cndeboda

mZlavri saxelmwifoebrivi wyobilebiT da axali samxedro SeiaraRebiT

(ix. ruka 2). mdgomareoba sasanuri iranisTvis damZimda maSinac, rodesac

jer hunebma, Semdeg heftalitebma da Turqebma kavSiri Sekres sogdiel

mdidar vaWarTa elitasTan (hovard-jonstoni, 2012: 99-105).

sasanianebisTvis es mxolod erT rames niSnavda, rom imperia SeiZleba

erTdroulad ramodenime flangidan Setevis msxverpli gamxdariyo:

1. hirkaniis stepebidan (igive gurgani), kaspiis zRvis aRmosav-

leTiT;

127

2. dasavleT kaspiis sanapiros Soris da kavkasions Soris ar-

sebuli derefniT, cnobili rogorc `kaspiis kari~ (gajievi, 2007: 1-15;

kazanski, 2003: 95-99);

3. kavkasionze, umTavresad darialis gadasasvleliT.

atilas gardacvalebiT gamowveulma hunebis imperiis daSlam (heveri,

2006: 351-366) ar aRmofxvra sasanuri iranisTvis stepebidan momdinare

safrTxe. heftalitebi, avarebi, Turqebi sxva nomad xalxebisgan

gansxvavebiT ufro maRaldisciplinirebul samxedro imperiebs qmnidnen

(kembrijis Sida..., 1990: 206-228; 285-316). zemoT moyvanili sami teritoria

iyo sami mTavari punqti romlidanac sasanianebisTvis momdinareobda

safrTxe.

iranis samxreTsa da samxreT-aRmosavleTidan, siriis udabnodan da

arabeTis naxevarkunZulidan, arabTa tomebisgan momdinareobda

permanentuli, mciremasStabiani xasiaTis mqone safrTxe (fiSeri, 1964: 76-

111). miuxedavad imisa, rom islamamdel arab tomebs ar SeeZloT

srulmasStabiani Semosevebis ganxorcieleba, sazRvris monakveTi

sparseTis yuredan CrdiloeTiT mdebare qalaqebi palmirasa da

sergiopolisamde mTlianad daucveli iyo.

iranis zeganze koncentrirebul sasanuri imperiis geografiuli

adgilmdebareoba, dasavleTSi mesopotamiidan indoeTis subkontinentis

CrdiloeTamde, xolo CrdiloeTSi, Tanamedrove daRestani, TurqmeneTi,

avRaneTis nawili da uzbekeTi, xolo samxreTiT arabeTis

naxevarkunZulis nawili, SahanSahebs eqspansiis saSualebas aZlevda da

amavdroulad, rogorc ukve vTqviT, ramodenime mxridan Setevis samizned

xdida. Sesabamisad, sasaniani mmarTvelebis upirvelesi mizani iyo

uzrunvelyoT imperiis sazRvrebis usafrTxoeba. 400 weliwadze meti xnis,

III saukunidan VII saukunis 40-ian wlebamde, sasanianebi warmatebiT

axerxebdnen parTelebisgan datovebuli teritoriebis ara marto

SenarCunebas, aramed gafarToebasac. es ki, grZelvadiani samxedro Tu

diplomatiuri strategiebis SemuSavebis gareSe SeuZlebeli iqneboda.

TavdacviTi barierebi

sasanur imperiaSi arsebuli udidesi resursebi sakmaod did nawili

128

iqna mimarTuli sazRvrebze samxedro infrastruqturis Sesaqmnelad.

agebuli TavdacviTi kedlebi Tu cixesimagreebi gansxvavdeboda da

miesadageboda rogorc ama Tu im teritoriis klimatur da sxva bunebriv

pirobebs, aseve potenciuri mtris specifikas (alievi, 2002: 143-164). zog

sazRvarze an mis garkveul monakveTze Zalis koncentrireba iyo

aucilebeli, xolo sxva adgilebSi ki jarebis ganlageba patara

fortebSi mTeli TavdacviTi xazis gayolebaze. yvela SemTxvevaSi

kedlebi orientirebulia wina-xazze-Tavdacvaze, rac maT, mterze

potenciuri Setevis gansaxorcileblaT saWiro bazas (tramplins)

warmoadgenda. Tumca rogorc qvemoT vnaxavT, sasanianebma moaxerxes isic,

rom wina-xazze-TavdacvisTvis gankuTvnili kedlebi zog SemTxvevaSi

ukana-xazze-Tavdacvis rolsac irgebdnen (gajievi, 2006: 78-88; paxomovi,

1933).

miuxedavad imisa, rom mdinare evfrati sasanianebis mflobelobaSi

arsebul mesopotamiis nawils udabnodan mTel gayolebaze icavda,

iranelebma, icodnen ra samxreTidan, Tanamedrove erayisa da quveiTis

teritoriidan, arabi tomebisgan momdinare safrTxe, TavdacviTi zoli

aages qalaq hiras CrdiloeTidan basramde (Tanamedrove erayis samxreTi

nawili), sparseTis yuremde (hovard-jonstoni, 2012: 111-120). TavdacviTi

xazi mcire fortebisgan Sedgeboda, romelTagan mxolod sami aris

aRmoCenili: ruda – qerbalas tbis CrdiloeTiT; dabi – uxaidirTan

axlos; da qusairi – nasirias samxreT aRmosavleTiT. fortebis zomebi

meryeobs 35×35 metridan 42×46 metramde, xolo daculebi iyvnen rva

naxevrad wriuli koSkebiT. qerbalas tbis dasavleTiT mdebare

cixesimagre gamonakliss Seadgens da misi zomebi 150×150 metrs aRweven.

rac ufro mniSvnelovania, am TavdacviTi nagebobebis winidan wylis

arxebiT iyo gavlebuli (hovard-jonstoni, 2012: 111-120), rac metyvelebs

arabebisgan momdinare safrTxis periodul seriozulobaze (ix. ruka 3).68

CrdiloeT mesopotamiaSi, romis sazRvarTan axlos forfostepis

                                                            68 paraleli rom gavavloT romis da mogviano periodSi, bizantielebis mier siria-mesopotamiis sazRvris dacvisTvis agebul infrastruqturasTan, davinaxavT, rom sasanianebis TavdacviTi xazebi arabebis winaaRmdeg ufro masStaburi iyo. bizantielebs,

III saukunis bolos diokletianes mier agebuli e.w. strata Diocletiana-s Semdeg faqtobrivad ar auSenebiaT axali msxvili kedlebi.

129

mTeli seria uzrunvelyofda nisibinidan tigrosamde arsebuli mdidari

samiwadmoqmedo teritoriis usafrTxoebas rogorc romaelebisgan, aseve

samxreTidan arabi Tavdamsxmelebis winaaRmdeg. msgavsi adgilobrivi

TavdacviTi xazebi aseve iyo aSenebuli tigrosis marjvena sanapiroze.

singaras cixe-simagre wina-xazze-Tavdacvis erTerT umTavres punqts

warmoadgenda, romlidanac martivad xdeboda mciremasStabiani xazebis

gakontroleba da mtris Semosevis SemTxvevaSi xazebis Sesabamisi

adamianuri resursebiT uzrunvelyofa. arsebuli TavdacviTi xazebis

garda, udabnodan sazRvris dacvisTvis iranelebma samxedro kavSiri

daamyares laxmidebis arabTa konfederaciis nasridebis dinastiasTan (ix.

ruka 3) (bosvorti, 1983: 605-612; fiSeri, 2011: 115-135). nasridebisTvis

samxedro da diplomatiurma daxmarebam siriis udabnoSi V saukunis

bolos da meeqvsis dasawyisSi ZalTa balansis mkveTri cvlileba

gamoiwvia sasanianebis sasargeblod (fiSeri, 2011: 115-135).69

sasanianebi safortifikacio nagebobebs sakuTari sazRvrebis

aRmosavleTiTac agebdnen. magaliTad, Tanamedrove avRaneT-iranis

sazRvarTan aRmoCenil iqna sasanuri epoqis orsarTuliani Senobebi

gankuTvnili imperiuli jarisTvis. mkvlevarebi varaudoben, rom es

Senobebi gurganis velze agebuli kedlebis gagrZelebas unda

warmoadgendes (zaueri, 2013: 608-613).

CrdiloeTiT mxolod didi samxedro Zalis koncentrirebiT

xerxdeboda nomaduri safrTxis mogerieba. qalaqi mervi icavda

misasvlelebs xorasanis mdidar provinciaSi. es qalaqi warmoadgenda im

samxedro bazas, sadac didi saeqspedicio Zalebis Sekreba xdeboda

CrdiloeTSi, stepebSi, nomadebis winaaRmdeg an samxreT-aRmosavleTis

mimarTulebiT, indis teritoriaze, arsebuli tomebis winaaRmdeg

gasalaSqrad (zaueri, 2013: 608-613).

rodesac sasanianebi politikur sirTuleebs ganicdidnen

erTdroulad sxvadasxva frontze, sazRvrebze myofi jarebi TavdacviT

strategias irCevdnen, kerZod, msxvili sajariso SenaerTebi gamagrebul

adgilebSi nawildebodnen riTac mters winsvlis yvelanair perspeqtivas

uspobdnen. es sasanuri samxedro strategiis ukana-xazze-Tavdacvis

                                                            69 amaze dawvrilebiT saubari qvemod iqneba.

130

klasikuri magaliTia. mervTan axlos iyo meore gamagrebuli punqti –

niSapuri, romelic akontrolebda gasasvlels mTebsa da Sida udabnos

Soris. es gza xSirad nomadebis mier gamoiyeneboda Semosevebis

gansaxorcieblad (bivari, 1983: 199-203; hovard-jonstoni, 2012: 109).

dasavleTis sazRvarze, nizibini warmoadgenda bazas romis mcire

aziisa da siriis mdidrul provinciebze Tavdasxmebis sawarmoeblad da

amavdroulad amave teritoriebidan momdinare safrTxisgan efeqtiani

TavdacvisTvis (ix. ruka 3). miuxedavad msxvili sajariso SenaerTebis

arsebobisa, mimosvla romis imperiidan sasanianTa saxelmwifoSi ar iyo

SezRuduli. istoriuli wyaroebi mraval magaliTs iZlevian sazRvris am

monakveTze aqtiuri vaWrobis arsebobis Sesaxeb. nisibinis msgavs rols

CrdiloeTSi asrulebda qalaqi dvini, persarmeniis dedaqalaqi,

romliTac martivad xdeboda mdinare araqsis gaswvriv arsebuli

mniSvnelovani gzis Caketva (greitreqsi, 1998: 73-99).

samxreT-aRmosavleT tavris samxreTiT, arzananes provinciaSi

sasanianebma miwisqveSa nagebobebi aages sadac romTan omis SemTxvevaSi

adgilobriv mosaxleobas saSualeba hqonoda Tavi Seeferabina.

Teofilakte simokata aRwers fortificirebul qalaqTa da specialur

samxedro fortebis mTel serias, romelic ukana-xazze-Tavdacvis erT

regionalur sistemas warmoadgenda (hovard-jonstoni, 2012: 109-111).

zemoT moyvanili davdacviTi sistemebis ganxilvam naTlad gviCvena,

rom sasanianebis sazRvari dasavleTSi, mdinare evfratis mTel

gayolebaze, sakmaod efeqtianad iyo daculi rogorc TavdacviTi

xazebiT, aseve Zlierad gamagrebuli qalaqebiT. Tumca iranelebma am

TavdacviTi sistemis ukan, teritoriis SigniT damatebiTi Sida

TavdacviTi xazebi aages. ase, magaliTad, yvelaze SigniT arsebuli xazi

iyo e.w. `samefo arxi~ (ix. ruka 3), romelic qtesifonis CrdiloeTiT

evfratidan tigrosamde miedineboda. aerTianebda ra or did mdinares,

Tavisi mniSvnelobiT arxi ara marto sairigacio daniSnulebis iyo,

aramed, erTgvarad, bolo punqts warmoadgenda sadamdec mtris jars

SeeZlo SemoeRwia (hovard-jonstoni, 2012: 112-118). arxi – TavdacviTi xazi

– agreTve efeqtianad icavda imperiis umTavres punqts, dedalaqs –

qtesifons, romlis aRebac, rogorc ramodenime istoriulma magaliTma

131

gviCvena, imperiis samxedro kapitulacias moaswavebda. amasTan erTad,

arxi daculi iyo regularuli jaris nawilebiT, qalaqebi pisiraborasa

da veh-ardaSirSi iyvnen ganlagebuli (hovard-jonstoni, 2012: 112-118).

es, daaxloebiT, 200 kilometris sigrZis mqone arxi sairigacio

daniSnulebis garda agreTve satransporto saSualebaT gamoiyeneboda

tvirTis gadasazidad. arxi, romlis CrdiloeTi nawili xosros saxels

atarebda, xolo samxreTi ki nahravanis saxelwodebiT iyo cnobili,

qtesifons faqtobrivad gadaulaxavi davdacviTi barieri Seuqmna (hovard-

jonstoni, 2012: 112-118).

axla ki, imperiis CrdiloeTiT nomaduri safrTxis winaaRmdeg

arsebuli TavdacviTi sistemebi ganvixiloT. grZeli kedlebi iqna

aSenebuli kaspiis zRvis dasavleT sanapiroze, romlis sigane kavkasionis

mTebsa da kaspiis zRvas Soris 3.5 kilometrs aRwevs. darubandidan ori

kedeli miemarTeboda dasavleTiT. maTi sigane 4 metrs aRwevs, xolo

simaRle ki 18-20 metrs (ix. ruka 3). jamSi orive kedels CrdiloeTiT

mimarTuli 70 metris intervalze ganlagebuli 73 mrgvali da

marTkuTxedi formis koSki hqonda. amasTan erTad, kedlebs agreTve

gaaCndaT samxreT mimarTuli 170-200 metris intervalze ganlagebuli 27

mrgvali koSki. darubandis dasavleTiT kedeli, romelic iTvlida 40

forts, grZeldeboda 40 kilometris manZilze pirdapir kavkasionis

mTebSi. darubandis kedeli kaspiis karis Tavdacvis umTavres komponents

warmoadgenda. yvelaze saintereso ki is aris, rom darubandis kedlis

CrdiloeTiT kidev erTi kedeli iyo ganlagebuli, xolo mis samxreTiT

ki sami. rogorc Cans, safrTxe sazRvris am Tundac iseTi viwro

monakveTidan imdenad mZlavri iyo, rom erTi kedlis aSeneba ar iyo

sakmarisi efeqtiani TavdacvisTvis da Semosuli mtris mosagerieblad

iranelma samxedro arqitektorebma oTxi paraleluri kedlis aSenebiT

Seqmnes xelovnuri geografiuli siRrme riTac ufro martivad xdeboda

nomadebis alyaSi moqceva. dasavleTidan kavkasionis mTebi,

aRmosavleTidan kaspiis zRva, xolo CrdiloeTidan da samxreTidan

permanentuli jarebiT gamagrebuli kedlebidan xorcieldeboda Seteva

mitana da mtris sruli ganadgureba. sxva sityvebiT, iqmneboda oTxive

mxridan Caketili xelovnuri sivrceebi (hovard-jonstoni, 2012: 112-118). es

132

ki, sasanuri samxedro strategiis elastiuri Tavdacvis saukeTeso

magaliTs warmoadgens, rac Tavisi masStabebiT ar Camouvardeboda

bizantiis imperiis mier Crdiloeli barbarosebisadmi gamoyenebul

strategiebs.

kaspiis zRvis aRmosavleTiT grZeli TavdacviTi xazebis Seqmna ufro

rTuli iyo radgan gurganis mdinare, romelic moedineba kaspiis zRvamde

dasavleTis mimarTulebiT ar iyo imave zomebis rogorc evfrati da

tigrosi mesopotamiaSi. gurganis vakedan martivi iyo kaspiispireTis

mdidar samxreT teritoriebSi SeRweva da elbursis mTebSi

umniSvnelovanesi gadasasvlebis xelSi Cagdeba, saidanac martivad

moxerxdeboda iranis hinterlandSi SeRweva. amasTan erTad gurganis

mdinaris gayolebaze orive mxares arsebuli dasaxlebebi Tavisi

mowyobili sairigacio sistemebiT nomadebisgan permanentuli safrTxis

qveS imyofebodnen. savaraudod, hunebis mier evraziul stepebSi IV

saukunis Sua xanebSi dawyebuli revoluciiT gamowveuli gamZafrebuli

nomaduri safrTxis prevenciisTvisTvis, sasanianebma wamoiwyes msxvili

samxedro infrastruqturuli programa CrdiloeTSi (zaueri, 2013: 593-601).

kedeli nawilobriv vakeSi, nawilobriv ki piSkamaris kldeebze

gadioda da 36 fortiT da TxriliT iyo gamagrebuli. wyali TxrilSi

gurganis mdinaredan ivseboda. piSkamaris kldeebze moTavsebuli ori

forti kedlis damcvelebs zemodan karg xeds uqmnida velSi arsebuli

kedlis nawilze mtris mier ieriSis mitana/ar mitana ganexilaT.

dasavleT nawilSi arsebuli mTa qizlar qalehi gamoiyeneboda wina

xazze arsebuli sameTvalyureo posti. kedeli, rogorc ki dasavleTiT

kaspiis zRvas uaxlovdeboda samxreTisken icvlida mimarTulebas da,

savaraudod, misi nawilebi dRevandel kaspiis zRvaSi erT mZlavrad

gamagrebul navsayudelSi unda yofiliyo, andac unda gaerTinebuliyo

gurganis kedlis samxreTiT arsebul SedarebiT mcire masStabebis mqone

TamiSenis kedelTan.

TamiSenis kedeli 11 kilometris sigrZes iTvlida da elbursis

mTebSi Sedioda (ix. ruka 3). kedlis arqiteqturuli agebuloba da

mimarTuleba mianiSnebs imaze, rom is aRmarTuli iyo elbursis

mTianeTSi arsebuli sasanianebis mier arakontrolirebad dajgufebebis

133

da kaspiis zRvaSi mekobreebis winaaRmdeg (zaueri, 2013: 610-612). talaxsa

da qvisagan agebuli rvidan oTxi samxedro banaki farTobSi TiToeuli

iTvlida 40 heqtars. es samxedro banakebi mzadyofnaSi iyvnen savele

jaris mier (cxenosanTa SenaerTebis CaTvliT) droebiTi dakavebisTvis.

magaliTisTvis, erTerTi banakis, qalC xarabehis Sida dagegmarebis

mixedviT, sasanur banakebs siganeze ganlagebuli gzebi, orive mxares

dalagebuli karvebiT Tavisi Robeebi gaaCnda. es, Tavis mxriv, maRal

samxedro kulturaze metyvelebs. gurganis kedlis ZiriTadi nawili

Tavisi fortebiT erT samSeneblo fazaSi iqna agebuli. mSenebloba,

savaraudod, dasavleTidan aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT daiwyo. kedlis

wina mxris mTel gayolebaze arsebuli wylis savse Txrili ki wyals

miawodebda aguris gamosawvev Rumelebs da amavdroulad misi sifarTove

saSualebas aZlevda mSeneblebs, xolo samuSaoebis dasrulebis Semdgom

ki ukve mis damcvelebs, barJebiT gadaezidaT saWiro masala kedlis

mTel gayolabaze.

es iyo msxvili samxedro infrastruqtura, romelic Tavisi

masStabebiT CineTis imperiuli reJimebis mier agebul kedlebs Tu

Seedreboda da mniSvnelovnad aWarbebda kidevac mediteranul samyaroSi

arsebul calkeuli TavdacviTi xazebis zomebs. savaraudod, gurganis da

TamiSenis kedlebi aSenda SahanSah perozis mmarTvelobisas 459-484

wlebSi, rodesac evraziul stepebSi sasanianebs mZlavri metoqe

gamouCndaT heftalitebis (TeTri hunebis) saxiT (zaueri, 2013: 610-612).

kedeli gamoiyeneboda, rogorc wina xazze arsebuli usafrTxo baza,

sadac xdeboda sasanianebis saeqspedicio Zalebis mobilizeba da

gawvrTna kedlis CrdiloeTiT arsebuli mtrisTvis prevenciuli

dartymis misayeneblad. meore faqtori perozisTvis kedlis aSenebis

mikuTvnebisa aris is, rom am masStabis safortifikacio nagebobis ageba

SesaZlebeli iyo mxolod im gamarjvebebis Semdeg, rac bahram V (420-438

ww.) moipova nomadebTan brZolaSi. Terminus post quem non unda miCneul

iqnas perozis warumatebeli laSqrobebi, romelSic SahanSahi TviTonve

daiRupa (zaueri, 2013: 601-619).

ase rom, imperiis sazRvrebidan yvelaze susti monakveTi msxvili

samxedro infrastruqturis agebiT da permanentuli sajariso

134

SenaerTebis dayenebiT gadaqceul iqna erTerT yvelaze gamagrebul

nawilad. kedlis masStabebic ki mters fsiqologiurad akavebda Setevis

ganxorcielebisgan. kedlebiT, amrigad, moxerxda iranis dacva

`Turanisgan~.70 amasTan erTad, kedels sxva rolic ekisra. iseve rogorc

romauli limes-i gurganis kedeli uzrunvelyofda adamianTa mimosvlis

usafrTxoebas imperiis CrdiloeT nawilSi. agreTve, kedeli efeqtian

rols asrulebda vaWrebidan gadasaxadebis akrefaSi da qveynis gareT

imperiis usafrTxoebisTvis mniSvnelovani sagnebis gatanis prevenciaSi.

magram, rogorc yvela kedels, romelic aRmarTuli iyo momxvduri

mtris winaaRmdeg, gurganis kedelsac gaaCnda erTi mTavari nakli:

SeuZlebeli iyo mtris masiuri Zalis Sekaveba didi xniT. Tumca, aqac,

romaelebis msgavsad, sasanianebma ukana-xazze-davdacvis klasikur

magaliTs mimarTes. gurganis vake, romlis umTavresi nawili kedlis

samxreTiT mdebareobda, iranelma strategosebma gamoiyenes xelovnur

arealad, romelic Caketili iyo yvela mxridan bunebrivi barierebiT da

rac mters ufro metad daucvels xdida (hovard-jonstoni, 2012: 110-115).

gurganis vake gadaketili iyo kaspiis zRviT, TamiSenis kedliT,

elbursis mTebiT da mcire zomis arab daRis mTiT. paralelis gavleba

SeiZleba zemoT moyvanili aRwerilobiT dasavleT kaspiispireTidan,

sadac sasanianemba aseve gamoiyenes kedlebs Soris arsebuli sivrce

mtris Warbi Zalis Semosevis SemTxvevaSi. es ki, mianiSnebs imaze, rom

sasanianebis mier kedlebis aSeneba aRweril geografiul pirobebSi ar

iyo SemTxveviTi, aramed xorcieldeboda geografiuli barierebis

integrireba TavdacviTi xazebis mTlian sistemaSi. amasTan erTad,

sazRvrebs ukan mdebare mobiluri jarebis arseboba da maTi kombinireba

uSualod sazRvarze myofi garnizonebTan efeqtian Zalas warmoadgenda

mtris SesaCereblad (Tundac Tavdapirvelad am ukanasknelis SeSveba

qveynis teritoriaze gardauvali xdeboda).

amrigad, imperiis yvela sazRvarze xorcieldeboda TavdacviTi

zolis (geografiuli siRrmis) xelovnuri gafarToeba da bunebrivi

barierebis gaTvaliswinebiT xelovnuri sivrceebis Seqmna. Tumca, Tu

kaspiis zRvis aRmosavleTsa da dasavleTiT iranelebi ramodenime

                                                            70 barbaricum-is sparsuli ekvivalenti.

135

kedels aSenebdnen, gurganis kedlis aRmosavleTiT teritoria isev

daucveli rCeboda nomaduri samyarodan momdinare safrTxisgan. aq

sasanianebi gamagrebul cixe-simagreebs agebdnen, romelic mtris

Tavdasxmisas mosaxleobisTvis TavSesafris, xolo savele jarisTvis

sayrdeni punqtis rols asrulebda. magaliTisaTvis, CrdiloeTiT

sasanianebma aages cixe-samagre niSapuri, romelic, im SemTxvevaSi Tu ki

mteri gadawyvetda kedlebis Semovlas, sayrden punqtad gamodioda

rogorc umniSvnelovanes qalaq mervisTvis, aseve gurganis kedlisTvis.

exla ki ganvixiloT, iranelebisTvis savaraudod yvelaze

mniSvnelovani sazRvris – bizantiasTan sazRvris – TavdacvisTvis ra

zomebi iqna miRebuli. Tavdapirvelad, saWiroa gavixsenoT aRmosvleTSi

romis/bizantiis TavdacviTi barierebis evolucia ax. w. I saukunidan

gviani antikurobis bolomde. romis/bizantiis aRmosavluri sazRvris

evoluciaSi oTxi ZiriTadi stadiis gamoyofa SeiZleba:

1. wina-xazze-Tavdacvis, axlad agebuli samxedro gzebiT

evfratidan mcire aziasa da siriaSi, ganviTareba flaviusTa dinastiis

periodSi (ax. w. 70-80-ian wlebSi) (isaaki, 1990: 55-69);

2. ax. w. 106 wels imprator traianes mier nabateelebis samefos

aneqsiis Semdeg wina-xazze-Tavdacvis gafarToeba CrdiloeT

mesopotamiidan samxreTiT, kerZod ki palestinidan wiTel zRvamde,

mniSvnelovan savaWro port ailamde (isaaki, 1990: 55-69);

3. diokletianes (284-305 ww.) mier wamowyebuli TavdacviTi

nagebobebis ganaxleba romis mTel aRmosavleT sazRvarze. mis mier

siriis udabnoSi arabi tomebis winaaRmdeg III saukunis bolos agebuli e.

w. strata Diocletiana (isaaki, 1990: 55-69);

4. grZelvadiani simSvidis (387-502 ww.) Semdeg imperator iustine I

(518-527 ww.) mier wamowyebuli safortifikacio programa, romelic 527

wlisTvis dasrulda (greitreqsi, 2007: 99-110).

romauli wyaroebi TiTqmis aranair informacias ar gvawvdian, Tu

rogor pasuxobdnen sasanianebi bizantiis mier sazRvris militarizacias.

SesaZlebelia, rom samuSaoebi konstantinopolisgan warTmeul nisibisze

uSualod 363 wlis Semdeg dawyebuliyo. miuxedavad imisa, rom mervi

kedlebiT Semofargluli iyo, rogorc aqemenianebis, aseve parTelebis

136

periodSi, sasanianebis dros qalaqSi isev Catarda safortifikacio

samuSaoebi. agreTve, varaudiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom stretegiulad

mniSvnelovani qalaq dvinis kedlebis gamagrebac am periodSi, kerZod ki

IV saukunis Sua xanebSi unda momxdariyo. amas mowmobs is garemoebac,

rom 387 wlis samSvidobo xelSekrulebiT bizantielebsa da sasanianebs

Soris, aikrZala raime saxis safortifikacio nagebobebis aRmarTva

imperiebs Soris CrdiloeT mesopotamiaSi mdebare sazRvarTan

(greitreqsi, 2000: 35-48).

V saukuneSi bizantia daTanxmda sasanianebTan da adgilobriv

xalxebTan erTad monawileoba mieRo kavkasionis gadasasvlelebis

dacvaSi: mTeli yuradReba gadatanil iqna kaspiiszRvispireTis

aRmosavleT sazRvris dacvaze (blokli, 1992: 122-155).

kaspiis karis gamagreba, kerZod darubandis kedlis qviT gaSeneba,

pirvel rigSi, gamowveuli iyo im gaormagebuli safrTxiT, romelic

momdinareobda CrdiloeT kavkasionidan 503-504 wlebidan moyolebuli

(gajievi, 2008: 1-15). darubandis axlad gaSenebul kedelze napovni iqna

warwera ucnobi SahanSahis, romlis mefobis weli sruldeba 7-iT an 3-iT.

gamoTvlebiT es unda iyos an kavadis 27-e weli, rac emTxveva 514-515

wlebs, an xosro I anuSirvanis mmarTvelobis 3-e wels, rac emTxveva 533-

534 wlebs (gajievi, 2008: 1-15).

zemo aRwerili nahravanis arxi xosro anuSirvanis mefobaSi iyo

aSenebuli. ase rom, sasanurma TavdacviTma potencialma Tavis zenits VI

saukunis Sua xanebSi miaRwia, rodesac xosros mmarTvelobis bolos,

kerZod 570, Turqebma da bizantielebma aliansi Sekres da gadawyvites

saerTo ZalisxmeviT dasxmodnen Tavs irans (greitreqsi, 2006: 103-105).

exla mivadeqiT, savaraudod, yvelaze rTul kiTxvas sasanuri iranis

samxedro potencialis garkvevaSi: imperiuli jari, misi struqtura da

raodenoba. berZnul-romaul wyaroebSi sasanuri iranis jaris

raodenobis ramodenime monacemi arsebobs. Cven viciT, rom kavadma 503

wels amidas cixis aRebis Semdeg axlos mdebare singaras cixe-simagreSi

20,000 jariskaci Caayena. aseve mogvepoveba monacemebi 50,000-iani laSqris

arsebobis Sesaxebac, romelic xosro anuSirvanma gamoagzavna bizantieli

mxedarTmTavris belisariusis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelvad (hovard-

137

jonstoni, 2012: 86-92). Teoriulad, sxvadasxva gamoTvlebis mixedviT

sasanianebis imperiuli laSqari 320,000 adamians aRwevda, rac IV saukunis

bizantiis imperiis 500,000-ian jarze sagrZnoblad naklebi iyo, Tumca VI

saukunis aRmosavleT romis imperiis laSqris daaxloebiT Tanabar

raodenobas warmoadgenda.

gurganis kedelze axlad Catarebuli arqeologiuri gaTxrebi karg

monacemebs gvaZlevs sasanuri jaris savaraudo raodenobis Sesaxeb

(zaueri, 2013: 613-616). kedlis meoTxe forts, romlis zomac 5,5 heqtariT

izomeboda, Tavisuflad SeeZlo 30,000-mde jaris dateva. Tu Cven,

pirobiTaT, imperiis sazRvrebis sxva eqvsi monakveTis dasacavad

gamoyofil saSualod 20,000-ian jars vivaraudebT, maSin miviRebT,

daaxloebiT, 150,000-ian jars, romelic permanentulad iyo dabanakebuli

TavdacviTi safortifikacio nagebobebis dasacavad imperiis yvela

sazRvarze. amas unda davumatoT is savaraudo 30,000-iani laSqari,

romelic imperiis Sida usafrTxoebis uzrunvelsayofad iyo gamoyofili.

yovelive es sasanianTanmudmiv mzadyofnaSi arsebuli jarebis

raodenobas 180,000 adamianamde wevs (hovard-jonstoni, 2012: 109-118).

gurganis kedlis ukan mdebare oTxi cixe-simagridan erTerTis,

saxelad qaleh xarabehi, Sida dagegmareba SesaZlebels xdis imas, rom

mxolod es cixe-simagre itevda 10,000 jariskacs. es gamravlebuli sam

danarCen cixe-simagreze gvaZlevs savele jaris (romauli comitatenses-is

ekvivalenti), daaxloebiT 40,000-45,000-ian raodenobas. Tu warmovidgenT,

rom igive raodenoba icavda rogorc kaspiis kars, aseve CrdiloeT

mesopotamiaSi bizantiasTan sazRvris monakveTs, maSin jamSi, daaxloebiT,

sasanianebis savele jaris, anu problematuri sazRvrebis ukan

ganlagebuli Zalebis raodenoba 140,000-150,000 jariskacs aRwevda. savele

jaris raodenoba (daax. 150,000 jariskaci) + sazRvrebze permanentulad

ganlagebuli SenaerTebis raodenoba (daax. 180,000 jariskaci) sasanianTa

imperiis laSqars 300,000-mde xdida (hovard-jonstoni, 2012: 109-118).

SeiaraReba gaicemoda saxelmwifos mier. Cven ar viciT hqondaT Tu

ara rigiTi samxedroebis ojaxebs rame saxis privilegiebi: urigdebodaT

Tu ara miwebi (rogorc es xdeboda romSi), an hqondaT Tu ara fiskaluri

saxis daTmobebi. Tumca, cnobilia, rom miwebi urigdebodaT maRali

138

samxedro Tanamdebobebis mqone pirebs warsulSi Cadenili gmirobebisTvis

da gadaxdili brZolebisaTvis.

amrigad, sasanuri iranis jari Sedgeboda Semdgomi ZiriTadi

komponentebisgan:

1. regularuli laSqari dayofili oTx regionul sammarTvelod;

2. sazRvrebze permanentulad dayenebuli SenaerTebi;

3. bolos ucxoeli daqiravebuli meomrebi.

sasanuri jaris strategiuli pozicia gansxvavdeboda aRmosavleTSi

dayenebuli bizantiuri jaris mkveTrad gamokveTili wina-xazze-Tavdacvis

strategiisgan da SeiZleba daxasiaTebul iqnas rogorc agresiuli

Tavdacva. ardaSirisa da Sapur I mefobebSi mopovebuli teritoriuli

Senamatebis efeqtianad dacvisTvis saWiro gaxda didi ekonomikuri

investiciebis Cadeba samxedro infrastruqturis asagebaT. magram,

amavdroulad, sul ufro naTeli xdeboda is garemoeba, rom imperiis

yvela sazRvarze momravlebuli mtrisTvis efeqtiani winaaRmdegobis

gaweva SeuZlebeli iyo jaris arsebuli unificirebuli mmarTvelobiT. V-

VI saukuneebis SahanSahebs naklebad SeeZlod mTeli samxedro Zalebis

mobilizeba erT frontze, radgan safrTxe CrdiloeTidan da

aRmosavleTidan aranakleb saxifaTo iyo, vidre magaliTad dasavleTSi

bizantiis imperiisgan. iezdigerdi, kavadi da sxvebi ukve naklebad

erTvebodnen erTpirovnulad samxedro kampaniaebis warmoebaSi. sxva

sityvebiT, ardaSiris da Sapur I epoqa warsuls Cabarda. xosro

anuSirvanis kampania kolxeTSi, egrisis omis msvlelobaSi albaT ufro

gamonakliss warmoadgenda vidre tendencias. Tumca, amisTvisac

garkveuli mizezebi arsebobs. kerZod, xosros mier sruliad saimperio

masStabis samxedro reforma: samxedro mmarTvelobis dayofa.

safiqrebelia, Tu ratom dasWirdaT sasanianebs daaxloebiT 250 weliwadi

amgvari reformis gansaxorcieblad. SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom es ufro

dinastiis centralizebuli mmarTvelobis xasiaTidan gamomdinare

xdeboda, anu SahanSahi sakuTar prerogativad miiCnevda ZiriTad samxedro

kampaniebSi xelmZRvaneloba da sxva strategiuli sakiTxebis zedam-

xedveloba. Tumca, ufro vemxrobi im azrs, rom VI saukunis dasawyisamde

amgvari reformis Catarebis aucilebloba ubralod ar idga. iransa da

139

bizantias Soris mTeli V saukunis ganmavlobaSi absoluturi simSvide

sufevda (ori mcire omis miuxedavad, romelTac ar SeucvliaT imperiebis

strategiuli mdgomareoba), xolo 502 wlidan, rodesac SahanSah kavadma

omi gamoucxada konstantinopols, orive imperia antagonisturad iyo

ganwyobili erTmaneTisadmi 628 wels herakles qtesifonSi Sesvlamde.

samxedro qmedebebi drodadro icvleboda agresiuli diplomatiiT, rac

sasanianebs CrdiloeTidan da aRmosavleTidan nomadebisgan momdinare

gaormagebuli safrTxesTan erTad ubiZga ganexorcielebinaT

fundamenturi reformebi. didi varaudiT, xosrom ZiriTadi reformebi 545

wlisTvis ganaxorciela (rubini, 1995: 275-293).

imperiis administraciuli mowyoba

xosros reformebis Sedegad71 sasanianebis 300,000-iani laSqari emor-

Cileboda oTx regionalur sardals – spahbeds (spahbed) – da Svid ufros

                                                            71 Tumca, unda aRiniSnos isic, rom xosro anuSirvanis reformebs imperiisTvis da misi

memkvidreebisTvis ramodenime uaryofiTi Sedegi gamouwvia. erTerTi mizezi arabebis

swrafi warmatebisa sasanuri iranis winaaRmdeg iyo is samxedro politika, romelic

xosro anuSirvanma gaatara Tavisi mmarTvelobis meore naxevarSi, gansakuTrebulad ki,

imperiis administraciuli da samxedro reformebis Semdeg. zustad xosros mefobaSi

moxda is gardatexa, romelic romis imperiaSi daaxloebiT 395 wlidan daiwyo, rodesac,

magaliTad, konstantinopolSi msxdobi imperatorebi aRar gadiodnen jarTan erTad

brZolis velze. amieridan, isini sakuTari mefobis umetes nawils imperiis

dedaqalaqidan marTvaSi atarebdnen. xosros mmarTvelobaSi, jer kidev vxedavT imas,

rom SahanSahi TviTon monawileobda saomar moqmedebebSi. ase, xosrom ilaSqra siriaSi,

rodesac 540 wels antioqia aiRo. agreTve, is piradad uZRveboda iranul jarebs

lazikaSi egrisis omis (542-562 ww.) periodSi. magram, misive mmarTvelobaSi naTeli

gaxda, rom imperias permanentulad uwevda erTdroulad ramodenime frontze saomari

moqmdebebis warmoeba. Sesabamisad, SahanSahisTvis mniSvnelovani gaxda axali samxedro

sistemis Camoyalibeba, romlis meSveobiTac is naklebad iqneboda Careuli samxedro

kampaniebSi, romelis xSir SemTxvevebSi minimum ramodenime Tveze iweleboda. garda

amisa, SahanSahis samxedro kampaniebSi monawileoba did safrTxeebTan iyo

dakavSirebuli. yvelaze TvalsaCino perozis magaliTia, romelic tyved Cauvarda

heftalitebs (TeTr hunebs) gorganis kedlis CrdiloeTiT. dedaqalaqSi mjdomi

SahanSahi ufro martivad moaxerxebda sxvadasxva frontze samxedro Tudiplomatiuri

saqmianobis koordinirebas.

es yvelaferi calsaxad dadebiTi iyo, Tumca dedaqalaqidan Sors arsebul

sazvRrebis efeqtianad dasacavad xosro pirveli, amavdroulad, iZulebuli iyo

provinciebis mmarTvelebisTvis – spahbedebisTvis – meti Zalaufleba gadaenawilebina.

Sesabamisad, xosros mefobis bolos, xolo gansakuTrebulad ki misi gardacvalebis

Semdeg naTeli gaxda, rom provinciebis mmarTvelebi sakuTari Zalauflebis qveS

arsebul teritoriebs sul ufro metad ganixilavdnen rogorc memkvidreobiT erTeuls

(ქristenseni, 1944: 500).

140

meTaurs – framadars (framadar) (qristenseni, 1944: 125-140). xosro

anuSirvanamde iranSi unificirebuli samxedro sardloba arsebobda.

zustad mas ekuTvnis samxedro administraciis oTx regionalur nawilad

dayofa spahbed-ebis meTaurobiT. Spahbed-ebis ricxvi cnobilia

SemorCenili sasanianTa beWdebidan. es aris oTxi spahbedi: hvarasa –

aRmosavleTi; nemruzi – samxreTi; hvaravani – dasavleTi; da adarbadagani

– CrdiloeTi (qristenseni, 1944: 33-58). Cvenamde mxolod rva spahbedis

saxeli aris moRweuli TerTmet SemorCenil beWedze. uSualod spahbeds

emorCileboda marzpani. spahbedebis garda sasanianTa administraciuli

kibis qveda safexurze kidev iyvnen marzpanebi. marzpanebi ufro metad

samxedro sakiTxebiT iyvnen dakaveblni vidre adminisitraciliT.

magaliTad, saomari mdgomareobisas, marzpanebi, xSir SemTxvevaSi,

rogorc mxedarTmTavrebi spahbedebis zedamxedvelobis qveS moqmedebdnen.

rac Seexeba marzpanTa warmomavlobas, isini, ZiriTadad

Tavadaznaurobidan gamodiodnen. marzpanTa warmomavloba imperiis zeda

politikuri eSelonidan xels uwyobda samefo xelisuflebis stabilu-

robas. Tumca, rogorc sxvagan iqneba naCvenebi, marzpanebisTvis micemulma

didma Zalauflebam ukureaqcia gamoiwvia, rodesac bevri mcdeloba iyo

samxedro Zalis meSveobiT samefo taxti CaegdoT xelT (imperiis

administraciuli mowyobis zogadids mimoxilvisTvis ix. lukonini, 113-155:

1987).

daqvemdebarebul samxedro olqebs Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, umsxvilesi

samxedro mxare iyo aRmosavleTi (hvarasa), romelSic 26 olqi Sedioda

da midiidan gurganis vakis da mervis CaTvliT centralur aziamde iyo

gadaWimuli. meore adgilze iyo samxreTis (nemruzi) samxedro mxare,

romelic moicavda istoriul persidas da indis vakemde arsebul

teritorias. am teritoriis spahbeds upirveles yovlisa evaleboda

sasanianTa kontroli uzrunvelyo dRevandel sparseTis yureSi.

umciresi, Tumca yvelaze gadatvirTuli samxedro mxare dasavleTi

(hvaravani) iyo, mxolod 8 olqiT. CrdiloeTi (adarbadagani) moicavda

istoriul azerbaijans, samxreT kavkasiasa da darubands (hovard-

jonstoni, 2012: 111-120).

spahbedis mmarTvelobis qveS arsebul gansazRvrul teritorias

141

gaaCnda Tavisi bunebrivi da adamianuri resursebiT savse miwa da is

strategiuli miznebi romelTa gansaxorcielebac mniSvnelovani iyo im

regionis usafrTxoebisTvis da kargad ergeboda saerTo imperiul

strategias. samxreTSi, spahbeds evaleboda sasanianebis gavlenis

gavrceleba arabeTis naxevarkunZulze da sparseTis yureSi. igive miznebi

hqondaT danarCen spahbedebsac (vizhoferi, 2001: 165-182).

jars aseve evaleboda imperiis Sida usafrTxoebaze ezruna. xosros

samxedro reformas ar gadauwevia SahanSahi meore planze omis

warmoebaSi. mas isev SeeZlo Tavi daeyenebina, rogorc umaRlesi

mTavarsardali an Tavisi survilisda mixedviT daeyenebina romelime

sardali.72

                                                            72 saintereso iyo imperiis Sida struqturac. aRiniSniSnavia, rom sasanianTa imperiis

struqtura – xelisufleba – Svidi ojaxis Zalauflebaze iyo dafuZnebuli. am Svidi

ojaxidan sasanianebi erTs warmoadgendnen. Sesabamisad mmarTveli dinastiis

warmoamadgenlebs yovelTvis unda gamoeCinaT sakmarisi mmarTvelobiTi niWi ar

daeCagraT danarCeni eqvsi ojaxidan romelime da ar momxdariyo araproporciuli Zalis

mobilizeba romelime ojaxis xelSi. TiToeul ojaxs gaaCnda ambicia imperiis saTaveSi

mosuliyo. potenciurad, es sakmaod did safrTxes uqmnida imperiis Sida usafrTxoebas.

xolo imperiis sisuste SigniT avtomaturad mmatebda safrTxeebs sagareo intervenciisa.

pirvel rigSi ki, safrTe bizantiis imperiidan momdinareobda. TvalsaCino

magaliTs warmoadgens VI saukunis ambavi, rodesac konstantinopolma gamoiyena

sasanianTa imperiis susti Sida mdgomareoba sakuTari sagareo politikuri miznebis

Sesabamisad. ase, sasanianTa imperiis erTerTi gamorCeuli mxedarTmTavari bahram Cobini

iyo. VI saukunis dasasruls Cobini bizantielebTan omSi ramodenime marcxi ganicada

ramac imdroindeli SahanSahis hormizd meoTxis (579-590 წწ.) mier misi gadayeneba

gamoiwvia. Tumca, Cobinma ar isurva Tanamdebobis martivad daTmoba da samxedro

ajanyebis saTaveSi Cadga (qristenseni, 1944: 444-448).

imperiis feodalebi gansakuTrebulad Zlierdebian hormizd meoTxis mefobidan.

mravldeba mcdelobebi Secvalon mefeebi da sakuTari kandidaturebi daayenon. Cobinis

gamosvla am tendenciis karg magaliTs warmoadgens. ufro metic, Cobinis magaliTs misi

marcxis Semdeg sxvebis mihyvnen, magaliTad vinme vistami, an herakle keisris mier

damarcxebuli xosro meoris Semdeg TviTneburad gamefebuli kidev erTi mxedarTmTavai

Sahvarazi (qristenseni, 1944: 449).

martivi iqneboda imis mtkiceba, rom Cobinis ajanyeba mxolod hormizd IV

uTanxmoebiT iyo gamowveuli. yvelaze saintiereso am istoriaSi ki is aris, rom

hormizdis daRupvis Semdeg da taxtze axali SahanSahis – xosro meoris – asvlisTanave

Cobinma gaagrZela samxedro ajanyeba. mniSvnelovani am ajanyebaSi ki is aris, rom Cobini

mihranTa ojaxis warmomadgeneli iyo. sakuTriv mihranTa ojaxi ki, romelic iranis Svid

ojaxTa Soris erTerTs warmoadgenda, arSakidTa ojaxis STamomavlad miiCneoda.

Sesabamisad, aq saqme gvaqvs Cobinis mxridan ara mxolod pirad wyenasTan, aramed ufro

farTomasStabian moZraobasTan, romelic miznad isaxavda sasanianTa dinastiis Secvlas.

amas adasturebs is faqtic, rom Cobini triumfalurad Sevida qtesifonSi, gvirgvinic

daidga da monetebic moWra sakuTari gamosaxulebiT.

xosro iZulebuli iyo gaqceuliyo bizantiaSi da daxmareba eTxova imperator

142

teritoriulad oTxive spahbedis teritoria ikveTeboda midiis

dasavleTiT, romlis teritoriac mdidari iyo rogorc bunebrivi, aseve

adamianuri resursebiT. saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi midiis teritoriis

gavliT xdeboda erTi mxridan meoreSi jaris gadatana. zustad amis

Sedegi iyo is, rom 573 wlis krizisis dros, rodesac irans safrTxe

emuqreboda erTdroulad ramodenime frontidan, xosrom ara marto

moaxerxa axlad Seqmnili bizantiur-Turquli koaliciis daSla, aramed

Setevazec ki gadavida da arabeTis naxevarkunZulis samxreT nawilic ki

daipyro (qristenseni, 1944: 380-396).

calsaxad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Tu ara grZelvadiani politikis

dagegmareba, sasanian SahanSahebs gauWirdebodaT amdeni saukunis

ganmavlobaSi imperiuli sazRvrebis dacva. bizantiis imperiasTan

SedarebiT uares geografiul pirobebSi mdebare sasanur imperias

sazRvrebis dasacavad esaWiroeboda rogorc sazRvrebze mZlavri

samxedro infrastruqturis Seqmna, aseve imperiis SigniT arsebuli

ekonomikuri Tu adamianuri resursebis swori gadanawileba. sasanianebi

aSenebdnen mZlavr kedlebs imperiis yvela sazRvarze, qmnidnen did

jarebs, gaaCndaT ideologia, romelsac iyenebdnen sagareo politikaSi

(amaze saubari qvemoT iqneba), iyenebdnen cecxlTayvanismcemlobas,

rogorc xexrs imperiis periferiaze mcxovrebi xalxebis sakuTar

politikur orbitaSi SesanarCuneblad da awarmoebdnen ucxo xalxebis

gansaxlebas sakuTar teritoriaze (ix. qvemoT). ufro metic, sasaniani

Sahebi gansxvavebul politikas usadagebdnen imperiis TiToeul mters.

agebuli kedeli da cixesimagre, diplomatiuri xerxebi da jaris

raodenoba pirdapir proporciuli iyo imisa Tu rogori mZlavri iyo esa

Tu is mteri. sxva sityvebiT, sasanianebs, iseve rogorc bizantielebs

gaaCndaT strategiuli xedva sakuTari samezoblosadmi.

iranuli strategiis pirveli magaliTi. sasanianTa ideologia: ra

politikuri miznebi amoZravebda sasanianebs?

                                                                                                                                                                                                mavrikesTvis. am ukanasknelis Carevam aiZula Cobini centralur aziaSi TurqebTan

gaqceuliyo, sadac daiRupa kidevac. Cobinis cxovreba udevs safuZvlad firdousis

popularul romans Sahnames.

143

ra sagareo politikuri miznebi amoZravebda sasanianebs? (iarSateri,

1971: 519; dariae, 2006: 387-393) Tu romis imeriis SemTxvevaSi mkvlevarebis

umetesoba Tanxmdeba imaze, rom imperias hqonda gansazRvruli ideologia

– imperium sine fine – sagareo politikaSi (dignasi, 2007: 53-62), SeiZleba

Tu ara igives Tqma sasnianebze, romelnic, Tu pirveli SahanSahebis

sagareo politikur qmedebebs gaviTvaliswinebT, aseve miiltvoden

msoflioSi warmmarTveli poziciis dakavebisken. sxva sityvebiT:

upirispirebda Tu ara qtesifoni romis imperium sine fine-s ideologias

msoflios mowyobis sakuTar midgomas? parTelebTan SedarebiT

sasanianebma sagareo politika daafuZnes erT mniSvnelovan ideologiur

aspeqtze: axalma dinastiam Tavi aqemenidi mefeebis STamomavlad

gamoacxada da pretenziebi wamoayena aqemenidebisdroindel imperiul

sazRvrebze. herodiane Tavis istoriaSi, romelic mimoixilavs movlenebs

ax. w. 180 wlidan 238 wlamde periods, aRniSnavs ardaSiris werils

severus aleqsandresadmi (herodiane, 1991: VI.2.4-5). werilSi ardaSiri

gadaWriT moiTxovs romisgan dauTmos sasanianebs siria da mcire azia.

ardaSirma laSqrobebis mTeli seria wamoiwyo da 240 wlisTvis moaxerxa

hatras aReba CrdiloeT mesopotamiaSi (dignasi, 2007: 9-18). sasanianebis

teritoriul pretenziebze agreTve iuwyeba kasius dio, romelic Tavis

istorias asrulebs 229 wliT (dignasi, 2007: 9-18). rogorc Cans, iranelebi

am ideologiur iaraRs momdevno saukuneebSic iyenebdnen. ase magaliTad,

IV saukunis istorikosTan amiane marcelinesTanac gvxdeba cnobebi

sasanianebis mier wina saukuneebSi wamoyenebul msgavs teritoriul

ambiciebze. Sapur II romis imperator konstancius II-sadmi miweril

werilSi moiTxovs aqemenidebisdroindeli teritoriebis dabrunebas

(amiane marceline, XVII 5.3-8).73 ufro metic, igive cnobebi gvaqvs

Semonaxuli IX-X saukuneebis arab istorikos tabarisTan.74 amis garda,

rodesac Sapurma I daamarcxa romis imperatoris valerianes 70,000-iani

laSqari, xolo sakuTriv imperatori ki tyved Cauvarda, SahanSahma Tavisi

                                                            73 Res Gestae-s sxva monakveTebSi amiane axsenebs imasac, rom sasanianebi mTel mcire azias moiTxovdnen biTviniis provinciasa da marmarilos zRvamde. 74 tabari uSualod miuTiTebs im faqtze, rom ardaSirma wamoiwyo ajanyeba arSakidebis winaaRmdeg, rom Suri eZia darios III sisxlisTvis, anu daebrunebina iranisTvis warTmeuli teritoriebi.

144

triumfi aRbeWda naqSi rustamSi, cecxlTayvaniscemelTa taZris kedelze

datanil warweraSi,75 sxva sityvebiT, uSualod im adgilas sadac

damarxuli iyvnen aqemeniani mmarTvelebi. savaraudod, 224 wels axali

dinastiis CamoyalibebisTanave, ardaSirma wamoayena teritoriuli

pretenziebi romis imperiis mimarT. pirvel rigSi, saubari midioda

uwindel aqemenidur samflobeloebis – CrdiloeT mesopotamiis, siriis,

mcire aziisa da egviptis – dabrunebaze (driversi, 2008: 445-448).

ardaSir pirvelis mier daarsebulma axalma dinastiam didi

cvlilebebi Seitana iran-romis urTierTobebSi. ra surdaT sasanianebs?

ra miznebi amoZravebdaT maT? iyo maT mier III-IV sakuneebSi wamowyebuli

omebi romis imperiis winaaRmdeg tipiuri dapyrobiTi laSqrobebi, riTac

yovel SahanSahs surda damatebiTi nadavli moepovebina da sakuTari

mmarTveloba gaemyarebina imperiis SigniT, Tu arsebobda is strategiuli

miznebi, romelTa ganxorcielebac aucilebeli iyo axladSeqmnili

imperiis dasavluri sazRvrebis usafrTxoebis uzrunvelsayofad (kanepa,

2009; 53-78)?

omi CrdiloeT mesopotamiis cixe-simagreebisTvis gagrZelda.

romaelebi ver eguebodnen im strategiul Soks rac gamowveuli iyo

sasanianebis swrafi warmatebiT am regionSi. orive imperiisTvis

CrdiloeT mesopotamia sakvanZo punqts warmoadgenda radgan nisibinis,

hatrasa da karis gakontrolebiT romalebi saukuneebis ganmavobaSi

axerxebdnen parTelTa hinterlandze gavlenis moxdenas da dedaqalaq

qtesifonisTvis safrTxis Seqmna. es ukanaskneli faqtori ki Zalzed

mniSvnelovani iyo radgad dedaqalaqis dakaveba realurad omis

dawrulebas niSnavda. Sesabamisad, arSakidebis mizani iyo romaelebis

CrdiloeT mespotamiidan gagdeba, Tumca Sida sisustisa da romis

imperiis imperiis Zlierebis xanis periodSi (I-II ss.) parTelebi

warumateblebi iyvnen da rogorc romis jarebis warmatebebi mowmobs

CrdiloeT mesopotamiaSi III saukunis dasawyisSi, roms martivad SeeZlo

mtris dedaqalaqis dakaveba.

                                                            75 Saburis warwera, sadac is sauTar Tavs iranuli da arairanuli miwebis mbrZaneblad (kidev erTi niSani sasaniani Sahebis globalur ambiciabze romis imperiis winaaRmdeg) acxadebs Tavs datanilia erTerT qvaze, romelic religiuri daniSnulebis iyo, xolo aSenda ki mefe darios I mmarTvelobaSi.

145

sasanianebis aRzevebiT principulad araferi Secvlila. ardaSirma

dedaqalaqi isev qtesifoni gamoacxada, xolo mesopotamiaSi da iranis

platoze dinastiis Zalauflebis ganmtkicebisaTvis saWiro iyo

romaelebisgan CrdiloeT mesopotamiis cixe-simagreebis gaTavisufleba.

romis mier erTi warmatebuli Seteva qtesifonze SeiZleba

gamanadgulrebul Sedegebamde mieyvana axali dinastia. zustad amitomac,

sasanianebi mTavari Seteva CrdiloeTis mimarTulebiT daiwyes da

mniSvnelovan warmatebebsac miaRwies. ardaSirma nisibinisa da karis

aRebis garda, moaxerxa sparseTis yuredan da CrdiloeT mesopotamiamde

savaWro gzebis xelSi Cagdebac. misi Svilis Sapur I mefobaSi omi

grZeldeba. imperatori gordiane III (238-244 ww.) brZolaSi iRupeba, mis

Semcvlel filipe arabs (244-249 ww.) uwevs somxeTze da aRmosavleT

saqarTveloze gavlenis gavrcelebaze uaris Tqma. SapurTan brZolaSi

meore romaeli imperatoric aRwevs savalalo Sedegs. 260 wels edesasTan

imperatori valeriane da sxva romaeli mralCinosnebi tyveT Cauvardnen

Sapurs, xolo misi jari ki mTlianad ganadgurda. amis Semdeg

romisTvis Tavidanve naTeli gaxda, rom sasanianTa warmatebebi ar

Semoifargleboda mxolod yofili parTiis imperiis teritoriiT.

pirveli rac gaakeTa ardaSirma imperiis SigniT mdgomareobis gamtkicbis

Semdeg iyo werilis gagzavna romis imperator severus aleqsandresTan

(222-235 ww.), sadac SahanSahi aqemenidebisdroindel samflobeloebze

acxadebda pretenziebs, kerZod ki, mTel siriasa da mcire aziaze

(herodiane, 1991: VI.2.4-5).

sainteresoa agreTve isic, iyinebdnen Tu ara sasanianebi

aqemenianianTa dinastiis memkvidreobas rogorc oficialur sagareo

poitikur kurss – daebrunebinaT darios III dros dakarguli miwebi? Tu

es gancxadebebi gamoiyeneboda mxolod ideologiuri miznebisTvis –

qveynis SigniT sasaniani liderebis prestiJis

asamaRleblad/SesanarCuneblad mudmivi sagareo mtris arsebobaze

aqcentis gadataniT. romaul/bizantiur-sasanuri urTierTobebis dinamika

III saukunidan gviani antikurobis dasrulebamde miuTiTebs imaze, rom

SahanSahebi aqtiurad mizdevdnen aqemeniani mmarTvelebis ideologias

konstantinopolTan urTierTobebSi, magram daaxloebiT imave

146

miznebisTvis, rogorc amas akeTebdnen bizantielebi Tavisi imperium sine

fine-s ideologiiT. am Tavis erTerTi mniSvnelovani daskvna is aris, rom

romsa/bizantiasa da irans Soris warmoebuli omebis mizezi yovelTvis

sasanianebi ar yofilan. ufro metic, bevr SemTxvevaSi iraneli

mmarTvelebis qmedebebi ufro TavdacviTi, xolo bizantielebis ki ufro

agresiuli iyo. orive imperia miiltvoda `msoflio batonobis~ sakuTari

versiisaken. ekonomika, ideologia, samxedro saqme, diplomatia da reli-

gia did rols asrulebdnen am pretenziebis ganxorcielebaSi. zustad am

sapirispiro ideologiebma ganapirobes is, rom or imperias Soris ver

moinaxa is saerTo interesi, romelic xels Seuwyobda Savi zRvidan

arabeTis naxevarkunZulamde arsebul sazRvarze grZelvadiani simSvidis

damyarebas.

sasanuri strategiis meore magaliTi. arabebi imperiis sazRvrebTan

iranelebisa da siria-mesopotamiis udabnoSi mcxovrebi arabi

tomebis urTierTobebis dasawyisi aqemenenidebis periodiT (Zv. w. 550-331

ww.) TariRdeba, rodesac kambisem egvipteSi laSqrobisas arabeTis

teritoria, kerZod ki misi CrdiloeTi nawili – hijazi – gaiara

(bosvorti, 1983: 593-598). siria-mesopotamiis udabnos nawilebi drodadro

gadadioda erTi Zalis xelidan meoreSi. selevkidebisa da parTelebis

mier Seqmnili saxelmwifoebi agreTve iyvnen dainteresebulebi maT

samxreTidan momdinare arakontrolirebadi arabi tomebis SekavebaSi.

erayis ukiduresi samxreTi nawili iyo is wertili sadac udabnodan

mosuli arabebi saxldebodnen mesopotamiaSi da uSualo kontaqtSi

Sediodnen SuamdinareTSi arsebul ama Tu im imperiasTan. sasanianebis

periodSi igive mdgomareoba arsebobda.

arabebis Zala parTelebis dros koncentrirebulli iyo qalaq hat-

raSi, romelic centralur eraySi mdebareobda. Tumca, 224-226 wlebSi

ardaSiris xelisuflebaSi mosvliT, sasanianebma hatra daipyres da mis

nacvlad wina planze wamowies axali qalaqi hira, romelic, uSualod,

siria-mesopomaiisa da SuamdinareTis sazRvarze mdebareobda (edveli,

2008: 133-155). sasanianebma mokavSireebaT laxmidTa konfederacia airCies

(Semdeg amis sapirwoneT romaelebma RasanianTa konfederacia Seqmnes

147

Tavisi palestinis provinciis sazRvris gaswvriv). hiras daarseba

sasanianTa dinastiis pirveli warmomadgenlis ardaSir I mier, metyvelebs

imaze Tu ra saxis geopolitikuri cvlileba moxda maxlobel

aRmosavleTSi kavkasiidan moyolebuli arabeTis naxevarkunZulis

aRmosavleT sanapiromde. sasanianebi, iseve rogorc romaelebi (Semdeg

bizantielebi) Tavis mokavSire arabebis liderebs mefis tituls

aniWebdnen. ase, magaliTad, sasanianebis erTerTi yvelaze cnobili arabi

mokavSire iyo imru al-qaiSi, romelic III saukunis bolosa da meoTxis

dasawyisSi qalaq hiradan siria-mesopotamiis udabnoSi avrcelebda Tavis

(Sesabamisad, iribad iranis) politikur gavlenas, rac xels uwyobda

iranis mesopotamiuri sazRvris dacvas arabeTis naxevarkunZulis Sida

regionidan mosuli arabi molaSqreebis winaaRmdeg (bosvorti, 1983: 598-

605). misi oficialuri titulatura iTvlida `yvela arabTa mefis~

titulsac (foudeni, 1999: 149-160). nasridebis gavlena hijazamde vrcelde-

boda, rac metyvelebs imaze, rom sasanianTa arab mokavSireebs ufro didi

gavlena gaaCndaT vidre konstantinopolis arab mokavSireebs.

nasridebis Zalaufleba mTlianad fuZndeboda qtesifonidan

momdinare politikuri da ekonomikuri mxardaWeraze. arsebobs cnobebi,

rom SahanSahebi arab mokavSireebs miwis nakveTebs da iqidan

gadasaxadebis Taviseburad akrefis uflebasac aZlevdnen (bosvorti, 1983:

600-612). nasridebis laSqari Sedgeboda maTi mokavSire arabebis

Zalebisgan, rac kidev erTxel metyvelebs imaze, Tu raoden farTo iyo

maTi moqmedebis areali, bizantiis arab mokavSireebTan SedarebiT. arabi

istorikosebi (maT Soris al-tabari) axseneben agreTve imasac, rom

sasaniani SahanSahebi nasridebs 1,000-kacian razms ugzavnidnen, romelic

erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi arabi mmarTvelis Zalauflebas eqvemdebareboda

da rotaciulad yovel wels inacvleboda iranidan mosuli axali

razmiT (bosvorti, 1983: 598-605). wyaroebidan agreTve Cans isic, rom es

sasanuri sajariso razmi nasridebis damrtymeli Zalis birTvs

warmoadgenda. rogorc romaelTa mokavSire arabebi, nasridebic icavdnen

savaWro gzebs sasanuri iranis mesopotamiuri sazRvris gaswvriv. xosro

anuSirvanis mier daniSnuli arabi mmarTveli al-mundiri, magaliTad,

Tavis gavlenas avrcelebda hijazamde (arabeTis naxevarkunZulis

148

CrdiloeT-aRmosavleTi), xolo Tu es ukanaskneli varaudi simarTles

Seesabameboda, maSin, sasanianebs iribi gavlenis moxdena SeeZloT meqasa

da iaTribamde (medina) mimaval savaWro gzebzec. mogviano periodis

arabuli wyaroebi ixsenieben, rom SahanSah kavadis mmarTvelobaSi,

rodesac am ukanasknelma xeli Seuwyo mazdakis moZraobis (qristenseni,

1994: 316-340) gavrcelebas imperiaSi, arabma tomebma igive gaakeTes hijazSi

da TiTqos mazdakitebis msxvili dajgufeba arsebobda meqaSi muhamedis

aRzevebis Semdegac ki (bosvorti, 1983: 598-612).

kavSiri hirasa da iaTribs Soris arabi beduini tomebis mimarT

nasridTa politikis erTerT komponents warmoadgenda. xelSekrulebebi

ideboda adgilobriv arab mmarTvelebTan, rom am ukanasknelebs mcire

samxedro SenaerTebi miewodebina nasridebis mTavari samxedro ZalisTvis.

konstantinopolis arab mokavSireebTan SedarebiT, sasanianebi nasridebs

uflebas aZlevdnen Tavis daqvemedebarebul arab tomebSi gadasaxadebi

aekrifaT. axlo mokavSireebs nasridi liderebi miwis nakveTebsac

Cuqnidnen (pigulevskaia, 1964: 127-155; bosvorti, 1983: 598-612).

arabi mokavSireebis daxmarebiT sasanianTa mier agebuli ZalTa

balansi siria-mesopotamiis udabnosa da arabeTis naxevarkunZulis Crdi-

loeT nawilSi ryeva daiwyo mas Semdeg rac VI saukunis dasawyisSi

konstantinopolma gaaZliera jafnidebisTvis (RasanianTa konfederaciis

erTerTi tomi) samxedro da ekonomikuri mxardaWera, xolo maT liders

ki mefis titulic ki uboZa. amis paralelurad, arabeTis naxevarkunZulis

CrdiloeTiT kidev erTi arabTa tomebis konfederacia aRzevda

saxelwodebiT kinda. maT moaxerxes 525 wels droebiT nasridebis

dedaqalaqis hiras aRebac ki, xolo SahanSahi kavadi iZulebuli iyo

evfratis samxreTi nawili arabul tomebTan sazRvraT aReiarebina. 529

wels xosro anuSirvanis aRzevebiT nasridebma daibrunes dedaqalaqi

hira, gaanadgures kindas konfederaciis wevrebi da isev Seudgnen Tavisi

gavlenis gavrcelebas siria-mesopotamiis udabnoSi.

zemoT moyvanili arabi tomebis mimarT sasaniuri politikis

mimoxilva ar warmoadgens srul suraTs im rTuli procesebis, romelic

siria-mesopotamiis udabnoSi or imperias Soris mimdinareobda. magram,

ganxiluli calkeuli magaliTebi saSualebas gvaZlevs davinaxoT is Tu

149

rogori iyo sasanuri klienti samefos modeli. Cven SegviZlia davaskvnaT,

rom imperias gaaCnda:

1. grZelvadiani xedva yveynis am sazRvris mimarT iq mcxovrebi ara-

bi tomebis samxedro, ekonomikuri da kulturuli Tvisebebis gaTvalis-

winebiT;

2. konstantinopolis mokavSire arabi tomebisgan mkveTri gansxvave-

biT, sasanianebis mokavSire nasridebs moqmedebis ufro farTo areali

gaaCndaT;

3. gavlenis arealTan erTad, nasridebs gaaCndaT meti ekonomikuri

damoukidebloba gadasaxadebis akrefisa da miwis nakveTebis darigebis

saxiT;

4. nasridebs, konstantinopolis arab mokavSireebTan SedarebiT,

ufro mZlavri samxedro Zalac gaaCndaT.

yovelive es ki miuTeTbs iranis survilze arabeTis naxevarkunZulze

sakuTari interesebi daicvas, risTvisac msxvil politikur investicias

axorcielebda adgilobriv arabul dajgufebebSi. III saukunis Sua

xanidan arabeTisadmi sasanuri iranis mier gatarebuli politika

miuTiTebs imaze, rom imperiul mmarTvelebs kargad hqondaT

gacnobierebuli Tu raoden mniSvnelovania arabeTis roli ara mxolod

evfratis gaswvriv politikuri usafrTxoebisTvis, aramed bizantiaze

ekonomikuri upiratesobis misaRwevaT. Tu parTiis imperiis arsebobisas

vaWroba indoeTsa da romis imperias Soris umeteswilad xmeleTiT,

iranis teritoriis gavliT mimdinareobda, sasanianebis aRzevebis Semdeg

viTareba kardinalurad icvleba: SahanSahebi romael da Semdeg

bizantiel vaWrebs damatebiT gadasaxadebs uwesebdnen (pigulevskaia, 1964:

120-163; rubini, 1989: 400-419), riTac vaWroba indoeTTan da CineTTan

mkveTrad aramomgebiani gaxda mediteranuli ekonomikisTvis. bizantiam

axali savaWro gzebis Zebna daiwyo indoeTTan savaWroT da es gza unda

yofiliyo wiTeli zRvis gavliT da arabeTis naxevarkunZulis SemovliT

(rubini, 1989: 400-419).

sasanianebs kargad esmodaT es safrTxe da amitomac saWiro iyo

arabi mokavSireebisTvis mZlavri ekonomikuri Tu politikuri daxmarebiT

Tavisi gavlena gaevrcelebinaT arabeTis naxevarkunZulis dasavleT da

150

aRmosavleT nawilSi – Tanamedrove sparseTis yuris arealSi samxedro

banakebis SeqmniT – da VI saukunis bolos ukve samxreT arabeTSic,

kerZod ki iemenSi (qristenseni, 1944: 380-405). sasanianebis arabuli

politika ramodenime aTas kilometrze iyo gadaWimuli. mis arab

mokavSireebs erTdroulad SeeZloT samxedro operaciebis gatareba

ramodenime frontze. amasTan erTad SahanSahebi warmatebiT iyenebdnen

imperiul prestiJs, magaliTad iemenSi adgilobriv mosaxleobaSi

arsebul ukmayofilebas eTiopielebis mier dawyebuli sadamsjelo

operaciebis gamo. yovelive es ki, metyvelebs imaze, rom irans sakmaod

kargi saxelmwifoebrivi dazverviTi aparati hqonda, riTac martivad

axorcielebda grZelvadiani politikis sawarmoeblad saWiro

politikuri gadawyvetilebebis miRebas. yovelive es ki, Tavis mxriv,

miuTiTebs iranelebSi iseve, rogorc bizantielebSi arabeTis mimarT

sakuTari politikuri da ekonomikuri strategiis arsebobaze.

sasanianTa strategiis mesame magaliTi: e. w. receptio76 sistema?

bunebrivia `sasanuri cixe-samagre~, romelsac SahanSahebi saukuneebis

ganmavlobaSi aSenebdnen da aZlierebdnen, ver SeZlebda yovelTvis

ramodenime frontidan Semosuli mtris mogerieba. amitomac sasanianebi

ar ambobdnen uars nomadebis miRebaze qveynis SigniT. ufro metic,

rogorc qvemoT iqneba naCvenebi, imperias qveynis SigniT ucxo Zalebis

miRebis mTeli sistema hqonda Camoyalibebuli.

gviani antikuri xanis romis imperiis mkvlevarebs saTanado

yuradReba aqvT miZRvnili imperiis SigniT germanuli Tu nomaduri

tomebis SeSvebis sakiTxisadmi. istokisoTa erTi nawili miiCnevs, rom

roms Camoyalibebuli politika gaaCnda, Tu rogor unda SemouSvan,

dayon, gaanawilon da sasoflo-sameurneo miwebze miaban Semosuli ucxo

dajgufebebi (Stikleri, 2007: 495-514). istorikosTa nawili am politikas

receptio sistemas uwodebs (bernsi, 1994: 247-279). mkvlevarTa meore nawili

ki miiCnevs, rom imperatorebs ar gaaCndaT winaswar Camoyalibebuli

politika. Cven aq mkvlevarTa pirvel jgufs mivemxrobiT da SevecdebiT

                                                            76 laTinuri sityva „miReba“.

151

vaCvenoT hqonda Tu ara sasanur irans receptio strategia ucxo tomebis

mimarT? ganvixiloT saintereso pasaJi X-XI saukuneebis sparseli

istorikosis ibn misqvaihis wyarodan `xalxTa gamocdileba~ (ibn

misqvaihi, 1999: 199-201):

`Semdeg, Cveni mefobis 37-e wels (rac daaxloebiT 568-69 wlebs unda

emTxveodes) oTxma Turqulma tomma xazarTa regionidan, romelTaganac

TiToeuls Tavisi mefe gaaCnda, werili mogveweres sadac aRwerdnen im

sirTuleebs rac maT Tavs gadaxdaT; sakuTar siRaribes da monobas

acxadebdnen Cvendami. maT gvTxoves davesaxlebineT rogorc mokavSireebi

da rom Cven Suri ar gveZia imaze, rac Cvenma samefom maT xelSi

gadaitana. samagierod, isini gviCvenebdnen, iqneba es brZolaSi, Tu sxva

rameSi, yvela is upiratesoba rac maT gaaCniaT. CemTvis naTeli gaxda,

rom bevr sargebels vnaxavdi maTi SeSvebiT. amavdroulad, meSinia imisic,

rom Tavisi siRaribis da gamo romaelTa imperatoris mokavSireebi ar

gaxdnen, romelic (e. i. romis imperatori) amiT Cvenze Zlieri gaxdeba.

ramodime jer ukve momxdara, rodesac imperatori (e. i. romis imperiis)

daiqirava eseni (barbarosebi) CvenTan saomrad. is ramac aiZula am mefeebs

(romael imperatorebs) ukan daexiaT iyo Turqebis simamace...

Sesabamisad, me mivwere maT, rom miviRebdi imaT vinc CvenTan

movidoda... me, agreTve, mivwere `karis~77 marzpans da vubrZane isini

(Turqebi) nelnela SemoeSva. man Sematyobina, rom 50,000 adamiani mivida

masTan, Tavis meuRleebTan, SvilebTan da ojaxis sxva wevrebTan. maTi

3,000-mde beladi mivida masTan (marzpanTan) Tavisi saojaxo meurneobiT,

colebiT, SvilebiT, ojaxis sxva wevrebiT.

rodesac yovelive es Sematyobines me visurve isini axlos momeyvana,

rom meCvenebina Cemi guluxvoba maTdami da is pativi da dideba, romelic

mindoda maTvis gadameca raTa maTi rwmena gamezarda Cvens

mxedarTmTavrebSi, TiTqosda Cven gvindoda maTi gaSveba romelime am

mxedarTmTavris sardlobis qveS, xolo yvela maTgani yofiliyo

erTguli. me TviTon Cavedi adarbaihanSi (azerbaijanSi) da miveci ufleba

Semosuliyvnen qveyanaSi.                                                             77 savaraudoT, aq saubaria darubandze.

152

me mivedi 53,000 TurqTan da vubrZane samxedro wyobaSi

Camdgariyvnen daTvalierebisTvis...

Sesabamisad, me madloba gadavuxade RmerTs da vbrZane, rom es

Turqebi Svid jgufad dayofiliyvnen ojaxis wevrebTan erTad. maTgan

amovirCie ramodenime adamiani da maT zedamxedvelebaT davniSne. amaT me

davurige miwis nakveTebi, xolo maT Tanamavlebs saxelmwifo

Tanamdebobebi. me vuzrunvelyve maTvis sakvebis daweseba da vbrZane maTi

wyliT uxv miwebze gansaxleba. maTi nawili ganvasaxle Cemi erTerTi

generlis zedamxedvelobis qveS margianaSi (mervSi), sxva nawili – lanSi,

xolo mesame nawili ki adarbaihanSi. me ganvasaxle isini iq sadac iyo

amis saWiroeba, marzpanis zedamxedvelobis qveS. amiS Semdeg, me

yovelTvis vxedavdi rogori erTgulebi da Sromismoyvare iyvnen isini

yovel saqmeSi. aman ki didi bedniereba mogvitana yvela qalaqSi,

sasazRvro zonaSi da cixesimagreSi.~

wyaros am monakveTSi bevri saintereso faqtia Semonaxuli rac saWi-

roebs detalur axsnas. rogorc vxedavT, sasaniani mmarTvelebi winaswar

zrunavdnen imaze, rom barbarosi tomebis gansaxleba samiwadmoqmedo

teritoriaze unda momxdariyo. es ki, erTaderTi garantia iyo imisa, rom

nomadebi cxovrebis axal wesze gadasuliyvnen, riTac iZulebuli

iqnebodnen mietovebinaT cxeni rogorc samxedro iaraRi. amavdroulad,

maTi gansaxleba ar unda momxdariyo erT teritoriaze, aramed

ramodenime Sori-Sor mdebare punqtSi, rac ajanyebis SemTxvevaSi

SesaZlebels xdida amboxebulebis martivad damarcxebas. Amavdroulad,

ucxo Zalis miReba aZlierebda sasanianebis samxedro potencials (igive

xdeboda romis imperiaSi). Turqebis iranSi gansaxlebis zemo mocemuli

TariRi emTxveva zustad im periods, rodesac bizantia cdilobda

Turqul hakanatTan sasanianebis winaaRmdeg saerTo kavSiris gabmas.

daskvna:

gvian antikur epoqaSi ori didi saxelmwifo bizantiis da sasanuri

imperiebi metnaklebad Tanabar Zalebs warmoadgendnen. ukanaskneli

aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi, am periodis istoriuli naSromebis gafar-

153

ToebasTan erTad, tradiciulad meti yuradReba eTmoboda romis/adreuli

bizantiis imperiis vidre sasanuri iranis politikuri, ekonomikuri Tu

samxedro sakiTxebis Seswavlas. amisTvis bevri mizezi arsebobda. maT

Soris sasanuri periodis werilobiTi wyaroebis TiTqmis ar arseboba.

magram, yvelaze samwuxaro Sedegi am mimdinareobis ki albaT is iyo, rom

sasanuri irani ganixileboda rogorc sakmaod susti imperia, romelsac

permanentuli jaric ki ar hyavda, xolo saubari rame saxis `did

strategiaze~ sazRvrebis koordinirebul Tavdacvaze ki, zedmeti iyo.

zemo moyvanil diskusiaSi Sevecade meCvenebina, rom sasanianebs,

iseve rogorc romaelebs/bizantielebs gaaCndaT grZelvadiani xedvebi

imperiis sazRvrebis dasacavad. sasanianebma, rogorc vnaxeT, ufro

masStabur safortifikacio nagebobebis aSenebas mihyves xeli, vidre

romaelebma.78

magaliTad, Tu gadavxedavT sasanianTa imperiis rukas xosro anuSir-

vanis mmarTvelobis periodSi (531-579 ww.), naTeli gaxdeba, rom iranelebma

sakuTari imperia erT did cixe-simagred aqcies yvela sazRvarze

kedlebisa da cixe-simagreebis agebiT. amis gakeTeba ver moxerxdeboda,

rom imperiis dedaqalaqSi ar hqonodaT gaazrebuli imperiis zogadi

strategiuli mdgomareoba mTlianad maxlobel aRmosavleTSi. amaSi

igulisxmeboda iseTi sakiTxebis ganxilva, rogoric iyo Tu rogor

daecvaT TiToeuli sazRvari ama Tu im mtris winaaRmdeg; rogor

gamoeyenebinaT geografiuli barierebi pirveli miznis misaRwevaT; rogor

esmodaT sasanianebs Tu sad unda damTavrebuliyo maTi imperiis

sazRvrebi – sadamde unda gagrZelebuliyo imperiis eqspansia.

sasanianTa sagareo politikur miznebze saubrisas naTeli gaxda,

rom imperia ar cdilobda usazRvrod teritoriebis gafarToebas.

ardaSir I mmarTvelobidanve (224 w.) kagrad Cans, Tu rogor traeqtorias

daiWers imperiis samxedro politika momdevno aTwleulebSi.79 III

                                                            78 Tundac, rainsa da dunais gaswvriv agebuli kedlebi rom ganvixiloT, sasanianebis samxedro ambiciebi metad aRemateboda romalebisas. Tumca, kedlebis sidide mxolod samxedro ambiciebze ar unda metyvelebdes, aramed arsebuli mtris siZliereze. 79 Tumca, mogvianebiT, IV-VI saukuneebSic ki, sasanianTa samxedro kampaniebis mimarTulebebis ganxilvisas, SegviZlia davinaxoT, rom aqcenti ZiriTadad mtris Setevebis prevenciisTvis xorcieldeboda. es exeba sasanianTa urTirTobebs romaelebTanac. metic, romaelebi agresoris rolSi ufro Sirad gamodiodnen vidre

154

saukunis 20-iani wlebis rukaze erTi SexedviT naTeli xdeba, rom

ardaSiris iseve, rogorc yvela momdevno SahanSahis mizani iyo CrdiloeT

mesopotamiis gaTavisufleba. es saWiro iyo imperiis dedaqalaqis da

Sesabamisad mTlianad imperiis usafrTxoebisTvis,80 radgan CrdiloeT

mesopotamiidan geografiuli landSaftis da gamo sakmaod martivi iyo

samxreTiT qtesifonamde miRweva. samxedro kampaniebis mimarTulebebi

adasturebs, rom romaelebisTvis mTavar samiznes umetes SemTxvevebSi

qtesifonis aReba iyo, xolo sasanianebisTvis romaelebis CrdiloeT

mesopotamiaSi ar SeSveba. sagulisxmoa, Tu ra kargad esmoda es orive

mxares ramodenime saukunis ganmavlobaSi sxvadasxva radikalurad

gansxvavebuli mmarTvelis moRvaweobisas.

zemoT vilaparakeT sasanianTa teritoriul eqspansiaze.

sainteresoa, agreTve, is faqtic, rom CrdiloeT mesopotamiaSi 360-380

wlebSi mniSvnelovani romauli cixesimagreebis SemoerTebis Semdeg,

sasanianebi ar cdilobdnen damatebiTi teritoriebi SemoeerTebinaT.

Sapur I da xosro anuSirvanis magaliTebi sakmaod TvalsaCino iyo am

mxriv. Cven, aseve, visaubreT Tu ramdenad realuri iyo sasanianTa

mmarTvelebis moTxovnebi romael imperatorebisTvis aqemenianTa

teritoriebi daebrunebinaT iranisTvis. yuradsaRebia is, rom es

moTxovnebi realobasTan ar iyo kavSirSi da ufro ritorikul xasiaTs

atarebda. es ki amtkicebs imas, rom sasaniani mmarTvelebis niWze

ritorika realuri strategiuli interesebisgan gaemijnaT.

safortifikacio nagebobebisTvis geografiulad saWiro adgilebis

SerCeva sakmaod rTul saqmes warmoadgenda. es iTvaliswinebda, ara

marto georafiis karg codnas, aramed masStaburi geologiuri

samuSaoebis gatarebasac. amasTan erTad, iranelebis mier TavdacviTi

nagebobis aRmarTva metyvelebs imperiaSi xangrZlivi samxedro

tradiciebis arsebobaze. romis imperiaSi saukoneobrivi samxedro

tradicia Semonaxulia mraval samxedro traqtatSi. samwuxarod, igives

                                                                                                                                                                                                sasanianebi. 80 dedaqalaqis – qtesifonis – mniSvneloba Tundac mtkicdeba im magaliTebiT, rodesac xerxdeboda misi aReba romaelebis mier. bizantiis imperatoris herakle keisris laSqroba 620-iani wlebis bolos amis dasturia. qtesifonis dacema saomari moqmedebebis dasrulebas niSnavda.

155

ver vityviT sasanur iranze. werilobiTi saxiT romaelebis mier Seqmnili

traqtatebis msgavsi dokumentebi ar gvxdeba. magram, sasanuri iranis

TavdacviTi kedlebisa da cixesimagreebis adgilmdebareoba da maTi

gamoyeneba omSi metyvelebda imaze Tu raoden kargi xedva gaaCndaT

iranelebs sakuTari sazRvrebis da maT irgvliv mcxovreb xalxebze.

ktesifonSi mjdom SahanSahs esmoda Tu saidan momdinareobda

imperiisTvis umTavresi da meorexarisxovani safrTxe. imperiisTvis Crdi-

loeT sazRvari prioritets warmoadgenda. miuxedavad imisa, rom

iranelebs, romaelebis msgavsad, ar gaaCndaT zusti geografiuli rukebi,

maT mier aRmarTuli kedlebi samxreT kavkasiisa da centraluri aziis

samxreTi nawilis dasacavad, metyvelebs geografiis codnis maRal

doneze.

wminda samxedro strategiis TvalsazrisiT, naCvenebi iyo, rom

sasanianebi arafriT Camouvardebodnen romaelebs/bizantielebs.

TavdacviTi kedlebis ganlageba, magaliTad, kaspiis zRvis dasavleT

mxares, darubandis cixesimagris CrdiloeTiTa da samxreTiT, metyvelebs

iranelebSi rogorc wina-xazze-Tavdacvis, aseve ukana-xazze-Tavdacvis

strategiebis erTdroul gamoyenebaze. TvalsaCinoa isic, rom romaelebis

msgavsad sasanianebi kedlebis masStabebi gansxvavdeboda ama Tu im

sazRvarze arsebuli metoqis specifikidan. islamamdeli arabebis

Tavdasxmebi, ZiriTadad, sazRvrispira daucvel dasaxlebebze

xorcieldeboda. Sesabamisad, isini sasanianTa imperias saxelmwifoebriv

safrTxes ar uqmnidnen. Tumca, ekonomikuri zarali SeiZleba sakmaod

maRalic yofiliyo. aqedan gamomdinare, iranelebis mier agebuli kedeli

mesopatamiis samxreTiT ar warmoadgenda masStabur nagebobas. SahanSahebs

didi kedeli ubralod ar esaWiroebodad. sakmarisi iyo mcire kedlis

ageba vaWarTa mimosvlis gasakontroleblad da arabebis mcire

dajgufebebis SesaCereblad. imperiuli jaris msxvili SenaerTebis

dayenaba sakmaod rTul reliefze (naxevrad udabno; udabno) nomadi

arabebis mobiluri dajgufebebis winaaRmdeg samxedro kuTxiT ar

iqneboda momgebiani. Sesabamisad, mcire sajariso SenaerTebi da dip-

lomatiuri strategiebis (ix. qvemod) SemuSaveba iyo erTaderTi

gamosavali.

156

arabebTan SedarebiT evraziis stepebSi mcxovrebi nomadebi ufro

masStabur problemas warmoadgendnen. maT mier ganxorcielebuli

Tavdasxmebis areali STambeWdavi iyo da gadaiWimeboda Tanamedrove

pakistan-avRaneTis teritoriidan, TurqmeneT-iranis sazRvridan

centralur aziaSi CrdiloeT kavkasionamde. garda geografiuli

arealisa, nomadebs gansakuTrebuli upiratesoba gaaCndaT omis

warmoebaSi – cxeni. Sesabamisad, maTi Setevebis SesaCereblad sasanianebma

gadawyvites msxvili safortifikacio nagebobebi gaeSenebinaT imperiis

mTel CrdiloeT sazRvrze sadac bunebrivi barierebis nakleboba iyo.

Tumca, Zlier kedlebs agreTve msxvili sajariso SenaerTebis arseboba

esaWiroeboda.

iranelebis yvelaze didi metoqe konstantinopoli iyo, magram

sazRvari or imperias Soris sakmaod patara monakveTze ikveTeboda –

CrdiloeT mesopotamiasa da somxeTSi. geografiuli pirobebidan

(umetesad mTiani reliefi) gamomdinare iranelebs kargad esmodaT, rom

romalebis SesaCereblad yvelaze efeqtiani cixe-simagreebis jaWvebis

ageba iqneboda. Sesabamisad, Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, Tu rogor kargad

iyvnen gacnobierebulebi iraneli mesveurebi imperiis strategiuli

saWiroebebis Sesaxeb.

magram, romis imperiasTan iranelebis warmatebuli konkurencia

mxolod samxedro kuTxiT ar Semoifargleboda. Cven visaubreT imaze Tu

rogor Seqmnes sasanianebma romaelebis sapasasuxod sakuTari klientela

Tavisi sazRvrebis gaswvriv. es gansakuTrebiT kargad Cans sasanianebis

politikaSi winaislamuri xanis arabebTan mimarTebaSi. imaves Tqma

SeiZleba samxreT kavkasiis xalxebzec. sxva sityvebiT, sasanianebi

iyenebdnen fuls, titulebs, miwebis darigeba da sxva xerxebs ama Tu im

patara xalxis lideris/mxedarTmTavris morCilebis mosapoveblad. am

komponentSic sakmaod kargad Cans, rom iranelebi ara marto Tanabar

konkurencias uwevdnen bizantielebis mier Seqmnil msgavs aliansebs,

aramed xSiri iyo SemTxvevebi, rodesac iranelTa mokavSireebi samxedro

kuTxiT upiratesabac flobdnen.

naSromis am nawilis erTerTi mTavari daskvna aris, rom sasanian

mmarTvelebs SeeZloT strategiulad emsjelad. sxva sityvebiT, TiToeul

157

SahanSahs kargad hqonda gaazrebuli Tu ra interesebi amoZravebda

imperias. mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebis miRebamde ki, savaraudod, didi

yuradReba eTmoboda ekonomikur, socialur, Tu religiur sakiTxebs. amis

kargi magaliTia zemoT ganxiluli monakveTi prokopi kesarielis

naSromidan, rodesac iustinianes karze iRebdnen gadawyvetilebas

daewyoT Tu ara omi vandalebTan. magram, amave suraTis warmodgena

SegviZlia sasanianTa SahanSahebis karzec. didi albaTobaa imisa, rom

xosro anuSirvani egrisis omis dros kolxeTSi laSqrobis mosawyobaT

yvela zemo xsenebuli faqtori gaiTvaliswina. prokopi kesarielis mier

aRwerili lazebis elCebis sityva SahanSahis karze amis nawilobrivi

dadastureba.81

                                                            81 romaelebis msgavsad, sasanianebs SeeZloT Soreul teritoriebze samxedro Zalebis

gadasxma, rogorc es maT 570-iani wlebis bolos arabeTis naxevarkunZulis samxreTiT

ganaxorcieles.

158

Tavi VI

bizantiis `qristianobis geopolitika~

qarTlis gaqristianeba IV saukunis pirvel naxevarSi sakmaod rTuli

ekonomikuri da socialuri procesebis Tanmdevi movlena iyo. ufro

metic, axalma religiurma mrwamsma mniSvnelovani kvali datova qarTlis

sagareo politikazec. qristianobam qarTli romTan, Semdeg bizantiur

samyarosTan, kidev ufro metad daaaxlova, xolo sasanuri iranis

religiuri, Tu politikuri Seteva regionisadmi ki, gaamZafra. sakmaod

bevri daiwera saqarTveloSi, Tu dasavleTSi qarTlSi qristianobis

gavrcelebasa da mis oficialur religiad gamocxadebaze (haasi, 2008).

TiToeul naSromSi yuradReba uSualod saqarTveloSi mimdinare

religiur, Tu ekonomikur procesebze aris gamaxvilebuli, xolo naklebi

iTqmis imdroindel romaul samyaroSi mimdinare religiur procesebze,

kerZod ki, qarTlis paralelurad IV-V saukuneebSi, kidev romel

qveynebSi mimdinareobda gaqristianeba. SegviZlia Tu ara davinaxoT

saerTo maxasiaTeblebi, magaliTad, guTebis, eTiopielebis da

qarTvelebis gaqristianebaSi? ramdenad didi iyo konstantinopolis

roli imperiis samezobloSi mcxovrebi xalxebis gaqristianebaSi? Seg-

viZlia vilaparakoT bizantieli imperatorebis erTgvar `strategiaze~

qristianobis gamiznul gatanaSi imperiis sazRvrebs gareT? sxva

sityvebiT, cdilobdnen Tu ara, imperiis mesveurebi xeli SeewyoT pirvel

rigSi im xalxebis da teritoriebis gaqristianebisTvis, romelic mniSv-

nelovani iyo konstantinopolisTvis, rogorc ekonomikuri da po-

litikuri, aseve sazRvrebis usafrTxoebis kuTxiT.

qvemoT moyvanil statiaSi ganxiluli iqneba romis imperiis

periferiaze mcxovrebi ramodenime xalxis gaqristianebis procesi.

159

moyvanili iqneba eTiopielebis, islamamdeli arabebis, guTebisa da

somxebis magaliTi. xolo amis Semdeg, gadavalT qarTlis gaqristianebis

sakiTxze. naCvenebi iqneba, rom imperatorebi, zog SemTxvevaSi,

qristianobis gavrcelebis pirdapiri iniciatorebi iyvnen, zog

SemTxvevaSi ki, axali religiis gavrceleba imperiisgan damoukideblad

mimdinareobda. Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom meore SemTxvevaSic ki,

rodesac imperiis mesveurebi mogvianebiT gebulobdnen ama Tu im

mezobeli xalxis (mag. qarTvelebi Tu eTiopielebi) gaqristianebis

Sesaxeb, finansuri da politikuri mxardaWeris gamoyofa

kontantinopolidan rogorc wesi ar igvianebda.

qristianobis gavrceleba romis imperiaSi axali welTaaRricxvidan

daiwyo (svencickaia, 1987: 76-89; 161-174), Tumca axali religiis insti-

tucionalizacia, an yovel SemTxvevaSi amis mcdeloba, IV saukunis da-

sawyisidan gvxdeba. konstantine didis mier, 324 wels, liciniusze, Tavis

aRmosavlel imperiul kolegaze, gamarjvebis mopovebisa da romauli

samyaros erTpirovnul mmarTvelad gaxdomis miuxedavad (barnsi, 1985: 126-

130; istoria, 2013: 45-65; kemeroni, 1993: 57-65), qristianoba ar

gamocxadebula imperiis oficialur religiad. arc 313 wlis oqtomberSi

gamocemuli `milanis ediqti~, arc 325 wels konstantinopolis

mopirdapire sanapiroze mowveuli nikeis kreba, an, Tundac, imperatoris

monaTvla 337 wels misi sicocxlis bolo dReebSi, ar SeiZleba

ganixilos rogorc imperiis gaqristianebis calsaxa niSnebi (rameli, 2013:

65-70). erTerTi damatebiTi argumenti amisa iqneba isic, rom milanis

ediqtis Semdegac, kerZod 322 wlamde, konstantinem gaagrZela Tavis

monetebze warmarTuli RmerTebis – marsisa da iupiteris gamosaxva

(haasi, 2008: 101).

Tumca, qristianobam myari safuZveli zustad konstantines mmar-

Tvelobis dros moipova. 324 wels liciniusze gamarjvebis Semdeg, man

cvlilebebi Seitana kanonmdeblobaSi da sazogadoebriv azrs amzadebda

momavalSi qristianobis oficialur religiad gamocxadebisTvis (barnsi,

1985: 126-130). Semdgom ki, konstantinem imperiis moxeleebs aukrZala

warmarTuli religiuri ritualebi gamarTva. agreTve, aikrZala

warmarTuli kerpebis aRmarTva da orakulebisTvis mimarTva.

160

konstantines mmarTvelobaSi qristianobis wina planze wamowevam

gadamwyveti gavlena moaxdina imperiis sagareo politikaze. ase,

magaliTad, 332 wels guTebze, xolo 334 wels ki, sarmatebze mopovebuli

gamarjvebebis Semdeg dadebul xelSekrulebebSi, calke Tavebi iyo

Setanili (heveri, 2009: 81-90) am or damarcxebul xalxSi qristianebis

xelSeuxeblobaze. konstantine Tavis Tavs, ara marto qristianobis

damcvelad, aramed imperiis mezobel warmarT xalxebSi qristianobis

damcveladac miiCnevda. konstantines ambiciebze metyvelebs misi bar-

barosebTan dadebuli zemoxsenebuli xelSekrulebebi da mis mier sasani-

ani SahanSahis, Sapur II-sadmi, miwerili werilic (daaxloebiT 324 weli)

(barnsi, 1985: 126-130). gzavnilSi, imperatori iribad acxadebs pretenzias

iyos qristianebis damcveli ara marto Tavisi imperiis SigniT, aramed im-

periis gareTac, kerZod, mesopotamiaSi. es ar iyo ubralo ritorika.

konstantinem kargad hqonda gaazrebuli, Tu ra globalur ZalasTan u-

wevda konstantinopols metoqeoba Savi zRvidan arabeTamde batonobis

mosapoveblad.

Saburs yvela mizezi hqonda imisaTvis, rom eWvis TvaliT Seexeda

romis imperiaSi axali saxelmwifo religiisTvis. sasanianebi Tavidanve

mixvdnen, rom qristianoba konstantinopolis mier gamoiyeneboda, rogorc

damatebiTi xerxi sagareo politikaSi mezoblebze gavlenis

mosapoveblad. iranis strategiuli mdgomareoba gauaresda, rodesac mis

CrdiloeTiT arsebul samxreT kavkasiis samefoebSi, qarTlsa da

somxeTSi, IV saukunis 30-iani wlebis bolos, qristianoba saxelmwifo

religiad gamocxadda (haasi, 2008: 101-123). Saburs kargad esmoda, rom

mesopotamiaSi arsebuli msxvili qristianuli dasaxlebebi SeiZleboda

konstantines sagareo politikis samomavlo mizani gamxdariyo. amitomac,

336 wels, SahanSahma prevenciuli Tavdasxva ganaxorciela somxeTze da

iranisTvis misaRebi kandidatura aiyvana taxtze. konstantinem es ambavi

sababad gamoiyena da aRmosavluri kampaniisTvis mzadeba daewyo.

wyaroebidan viciT, rom masTan erTad aRmosavleTSi bevri sasuliero

piri unda wasuliyo, TviTon ki, mesopotamiaSi Sesvlamde, mdinare

iordaneSi unda monaTluliyo. cnobebis mixedviT, mas surda sasanianTa

taxtze Tavisi naTesavis, hanibalianes dayeneba. konstantinem winaswar

161

axali monetebic moWra, sadac hanibaliane rex-ad, `mefed~, iyo wodebuli

(barnsi, 1985: 9). magram, konstantines mTeli wamowyeba, 337 wlis 22 maiss,

qalaq nikomediaSi, misi gardacvalebiT dasrulda (barnsi, 1985: 9).

bizantiis imperiaSi qristianobis statusis amaRlebam da sagareo

urTierTobebSi, mezoblebze gavlenis mosapoveblad misma gamoyenebam,

gamoiwvia sasanianTa sawinaaRmdego reaqcia. qristianebi mesopotamiaSi

konstantines romaul samyaroSi erTpirovnul mmarTvelad

gamocxadebamdec cxovrobdnen, Tumca axali religiis politikur

faqtorad gadaqceva zustad konstantinem moaxdina. man Saburs igive

ultimatumi wauyena iranSi qristianebTan mimarTebaSi, rac 312 wels

maqsentiuss, xolo 324-Si – liciniuss. is, Tu rogor uyurebda

konstantine qristianobas da rogor esmoda axali religiis roli romis

sagareo ambiciebTan mimarTebaSi, kargad Cans evsevi kesarielis Vita

Constantini-Si. avtori bevr faqts gadmogvcems imperatoris

qristianobisadmi damokidebulebis Sesaxeb. Tumca, erTerT pasaJSi imasac

vkiTxulobT, rom konstantines sakuTari Tavi, pirvel rigSi, aRqmuli

hqonda imperiis sazRvrebs gareT qristianobis gamavrceleblad (evsevi

kesarieli, 1975: IV: 24).

qristianobis gavrceleba neli tempebiT mimdinareobda. Tu imperiis

SigniT gaqristianebis procesi, ZiriTadad, Semoifargleboda xmelTaSua

zRvaze arsebuli msxvili saporto qalaqebiT, imperiis Sida regionebSi

mcxovrebi mosaxleoba umetesad warmarTuli rCeboda. sainteresod mim-

dinareobs IV-V saukuneebSi qristianobis gavrceleba qveynis sazRvrebs

gareT. e. w. `qristianobis eqsporti~ emTxveva im periods, rodesac

imperias misi sazRvrebs gareT Zlieri mtrebisgan Semdgari rkali

ekvreba.

IV saukuneSi viTareba icvleba uSualod imperiis CrdiloeT

sazRvarze, sadac dunais da rainis mdinareebis gaRma Cndebian germanuli

tomebis Zlieri konfederaciebi. guTebs, alemanebsa da frankebs martivad

SeeZloT Zlieri samxedro koaliciebis Sekvra romis jaris winaaRmdeg

sabrZolvelad. imperiuli jari discipliniTa da samxedro SeiaraRebiT

kvlavindeburad ufro maRla idga barbarosTa jarebze. Tumca, wina

saukuneebTan SedarebiT, masSi erTi fundamenturi cvlileba moxda.

162

amieridan iqneba es konstantine didis Tu iuliane gandegilis jarebi,

imperias aRar SeeZlo barbarosuli konfederaciebis sruli daSla. amas

unda daematos isic, rom IV saukunis 70-iani wlebidan evraziis Sida

regionebidan momdinare hunebis samxedro Zalam sruliad Tavdayira

daayena arsebuli romaul-germanuli politikuri ZalTa balansi. hunebi –

nomadebi – germanuli tomebisgan gansxvavebuli samxedro kulturis

matarebelni iyvnen. brZolebSi cxenisa da e. w. `Sedgenili~ mSvildis

gamoyenebiT hunebma STambeWdav Sedegebs miaRwies guTebTan brZolaSi da

376 wlisTvis moaxerxes maTi ZiriTadi Zalebis damarcxeba (heveri, 2006:

145-158), rac kargad aris asaxuli amiane marcelines monaTxrobSi guTebis

mcdelobis Sesaxeb, 376 wels, mdinare dunai gadaelaxaT da imperiis

balkanur provinciebSi dasaxlebuliyvnen (heveri, 2006: 158-167).

Sesabamisad, IV saukunis bolos CrdiloeT sazRvris gaswvriv romis

imperia mniSvnelovani strategiuli dilemis winaSe dadga. hunebis

gansxvavebuli samxedro taqtikis garda, romaelTa problemas isic

amZimebda, rom hunebma moaxerxes dunaispireTis, Savi zRvisa da

kavkasionis CrdiloeTiT mdebare teritoriebze darCenili guTebis,

skirebisa da sxva germanuli tomebis gaerTianeba, erTgvari

konfederaciis Seqmna da bizantiisTvis, rogorc Savi zRvis dasavleT,

aseve aRmosavleT mxridan samxedro safrTxis Seqmna (heveri, 2009: 227-238).

III saukunis bolosa da IV-is dasawyisSi, miuxedavad diokletinesa

da maqsimianesgan gancdili marcxebisa, sasanianTa imperias uari ar

uTqvams Tavis ambiciebze (yovel SemTxvevaSi ritorikulad) romis

imperiis aRmosavleT provinciebis mimarT. 299 wlis nizibinis zavis

Semdegac, sasanianebi agrZelebdnen Setevebs CrdiloeT mesopotamiasa da

somxeTze (dignasi, 2007: 84-88). sasanianebi, agreTve, gavlenas avrceleben

samxreT kavkasiis aRmosavleT teritoriazec – politikuri Tu

religiuri wnexi qarTlsa da albaneTze ufro Zlieri iyo, vidre

parTiis imperiis arsebobis periodSi.

marTalia, romis imperiisTvis palestinis saRzvari, sxva

sazRvrebTan SedarebiT, nakleb safrTxes warmoadgenda. Tumca, rogorc

naCvenebi iyo bizantiasa da arab tomebs Soris arsebuli urTierTobebis

ganviTarebiT, V saukunis bolosa da VI-is dasawyisSi, viTareba

163

palestinis sazRvarze imperiis sawinaaRmdegod icvleba (fiSeri, 2011: 35-

49). sasanianebis mokavSire arabi tomebi – nasridebi – mniSvnelovan

ekonomikur zians ayenebebdnen romis aRmosavlur provinciebs da, ufro

metic, martivad SeeZloT CaeWraT iustines, anastasiusisa da iustinianes

mier ganaxlebuli savaWro gzebi wiTeli zRviT indoeTamde (fiSeri, 2011:

144-153).

aseTi rkali ikvreba gviani bizantiis sazRvrebis gaswvriv IV

saukunis ganmavlobaSi. Cven ukve visaubreT imaze, Tu ra samxedro

strategiebs mimarTavdnen romalebi/bizantielebi imperiis sazRvrispira

provinciebis dasacavad. agreTve, yuradReba gavamaxvileT imperiuli

prestiJis (wodebebi, fuli) gamoyenebaze arab tomebTan, Tu dunais

gadaRma mcxovreb barbarosebTan mimarTebaSi. Tumca, araferi gviTqvams

imaze, Tu ra rols asrulebda qristianoba romis imperiis sagareo

politikaSi. SegviZlia Tu ara, davinaxoT imperiis mezobel qveynebSi

qristianuli religiis gavrceleba, rogorc gamiznuli sagareo

politikuri kursi arsebuli rTuli geopolitikuri mdgomareobis

gamosasworeblad?

Tavidanve unda aRiniSnos, rom sakmaod bevri magaliTi gagvaCnia imis

dasamtkiceblad, rom bizantielma imperatorebma qristianobis

gavrcelebaSi sakuTari imperiis sazRvrebis dacvis erTerTi saSualeba

dainaxes. sxva sityvebiT, IV saukuneSi, jer kidev maSin, rodesac imperiis

SigniT qristianobis gamarjveba sulac ar iyo garantirebuli, xolo

taxtze ramodenime wlis ganmavlobaSi warmarTuli religiis mimdevari

iuliane gandegilic (361-363 ww.) ki ijda, imperiis mmarTvelebi

gamiznulad awarmoebdnen axali religiis mezobel xalxebSi

gavrcelebas. amavdroulad, qristianobis gavrceleba, ZiriTadad,

iwarmoeboda im mimarTulebebiT, romelic bizantiis imperiisTvis

samxedro, Tu ekonomikuri kuTxiT mniSvnelovan punqtebs warmoadgenda.

am mxriv, saintereso magaliTebia eTiopiis (aqsumis samefos saxeliT

cnobili) da himiaris samefos (iemeni) urTierTobebi bizantiis

imperiasTan.

saintereso magaliTs warmoadgens bizantiis gvian antikurobaSi,

Tanamedrove eTiopiisa da eritreis teritoriaze arsebuli, aqsumis

164

samefos gaqristianebis istoria. aqsumis siZliereze metyvelebs is faqti,

rom eTiopielebi Wridnen oqros monetebs, riTac gviani antikurobaSi,

msgavsi warmatebis mqone, oTx imperiaTa Soris erTerTs warmoadgendnen

(haasi, 2008: 102). qveynis mmarTveli mefeTa mefed – eTiopurad „negusa

nagast“ – iwodeboda. IV saukunis dasawyisSi aqsumSi mniSvnelovani

cvlilebebi xdeba, romelic momdevno saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi samefos

kulturul da, rac ufro mniSvnelovania, sagareo politikur

orientirze fundamenturi gavlena moaxdina.

daaxloebiT imave wels, rodesac konstantinem liciniusze

gamarjveba moipova, eTiopiis mefe ezana I mniSvnelovani cvlileba

Seitana sakuTar monetebze. Tu aqamde, eTiopieli mefeebi monetebze

gamoisaxebodnen diademaSi mTvarisa da mzis elementebTad erTad,82

ezanam es Caanacvla tradiciuli qristianuli ikonografiiT – jvriT.

monetebze jvris gamosaxva win uswrebda romis imperiaSi msgavsi

tradiciis Camoyalibebas da eTiopiaSi VII saukunemde gvxvdeba.83

yvelaferi ki, qalaq tivrosidan wamosuli da eTiopiis napirebTan,

sazRvao ubeduri SemTxvevis Sedegad, ori axalgazrda qristianis

edesiusisa da frumentiusis moRvaweobiT daiwyo (haasi, 2008: 102).

Tavdapirvelad, isini tyved Cavardnen Semdeg ki, monebad gayides, Tumca

maTma ganaTlebulobam da berZnuli enis codnam aqsumis mefis

(savaraudod, ela amida) yuradReba miipyro. or axalgazrdas ufleba

mieca qristianoba gaevrcelebinaT mTeli samefos masStabiT, xolo

bizantiel vaWrebs ki, Tavisuflad evaWraT eTiopiis wiTeli zRvis

portebSi. radgan edesiusi da frumentiusi axlos iyvnen aleqsandriis

mRvdel aTanasiusTan, SegviZlia gamovTqvaT varaudi, rom maTi

moRvaweoba iribaT bizantiis imperiis sagareo politikur interesebs

emsax

                                                           

ureboda.

Sainteresoa, Tu riTi iyo ganpirobebuli aqsumis samefosa da

bizantias Soris arsebuli axlo kontaqtebi. amis gasarkvevaT saWiroa IV

saukunidan VI saukunis dasawyisSi gadavideT, sadac kargad Cans, Tu

 82 xSirad, mTvarisa da mzis nacvlad monetebze datanili iyo mebrZoli RmerTi mahremi, romelsac eTiopieli mefeebi Tavis damcvelad aRiqvamdnen. 83 ezanas memkvidreebma, IV saukunis mogviano periodSi, monetebze gamosaxuli jvari ufro gaadides, ramac monetebis zurgis mTeli nawili daikava.

165

rogor cdilobda konstantinopoli qristianobis gamoyenebas sakuTari

geopolitikuri miznebis gansaxorcieblad. VI saukunis ganmavlobaSi,

gansakuTrebiT ki iustinianes mmarTvelobaSi, eTiopiasa da

konstantinopols Soris urTierTobam strategiul dones miaRwia.

iustinianes dros eTiopia bizantiuri qristianuli `samegobros~ wevri

gaxda. Tanamedrove rukebis ararsebobis gamo, iustinianes sjeroda, rom

eTiopia uSualod indoeTs emezobleboda, rac am ukanasknelTan

pirdapiri savaWro gzis Seqmnas gaadvilebda sasanuri iranis saxmeleTo,

Tu sazRvao punqtebis gverdis avlisTvis. faqti, rom eTiopiaSi

monofizitoba (romelic sastikad idevneboda iustinianes xelisuflebis

mier) iyo gavrcelebuli, xels ar uSlida konstantinopols aqtiuri

molaparakebebi ewarmoebina aqsumTan da es ukanaskneli axlo

mokavSireebSi Seeyvana. bizantielebma eTiopiis gaqristianeba jer kidev

IV saukunis pirvel naxevarSi, konstantine didis memkvidris

konstanciusis dros moaxeres. Tu konstantinopolis pozicia aqsumTan

aliansis Sesaxeb gasagebi iyo, monofiziti eTiopielebis ltolva Tavis

`mTavar religiur mterTan~ diofizit imperatorTan SeekraT politikuri

kavSiri Tavdapirvelad gakvirvebas iwvevs. Tumca, aqsumelebisTvis, iseve

rogorc bizantiis sazRvrebs gareT mcxovreb sxva monofizit

xalxebisTvis, konstantinopolSi mjdomi imperatori RvTis mier

daniSnul erTaderT mmarTvels warmoadgenda. eTiopielebs kargad

esmodaT isic, rom bizantielebis samxedro mxardaWeris gareSe, samxreT

arabeTze kontrolis damyareba ver moxerxdeboda.84 garda amisa,

aqsumelebs kargad esmodac isic, rom erTis mxriv, samxreT arabeTsa da

maT Soris, xolo meores mxriv ki bizantielebis da indoelebis vaWrobis

SezRudvaze agreTve sasanianebic fiqrobdnen. Sesabamisad, qristianuli

religiis sxvadasxva mimdinareobis miuxedavad bizantielebi da

eTiopielebi Tavisi qveynebis strategiul interesebs ufro maRal

done

                                                           

ze ayenebdnen.

384-502 wlebSi, wina saukuneebisgan mkveTri gansxvavebiT, maxlobel

aRmosavleTSi, kavkasionidan arabeTis naxevarkunZulamde simSvidem

 84 es yovelive miuxedavad imisa, rom IV-V saukuneebSi eTiopia ukve warmatebiT awarmoebda vaWrobas indoeTis portebTan.

166

daisadgura. omi romsa da irans Soris faqtobrivad ar mimdinareobda,

garda ori mokle konfliqtisa (421-422 da 440 ww.). imperiebi ZiriTadad

CrdiloeTidan momdinare nomaduri safrTxis mogeriebiT iyvnen daka-

vebulebi (blokli, 1992: 58-88). vaWroba bizantiasa da Soreul

aRmosavleTs Soris, ZiriTadad, sasanuri iranis teritoriis, kerZod ki

mesopotamiis mdinareebis meSveobiT mimdinreobda. amrigad, tvirTi am

savaWro gzaze gavlisas, umetes nawils wyalze gadioda, rac

mniSvnelovnad amartivebda transportirebas. bizantielebi agreTve

molaparakebebs awarmoebdnen stepebSi mcxovreb nomad xalxebTan

CrdiloeT savaWro gzis gaaqtiurebasTan dakavSirebiT, Tumca, unda

aRiniSnos, rom tvirTis brunvis masStabebidan gamomdinare, samxreTis

savaW

Si Cagdeba (ix. am naSromis nawili bizantia-

arab

istinebi. daaxloebiT

ro gza VI saukuneSi ufro mniSvnelovani iyo.

yvelaferi Seicvala 502 wels SahanSah kavadis mier bizantiis wi-

naaRmdeg omis dawyebiT da bizantia-indoeTs Soris savaWro gzis ga-

miznuli blokirebiTa, Tu masze damatebiTi gadasaxadebis dawesebiT. vi-

Tareba gansakuTrebulad gauaresda 531 wels taxtze xosro anuSirvanis

asvlis Semdeg. 525 wels bizantielebma daibrunes iotabes kunZuli –

pirveli punqti wiTeli zRvis gasakontroleblad. Semdegi nabiji iyo

qristian eTiopielebTan dakavSireba da maTi meSveobiT samxreT arabeTis

dakavebac, raTa momavalSi irans ver moexerxebina am strategiulad

mniSvnelovani punqtis xel

ebis urTierTobebze).

bizantielebma ostaturad gamoiyenes saerTo qristianuli mrwamsi da

eTiopielebi iemenze gasalaSqreblad waaqezes. eTiopielebma iemenze pir-

veli Tavdasxma 507 wels ganaxorcieles. Tavdapirveli warmatebebis miu-

xedavad – rac aisaxa kidec regionSi qristianobis farTod gavrcelebaSi

– aqsumelebis pirdapiri mmarTveloba iemenze ar iyo xangrZlivi.

daaxloebiT 524 wels, vinme iusufi, erovnebiiT ebraeli, aujanyda

eTiopielebis mier daniSnul mefes da Tavi iemenis mbrZanelblad

gamoacxada. amis Semdeg, iusufma daiwyo qristianebis devna sanam maT

iudevelobaze moaqcevda. iusufma gaanadgura eTiopielebis samxedro

Semadgenloba, romelic qalaq zafarSi mdebareobda, xolo Semdeg ki,

CrdiloeTiT, qalaq naJranSi masobrivad gaJlita qr

167

2,000

bolomde, rodesac samxreT

arab

kons

                                                           

qristiani cocxlad dawves erTerT eklesiaSi.

amis sapasuxod, imdroindeli eTiopiis mefe kalebi daukavSirda

bizantiis imperators iustine I misTvis samxedro daxmarebis TxovniT.

konstantinopolma Tanxmoba ganacxada da 524-525 wlebis zamTarSi

bizantiel vaWarTa flotma Tavi moiyara eTiopiis umTavres saporto

qalaq adulisSi, saidanac ori samxedro kampaniis mowyobiT moxerxda

iusufis damxoba. kalebi Seudga dakarguli Zalauflebis gaZlierebas,

pirvel rigSi, qristianobis aRdgeniT. Tumca, sabolood, mis jarebs

iemenSi erTerTi yofili eTiopieli vaWari saxelad abraha aujanyda.

miuxedavad abrahas ajanyebis warmatebisa, iemeni darCa eTiopiel

mmarTvelTa gavlenis qveS, xolo abrahaze viciT, rom xarksac uxdida

aqsums. viTareba ar Secvlila 570-iani wlebis

eTi xosro anuSirvanis jarebma daikaves.

qristianobis bizantiisTvis strategiulad mniSvnelovan regionebSi

gavrcelebis meore saintereso magaliTs warmoadgens ambavi ulfilaze85

da mis moRvaweobaze guTebSi. ulfila daibada III saukunis dasawyisSi

dunais CrdiloeTSi da warmoSobiT iyo im romaelTa tyveebis Svili,

romelic guTebma mcire aziidan86 III saukunis bolo meToxedSi

ganxorcielebuli laSqrobebisas aiyvanes. ulfilas guTuri saxeli

metyvelebs imaze, rom guTebSi mcxovrebi romaelebi minimum

lingvisturad miesadagnen axal garemos, romelSic tyveobis Semdeg

mouwiaT cxovreba. Sesabamisad, rogorc tyveobaSi myofi meore Taobis

romaeli, ulfila Tavisuflad saubrobda laTinurad, berZnulad da

guTurad. didi albaTobiT, guTebSi mcxovrebi romaeli tyveebi IV

saukunis dasawyisisTvis ukve qristianebi iyvnen, radgan religia iyo

erTerTi saSualeba sakuTari Tavi guTebisagan eTnikurad gaemijnaT. Cven

mogvepoveba cnobebi, rom ulfilam ukve axalgazrdobaSi daiwyo

eklesiaSi moRvaweoba, romelic meore Taobis romaeli tyveebis mier iyo

agebuli. ulfila gaagrZelebda Tavis moRvaweobas dunais CrdiloeTiT

da ar iqneboda iseTi cnobili, rogoric gaxda SemdgomSi misi personiT

tantinopolis dainteresebis gamo.

 85 misi saxeli guTurad „patara mgels“ niSnavs. 86 ulfilas ojaxi tyveT Cavardnamde cxovrobda mcire aziis qalaq farnasosSi (kapadokia).

168

340 wlebis dasawyisSi konstantine didis memkvidrem, Rrmad morwmune

imperatorma konstancius II (337-361 ww.), gadawyvita, rom kontantine didis

dros guTebze mopovebuli politikuri gavlena sakmarisi ar iyo dunais

CrdiloeTiT mcxovrebi mZlavri guTuri saxelwifoebrivi erTeulis

SekavebisaTvis. guTebSi mcxovrebi qristiani romaeli tyveebis mxar-

dasaWerad man 341 wels ulfila konstantinopolSi moipatiJa da guTebSi

`qristianebis berad~ daniSna. amis Semdeg ulfila gagzavnes guTebSi

sadac, rogorc Cans momdevno Svidi wlis ganmavlobaSi warmatebiT

axorcielebda qristianobis gavrcelebas ara marto romael tyveebSi,

aramed uSualod guTebSi. savaraudod, zustad aman gamoiwvia guTebis

ukmayofileba, radgan qristianobis gavrcelebiT roms samxedro

saSualebis garda kidev erTi aranakleb Zlieri xerxi gamouCndeboda

dunais gaRma sakuTari gavlenis gasavrceleblad. Sedegad, 347 wels

guTebma ulfila, Tavis qristian momxreebTan erTad, aiZules daetovebina

qveyana. imaze, Tu rogori strategiuli mniSvnelobis iyo guTebis

gaqristianeba, metyvelebs isic, rom konstanciusi TviTon Cavida

duna

rmanikul enaze Sesrulebul pirvel werilobiT wyaros

warm

isTan ulfilas dasaxvedraT da mas `axali mosec~ ki uwoda.

ulfilas gandevniT, TiTqosda, yvelaferi unda dasrulebuliyo,

magram imperiis mesveurebs xeli ar auRiaT guTebSi qristianobis

farTod gavrcelebaze. ulfila da misi momxreebi qalaq nikopolisSi

dunaisTan axlos daasaxles ise, rom mas kavSiri mTlianad ar gaewyvita

mdinaris CrdiloeTiT darCenil qristianebTan. zustad nikopolisSi

cxovrebisas, ulfilam moaxdina bibliis Targmna guTur enaze, rac

romelime ge

oadgens.

gadavinacvloT bizantiis siria-palestinis sazRvarze. geogra-

fiulad bizantiis es sazRvari daucveli iyo radgan siria-mesopotamiis

udabnosa da palestinas dasaxlebul punqtebs Soris realurad ar

arsebobda geografiuli barieri. sxva sityvebiT, sazRvris es monakveTi

daucveli iyo arabi molaSqreebisagan. 224 wels sasaniuri iranis

Camoyalibebam da amiT mTel maxlobel aRmosavleTSi gamowveulma ZalTa

balansis Secvlam Tavisi kvali datova arabebTan urTierTobazec.

Tavdapirvelad bizantielebi cdilobdnen samxedro gziT moepovebinaT

169

upiratesoba, rac kargad aisaxa III saukunis dasasruls imperator

iokletianes mier udabnos mxridan siriis dasacavad e. w. strata

Diocletiana-s agebiT. magram, III saukunis dasawyisSi, bizantiaSi

qristianobis gavrcelebiT, xolo amave saukunis bolos, ukve

qristianobisTvis legaluri bazis SeqmniT, bizantielebsa da arabebs

Soris arsebul urTierTobebSi axali mniSvnelovani faqtori Cndeba –

religia. amrigad, IV saukunis bolodan konstantinopoli sul ufro

metad cdilobs gavlena moaxdinos arab tomebze, ara mxolod

saxelmwifoebriv

d

i titulebis, Tu fulis darigebiT, aramed maTi

gaqr

mosis gaqristianebis Sesaxeb mis momxreebTan erTad (fiSeri, 2011: 75-

99).

jarSi) Cabma, rac

ufr

istianebiT.

arabebSi qristianoba vrceldeboda palestina-siriis teritoriaze

arsebuli ber-monazonTa mraval centrSi mcxovreb religiuri pirebis

mier. radgan safrTxe sazRvris am monakveTidan ar iyo imave donis,

rogorc dunaispireTidan, xolo konstantinopoli arabebis meSveobiT ar

gegmavda sxva xalxebis gakontrolebas ise, rogorc es eTiopielebis

SemTxvevaSi iqna ganxorcielebuli. bizantia miznad ar isaxavda arabebis

swraf gaqristianebas. procesi SedarebiT neli nabijebiT mimdinareobda.

V saukuneSi mcxovrebi sasuliero piris kirile skiTopoliselis

naSromSi wminda evTimes Sesaxeb, mravlad mogvepoveba cnoba imis Sesaxeb,

Tu rogor modiodnen evTimesTan arabi beduinebi udabnodan qristianobis

misaRebaT. evTimes magaliTi mxolod erTerTia. magaliTad, istorikos

sozomenTan gvxvdeba cnobebi erTerTi arabi dajgufebis lideris

zoko

gaqristianebiT arabebs saSualeba eZleodaT ufro meti sargebeli

enaxaT im simdidreSi, romelic imperiidan momdinareobda. konstan-

tinopolel imperatorebs ufro martivad SeeZloT gaqristianebuli ara-

bebis saimperio struqturebSi (administraciaSi Tu

o metad sargebliani iyo arabi dajgufebisaTvis.

istoriuli somxeTis geografiuli adgilmdebareoba is

strategiulad mniSvnelovan teritoriad mas Semdeg gadaaqcia, rac

maxlobeli aRmosavleTSi Zv. w. II saukuneSi romi da parTia gamovidnen,

xolo ax. w. 224 wlidan ki parTiis imperia sasanurma iranma Caanacvla.

170

somxeTi, romlis CrdiloeTidac kolxeTi da iberia, xolo aRmosavleTiT

albaneTi mdebareobdnen, wnexs sasanuri iranis da bizantiisgan

ganicdida. samxreTiT somxeTi uSualod CrdiloeT mesopotamias

esazRvreboda da gadasvla erTi teritoriidan meoreSi da piriqiT

SezRuduli ar iyo romelime mniSvnelovani geografiuli barieriT.

xolo CrdiloeT mesopotamiaSi moxvedrisas am regionis landSafti

Zalian karg SesaZleblobebs iZleoda, jarebisTvis Tu savaWro

qaravnebisTvis, martivad gamoeyenebinaT mdinareebi da samxreTis

mimarTulebiT gaegrZelebinaT svla. iseve rogorc parTelebs, ardaSir I

224 wels axladCamoyalibebuli imperiis dedaqalaqad isev qtesifoni

airCia. Sesabamisad, sasanianebisTvis sasicocxlod mniSvnelovani iyo

romaelebi/bizantielebi CrdiloeT mesopotamiaSi ar SeeSvaT. magram,

rogorc vTqviT, radgan CrdiloeT mesopotamia organulad iyo

dakavSirebuli somxeTis samxreT nawilTan, pirveli sasaniani Sahebis

sagareo politikuri prioriteti am regionis romaelebisagan gawmenda

iyo. ardaSiris da misi memkvidris Sabur I-is omebi amis naTeli

magal

evfr

iTebia.

bizantiis imperiasa da somxeTs Soris mdebareobda mniSvnelovani

geografiuli barieri – tavris mTebi, romelSic iyo sami sakvanZo

gadasasvleli. im SemTxvevaSi Tu iranelebi moaxerxebdnen am gada-

sasvlelebis xelSi Cagdebas bizantiis aRmosavleTis provinciebis siria-

palestinisa da mcire aziis usafrTxoebas safrTxe daumoqreboda. ra

Tqma unda, somxeTi ar iyo erTaderTi teritoria saidanac

xorcieldeboda jarebis gadayvana iranidan siriaSi, an piriqiT. xSiri

iyo SemTxvevebi, rodesac iranelebi, an maTi arabi mokavSireebi mdinare

atis gaswvriv gadadiodnen siriasa da mcire aziis samxreT nawilSi.

somxeTis mniSvneloba imiTac ganisazRvreboda, rom am teritoriis

dakavebiT kavSiri ibmeoda CrdiloeTiT mdebare iberiasTan,

aRmosavleTiT albaneTTan. garda amisa somxeTze gadioda mniSvnelovani

savaWro gzebi centraluri aziidan mcire aziisa da siria-palestinis

mimarTulebiT. zemomoyvanili geografiuli analizi ar niSnavs imas, rom

bizantielebi an sasanianebi somxeTis teritoriis uSualod dakavebaze

fiqrobdnen (dignasi, 2007: 173-188). xSiri iyo jarebis Seyvana orive

171

imperiis mier, magram orive mowinaaRmdeges erCivna sakvanZo

gadasasvlelebis da cixe-simagreebis dakaveba da iribaT Careuliyvnen

somxeTis Sida saqmeebSi. am geografiulma adgilmdebareobam ganapiroba

somxeTis strategiuli mniSvneloba da amavdroulad sisustec ori

imper

konstantinopolSi am

movl

obda sakuTari sazRvrebi daecva mowinaaRmdege

sasa

isTvis.

zemoT moyvanili magaliTebis ganxilvis Semdeg naTeli xdeba, rom

qristianobis gavrceleba romis imperiis samezobloSi sulac ar iyo

SemTxveviTi, xolo qarTlis da Semdeg lazikis gaqristianeba ki, im

saerTo religiuri politikis nawils warmoadgens, romelsac

konstantinopoli atarebda sakuTari sazRvrebis dasacavad. wminda ninos

moRvaweobis detalebis umravlesoba ucnobia, Tumca calsaxaa, rom misi

qarTlSi Camosvla ar iyo konstantinopolidan inspirirebuli. guT

ulfilasgan gansxvavebiT, wminda ninos imperiuli sanqcia ar gaaCnda.

Tumca, mxardaWera romelic modioda konstantinopolidan, Tundac mefe

mirianis gaqristinebisTanave saeklesio pirebis gamogzavniT, pirdapir

metyvelebs imaze, Tu ra swrafad gaiazres

enis mniSvneloba regionuli politikisTvis.

qarTlisa da lazikis mniSvneloba imperiisTvis pirvel rigSi

gamowveuli iyo samxedro mizezebiT. kavkasionis gadasasvlelebisa da

Savi zRvis aRmosavleTi sanapiros gakontroleba absoluturad

mniSvnelovani iyo bizantielebisTvis sakuTari imperiuli dedaqalaqis

dasacavad. prokopi kesarielis mier aRwerili lazebis elCoba iranSi

xosros karze erTerTi naTeli magaliTia imisa Tu raoden did

strategiul mniSvnelobas aniWebda konstantinopoli lazikasa da

qarTls (prokopi kesarieli, 1914-1940: BP. II.15). Sesabamisad, istoriuli

saqarTvelo im teritoriul rkalSi xvdeboda, romliTac

konstantinopoli cdil

nuri imperiisagan.

miuxedavad imisa, rom bizantiis periferiaze mcxovreb xalxebSi

umeteswilad qristianobis `araorTodoqsaluri~ variantis gavrceleba

xels ar uSlida konstantinopols pirdapiri diplomatiuri da zog

SemTxvevaSi strategiuli urTierToba hqonoda am xalxebTan. bizantiel

imperatorebisTvis ufro mniSvnelovani iyo imperiis periferiis

172

nebismieri formiT gaqristianeba, radgan amiT xerxdeboda sakvanZo

teritoriul erTeulebze iribi politikuri gavlenis mopoveba. ase,

magaliTad, iustinianes ar anaRvlebda aqsumelebi, Tu numidielebi

rogor qristianul mimdevrobas misdevdnen. ufro mniSvnelvani iyo maTi

bizantiur politikur orbitaSi moqceva, riTac moxerxdeboda sasanuri

iranis gavlenis Semcireba. imave iustinianes magaliTi, rom moviyvanoT,

monofizit, magram qristian eTiopielebis meSveobiT imperatori

warmatebiT (yovel SemTxvevaSi, garkveuli drois manZilze) axerxebda

samxreT arabeTis dacvas indoeTTan vaWrobisTvis da regionSi

sasanianebis gavlenis SesaCereblad (pigulevskaia, 1964: 57-81; 156-161).

173

daskvna

rogorc SesavalSi iyo naxsenebi, qarTuli istoriografia mdidaria

gviani antikuri periodis saqarTvelos istoriis kvlevebiT. qristianobis

gavrceleba, didi omianoba egrisSi (542-562 ww.), kavkasionis

gadasasvlelebis mniSvneloba da bevri sxva, es aris Seswavlili

sakiTxebis mxolod mokle sia. Tumca, tendencia, romelic gamoikveTa

bolo ramodenime aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi iyo naklebi yuradRebis

miqceva gviani antikuri periodis (IV-VII ss.) iseTi mniSvnelovani

sakiTxebisadmi, rogorebicaa iranisa da bizantiis imperiebis samxedro,

Tu diplomatiuri urTierTobebi, nomadi xalxebis mier evraziul

stepebSi Seqmnili imperiebi, bizantiisa da sasanuri iranis samxedro da

ekonomikuri potenciali, ori imperiis mmarTveli klasis gansxvavebuli

xedvebi msoflios mowyobis Taobaze. amasTan erTad, faqtobrivad,

Seuswavlelia bizantielebisa da sasanianebis mier maTze damokidebuli

patara xalxebis87 marTvis strategiebi da maTi xedvebi, Tu rogor

daecvaT sakuTari imperiebis sazRvrebi.

naSromSi, `romi da bizantia barbarosTa migraciis winaaRmdeg:

dunais da pontos sazRvrebis SedarebiTi analizi (IV-VII ss.)~, Sevecade

swored am xarvezis gamosworeba. samxreT kavkasiis regioni, zustad, rom

unda ganxilul iqnas im saerTo politikur, samxedro, ekonomikur da

religiur konteqstSi, romelic IV-VII saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi,

bizantiasa da sasanur irans Soris arsebobda. amavdroulad, erTmaneTs

Sevadare bizantiis ramodenime sazRvari, riTac, pirvel rigSi, mindoda

damenaxa ramdenad mniSvnelovani iyo TiToeuli mezobeli

konstantinopolis sagareo politikaSi.

                                                            87 klientebis.

174

yvela es argumenti mniSvnelovania da rogorc dasawyisSi vTqvi,

relevanturia qarTuli istoriografiisTvis, radgan mkiTxvels

daexmareba Seuqmnas im geopolitikuri TamaSis suraTi, romlis erTerTi

nawili samxreT kavkasia iyo. Tumca, me agreTve Sevecade, rom qarTuli

istoriografiis garda es naSromi mniSvnelovani yofiliyo dasavleTSi

gviani antikuri periodis Seswavlis sxvadasva mimdinareobebisTvis.

dasavleTSi bizantiis istoriis adreuli periodis (IV-VII ss.)

mkvlevarTa umravlesoba miiCnevs, rom konstantinopolSi msxdom

imperatorebs ar SeeZloT sakuTari samezoblos mimarT grZelvadiani

politikis Camoyalibeba. sxva sityvebiT, bizantielebs ar gaaCndaT

rogorc rame saxis `didi strategia~ imperiis samarTavad, aseve imperiaze

erTdroulad ramodenime frontidan momdinare safrTxis mogeriebis

gegma (isaaki, 1990: 19-53, 372-418). argumentebi, romelsac iyenebs mkvlevarTa

umravleosoba, aris am periodis bizantiaSi, realobasTan miaxloebuli

geografiuli rukebis ararseboba da rom romaelebis msgavsad,

bizantielebma ar icodnen, Tu sad mdebareobda imperiis sazRvrebi da

iwyeboda barbarosTa teritoria (vitakeri, 2004: 28-49, 63-87). naSromSi

bizantiisa da mis ZiriTad mezoblebs Soris urTierTobebis ganxilvisas,

uamravi magaliTi iyo moyvanili, Tu rogor zrunavda konstantinopoli

imperiis TiToeul mimarTulebaze kargad gamokveTili xelovnuri, Tu

fizikuri sazRvari hqonoda. vitakeris mtkicebebis sawinaaRmdegod,

bizantielebi sakuTari imperiis sazRvris gasatareblad xSirad

geografiul barierebs iyenebdnen. am mxriv, yvelaze karg magaliTs

warmoadgenda mdinare dunai. guTebTan valensis pirveli omi (367-369 ww.)

da misi Sedegebi naTlad miuniSnebs imaze, rom imperatorisTvis iseve,

rogorc guTebisTvis, mdinare dunai or mxares Soris sazRvars

warmoadgenda. Temistiusis da amiane marcelines mier moyvanili cnobebi

omze pirdapir amaze metyvelebs. zavze xelis moweris ceremonialic ki –

Sua dunaiSi – amtkicebda, rom es mdinare ara marto bunabriv da

fsiqologiur bariers warmoadgenda, aramed realur politikur

sazRvars imperiasa da barbarosebs Soris.

msgavsi viTareba imperiis sxva sazRvrebzec gvxvdeba. ase,

aRmosavleTSi, bizantiasa da sasanur irans Soris sazRvari CrdiloeT

175

mesopotamiaSi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi mdinare evfratze gadioda. or

imperias Soris dadebuli TiTqmis yvela sazavo xelSekruleba ara

mxolod didi teritoriebis erTmaneTisTvis gadacemas exeboda, aramed

saxelmwifoebs Soris axali sademarkacio xazis gatarebebsac.

magaliTad, 298 wlis nizibisis zavis mixedviT, imperiebs Soris sazRvari

vaWrobisTvis mTlianad Caiketa, garda ramodenime qalaqisa. 387 wels,

somxeTis danawilebisas, sazavo molaparakebis dros, imperiebis

mesveurebi saubrobdnen calke xazebis gatarebaze imisaTvis, rom

scodnodaT sad mTavrdeboda da iwyeboda maTi teritoriebi (greitreqsi,

2006: 103-151). aseve, gagvaCnia mravali cnoba, rodesac adamianebs CrdiloeT

mesopotamiaSi surdaT Tavisuflad gadasuliyvnen erTi imperiidan

meoreSi88 da rogor xdeboda maTi dakaveba sazRvarze bizantielebis, Tu

sasaniani garnizonebis mier. winaislamuri xanis arabebTan

urTierTobaSic kargad Cans, rogor aniWeben bizantielebi arab nomadebs

siria-palestinis provinciebis sazRvrebis dacvas. aqac, orive mxarem

kargad icoda, Tu sad mTavrdeboda imperiis administraciuli sazRvrebi.

es mxolod magaliTebis patara CamonaTvalia, magram TiToeuli kargad

aCvenebs erT rames – bizantielebs awuxebdaT kiTxva: sad gadis maTi

imperiis sazRvari? aman, Tavis mxriv, migviyvana am naSromis meore

sakvanZo sakiTxamde. Tu imperias gaaCnda kargad gawerili sazRvrebi, am

SemTxvevaSi imperatorebi permanentuli dilemis winaSe idgnen: rogor

daecvaT es sazRvrebi erTdroulad ramodenime mtrisgan?

samxedro infrastruqturis (TavdacviTi kedlebis, cixesimagreebis

da sxva) ageba dunaispireTSi, CrdiloeT mesopotamiaSi, CrdiloeT

afrikasa da aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi, karg magaliTs warmoadgens

imisa, rom bizantielebi, romaelebis msgavsad, zrunavdnen imperiis

sazRvrebis usafrTxoebaze. magram, mxolod samxedro infrastruqtura

gamosavals ar warmoadgenda erTdroulad ramodenime frontidan

arsebuli safrTxis ganeitralebisTvis. marTlac, 395 wels, imperiis

dayofam or nawilad rTul strategiul mdgomareobaSi Caayena

aRmosavleT romis imperia. amieridan, konstantinopolis mier erTiani

imperiis dros arsebuli samxedro da ekonomikuri resursebis gamoyeneba

                                                            88 eseni, xSir SemTxvevaSi, piligrimebi iyvnen.

176

ukve SeuZlebeli iyo. es yvelaferi xdeboda im gauaresebul sagareo

politikur fonze, romelic imperiis garSemo iqmneboda IV saukunis

meore naxevarSi. 370-ian wlebSi, Savi zRvis CrdiloeTiT hunebis gamoCenam

`xalxTa did gadasaxlebas~ daudo safuZveli, ris Sedegadac, bizantias

or sazRvarze dunaispireTSi da CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi nomadebi

daumezobldnen. amis paralelurad, aRmosavleTSi, sasanuri irani

konstantinopols warmatebiT uwevda samxedro da politikur

konkurencias samxreT kavkasiidan arabeTis naxevarkunZulamde arsebul

sazRvarze. bizantias, agreTve, problemebi gaaCnda siria-palestinis

provinciebSi, sadac arakontrolirebadi arabi nomadebi Tavs esxmodnen

imperiis palestinis provincias. am sam mTavar safrTxes imperiisTvis

arastandartuli safrTxec unda daematos – vandalebis samxedro

floti, romelmac V saukunis meore naxevarSi, ramodenimejer safrTxe

Seuqmna balkaneTis naxevarkunZuls.

gauaresebul samxedro mdgomareobas unda daematos aRmosavleT

romis imperiis arasaxarbielo geografiuli adgilmdebareobac. imperiis

sazRvrebi ar iyo daculi mZlavri geografiuli barierebiT. mdinare

dunaic ki, ar warmoadgenda gadaulaxav zRudes.89 CrdiloeT afrikaSi

sazRvari udabnoSi gadioda, sadac grZeli safortifikacio nagebobis

aRmarTva TiTqmis SeuZlebeli iyo. marTalia aRmosavleTSi, sazRvari

sasanur iranTan gauval mTian somxeTsa da CrdiloeT mesopotamiaSi

gadioda, CrdiloeT mesopotamiidan iranelebs SedarebiT martivad

SeeZloT siriis qalaqebi daepyroT, bizantiis teritoriis mcire

geografiuli siRrmis gamo. erTaderTi, SedarebiT daculi provincia

teritoriuli siRrmis mxriv, mcire azia iyo.

Sesabamisad, bizantiis mesveurebs, 395 wlidan moyolebuli, unda

efiqraT, Tu rogor daecvaT imperia sagrZnoblad Semcirebuli samxedro

da ekonomikuri resursebis da gauaresebuli sagareo politikuri

mdgomareobis fonze. bizantielebma imperiis dacvis sakuTari strategia

SeimuSaves. vaWroba, mcire, magram efeqtiani sajariso SenaerTebi,

moqnili diplomatia, Zlieri sadazvervo aparati, qristianobis gav-

                                                            89 V saukunis pirvel naxevarSi hunebis da Semdeg, VII saukunis dasawyisSi, avarebis warmatebuli laSqrobebi amis naTeli magaliTebia.

177

rceleba, titulebisa da miwebis darigeba da sxva, es iyo bizantieli

imperatorebis mTavari xerxebi sagareo politikuri miznebis misaRwevad.

magram, Tu bizantielebamde da maT Semdegac, es elementebi xSirad

TamaSobdnen mniSvnelovan rols ama Tu im imperiebis sagareo

politikaSi, bizantielebma moaxerxes am yvela komponentis Serwyma da

efeqtianad gamoyeneba maSin, rodesac geografiuli, ekonomikuri da

samxedro statistika maT sapirispirod iyo. bizantielebma icodnen, Tu

rogor unda ebrZolaT TiToeul mezobelTan, ra iyo maTi susti da

Zlieri mxareebi. amas mowmobs bizantiaSi arsebuli samxedro

traqtatebis mdidari tradicia. bizantiis `strategiaze~ metyvelebs isic,

rom V saukuneSi didi struqturuli cvlilebebi daiwyo imperiis jarSi,

raTa imperias efeqtianad moegeriebina nomadebisa da sasanianebis

erToblivi safrTxe.

garda amisa, Sevecade meCvenebina ramdenad politizirebuli iyo

qristianobis gavrceleba imperiis samezobloSi IV-V saukuneebSi.

marTlac, bizantiis samezobloSi axali religiis imperiuli sanqciiT

gavrcelebis ramodenime cnoba arsebobs. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT

qristianobis gavrcelebis geografiul areals, davinaxavT, rom

konstantinopoli, gansakuTrebulad, cdilobda imperiisTvis

strategiulad mniSvnelovan teritoriebze mcxovrebi xalxebis

`moqcevas~: qarTvelebis, guTebis, somxebis, eTiopielebis, arabebis da a.S.

agreTve, Sevecade damenaxa, Tu rogor azrovnebdnen bizantieli

imperatorebi Tanamderove rukebis ararsebobisas da rogor iRebdnen

strategiuli mniSvnleobis mqone gadawyvetilebebs. iustinianes

magaliTma naTlad dagvanaxa, rom bizantieli mmarTveli gadawyvetilebis

miRebamde, aucileblad iTvaliswinebda ekonomikur, samxedro, zogad

politikur da religiur faqtorebs. prokopi kesarielis mier aRwerili

scena vandalebze omis gamocxadebamde, gviCvenebs, rom raoden

avtorkatuli ar unda yofiliyo iustinianes reJimi, imperatori

iZulebuli iyo gaeTvaliswinebina ioane kapadokielis kritika samxedro

kampaniis ekonomikur mxaresTan mimarTebaSi da Tu ra zarals moutanda

es imperiis biujets.

178

Sesabamisad, gviani antikuri periodis bizantiaze saubrisas, Cven

win aris imperia, romelic miesadaga im rTul ekonomikur, samxedro da

geografiul mdgomareobas, romelSic is aRmoCnda, 395 wels, imperiis

daSlis Semdeg.

arabebTan mimarTebaSi, naCvenebi, Tu rogor muSaobda bizantiuri

diplomatia lokalur doneze. rogor xdeboda arabi meTaurebis gad-

mobireba, maTi dafinanseba da Semdeg gamoyeneba sasanuri iranis da

siria-palestinis sazRvarze bizantiis mier sxva arakontrolirebadi

arabi tomebis winaaRmdeg. meore migneba iyo arabi mokavSireebis

gamoyeneba ara marto sasanianebisa da maTi mokavSire arabebis

winaaRmdeg, aramed siria-mesopotamiis da arabeTis naxevarkunZulis

CrdiloeTiT arsebuli bizantiuri savaWro gzebis dacvisTvis. es ki

jdeboda iustinianes dros wiTeli zRviT indoeTisken mimaval savaWro

gzis aRorZinebis gegmas. gzis dasacavad imperatorma scada mis gaswvriv

mokavSireebi moepovebina. imperatoris xedviT, arabebs siria-palestinis

da sinais naxevarkunZulis, xolo eTiopielebs ki, Tanamderove bab-el-

mandebis srutis dacva daevala. sabolood, es yvelaferi mimarTuli iyo

sasanuri iranis winaaRmdeg.

sasanuri irani bizantiis samezobloSi gamonaklis warmoadgenda.

is, gvian antikurobaSi, bizantiasTan Tanabari Zalis mqone erTaderTi

saxelmwifo iyo. miuxedavad amisa, am imperiis Seswavlas naklebi

yuradReba eTmoba dasavleTSi da, samwuxarod, saerTod ar aris

Seswavlili saqarTveloSi. am kvlevis erTerTi centraluri sakiTxi iyo

sasanuri iranis Zalis xelaxali Sefaseba. Tu aqamde istorikosTa

umravlesoba Tvlida, rom romis da Semdeg bizantiis imperia sasanur

iranze Zlieri saxelmwifo iyo, me Sevecade meCvenebina, rom or imperias

Soris oTxsaukunovani urTierTobebis manZilze, sasanuri irani

bizantiis ara marto Tanabar Zalas warmoadgenda, aramed, bevr

komponentSi, masze maRlac idga. Sesabamisad, am debulebas mivyavarT

logikur kiTvamde: Tu bizantias SeeZlo Tavisi samezoblos samarTavad

sakuTari `didi strategia~ SeemuSavebina, SeeZlo Tu ara igives gakeTeba

sasanur irans?

179

Tavdapirvelad, saWiro iyo SahanSahebis samxedro potencialis

gansazRvra. Tumca, romaul/bizantiur samyarosgan gansxvavebiT, sasaniani

istorikosebis naSromebi Cvenamde ar moRweula. yvela cnoba, romelic

gagvaCnia, uSualod iranis mowinaaRmdege berZnul-romauli, qarTuli da

somxuri istorikosebis wyaroebidan modis. Sesabamisad, sasanuri jarebis

yvela raodenoba, naxsenebi iqneba es prokopi kesarielTan, Tu amiane

marcelinesTan, saWiroebs detalur Seswavlas, radgan istorikosebs

martivad SeeZloT gamiznulad gaedidebinaT, an SeemcirebinaT mtris

ricxvi. magram, Cven nawilobriv gvexmareba arqelogia da is uzarmazari

safortifikacio nagebobebi, romelic bolo wlebSi gaTxrebis Sedegad

aRmoCnda. forpostebisa da cixesimagreebis sididis mixedviT, me

vivaraude, sasanian Sahebs (yovel SemTxvevaSi, xosro anuSirvanis

mmarTvelobidan moyolebuli) jamSi hyavdaT 300,000-iani jari, saidanac,

daaxloebiT, naxevari permanentulad iyo ganawilebuli imperiis

sazRvrebis gaswvriv. Tumca, mxolod Zlieri jaris yola ar niSnavda

imperiuli strategiis arsebobas. rogorc bizantielebze saubrisas iyo

naTqvami, jaris garda mravali sxva argumenti unda arsebuliyo.

erTerTi maTgani iyo uzarmazari kedlebis aSeneba imperiis saz-

Rvrebis garSemo. bizantielebis msgavsad sasaniani mmarTvelebi

xedavdnen, rom imperias arasaxarbielo geografiuli adgilmdebareoba

gaaCnda. ufro metic, bizantiasTan SedarebiT sasanuri iranis sazRvrebis

4/5 daucveli iyo90 rame saxis geografiuli barieriT. mdgomareobas

arTulebda isic, rom imperias dasavleTidan Zlieri romis/bizantiis

imperia emezobleboda da pretenzias acxadebda CrdiloeT mesopotamiaze,

somxeTze, samxreT kavkasiasa da siria-palestinis udabnoze. magram, Tu

bizantia nomadur safrTxes mxolod IV saukunis bolos Seejaxa, iranis

adgilmdebareoba sasanianebs nomadebis pirvel samizned aqcevda,

erTdroulad, Tanamedrove centraluri aziisa da CrdiloeT kavkasiis

mimarTulebebidan. amas daemateba isic, rom arabeTis naxevarkunZulis

CrdiloeTSi da siria-mesopotamiis udabnoSi, sasanianebs problemebs

uqmnidnen winaislamuri xanis arabi tomebi.91

                                                            90 erTaderTi daculi sazRvari iyo samxreTiT, sparseTis yurisa da indoeTis okeanis sanapiros gaswvriv. 91 Tumca, bizantiisa da nomadi tomebisgan gansxvavebiT, arabebisagan momdinare

180

sxva sityvebiT, ar iqneba gadaWarbebuli Tu vityviT, rom imperia

mudam egzistencialuri safrTxis qveS iyo. miuxedavad amisa, 224-226

wlebSi, parTiis samefos nangrevebze aRmocenebuli axali imperiis

mmarTvelebma moaxerxes saxelmwifos ara marto SenarCuneba, aramed

teritoriis sagrZnoblad gazrda. Sedegad, imperiam oTx aswleulze met

xans, VII saukunis 40-ian wlebamde gastana.

bizantielebis msgavsad, sasanianebis mier amdeni saukunis

ganmavlobaSi imperiis SenarCuneba SeuZlebeli iqneboda, rom ara

sakuTari `didi TavdacviTi gegmis~ Camoyalibeba. pirveli nabiji iyo

romauli da Semdgom bizantiuri jarebisgan CrdiloeT mesopotamiis

mniSvnelovani cixesimagreebis gaTavisufleba, raTa mters, omis

SemTxvevaSi, ver moexerxebina evfratis da tigrosiT gaswvriv sasanianTa

dedaqalaq qtesifonamde miRweva. meore nabiji iyo arasaxarbielo

geografiuli mdebareobis nawilobriv gamosworeba. imperiis mTlianad, an

nawilobriv daucvel sazRvrebze aSenda samxedro infrastruqtura,

kedlebisa da cixesimagreebis saxiT. kaspiis zRvis aRmosavleTiT aSenda

ori didi, erTmaneTis paraleluri, gurganis da TamiSenis kedlebi;

dasavleTiT _ darubandis cixesimagre da ramodenime kedeli mis

CrdiloeTsa da samxreTiT. CrdiloeT mesopotamiaSi, bizantiis imperiis

winaaRmdeg, Sendeboda uamravi cixesimagre, xolo evfratis qvemo welze

ki – wylis arxebi.92 mcire zomebis kedlebi aSenda mesopotamiis samxreT

nawilSi, sparseTis yuresTan axlos, arabi nomadebis Sesakaveblad.

kedlebisa da cixesimagreebis adgilmdebareoba,93 metyvelebda

sasanianebSi maRali samxedro arqiteqturuli tradiciis arsebobaze.

TiToeuli nageboba miesadageboda adgilobriv geografiul pirobebs da

ergeboda imperiis sxvadasxva mowinaaRmdegis samxedro xelovnebas.

mniSvnelovania isic, rom iranelebis mier agebuli kedlebi, Tu

                                                                                                                                                                                                safrTxes sasanianebi sakmaod martivad umklavdebodnen. problema iqmneboda mxolod maSin, rodesac sasanianebs, erTdroulad, ramodenime frontze uwevdaT omis warmoeba. 92 wylis arxebis gamoyeneba sakmaod efeqtiani iyo. ase, magaliTad, iuliane gandegilis iranuli laSqrobis warumateblobis erTerTi mizezi qtesifonis garSemo arsebuli wylis arxebi iyo. 93 zog SemTxvevaSi, aSenebisTvis sakmaod miudgomel teritoriaze: magaliTad darubandis dasavleTiT, kedeli ramodenime kilometriT pirdapir kavkasionis qedze gadioda.

181

cixesimagreebi mravaljer aRemateboda zomebiT romaul/bizantiur

konstruqciebs dunaisa da rainispireTSi.

bizantielebis msgavsad, sasanianebs aseve esmodaT, rom sazRvrebis

gaswvriv permanentuli sajariso erTeulebis ganlagebiT imperiis

usafrTxoebis srulad uzrunvelyofa SeuZlebeli iqneboda. aqtiuri

diplomatia, fulis da titulebis darigeba, religia, vaWroba da mZlavri

samxedro koaliciebis Seqmna bizantiis sawinaaRmdegoT – es aris

sasanianTa sagareo politikis mokle Sinaarsi. praqtikuli nabijebis

garda, sasanianebi romaelebis/bizantielebis imperium sine fine-s

ideologias daupirispires maxlobeli aRmosavleTis sakuTari xedva –

aqemenianTa imperiis teritoriebze pretenziebis gamocxadeba. sasanianTa

`strategiis~ ramodenime magaliTi naTlad gviCvenebs rogor muSaobda

saxelmwifo aparati da rogor ganixilavdnen SahanSahebi imperiis

sazRvrebs. imperiis strategiaze metyvelebs winaislamuri xanis

arabebTan samxedro kavSiris Seqmnis detalebi, imperiaSi barbarosTa

gansaxlebis sistema94 da mZlavri antibizantiuri propagandis gamoyeneba.

Sesabamisad, naCvenebi iyo yvela is komponenti, romelic sasanianebs

esaWiroebodaT mZlavri `sistemuri~ sagareo politikis gasatareblad. bi-

zantielebis msgavsad, sasanur imperiasac gaaCnda sakuTari `strategia~,

romelic pirveli SahanSahebis dros jer kidev ar iyo kargad

Camoyalibebuli. misi `aRmoCena~ ufro IV saukunis bolos imperiis

gauaresebul geopolitikur mdgomareobasTan unda iyos dakavSirebuli,

rodesac, evraziul stepebSi xalxTa didi gadasaxlebis mimdinareobisas,

imperia Seejaxa sul ufro mZlavr nomadur dajgufebebs. kedlebi,

diplomatia, ideologia, religia da mravali sxva xerxis efeqtianma

gamoyenebam uzrunvelyo imperiis arseboba oTxze meti saukunis

ganmavlobaSi.

                                                            94 romelic arafriT Camouvardeboda bizantiis da CineTis imperiebSi arsebul praqtikas: barbarosebis SeSveba, maTi gansaxleba da imis uzrunveloya, rom ar momxdariyo lokaluri ajanyebebi. lojistikurad amis gakeTeba sakmaod rTuli iyo, radgan imperiul xelisuflebas yvelafris gaTvaliswineba uwevda: arsebuli miwis potenciali barbarosTa gamosakvebad; adgilobrivi mosaxleobis zusti raodenobis dadgena; permanentuli samxedro kontroli axladdasaxlebulebze da a. S. erTerTi komponentis darRvevas, saxelmwifo SeeZlo mZime Sedegebamde mieyvana..

182

Semdgomi sakiTxi aris bizantiis CrdiloeT sazRvari.

dunasipireTSi, iseve, rogorc imperiis sxva sazRvrebze, kargad gamoCnda

konstantinopolis rTuli saxelmwifoebrivi politika, romelic

ramodenime elementis urTierTSexamebas warmoadgenda. istoriulad,

romaelebs da Semdeg bizantielebs, ar uWirdaT germanuli tomebis

Sekaveba. marcxebi iyo da ara erTi, Tumca, grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi,

tevtonburgis tyeSi, Tu adrianopolTan brZolebs araferi SeucvliaT.

es ufro barbarosebis mier logikidan amovardnil warmatebas waagavda.

imperiuli xanis legioni, Tu gviani antikuri xanis comitatenses-i efeqtian

iaraRs warmoadgenda barbarosuli qaosis SesaCereblad. amitomac, vecade

meCvenebina, rom urTierTobebis samxedro komponentis garda, kidev

arsebobda urTierTobebis savaWro da religiuri komponentebi. imperator

valensis pirveli guTuri omi (367-369 ww.) SeiZleba arc Tu ise

mniSvnelovani iyo strategiuli kuTxiT, magram CvenTvis Zalian

saintereso sakiTxs warmoadgens wyaroebis siuxvis gamo. imperatoris

mier ekonomikuri, samxedro, religiuri da sxva faqtorebis

gaTvaliswineba metyvelebs imaze, Tu rogor muSaobda imperiuli

diplimatia mezoblebis mimarT. meores mxriv, miRebuli azris

sawinaaRmdegoT, am omis magaliTze naCvenebi iyo, rom barbarosebi ar

iyvnen yovelTvis omis iniciatorebi. piriqiT, xSiri iyo SemTxvevebi,

rodesac amas imperiuli jarebi akeTebdnen.

bizantiis Crdiloel mezoblebze saubrisas, SeuZlebeli iyo

araferi gveTqva nomadebze (hunebi, avarebi da a. S.). magram, am xalxebis

dunaispreTSi gamoCenis isedac kargad Seswavlili istoriis moyolis

nacvlad, vecade mepasuxa kiTxvaze: ra iwvevda nomadebis moZraobas

evraziul stepebSi? ratom iyo maTvis dunaispireTi moZraobis bolo

punqti? ra saxis urTierTobebi iyo imperiasa da nomadebs Soris da ra

samxedro gavlena moaxdina am ukanasknelma bizantiur samxedro

azrovnebaze? mkvlevarebis umravlesoba, an mxolod bizantia-nomadebis

urTierTobebis istorias ikvlevs, an ar cdilobs axsnas, Tu ratom

xdeboda Semosevebi imperiis CrdileoT sazRvarze. Semosevebis mizezebis

asaxsnelad gamoviyene geografiuli da ekonomikuri faqtorebi. marTlac,

naCvenebi iyo, rom evraziis Sida regionis – Sida aziis – geografiuli

183

maxasiaTeblebi nomadebisTvis saxarbielo pirobebs qmnida emoZravaT

manjuriidan95 Tanamderove ungreTamde. sxva sityvebiT, geografiuli

barierebis nakleboba xels uwyobda xalxebis SeuzRudav moZraobas.

meore mniSvnelovani faqtori iyo bizantiisa da sasanuri imperiebis

ekonomikuri potenciali da ramdenad iyo SesaZlebeli maTi simdidre

yofiliyo nomadebis Semosvebis gamomwvevi mizezi.

amrigad, vfiqrob, rom bizantiisa da sasanuri iranis samezoblo

politikis Seswavla im komponentebis mixedviT, romelic am naSromSi

ganvixile, garkveul wvlils Seitans qarTul, dasavlursa da rusul

istoriografiebSi gviani antikuri periodis ukeT SeswavlisTvis.

                                                            95 Tanamderove CrdiloeT CineTi.

184

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