ROME

“successor” to Greece model for later monarchies “carrier” of Greek civilization model for the concept of citizenship political model for later Europe model for most European legal systems measure of success for nations and individuals model for later, mixed constitutions

-Great Britain, U.S., etc.

Importance

Italy Tiber River between Etruscan and

Greek cities part of the Latin League

Location

Indo-European entered Italy ca. 2000 B.C. settled south of the Tiber primitive institutions

Early history

The RepublicThe Republic

revolution patricians (2-4%) and plebeians

(96-98%) constitutional government

influenced by Athens? the constitution of Cleisthenes?

OfficesOffices

2 consuls 2 praetors

aediles quaestors dictator

Important institutionsImportant institutions

the assemblies the elective offices patron-client

relationships The Twelve Tables

Roman ExpansionRoman Expansion

conquest of Veii: Rome’s “Trojan War”

gradual expansion for a century the Latin League

extension of citizenship Romans, half-citizens, Latins, allies continuous expansion

Celts, Samnites, etc.

Expansion, con’tExpansion, con’t

Etruscans Greeks Carthage ???

three Punic Wars 254, 220, 146 B.C.

control of Western Mediterranean

Expansion, con’tExpansion, con’t

the Hellenistic Monarchies the Greek Federal Leagues lots of wars, Romans are dragged

in...a lot Romans get tired of it control of most of the Med. basin

by 100 B.C. but still essentially a city-state

Roman art

Roman art

Roman architecture

Roman architecture

Roman Religion

rustic Italian cults

overlay of Greek religion

Etruscan influences

Romans as “pack rats”

Roman Religion

Much like the rest of Italy, Rome is

predominantly Roman Catholic, and the city has been an important centre of religion and

pilgrimage for centuries, the base of the ancient Roman Religion with the pontifex

maximus and later the seat of the Vaticanand the pope.

Roman Religion

Latin Literature

Latin literature includes the essays,

histories, poems, plays, and other writings written in the Latin language. Beginning around the 3rd century BC, it took two centuries to become a dominant literature of Ancient Rome, with many educated Romans still reading and writing in Ancient Greek, as late as Marcus Aurelius (121–180 AD). Latin literature was in many ways a continuation ofGreek literature, using many of the same forms.

Latin Literature

Early – Latin Literature

Formal Latin literature began in 230 BC, when a Roman

audience saw a Latin version of a Greek play. The adaptor was Livius Andronicus, a Greek who had been brought to Rome as a prisoner of war in 272 BC. Andronicus also translated Homer's Greek epic the Odyssey into an old type of Latin verse called Saturnian. The first Latin poet to write on a Roman theme was Gnaeus Naevius during the 200s BC. He composed an epic poem about the first Punic War, in which he had fought. Naevius's dramas were mainly reworkings of Greek originals, but he also created tragedies based on Roman myths and history.

Early - Latin Literature

Other epic poets followed Naevius. Quintus

Ennius wrote a historical epic, the Annals (soon after 200 BC), describing Roman history from the founding of Rome to his own time. He adopted Greek dactylic hexameter, which became the standard verse form for Roman epics. He also became famous for his tragic dramas. In this field, his most distinguished successors were Marcus Pacuvius and Lucius Accius

Early - Latin Literature

These three writers rarely used episodes from

Roman history. Instead, they wrote Latin versions of tragic themes that the Greeks had already handled. But even when they copied the Greeks, they did not translate slavishly. Only fragments of their plays have survived.

Early - Latin Literature

We know less about early Latin comedy, because we

have 20 complete plays by Plautus and 6 by Terence. These men modeled their comedies on Greek plays known as New Comedy. But they treated the plots and wording of the originals freely. Plautus scattered songs through his plays and increased the humor with puns and wisecracks, plus comic actions by the actors. Terence's plays were more polite in tone, dealing with domestic situations. His works provided the chief inspiration for French and English comedies of the 1600s, and even for modern American comedy.

Early - Latin Literature

The prose of the period is best known through On

Agriculture (160 BC) by Cato the Elder. Cato also wrote the first Latin history of Rome and of other Italian cities.

He was the first Roman statesman to put his political speeches in writing as a means of influencing public opinion.

Early Latin literature ended with Gaius Lucilius, who created a new kind of poetry in his 30 books of Satires (100s BC). He wrote in an easy, conversational tone about books, food, friends, and current events.

Early - Latin Literature

Golden Age

Latin Literature

Latin literature was at its height from 81 BC to AD 17. This period began with the first known speech of Cicero and ended with the death of Ovid.

Golden Age

ood Latin in philology is "classical" 

Latin literature. The term refers to the canonicity of works of literature written in Latin in the late Roman Republic and the early to middle Roman Empire: "that is to say, that of belonging to an exclusive group of authors (or works) that were considered to be emblematic of a certain genre."

Golden Age

 imitation of the Greek grammarians, the

Roman ones, such as Quintilian, drew up lists termed indices or ordines on the model of the Greek lists, termed pinakes, considered classical: the recepti scriptores, "select writers." Aulus Gellius includes many authors, such asPlautus, who are currently considered writers of Old Latin and not strictly in the period of classical Latin. The classical Romans distinguished Old Latin as prisca Latinitas and not sermo vulgaris.

The Canonical

ach author (and work) in the Roman lists was

considered equivalent to one in the Greek; for example Ennius was the Latin Homer, the Aeneid was a new Iliad, and so on. 

The Canonical

The Age of Cicero

Latin Literature

Cicero has traditionally been

considered the master of Latin prose. The writing he produced from about 80 BC until his death in 43 BC exceeds that of any Latin author whose work survives in terms of quantity and variety of genre and subject matter, as well as possessing unsurpassed stylistic excellence.

The Age of Cicero

Cicero's many works can be divided into four

groups: (1) letters, (2) rhetorical treatises, (3) philosophical works, and (4) orations. His letters provide detailed information about an important period in Roman history and offer a vivid picture of the public and private life among the Roman governing class.

Cicero’s Works

The Augustan Age

Latin Literature

The emperor Augustus

 took a personal interest in the literary works produced during his years of power from 27 BC to AD 14. This period is sometimes called the Augustan Age of Latin Literature.

The Augustan Age

Virgil published his

pastoral Eclogues; the Georgics, perhaps the most beautiful poem ever written about country life; and the Aeneid, an epic poem describing the events that led to the creation of Rome

The Augustan Age

The Imperial Period

Latin Literature

From the death of Augustus in AD 14 until

about 200, Roman authors emphasized style and tried new and startling ways of expression.

The Imperial Period

Pagan Latin literature showed a final burst of

vitality in the late 200s and 400s. Ammianus Marcellinus in history, Quintus Aurelius Symmachus in oratory, andAusonius and Rutilius Claudius Namatianus in poetry all wrote with great talent. The Mosella by Ausonius demonstrated a modernism of feeling that indicates the end of classical literature as such.

Latin in the Middle Ages and

Renaissance

ROMAN Gods & Goddesses

The first gods held sacred by the Romans

were Jupiter, the most high, and Mars, god of war, and father of Rome's twin founders, Romulus and Remus, according to tradition.

Roman Gods

Zeus / Jupiter

King of the gods God of air Uses Thunderbolts

as his weapon Womanizer – married

his own sister Son of Cronos and

Rhea Most powerful Jupiter is so named

because it is so big – it is the “King of Planets”

Poseidon / Neptune

God of the sea and earthquakes

Made horses Trident is weapon Amphitrite is his wife Zeus’ brother Son of Cronos and

Rhea 2nd most powerful

Neptune is so named because the blue looks like water

Hades / Pluto

God of the Underworld and Wealth

King of the dead but he is not Death

Zeus’ brother Son of Cronos and Rhea Has a helmet that makes the

wearer invisible Persephone (Spring) is his

wife NOT EVIL! (but he is

unpitying) 3rd most powerful

Hera / Juno

Queen of the gods Protector of marriage Wife/sister of Zeus The peacock is her

symbol (because of the eye-look)

Cows are sacred to her (ox-eyed Hera)

JealousNo planet, but there is an asteroid named after her plus a city in Alaska

Phoebus/ Apollo

God of truth, light, archery, and healing

Sun god in some myths (Helios is the sun god in other myths)

Son of Zeus and Leto Wolves, dolphins,

and crows are sacred to him

Has the Oracle of Delphi

Apollo asteroids are near-earth asteroids

Artemis / Diana

Apollo’s Twin sister Goddess of the

hunt, wild things, and crossways

She is the moon goddess sometimes

Virgin goddess As Diana, she is

also a goddess of light

Stags are sacred

The Artemis navigation satellite

Aphrodite / Venus

Goddess of beauty and love

Mother of Eros/Cupid

Wife of Hephaestus/Vulcan but lover of Ares/Mars and other guys

•Born from the foam in the sea caused by the attack of Cronos/ Saturn on Ouranus/Uranus

Venus is so named because it is a beautiful planet and can be easily seen with just the eye

Ares / Mars

God of War Son of Zeus and

Hera, but both hate him

The Romans glorify him, but the Greeks make him out to be a coward

He has three children with Aphrodite: Phobos (panic) and Deimos (fear) are twins

Mars and its moons, Phobos and Deimos

Athena / Minerva

Goddess of wisdom and defensive war

Daughter of Zeus and Metis (titan) – she popped out of his head after he swallowed the pregnant Metis

She carries a shield with Medusa’s head on it

Minerva was a tiny robot designed by the Japanese to land on an asteroid, but got lost in space.

Hephaestus / Vulcan

God of fire and the forge Son of Zeus and Hera Ugly Lame because he was

thrown off Mt. Olympus for interfering with a fight between Hera and Zeus

Husband to Aphrodite

Hermes / Mercury

Messenger god and the god of thieves

Greek Trickster figure

Very fast Son of Zeus and

Maia Loves Aphrodite Greeks believed he

guided souls to Hades

Mercury revolves around the sun so fast, it was named for the messenger god. One year is faster than one day on Mercury

The Hermes Asteroid

Hestia / Vesta

Zeus’ sister – Oldest of the original gods

Goddess of the hearth and home

Gave up her spot on Mt. Olympus for Dionysus

Worshipped daily A virgin priestesses served

her for 30 year time periods

Does pretty much nothing in mythology

Asteroid Vesta

Eros / Cupid

God of love Son of Ares and

Aphrodite Often portrayed as a

child, but not always. He has wings Uses a bow and arrow

– arrows cause one to fall in love

Momma’s boyEros is a near earth asteroid

Demeter / Ceres

Daughter of Cronos and Rhea

Goddess of vegetation Had powers of growth and

resurrection Her daughter is

PersephoneThe asteroid Ceres was the first asteroid ever discovered and is one of the largest (about the size of Texas). It almost became a designated as a planet

Dionysus / Bacchus

Son of Zeus and Semele

God of wine and happiness

In some areas of Greece, his worship was outlawed (too dirty)

The Bacchus asteroid