Rome SPQR Senatus Populusque Romanus (the Senate and the people of Rome) SPQR Senatus Populusque...
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Transcript of Rome SPQR Senatus Populusque Romanus (the Senate and the people of Rome) SPQR Senatus Populusque...
RomeRome
SPQRSenatus Populusque Romanus(the Senate and the people of Rome)
SPQRSenatus Populusque Romanus(the Senate and the people of Rome)
Eras Roman HistoryEras Roman History
Early Rome - Creation Carthage - Competition from Africa Punic Wars - Rise to dominance Republic - Government and expansion Empire - Julius and Augustus Caesar Fall of the Empire - Descent into…
Darkness?
Early Rome - Creation Carthage - Competition from Africa Punic Wars - Rise to dominance Republic - Government and expansion Empire - Julius and Augustus Caesar Fall of the Empire - Descent into…
Darkness?
Aeneas begins the legend…Aeneas begins the legend…
Aeneas fights for Troy in the Trojan War, escapes with twelve shiploads of refugees after the Achaens destroy Troy.
Drifts westward for seven years, until they land at the Phoenician colony of Carthage, where the Phoenician Queen Dido has settled.
Dido falls in love with Aeneas, but he is commanded by Jupiter to leave and fulfill his destiny - to found Rome - and Dido kills herself as he sails away.
Aeneas fights for Troy in the Trojan War, escapes with twelve shiploads of refugees after the Achaens destroy Troy.
Drifts westward for seven years, until they land at the Phoenician colony of Carthage, where the Phoenician Queen Dido has settled.
Dido falls in love with Aeneas, but he is commanded by Jupiter to leave and fulfill his destiny - to found Rome - and Dido kills herself as he sails away.
The Aeneid and CarthageThe Aeneid and Carthage
“’Traitor, did you expect to conceal the crime you were planning,
and quietly sneak away from my land? Was our love unable to hold you,
or the mutual vows that we gave, or the thought of Dido abandoned,
doomed to a piteous death… have you no heart?’
So Dido poured out her pain, but Aeneas, by Jupiter’s order,
displayed no trace of emotion and repressed the anguish of his heart.”
Virgil, The Aeneid lines 305-312
“’Traitor, did you expect to conceal the crime you were planning,
and quietly sneak away from my land? Was our love unable to hold you,
or the mutual vows that we gave, or the thought of Dido abandoned,
doomed to a piteous death… have you no heart?’
So Dido poured out her pain, but Aeneas, by Jupiter’s order,
displayed no trace of emotion and repressed the anguish of his heart.”
Virgil, The Aeneid lines 305-312
The Aeneid and CarthageThe Aeneid and Carthage
Night covers the earth with misty shadows and darkness,
But stars never rise in the east to march on their fiery courses…
And last, great Jove himself - I swear by your head and my own -
Has sent his herald to bring my orders down through the tempest.
By the clearest light of the day I saw him enter the city,And when he addressed me I listened with all my
closest attention.So please, give over inflaming both yourself and me
with your protests;Though not by my own free will, to Italy I make my
venture!”Virgil, The Aeneid lines 334-345
Night covers the earth with misty shadows and darkness,
But stars never rise in the east to march on their fiery courses…
And last, great Jove himself - I swear by your head and my own -
Has sent his herald to bring my orders down through the tempest.
By the clearest light of the day I saw him enter the city,And when he addressed me I listened with all my
closest attention.So please, give over inflaming both yourself and me
with your protests;Though not by my own free will, to Italy I make my
venture!”Virgil, The Aeneid lines 334-345
Early Rome: Twins and AeneasEarly Rome: Twins and Aeneas
Romulus and Remus - descendents of Aeneas Vestal Virgin gave birth to the twins,
father was Mars (miraculous birth) Twins sent in a basket down the Tiber
River Founded Rome where they were found by
shepherd’s wife. Romulus killed Remus, becoming Rome’s
first king Abduction (sometimes Rape) of the
Sabine Women - populating the new city
Romulus and Remus - descendents of Aeneas Vestal Virgin gave birth to the twins,
father was Mars (miraculous birth) Twins sent in a basket down the Tiber
River Founded Rome where they were found by
shepherd’s wife. Romulus killed Remus, becoming Rome’s
first king Abduction (sometimes Rape) of the
Sabine Women - populating the new city
Worldly (NotLegendary)Roman Beginnings
Worldly (NotLegendary)Roman Beginnings
Latin speakers descending from the Alps; Indo-European descendents
Lived closely with Etruscans, Latins,
and Greeks
Latin speakers descending from the Alps; Indo-European descendents
Lived closely with Etruscans, Latins,
and Greeks
Worldly Beginnings of RomeWorldly Beginnings of Rome
Rome thought to have been a collection of villages around 1000 BCE
Around 600 BCE, Etruscan kings conquered Rome and areas beyond
Tribal people, selected chiefs democratically, but eventually grew under influence of many kings.
Senate - an advisory council of elders Capitol - like a Greek acropolis; temple and
meeting place Forum - the heart of Roman political life
Rome thought to have been a collection of villages around 1000 BCE
Around 600 BCE, Etruscan kings conquered Rome and areas beyond
Tribal people, selected chiefs democratically, but eventually grew under influence of many kings.
Senate - an advisory council of elders Capitol - like a Greek acropolis; temple and
meeting place Forum - the heart of Roman political life
Worldly Beginnings of RomeWorldly Beginnings of Rome
The last Etruscan King was Tarquin the Proud. A tyrant who was driven from power around 509 BCE
The Romans declared they would never be ruled by a king again
Established a new government called a Republic - more about the republican government system will be described later
The last Etruscan King was Tarquin the Proud. A tyrant who was driven from power around 509 BCE
The Romans declared they would never be ruled by a king again
Established a new government called a Republic - more about the republican government system will be described later
Challenges to the Growth of RomeChallenges to the Growth of Rome
As Rome grew, she had easy access to the Mediterranean trade routes
Eventually, they came into conflict with Carthage, the other trading power in the Mediterranean
Fought three wars over the course of one hundred years.
[We will work on a packet tomorrow where we will go into more depth on this subject]
As Rome grew, she had easy access to the Mediterranean trade routes
Eventually, they came into conflict with Carthage, the other trading power in the Mediterranean
Fought three wars over the course of one hundred years.
[We will work on a packet tomorrow where we will go into more depth on this subject]
Punic WarsPunic Wars1st Punic War: Fought over control of Sicily2nd Punic War: led by Hannibal brilliant general
from Carthage. 50,000men, 9,000 cavalry, 60 Elephants
Although victorious on many occasions, unable to win decisively and ultimately loses when Scipio leads an attack against Carthage itself
3rd Punic War: Rome is not happy about the re-growth of Carthage, decide to destroy her.
Sold 50,000 inhabitants into slavery and burnt the city
Territory made into a new province in Africa
1st Punic War: Fought over control of Sicily2nd Punic War: led by Hannibal brilliant general
from Carthage. 50,000men, 9,000 cavalry, 60 Elephants
Although victorious on many occasions, unable to win decisively and ultimately loses when Scipio leads an attack against Carthage itself
3rd Punic War: Rome is not happy about the re-growth of Carthage, decide to destroy her.
Sold 50,000 inhabitants into slavery and burnt the city
Territory made into a new province in Africa
Problems after the Punic WarsProblems after the Punic Wars The Punic Wars, though Rome emerged
victorious, led to problems The Wealthy lived on the large estates called
latifundia Many of these estates were from taking land left by
soldiers who went to war Many returning soldiers became homeless and
jobless Romans made slaves of many of the conquered
peoples Slaves became 1/3 of Rome’s population
The urban poor became 1/4 of Rome’s population Class tensions grow
The Punic Wars, though Rome emerged victorious, led to problems
The Wealthy lived on the large estates called latifundia Many of these estates were from taking land left by
soldiers who went to war Many returning soldiers became homeless and
jobless Romans made slaves of many of the conquered
peoples Slaves became 1/3 of Rome’s population
The urban poor became 1/4 of Rome’s population Class tensions grow
The Roman ArmyThe Roman Army All citizens who owned land were
required to serve ten years in the army Roman farmer-soldiers were more
motivated to fight for Rome, increased morale
All citizens who owned land were required to serve ten years in the army Roman farmer-soldiers were more
motivated to fight for Rome, increased morale Army was organized into groups called legions
5,000 heavily armed menEach legion divided into centuries of 80 menEach century could act independently of the legion
More Post-Punic Wars Problems (after 146 BCE)More Post-Punic Wars Problems (after 146 BCE) Some Tribunes attempted to help the poor
by proposing reforms: the Gracchus Brothers These reforms were strongly opposed by
other senators, and these Tribunes met violent deaths in 133 BCE and 121 BCE
Civil War erupted, resulting in very powerful military leaders (Sulla and Marius)
Generals began recruiting the poor and homeless by promising land These soldiers fought for pay and were loyal
to their commander
Some Tribunes attempted to help the poor by proposing reforms: the Gracchus Brothers These reforms were strongly opposed by
other senators, and these Tribunes met violent deaths in 133 BCE and 121 BCE
Civil War erupted, resulting in very powerful military leaders (Sulla and Marius)
Generals began recruiting the poor and homeless by promising land These soldiers fought for pay and were loyal
to their commander
Move Toward EmpireMove Toward Empire
His political rivals ordered Caesar to disband his legions and return home
Caesar disobeyed, brought his army and defeated Pompey, now his rival, eventually marching into Rome
Was appointed dictator for life in 44 BCE However, as an absolute ruler, he gained many
enemies, and on March 15th, 44 BCE, he was stabbed to death in the Senate chamber
His political rivals ordered Caesar to disband his legions and return home
Caesar disobeyed, brought his army and defeated Pompey, now his rival, eventually marching into Rome
Was appointed dictator for life in 44 BCE However, as an absolute ruler, he gained many
enemies, and on March 15th, 44 BCE, he was stabbed to death in the Senate chamber
Move Toward EmpireMove Toward Empire
In order for politicians to be successful, they now had to be supported by military
Caesar with the help of Crassus, a wealthy Roman, and Pompey, a popular General created a triumvirate - a group of three rulers
Caesar was a brilliant military leader and after his year as Consul he governed Gaul
Conquered Gaul and won the loyalty of his troops Became very popular with the Romans
In order for politicians to be successful, they now had to be supported by military
Caesar with the help of Crassus, a wealthy Roman, and Pompey, a popular General created a triumvirate - a group of three rulers
Caesar was a brilliant military leader and after his year as Consul he governed Gaul
Conquered Gaul and won the loyalty of his troops Became very popular with the Romans
The First TriumvirateThe First TriumvirateThe First TriumvirateThe First Triumvirate
Julius Caesar
Marcus Licinius Crassus
Gaius Magnus Pompey
Julius Caesar
Marcus Licinius Crassus
Gaius Magnus Pompey
Julius CaesarJulius Caesar
Caesar had absolute power He granted citizenship to many people in the provinces Expanded the senate Created jobs with construction of new public buildings Created new colonies where the landless could own land Increased soldiers pay Many nobles and senators were concerned about Caesars
growing power
On March 15, 44 B.C. Caesar was stabbed to death by Brutus and Cassius(his friends)
Caesar had absolute power He granted citizenship to many people in the provinces Expanded the senate Created jobs with construction of new public buildings Created new colonies where the landless could own land Increased soldiers pay Many nobles and senators were concerned about Caesars
growing power
On March 15, 44 B.C. Caesar was stabbed to death by Brutus and Cassius(his friends)
The Empire The Empire
Civil War broke out after Caesar’s death Caesar’s nephew,Octavian, a General, Marc Antony, and a politician –
Lepidus - took control and created the Second Triumvirate This triumvirate killed Caesar’s assassins
After the triumvirate controlled Rome Octavian and Marc Antony became rivals
Marc Antony met Queen Cleopatra of Egypt while in Anatolia He fell in love with her and followed her to Egypt
Octavian accused Antony of attempting to conquer Rome Octavian fought and defeated the combined forces of Antony and
Cleopatra Octavian restored the republic with a few changes
He took the title of Augustus or exalted one Became the imperator or supreme military
commander - the emperor
Civil War broke out after Caesar’s death Caesar’s nephew,Octavian, a General, Marc Antony, and a politician –
Lepidus - took control and created the Second Triumvirate This triumvirate killed Caesar’s assassins
After the triumvirate controlled Rome Octavian and Marc Antony became rivals
Marc Antony met Queen Cleopatra of Egypt while in Anatolia He fell in love with her and followed her to Egypt
Octavian accused Antony of attempting to conquer Rome Octavian fought and defeated the combined forces of Antony and
Cleopatra Octavian restored the republic with a few changes
He took the title of Augustus or exalted one Became the imperator or supreme military
commander - the emperor
The First Roman DynastyThe First Roman DynastyThe First Roman DynastyThe First Roman Dynasty
Roman Roads WorksheetRoman Roads Worksheet
A vast and Powerful EmpireA vast and Powerful Empire
Augustus’ rule was the beginning of 207 years of peace
Minimal fighting along the borders of the empire This period was called Pax Romana, or Roman
Peace Roman Empire
Covered approximately 3 million square miles Included 60 to 80 million people 1 million living in the city of Rome
Augustus’ rule was the beginning of 207 years of peace
Minimal fighting along the borders of the empire This period was called Pax Romana, or Roman
Peace Roman Empire
Covered approximately 3 million square miles Included 60 to 80 million people 1 million living in the city of Rome
A vast and Powerful EmpireA vast and Powerful Empire
Agriculture Most important industry 90 percent of the people
farmed Most Romans survived on
local produce Additional food items and
luxury goods were acquired through trade
Agriculture Most important industry 90 percent of the people
farmed Most Romans survived on
local produce Additional food items and
luxury goods were acquired through trade
Trade Huge trading network Had common coins made
of silver Protected by the roman
Navy Roman cities became
wealthy Rome traded with China
and India Roads originally used for
the military became successful trade route
Trade Huge trading network Had common coins made
of silver Protected by the roman
Navy Roman cities became
wealthy Rome traded with China
and India Roads originally used for
the military became successful trade route
Managing the EmpireManaging the Empire
Borders extended 10,000 miles Reached from Spain to Mesopotamia and from Britain to
North Africa Many cultures became part of Roman life All had to serve in the Army regardless of citizenship
Augustus was the most able Emperor The system of government he created lasted for centuries The government was run more by Plebeians than by the
senate Most Roman emperors during Pax Romana were able but
some were not Caligula Nero - believed to have burnt down Rome Both were either insane or unstable
Borders extended 10,000 miles Reached from Spain to Mesopotamia and from Britain to
North Africa Many cultures became part of Roman life All had to serve in the Army regardless of citizenship
Augustus was the most able Emperor The system of government he created lasted for centuries The government was run more by Plebeians than by the
senate Most Roman emperors during Pax Romana were able but
some were not Caligula Nero - believed to have burnt down Rome Both were either insane or unstable
Roman Empire: Pax RomanaRoman Empire: Pax Romana
Roman Empire: Pax RomanaRoman Empire: Pax Romana
In the film we saw about Carthage,Rome’s empire was called“Rome’s Private Lake.”Why is that?
Examples from: The Twelve TablesExamples from: The Twelve Tables
Table IV: 1) A dreadfully deformed child shall be quickly killed 2) If a father sells his son three times, the son shall be free from his father5) A child born after ten months since the father’s death will not be admitted into legal inheritance.Table V: 1) Females will remain in guardianshipEven when they have attained their majorityTable VII: 1)Let them keep the road in order. If they have not paved it, a man may drive his team where he likes. 10) A man might gather up fruit that was falling down onto another man's farm.
Examples from: The Twelve TablesExamples from: The Twelve Tables
Table VIII: 3) If one is slain while committing theft by night, he is rightly slain. 23) A person who had been found guilty of giving false witness shall be hurled down from the Tarpeian Rock. Table XI: 1. Marriages should not take place between plebeians and patricians.Table XII: 5) Whatever the people had last ordained should be held as binding by law.
CiceroCicero …Right reason is Law, [and] we must believe
that men have Law also in common with the gods. Further, those who share law must also share justice; and those who share these are to be regarded as members of the same commonwealth…
Justice and all things honourable [sic] are to be sought for their own sake. And indeed all good men love fairness in itself and Justice in itself…. Therefore Justice must be sought and cultivated for her own sake.
Marcus Tullius Cicero
…Right reason is Law, [and] we must believe that men have Law also in common with the gods. Further, those who share law must also share justice; and those who share these are to be regarded as members of the same commonwealth…
Justice and all things honourable [sic] are to be sought for their own sake. And indeed all good men love fairness in itself and Justice in itself…. Therefore Justice must be sought and cultivated for her own sake.
Marcus Tullius Cicero