Romanesque and Gothic

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UNIT 4 – ARTS HISTORY ROMANESQUE AND GOTHIC

Transcript of Romanesque and Gothic

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UNIT 4 – ARTS HISTORYROMANESQUE AND GOTHIC

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ROMANESQUE: General

characteristics and context

• Church controls every aspect of life,• Pilgrimage and Crusades to save your soul,• Churches, cathedrals and monasteries,• Unsafety, need for protection,• Fear to be judged by God and the end of the World,• Importance of symbology,• Anonymous artists.

Historic Context: Early Middle Ages and Feudal System (Units 1 and 2)

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ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE• STONE, solid and thick buildings, with big and thick columns, pillars and walls,

reinforced by buttresses (unsafe, mystic atmosphere). Not many windows, and very small.

• Barrel vaults and ROUND ARCHES everywhere,

• Floor plan mainly as a Latin Cross, with ambulatory.

• Isolated small churches in the countryside,

• Big (but not very high) cathedrals due to pilgrimage.

Craftsmen’s marks

Santiago’s Latin cross

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BARREL VAULT

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BUTTRESSES

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SMALL WINDOWS

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ROUND ARCHES

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ROMANESQUE BUILDINGS:

SPAINSan Clemente de Taull, Lleida

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San Martín de Frómista, Palencia

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ROMANESQUE BUILDINGS:

EUROPE

Pisa, Italy

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Poitiers, France

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Speyer, Germany

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ROMANESQUE SCULPTURE• Educational and religious function,

• They fit to architectural spaces,• Unrealistic, feelings and mystic life are more important than real life, • Colourful but disappeared today,• Tympanums main themes: Christ in Glory and Last Judgement,• Capitals and cloisters decorated with fantastic creatures and biblical scenes,• Only a few examples of sculptures separated from a building.

Eve and AdamGriffins

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Noah’s Ark construction

David against Goliath

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Christ in Glory: Pantocrator

And the 4 Evangelists as Tetramorphs

Matthew

Mark

John

Luke

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Santa Fe de Conques, France

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Portico of Glory: Santiago de Compostela

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Silos Monastery in Burgos

Doubting Thomas Descent from the Cross

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Single piece example: Christ on the Cross

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ROMANESQUE PAINTING• Directly painted on the wall inside churches: Altar, Apses...• Bright colours are used, but they don’t last long...• Importance of the black line outlining figures, • Eyes, hands and feet emphasised,• No concrete background,• Main Themes: Christ in Glory (Pantocrator) and Virgin and Child,

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Saint Clement of Tahull: Pantocrator and Tetramorphs

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Saint Mary of Tahull: Virgin and Child

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GOTHIC: General characteristics and

context• Religion was still very important,• Reborn of urban life and cities’ economies,• Life in the countryside and feudal system declined,• Universities were created,• Kings were more powerful, and modern states were created,• Trade routes were safe and important in Europe,• God is good, he is people’s light.

Historic Context: Evolution of the Middle Ages. Growth of Cities (Unit 3)

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GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE• STONE is still the main material used, but buildings were not heavy and solid. The grew in height thanks to new technological advances: Pointed Arches, Rib Vaults and Flying Buttresses.• Big stained windows where light could easily come through,• Latin Cross is still the main shape used as floor plan. Side naves were sometimes lower than the central one.• Cathedrals were gigantic, and other buildings were important like town halls, markets, guild halls, palaces, showing the power and the wealth of the cities.

Toledo’s floor plan Valencia’s merchants hall

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Rib Vault

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Flying Buttresses

Notre Dame, Paris, France

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Stained Glass Windows

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GOTHIC BUILDINGS: SPAINLeón

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Burgos

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GOTHIC BUILDINGS: EUROPE

Strasbourg, France

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Sainte Chapelle, Paris, France

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Lincoln, England

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King’s College Chapel, Cambridge, England

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Cologne, Germany

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Milan, Italy

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GOTHIC SCULPTURE• Educational and religious function, like in Romanesque,• They don’t fit to architectural spaces anymore, • Realistic and natural, detailed clothes and gestures, • Curves, movement and feelings are expressed: Christ suffering or happy Virgin,• New forms appeared like altarpieces and gargoyles,• Many examples of sculptures separated from a building.

Gargoyles

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Altarpiece, Cathedral of Toledo

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White Virgin, Cathedral of Toledo

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GOTHIC PAINTING• Not only paintings on the wall of churches, also on wood,• Religious themes, but increasing importance of portraits of merchants and nobility,• Bright colours and use of gold, • Eyes, hands and feet emphasised,• Background landscapes,• Movement and realism.

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Descent from the Cross, Roger van der Weyden (Museo del Prado, Madrid)

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The Arnolfini Portrait, Jan van Eyck (National Gallery, London)