Rome

500 BCE

RepublicBegins

12 TablesStruggle of the Orders471-287 BCE

250 BCE

Punic Wars264-146

1 CE

Decline and fallOf the RomanRepublic133-31 BCE

Caesar is Dictator47– 44 BCE

The Age Of Augustus31 BCE – 14 CE

The RiseOf Roman Empire14 -180 CE The spread

Of Christianity325 – 500 CE

The fallOf Rome

250 CE 500 CE

Chronology of Rome

Expansion of Empire

Pax Romana (27BCE – 180 CE)

Geography of Rome

Centrally located in the Mediterranean

Protected by the Alps to the North

On a Peninsula – surrounded on 3 sides by sea

On the Tiber River

^^^^^THE ALPS

^^^^^^^^

* ROME

Geography of Rome

Centrally located in the Mediterranean

Protected by the Alps to the North

On a Peninsula – surrounded on 3 sides by sea

On the Tiber River

MEDITERRANEAN SEA

* CARTHAGE

Sicily

Tiber River AdriaticSea

HOW DID ROME’S GEOGRAPHY IMPACT ITS DEVELOPMENT?

IT WAS SURROUNDED ON 3SIDES BY WATER, SO ….

IT HAD MOUNTAINS TO THE NORTH, SO….

STRONG SEA TRADE DEVELOPEDAND THE SEA PROVIDEDPROTECTION

THE MOUNTAINSPROVIDED PROTECTIONFROM INVADERS

IT WAS CENTRALLYLOCATED IN THE MEDITERRANEAN, SO… IT BECAME A POWERFUL

TRADE CITY

The Etruscans and Greeks influenced the development of Rome. Etruscanengineering and metalworking was adopted. The Greeks taught the Romanshow to grow grapes and olives.

Rome’s earliest form of government was a monarchy. Its kings were Etruscan. They were overthrown.

Then, it became a Republic –which is a representative democracy. What is a democracy?

It had a Senate (legislative body), Consuls (CEOS, commanded armies) and an Assembly (citizens).

At first, it only represented the Patricians. Who were the patricians?

Wealthy landowners

Then the Plebeians gained political rights and established theirown senate called the Tribunes. Who were the Plebeians?

Everyone else – 90 percent of the population

Then the twelve tables becamethe law of Rome. Both plebeians and patricians were covered by the laws.

The twelve tables established thatpeople were innocent until Proven guilty

Citizenship

•Citizens were adult male landowners•All citizens were required to serve in the army for 10 years•Citizenship was offered to many non-Romans.

Who was not allowed to be a citizen?

Women and Slaves

The Roman Republic was a representative democracy? How was this differentFrom Athenian Democracy?

The Senate made the laws and the Assemblies recommended laws

The Consuls were the CEOs of the government – they directed the military

Rome was constantly fighting its neighbors because its neighbors kept trying to invade. Rome won every battle because of its superior military. It didn’t set out to conquerthe Italian Peninsula but it kept defeating invaders until Rome hadcontrol of the whole peninsula.

In 264 BCE, Rome and Carthage battled over Sicily.

Carthage was a rival andwanted to control trade in the Mediterranean Sea. Carthage attacked Sicily and Rome went into its first battle with Carthage.

This was calledThe Punic Wars.

Rome all three battles but the second war was nearly a toss-up. Carthage had a general named Hannibal who tried to invade Rome by surprise by taking his troops acrossthe Mediterranean sea into Spain and up through the Alps. He won many battlesBut Rome won the second round In the third battle, Rome attacked and completelydestroyed Carthage.

After the Punic wars, there were social problems in Rome as soldiers returned to Rome and there were no jobs. Slaves from Carthage went to workon the large estates putting the small farmers out of business. The unemployedsettled in the city—urban poverty became a problem.

Unemployment, poverty and an expanding lower class caused the decline of the Republican government.

The first Triumvirate ruled Rome for a very short period of time. TriumvirateMeans rule by three: Julius Caesar, Crassus and Pompey.

But the Senators were afraid of Caesar’s power. After Crassus died, Caesar thendefeated Pompey. He then declared himself Dictator for life. What happenedto the Republic and Democracy? The senators did not want to relinquish powerto Caesar or any other leader. They assassinated Caesar on the Ides of March in 44 BCE

Caesar left no successor and Rome faced a civil war.

Mark Antony and Caesar’s grandnephew Octavian battled for control of Rome. Octavian defeated Mark Antony and became thefirst emperor of Rome – He was called Caesar Augustus or “exalted one”

The 200 years that followed were called the Pax Romana. What does Pax Romana mean?

It was a time of economic, political, and social stability.

Augustus established a civil service, rule by law, common coinage and safe travel on the Roman roads.

During this time, Rome expanded and conquered all of the civilizations around the Mediterranean sea and into Europe, Africa and Southwest Asia. It became a huge empire.

The Decline and Fall of Rome began 400 CE (or AD)

Economic problems Political problems

Cost of defending Rome’s borders Not enough soldiers to was too high

defend bordersCurrency was worthless becauseMercenaries were hiredGovernment used less and less silver in coins Invasions

People didn’t want to

serve the government

As Rome began to fall, the emperor Diocletian moved the capitalFrom Rome to the East near Byzantium. Later Constantine would Name this new capital in the east Constantinople. He would alsoBe the first emperor to legalize Christianity.

After that, Rome fell to invaders: Germanic tribes called Visigoths and Ostrogoths. The east continued as the Byzantine Empire.

Contributions of RomeArchitecture: Arches, Domes, Pantheon

Building and Engineering: Roman Roads, Colosseum, Aqueducts

Language: Latin, Romance Languages

Literature: Virgil’s Aenid

Religion: Adoption of Christianity

1. Upper class Romans in the Roman Republic were known as a. Plebeiansb. Senatorsc. Gladiatorsd. Patricians

2. Lower class citizens where known as

a. Plebeiansb. Patriciansc. Slavesd. Tribunes

3. The lawmaking body of the Roman Republic was

a. Tribunesb. Estates generalc. Parliamentd. Senate

4. Representatives who were elected to represent plebeians in the Roman Republic were:a. Senatorsb. Tribunesc. Vetoesd. Pages

5. The first codification of Roman Laws was called:

a. The twelve tablesb. Law of nationsc. Ten Commandmentsd. Hammurabi’s code

6. What Carthaginian general led his elephants over the Alps in the 2nd Punic War?

a. Octavianb. Caesarc. Hannibald. Phillip II

7. Who were members of the first Triumvirate? a. Crassus, Pompey and Octavianb. Octavian, Leipidus and Mark Antonyc. Crassus, Pompey and Caesard. Crassus, Cleopatra and Caesar 8. What Roman Dictator was named Dictator for Life bringing about an end to the Roman Republic? a. Julius Caesarb. Augustus Caesarc. Nerod. Mark Antony 9. How did Julius Caesar die?

a. He was assassinated by his armyb. He was assassinated by Mark Antonyc. He was assassinated by members of the Senated. He was assassinated by his wife

10. Who was the first emperor of the Roman Empire a. Julius Caesarb. Octavian (Augustus)c. Mark Antonyd. Pompey 11. What was the 200 year era of peace in

Rome called?

a. The first triumvirateb. Paterfamiliasc. Latifundiasd. Pax Romana

12. Which of the following caused the decline and fall of Rome:

a. Economic decline caused by inflationb. Not enough soldiers to protect the borders coupled with barbarian invasionsc. Political instability caused by unstable emperorsd. High taxes which were required because Rome had become a welfare statee. All of the above

13. As the Western empire fell, the Eastern empire continued but was called:

a. The Islamic Empireb. The Byzantine Empirec. The Ottoman Empired. The Yuan Dynasty