Role of the Credit Risk Database in Developing SMEs in Japan: Lessons for the Rest of Asia

8/20/2019 Role of the Credit Risk Database in Developing SMEs in Japan: Lessons for the Rest of Asia

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FOKL Sdrhlec ]fpjr Yjrljs

[dbj dn taj Irjolt [lsh Oftfkfsj leOjvjbdplec Y@Js le Gfpfe7

Bjssdes ndr taj [jst dn Fslf

Yftdsal Huwfafrf, Efdyuhl \dsaled,@jcu`l Yfcfrf, feo Nfrafo _fcalzfoja-Ajsfry

Ed. :?3Ditdkjr ;=6:

Fslfe Ojvjbdp`jet Kfeh Lestltutj


2/25

_aj Sdrhlec ]fpjr sjrljs ls f idetleuftlde dn taj ndr`jrby ef`jo Olsiusslde ]fpjr sjrljs8taj eu`kjrlec dn taj pfpjrs idetleujo wltadut letjrruptlde dr iafecj. FOKL“s wdrhlecpfpjrs rjnbjit leltlfb lojfs de f tdpli feo frj pdstjo deblej ndr olsiusslde. FOKL jeidurfcjsrjfojrs td pdst tajlr id``jets de taj `fle pfcj ndr jfia wdrhlec pfpjr (clvje le tajiltftlde kjbdw). Yd`j wdrhlec pfpjrs `fy ojvjbdp letd dtajr ndr`s dn pukbliftlde.

Yuccjstjo iltftlde7

Huwfafrf, Y., E. \dsaled, @. Yfcfrf, feo N. _fcalzfoja-Ajsfry. ;=6:. [dbj dn taj Irjolt[lsh Oftfkfsj le Ojvjbdplec Y@Js le Gfpfe7 Bjssdes ndr taj [jst dn Fslf. FOKL Sdrhlec

]fpjr :?3. _dhyd7 Fslfe Ojvjbdp`jet Kfeh Lestltutj. Fvflbfkbj7attp7//www.fok.drc/pukbliftldes/rdbj-irjolt-rlsh-oftfkfsj-ojvjbdplec-s`js-gfpfe-bjssdes-rjst-fslf/

]bjfsj idetfit taj futadrs ndr lendr`ftlde fkdut tals pfpjr.

J`flb7 huwfafrfMiro-dnnlij.ejt, eydsaledMfokl.drc, sfcfrfMiro-dnnlij.ejt, nfrafotaMc`flb.id`

Yftdsal Huwfafrf ls ]rjslojet feo IDD dn taj I[O (Irjolt [lsh Oftfkfsj) Fssdilftlde.

Efdyuhl \dsaled ls Ojfe feo IJD dn taj Fslfe Ojvjbdp`jet Kfeh Lestltutj.

@jcu`l Yfcfrf ls f Yfbjs ]bfeelec @fefcjr ft taj I[O Fssdilftlde.

Nfrafo _fcalzfoja-Ajsfry ls Fsslstfet ]rdnjssdr dn Jided`lis ft Hjld Zelvjrslty,_dhyd feo f rjsjfria fsslstfet td taj Ojfe dn taj Fslfe Ojvjbdp`jet Kfeh Lestltutj.

_aj vljws jxprjssjo le tals pfpjr frj taj vljws dn taj futadr feo od edt ejijssfrlbyrjnbjit taj vljws dr pdbliljs dn FOKL, FOK, lts Kdfro dn Olrjitdrs, dr taj cdvjre`jetstajy rjprjsjet. FOKL odjs edt cufrfetjj taj fiiurfiy dn taj oftf leibuojo le tals pfpjrfeo fiijpts ed rjspdeslklblty ndr fey idesjqujeijs dn tajlr usj. _jr`ledbdcy usjo `fyedt ejijssfrlby kj ideslstjet wlta FOK dnnlilfb tjr`s.

Sdrhlec pfpjrs frj sukgjit td ndr`fb rjvlslde feo idrrjitlde kjndrj tajy frj nlefblzjofeo ideslojrjo pukblsajo.

Fslfe Ojvjbdp`jet Kfeh LestltutjHfsu`lcfsjhl Kulbolec 1N

9-;-: Hfsu`lcfsjhl, Ialydof-hu_dhyd 6==->==1, Gfpfe

_jb7 +16-9-9:


3/25

FOKL Sdrhlec ]fpjr :?3 Huwfafrf jt fb.

Fkstrfit

Y`fbb feo `jolu`-slzjo jetjrprlsjs (Y@Js) pbfy f slcelnlifet rdbj le Fslfe jided`ljs fstajy idetrlkutj td alca safrjs dn j`pbdy`jet feo dutput. Adwjvjr, Y@Js cjejrfbby afvjbl`ltjo fiijss td nlefeij id`pfrjo td bfrcj jetjrprlsjs. Clvje taj kfeh-od`leftjo nlefeilfb

systj`s le Fslf, kfehs frj taj `fle sdurij dn nlefeilec ndr Y@Js. Ndr nlefeilfb lestltutldes,lt ls iruilfb td olstleculsa sdueo Y@Js nrd` ede-ajfbtay dejs le drojr td fvdlo tajfiiuùbftlde dn ede-pjrndr`lec bdfes. Lendr`ftlde fsy``jtry le tals sjitdr ife kj rjouijoky uslec fiiuùbftjo oftf de Y@Js feo ky j`pbdylec irjolt fefbysls tjiaelqujs, fbbdwlecbjeolec lestltutldes td rjidcelzj ajfbtay Y@Js. Lt ls iruilfb ndr cdvjre`jets td idbbjit Y@Joftf feo prjpfrj rlia oftfkfsjs, suia fs taj Irjolt [lsh Oftfkfsj (I[O) dn Gfpfe. _alswlbb fbsd ajbp cdvjre`jets td ndrùbftj jided`li pdbliljs. Le tals pfpjr wj ojnlej feoojsirlkj le ojtflb taj rdbj feo iafrfitjrlstlis dn Gfpfe“s I[O le Y@J ojvjbdp`jet feojxpbfle adw lt ife kj fe jxf`pbj ndr dtajr Fslfe jided`ljs td jstfkblsa sl`lbfr sdntlenrfstruiturj taft ife `fhj l`pdrtfet idetrlkutldes td Y@J ojvjbdp`jet feo kddstjided`li crdwta.

GJB Ibfsslnliftlde7 C;6, C;?, C9;


4/25


Idetjets

6. Letrdouitlde ................................................................................................................ 9

;.

Saft ls taj Irjolt [lsh Oftfkfsj4 ............................................................................ ?

;.6 @j`kjrsalp Yystj` ...................................................................................... ? ;.;

@jiafels` dn taj Irjolt [lsh Oftfkfsj ........................................................ :

;.9 Oftf Idbbjitlde .............................................................................................. : ;.? Irjftlec taj Oftfkfsj ................................................................................... 3 ;.:

@dojb Kulbolec ............................................................................................... 1

9. Say wfs taj Irjolt [lsh Oftfkfsj Jstfkblsajo4....................................................... 1

9.6 [j`joy ndr Fsy``jtrli Lendr`ftlde .............................................................. 1 9.;

Idbbfpsj dn taj Gfpfejsj Kukkbj Jided`y feo Iafecjs le Y@J Nlefeij ... <

9.9

@lsslde dn taj Irjolt [lsh Oftfkfsj ............................................................ 6=

?. Iafrfitjrlstlis dn taj Irjolt [lsh Oftfkfsj ............................................................. 6=

?.6

_wd _ypjs dn Irjolt Lendr`ftlde Ijetjr ....................................................... 6=

?.; Lendr`ftlde Ijetjr Iafrfitjrlstlis ............................................................... 66 ?.9 Kjejnlts nrd` Idbbjitlec Fedey`dus Lendr`ftlde ......................................... 6;

:.

Adw ls taj Irjolt [lsh Oftfkfsj Zsjo le ]rfitlij4 ................................................. 69

:.6 ^frljty dn Yjrvlijs ....................................................................................... 69 :.;

Zslec Yf`j Yidrlec @dojbs ........................................................................ 6?

:.9

^fbloftlec Dwe Yidrlec @dojbs ................................................................... 6? :.? Irjolt [lsh Oftfkfsj @dojbs le @j`kjrs“ Dwe Letjrefb [ftlec Yystj`s .... 6:

:.:

Zslec taj Nlefeilfb Leojxjs dn taj Irjolt [lsh Oftfkfsj le f [jcldefbId`prjajeslvj Ytrftjcy .............................................................................. 6:

:.> Yjiurltlzftlde ............................................................................................... 6> :.3 Dtajr Zsjs dn Irjolt [lsh Oftfkfsj Yjrvlijs .............................................. 63

>.

@fletflelec Vufblty .................................................................................................. 63

>.6 Yystj` ndr @fletflelec Vufblty dn Irjolt [lsh Oftfkfsj @dojbs .................. 63 >.; L`pdrtfeij dn ^fbloftlde .............................................................................. 61

3.

Ideibuolec [j`frhs ............................................................................................... ;6

[jnjrjeijs ......................................................................................................................... ;9


5/25


9

6. LE_[DOZI_LDE

Y`fbb feo `jolu`-slzjo jetjrprlsjs (Y@Js) frj taj kfihkdej dn taj Gfpfejsjjided`y feo dtajr Fslfe jided`ljs. @drj tafe .1% yjfr-de-yjfr, walbj le _aflbfeo, tajy fiiduetjo ndr ;1.1% dn taj tdtfb jxpdrt vfbuj, crdwlec9.3% yjfr-de-yjfr. Y@Js taft frj pfrt dn cbdkfb suppby iafles afvj taj pdtjetlfb tdprd`dtj letjreftldefb trfoj feo ̀ dklblzj od`jstli oj`feo.

Ouj td taj slcelnlifeij dn Y@Js ndr Fslfe jided`ljs, lt ls l`pdrtfet td nleo wfys td

prdvloj taj` wlta stfkbj nlefeij. Fslfe jided`ljs frj dntje iafrfitjrlzjo fs afvleckfeh-od`leftjo nlefeilfb systj`s feo ifpltfb `frhjts taft frj edt wjbb ojvjbdpjo,pfrtliubfrby le taj frjf dn vjeturj ifpltfb. Idesjqujetby, kfehs frj taj `fle sdurij dnnlefeilec. Fbtaduca taj sdueoejss dn taj kfehlec systj` afs l`prdvjo slcelnlifetbysleij taj 6


6/25


?

`fle olnnjrjeij kjtwjje taj I[O feo pukbli irjolt rjclstrljs ls taft pukbli rjclstrljsfrj `fefcjo ky taj rjspjitlvj iduetry“s nlefeij `lelstry, walia idbbjits taj irjoltlendr`ftlde oftf ndrilkby. Adwjvjr, fs nfr fs wj hedw, taj ltj`s idbbjitjo frj bl`ltjo.Le tals pfpjr, wj jxpbfle taj irjolt lendr`ftlde oftfkfsj dn Gfpfe. Lts nrf`jwdrh,iafrfitjrlstlis, feo sjrvlijs ndr `j`kjrs ife kj vjry usjnub ndr dtajr Jfst Fslfeiduetrljs ndr irjftlec f bfrcj, alca-qufblty oftfkfsj blhj taj I[O.

;. SAF_ LY _AJ I[JOL_ [LYH OF_FKFYJ4

;.6 @j`kjrsalp Yystj`

_aj I[O Fssdilftlde ls f `j`kjrsalp systj` taft ls id`pdsjo dn taj eftldewlojIrjolt Cufrfetjj Idrpdrftldes (ICIs), nlefeilfb lestltutldes, feo dtajrs. _aj eu`kjr

dn `j`kjrs wfs :1 ft taj tl`j dn jstfkblsa`jet le ;==6,; kut afs edw jxpfeojo td

61= (_fkbj 6).

_fkbj 67 @j`kjrsalp Id`pdslt lde

Iftjcdry Eu`kjr dn@j`kjrs

Irjolt cufrfetjj idrpdrftldes :6

Cdvjre`jet-fnnlblftjo nlefeilfb lestltutldes 9

]rlvftj nlefeilfb lestltutldes 66>

Irjolt-rftlec fcjeiljs, jti. :

Cdvjre`jet lestltutldes :

_dtfb 61=

Edtj7 Eu`kjrs frj fs dn 6 Fucust ;=6:.Ydurij7 I[O.

Nlrst, ICIs tarducadut Gfpfe kjif`j taj idrj dn taj `j`kjrsalp systj`. _aje,`fey nlefeilfb lestltutldes ndbbdwjo le gdlelec. _ajrj frj edw :6 ICIs le Gfpfe. SajeY@Js kdrrdw `dejy nrd` nlefeilfb lestltutldes, tajy dntje utlblzj f irjolt lesurfeijsystj`. Ky idetrfitlec wlta ICIs feo pfylec f irjolt cufrfetjj njj td taj`, tajy wlbbkj cufrfetjjo le taj ifsj dn ojnfubt. ICIs ojiloj td cufrfetjj tfhlec letd fiiduet`fleby taj nlefeilfb stftj`jets dn Y@Js. _ajrjndrj ICIs fiiu`ubftj `fey nlefeilfbstftj`jets dn Y@Js feo lendr`ftlde fkdut Y@Js“ ojnfubt.

Nrd` taj kjcleelec, taj I[O Fssdilftlde idubo fiiu`ubftj `fey feo eftldewlojnlefeilfb stftj`jets feo ojnfubt lendr`ftlde ky cjttlec fbb dn ICIs dn jfia frjf td kj f

`j`kjr dn I[O Fssdilftlde.

_ajrj frj ifsjs wajrj Y@Js kdrrdw `dejy nrd` nlefeilfb lestltutldes wlta edcufrfetjj, fbsd. Nlefeilfb lestltutldes rjqujst Y@Js td suk`lt nlefeilfb stftj`jets edtdeby ft taj tl`j dn kdrrdwlec, kut fbsd fbb taj tl`j dn kdrrdwlec td `deltdrlec Y@Js._ajrjndrj, ouj td taj leirjfsj dn nlefeilfb lestltutldes, taj I[O oftfkfsj kjif`j tdadbo wlojr rfecj feo `drj bfstlec Y@Js oftf. Ft prjsjet, I[O oftfkfsj ls `dst`fsslvj oftfkfsj le Gfpfe.

;

Le ;=6?, twd ICIs wjrj idesdbloftjo. _ajrjndrj, taj eu`kjr dn ICIs wfs :; le ;==6, kut taj iurrjeteu`kjr ls :6.


7/25


:

;.; @jiafels` dn taj Irjolt [lsh Oftfkfsj

Ejxt, wj wlbb jxpbfle taj `jiafels` dn taj I[O fs dutblejo le Nlcurj 6. _aj I[O ls fede-prdnlt `j`kjrsalp systj` dpjrftjo ky `j`kjrsalp njjs. I[O `j`kjrs dnnjr tajlr

oftf, walia taj I[O Fssdilftlde stdrjs le taj I[O oftfkfsj fntjr ibjfeslec feoidesdbloftlde. Kfsjo de suia f oftfkfsj, taj I[O kulbos up sidrlec `dojbs taftifbiubftj taj irjolt rlsh dn Y@Js feo `fletfles taj qufblty dn sidrlec `dojbs kypjrldolifbby ideouitlec vfbloftlde wdrhs. I[O `j`kjrs ife usj suia sidrlec `dojbsle tajlr dnnlij. Le fooltlde, tajy ife fbsd usj f vfrljty dn dtajr sjrvlijs. _ajsj leibuojstftlstlifb lendr`ftlde sjrvlijs, sf`pbj oftf sjrvlijs, `fefcj`jet idesubtlec suppdrtsystj` sjrvlijs, feo idesubtlec sjrvlijs.

Nlcurj 67 Dutblej dn taj I[O @jiafels`

I[O 0 Irjolt [lsh Oftfkfsj.

Ydurij7 Futadrs.

;.9 Oftf Idbbjit lde

_aj I[O oftfkfsj ideslsts dn leidrpdrftjo Y@Js feo sdbj-prdprljtdr Y@Js. Ftprjsjet, taj eu`kjr dn Y@Js wadsj stftj`jets frj idbbjitjo le taj oftfkfsj ls `drjtafe 9 `lbblde (_fkbj ;). Clvje taft taj eu`kjr dn Y@Js le Gfpfe ls frdueo ? `lbblde,tals ls vjry bfrcj. Kjifusj f ojktdr usufbby afs nlefeilfb stftj`jets dvjr sjvjrfbyjfrs, taj eu`kjr dn nlefeilfb stftj`jets ls `drj tafe ;= `lbblde.

_fkbj ;7 Fiiu`ubftjo Oftf

Eu`kjr dn Ojktdrs Eu`kjr dn NlefeilfbYtftj`jets

Leidrpdrftjo Y@Js

(ojnfubt lendr`ftlde)

;,;6=,===

(9?=,===)

6>,>??,===

(;,9>:,===)

Ydbj-prdprljtdr Y@Js

(ojnfubt lendr`ftlde)

6,=


8/25


>

_aj bfrcj f`duet dn oftf ife kj olvlojo letd iftjcdrljs. _fkbj 9 kjbdw sadws tajeu`kjr dn leidrpdrftjo Y@Js ky typj dn kuslejss feo rjclde. [jcldes frj olvlojo letdslx crdups feo kuslejssjs frj olvlojo letd 69 crdups.

_fkbj 97 Eu`kjr dn Leidrpdrftjo Y@Js ky _ypj dn Kuslejss feo [jclde

(‑===)

[jclde

_ypj dn Kuslejss

Adhhflodfeo

_dadhu Hfetd Iauku Hlehl

Iaucdhufeo

Yalhdhu

Hyusaufeo

Dhlefwf _dtfb

Idestruitlde >: 6:> 1= 3> ?> :6 ?39

@feunfiturlec 96 6;; 31 3< 9= ;; 9>9

Lendr`ftlde feo id``ueliftldes 9 9; : 3 ; 9 :;

_rfespdrt feo pdstfb fitlvltljs 6= ;> 6; 6> < 1 16

Sadbjsfbj ;> 6=3 ?9 >; ;= ;? ;16

[jtflb trfoj ?; < 6= 6=:

Blvlec-rjbftjo feo pjrsdefb

sjrvlijs feo f`usj`jetsjrvlijs 3 ;6 < < : > :>

@jolifb, ajfbta ifrj feo wjbnfrj 1 61 1 66 3 < >=

Yjrvlijs, edt jbsjwajrjibfsslnljo 63 >= ;? ;1 69 6: 6:>

Dtajrs : 6= : ? ? : 99

_dtfb ;?< 31? 9>= ?6= 6


9/25


3

;.? Irjftlec taj Oftfkfsj

_aj I[O adbos f bfrcj-sifbj Y@J nlefeilfb oftfkfsj le fedey`dus ndr`. _aj qufbltyfeo qufetlty dn taj oftfkfsj frj nueof`jetfb td taj qufblty feo rjblfklblty dn taj I[O“ssjrvlijs, suia fs lts sidrlec `dojbs, feo kjst jnndrts frj `foj td idbbjit fiiurftj oftf

feo vfbloftj lts sjrvlijs. Ndr jesurlec taj fiiurfiy dn taj oftf, taj I[O iajihs tajfiiduetlec ideslstjeiy firdss nlcurjs le nlefeilfb stftj`jets suk`lttjo nrd` ̀ j`kjrs,feo ifrrljs dut ibjfeslec prdijssjs twlij td jbl`leftj fey oftf prdkbj`s.

Fntjr suia prdijssjs, taj I[O idesdbloftjs oftf nrd` taj sf`j kdrrdwjrs. Yleij tajI[O idbbjits oftf le fe fedey`dus ndr`, ltj`s suia fs taj nlrst Gfpfejsj iafrfitjr dnid`pfey ef`js, jstfkblsa`jet oftjs, pdstfb idojs, feo sd de frj usjo leidesdbloftlde prdijss lestjfo dn id`pfey ef`js taj`sjbvjs. _ajsj ibjfeslec feoidesdbloftlec prdijssjs jefkbj taj irjftlde dn f alca-qufblty oftfkfsj wajrj tajqufblty dn taj oftf ife kj idetleudusby `deltdrjo.

Kdx7 Idbbjitjo Oftf feo Irjftjo Nlefeilfb Leojxjs nrd` taj Oftfkfsj

_aj olfcrf` sadws taj oftf idetjet suk`lttjo nrd` `j`kjrs td taj I[O.

@j`kjrs suk`lt oftf id`pdsjo dn >9 ltj`s ndr taj kfbfeij sajjt (`lel`u` ;:)feo ;? ltj`s ndr taj prdnlt feo bdss stftj`jet (`lel`u` 6;). _aj suk`lttjoeu`kjr dn fiiduet ltj`s ls id`pfrftlvjby bfrcj. _aus, taj I[O ife kulbo foftfkfsj taft ls rlia le idetjet le fooltlde td kjlec bfrcj le sifbj. _als ajbps tdkulbo taj rdkust sidrlec `dojbs ndr I[O `j`kjrs ndr ifbiubftlec taj irjolt rlsh dnY@Js.

@drjdvjr, taj I[O rjqujsts sd`j ede-nlefeilfb oftf feo ojnfubt oftf. _aj I[Oj`pbdys fe jxpbfeftdry vfrlfkbj levdbvlec ede-nlefeilfb oftf le taj sidrlec `dojbndr sdbj prdprljtdrs. Le fooltlde, ede-nlefeilfb oftf frj dntje usjo ndr pfrt dn tajnfitdrs ojnlelec taj sf`pbj oftf feo stftlstlifb lendr`ftlde.

• Nlefeilfb oftf (K/Y, ]/B)

Kfbfeij Yajjt ]rdnlt & Bdss Ytftj`jet

Fssjts Blfklbltljs

Yafrjadbojrs“

Jqulty

Yfbjs

Idst dn cddos sdbo

Ede-dpjrftlec leid`j/jxpjesj

Ejt leid`j

Dpjrftlec jxpjesjs

• Yfbfrljs jxpjesj

• Ojprjilftlde jxpjesj

ヸヸヸヸヸヸヸヸ

• Letjrjst jxpjesj


• Iurrjet fssjts

‚Ifsa feo ifsa

jqulvfbjets

‚Levjetdrljs

• Nlxjo fssjts

‚_feclkbj nlxjo fssjts

‚Letfeclkbj fssjts

‚Levjst`jets

• Ojnjrrjo fssjts

• Iurrjet blfklbltljs

‚Yadrt-tjr` ojkt

• Nlxjo blfklbltljs

‚Bdec-tjr` ojkt

• Ifpltfb stdih

• Ifpltfb-td-fssjt rftld

• Ojcrjj dn kdrrdwlec de bjeolec

• [ftld dn letjrjst-kjfrlec blfklbltljs

• [ftld dn iurrjet prdnlts td fssjts


Nlefeilfb Leojxjs

Crdss prdnlt

Dpjrftlec jxpjesjs

Dpjrftlec leid`j

]rdvlslde ndr leid`j tfxjs

Leid`j kjndrj prdvlslde ndr leid`j tfxjs


10/25


1

;.: @dojb Kulbolec

_aj I[O Fssdilftlde kulbos stftlstlifb `dojbs wlta taj fiiuùbftjo I[O oftf. Ourlectaj pfst 6= yjfrs, taj I[O Fssdilftlde afs kulbt nlvj sidrlec `dojbs feo ls edw

kulbolec f slxta sidrlec `dojb. @dojb 9, walia fssjss taj irjolt rlsh dn leidrpdrftjoY@Js feo @dojb ?, walia fssjssjs tadsj dn sdbj-prdprljtdr Y@Js, afvj kjje le usjle taj Irjolt Lesurfeij Yystj` nrd` Fprlb ;==>. Nlrst, wj wlbb jxpbfle taj dutblejs dn@dojb 9 feo @dojb ?.

Jstl`ftldes ky @dojb 9 feo @dojb ? usj bdclstli rjcrjsslde (Bdclt `dojb). Bdclt `dojbsfrj id``de `jtados le kulbolec sidrlec `dojbs ndr taj fssjss`jet dn irjolt rlsh. Kdta`dojbs prdouij fe jstl`ftjo prdkfklblty dn ojnfubt ndr jfia Y@J. @dojb 9 le pfrtliubfrprdouijs ùbtlyjfr, iuùbftlvj jstl`ftjo prdkfklbltljs dn ojnfubt, walia clvj tajprdkfklblty dn ojnfubt diiurrlec wltale ; feo 9 yjfrs, le fiidrofeij wlta ojtjr`lelec tajbdecjr-tjr` prdspjits dn Y@Js.

@dojb 9 feo @dojb ? wjrj kulbt uslec f bfrcj f`duet dn oftf. @dojb 9, ndr leidrpdrftjo

Y@Js, wfs kulbt nrd` oftf nrd` fkdut ;.


11/25


<

_aj bfih dn lendr`ftlde lenrfstruiturj ndr Y@Js jxfijrkftjs taj lendr`ftlde fsy``jtryprdkbj`.

Le taj tl`j dn taj kukkbj jided`y, taj prdvlslde dn idbbftjrfb wfs taj sl`pbjst wfy ndrY@Js feo nlefeilfb lestltutldes td rjouij taj rlsh prj`lu` le bdfe ndr`ubftldes

9.; Idbbfpsj dn taj Gfpfejsj Kukkbj Jided`y feo Iafecjs leY@J Nlefeij

Nrd` 6 td 6


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6=

vjrslde 6 wfs rjbjfsjo. Le Fprlb ;==:, taj I[O @fefcj`jet Idueilb dktflejoidrpdrftj stftus feo rjef`jo ltsjbn fs taj I[O Fssdilftlde.

9.9 @lsslde dn taj Irjolt [lsh Oftfkfsj

_aj prl`fry dkgjitlvjs dn I[O frj ‒sdueoby nfilbltftlec taj nueo prdvlslde td Y@Js‐ feo‒l`prdvlec taj qufblty dn rlsh `fefcj`jet le nlefeij.‐ Id`pfrjo wlta dtajr iduetrljs“irjolt lendr`ftlde ijetjrs, taj Gfpfejsj I[O ls uelquj taft lts prl`fry dkgjitlvjsleibuoj nfilbltftlec taj prdvlslde dn nueos td Y@Js.

Le `fey iduetrljs, nlefeilfb irlsjs trlccjrjo taj jstfkblsa`jet dn irjolt lendr`ftldeijetjrs. _aj Fslfe nlefeilfb irlsls le Ydutajfst Fslf fs wjbb fs taj _jqulbf irlsls leIjetrfb F`jrlif trlccjrjo taj jstfkblsalec dn irjolt lendr`ftlde ijetjrs feo tajletrdouitlde dn taj ejijssfry bjcfb nrf`jwdrhs. Le fb`dst fbb ifsjs, kfeh supjrvlsdrspbfyjo bjfolec rdbjs le jstfkblsalec taj ijetjrs, feo taj prl`fry dkgjitlvj wfs taj

prdvlslde dn suppdrt ndr kfeh supjrvlslde, ef`jby rjouilec ede-pjrndr`lec bdfes.Sj suppdsj taft taj olnnjrjeij le prl`fry dkgjitlvjs lenbujeijo taj olnnjrjeijs leoftfkfsj frialtjiturj.

?. IAF[FI_J[LY_LIY DN _AJ I[JOL_ [LYHOF_FKFYJ

?.6 _wd _ypjs dn Irjolt Lendr`ftlde Ijetjr

_ajrj frj twd typjs dn irjolt lendr`ftlde ijetjr. Dej afeobjs leolvloufb lendr`ftlde

feo taj dtajr fedey`dus lendr`ftlde. Le drojr td fvdlo idenuslde, wj ojnlej f irjoltkurjfu fs f pukbli dr prlvftj irjolt lendr`ftlde ijetjr idbbjitlec pjrsdefbby lojetlnlfkbjirjolt lendr`ftlde (]LIL) feo afvlec fe leolvloufb lendr`ftlde rjnjrjeij nueitlde. De tajdtajr afeo, f irjolt oftfkfsj ls ojnlejo fs f pukbli dr prlvftj irjolt lendr`ftlde ijetjridbbjitlec fedey`dus nlefeilfb lendr`ftlde feo afvlec ed leolvloufb lendr`ftlderjnjrjeij nueitlde. _als ojnleltlde ls edt vjry id``de. Irjolt kurjfus feo irjoltrjclstrljs usufbby idbbjit feo safrj pjrsdefbby lojetlnlfkbj irjolt lendr`ftlde, kut f irjoltoftfkfsj ls edt ejijssfrlby suppdsjo td idbbjit fedey`dus lendr`ftlde.

Irjolt kurjfus sadubo safrj lendr`ftlde de taj irjoltwdrtalejss dn leolvloufbkdrrdwjrs. _ajy pbfij j`pafsls de oftf rjcfrolec kdrrdwjrs“ pfst bdfe pjrndr`feijrftajr tafe tajlr decdlec kuslejss pjrndr`feij. _aj sl`pbjst ojslce ls f kbfihblst

safrlec siaj`j, walia prjolits kdrrdwjrs“ nuturj kjafvldr kfsjo de tajlr pfst bdfepjrndr`feij. Lt ls ibdsjby rjbftjo td leolvloufb rlsh `fefcj`jet feo taj rjouitlde dnojblequjeiy feo ede-pjrndr`lec bdfes.

Irjolt oftfkfsjs safrj lendr`ftlde de taj irjoltwdrtalejss dn taj fvjrfcj kdrrdwjr letaj crdup afvlec taj sf`j fttrlkutjs. _ajy pbfij j`pafsls de oftf rjcfroleckdrrdwjrs“ prjsjet decdlec kuslejss pjrndr`feij rftajr tafe tajlr pfst bdfepjrndr`feij. _als fpprdfia prjolits kdrrdwjrs“ nuturj kjafvldr kfsjo de tajlr decdleckuslejss pjrndr`feij `jfsurjo ky fiiduetlec stftlstlifb prdkfklblty feo ls ibdsjbyrjbftjo td pdrtndbld rlsh `fefcj`jet dvjr pddbjo bdfes feo taj rjouitlde dndvjrjstl`ftjo rlsh prj`lu` ifusjo ky lendr`ftlde fsy``jtry.


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66

?.; Lendr`ftlde Ijetjr Iafrfitjrlst lis

_fkbj ? sadws f krljn id`pfrlsde dn irjolt oftfkfsjs feo irjolt kurjfus. _ajsj twdtypjs dn irjolt lendr`ftlde ijetjr afvj olnnjrjet iafrfitjrlstlis le tajlr oftfkfsjs feo

olnnjrjet jnnjits ndr taj nlefeilfb `frhjt rjcfrolec Y@Js._fkbj ?7 Irjolt Kurjfus vjrsus Irjolt Oftfkfsjs

Irjolt Kurjfus (irjoltrjsjfria id`pfeljs feoojslceftjo irjolt kurjfus)

Irjolt Oftfkfsj

Lendr`ftlde ]jrsdefbby lojetlnlfkbjlendr`ftlde

Lendr`ftlde dn leolvloufbkdrrdwjrs

Fedey`dus lendr`ftlde

- Fe fvjrfcj kdrrdwjr le tajcrdup wlta taj sf`j fttrlkutjs(stftlstlifb lendr`ftlde)

Olsilpblej ndr kdrrdwjrs Olrjit

_d fiqulrj f cddo nlefeilfb

rjidro (‒rjputftlde idbbftjrfb‐)

_d fvdlo kjlec kbfihblstjo

Leolrjit

_d kjbdec td f alcajr irjolt

rftlec crdup

_d l`prdvj nlefeilfbideoltldes

]rd`dtlec id`pjtltlde le tajnlefeilfb `frhjt

Olrjit

_d rjouij lendr`ftlde`dedpdby

Leolrjit

_d rjouij dvjrjstl`ftjo rlshprj`lu` ky l`prdvlecprjolitfklblty

Idestrflets nrd` prlvfiyprdkbj`s

_lcat idestrflets

- Idetjet (ojpta dnlendr`ftlde)

- _lcat idestrflets fnnjit taj

ojpta feo bjecta dn tajoftfkfsj

- ]rjsjrvftlde pjrldo

- Fiiurfiy dn oftf

- Ejjo ndr idrrjitlde dn sjbn-lendr`ftlde

Ed idestrflets

- Id`pfrftlvjby jfsy tdojvjbdp ojjp feo rliaoftfkfsj jefkblec `drj

vfbuj-foojo sjrvlijs

Ydurij7 Futadrs.

_aj jssjetlfb nueitlde dn irjolt kurjfus ls tajlr rjnjrjeij nueitlde, feo fb`dst fbb frjojslcejo wlta taj dkgjitlvj dn rjouilec ojblequjeiy feo ede-pjrndr`lec bdfes._ajrjndrj, taj idrj oftf dn irjolt kurjfus frj oftf ideijrelec kdrrdwjrs“ bdfepjrndr`feij, ef`jby taj iurrjet f`duet dn dutstfeolec bdfes feo taj rjidro dn pfstojblequjeiljs feo ojnfubt. De taj dtajr afeo, taj jssjetlfb nueitlde dn irjolt oftfkfsjsls jefkblec taj kulbolec dn stftlstlifb `dojbs. _ajrjndrj, taj idrj oftf dn irjoltoftfkfsjs frj fiiduetlec oftf ndr taj idestruitlde dn taj `dojbs. Lt ls tajdrjtlifbbypdsslkbj td jstfkblsa irjolt kurjfus taft afvj taj sf`j nueitldes fs irjolt oftfkfsjsle fooltlde td tajlr letrlesli nueitldes. Yd`j Zeltjo Ytftjs cbdkfb prlvftj irjolt kurjfusafvj jxtjeojo tajlr kuslejss td taj nljbo dn irjolt oftfkfsjs, kut tajy rj`flejxijptldefb ifsjs f`dec taj bfrcj eu`kjr dn irjolt kurjfus le taj wdrbo. @fey dn tajlroftfkfsjs frj lesunnliljet le vfrljty feo qufetlty ndr taj idestruitlde dn rjblfkbjstftlstlifb `dojbs. Fs nfr fs wj hedw, taj eu`kjr dn fiiduet oftf ltj`s taft frjidbbjitjo ky pukbli irjolt kurjfus le Ydutajfst Fslf ls bjss tafe 6:, f vjry s`fbbeu`kjr id`pfrjo td taj I[O, walia idbbjits oftf id`pdsjo dn frdueo


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6;

taj olnnliubty dn idbbjitlec prjilsj fiiduet oftf ndr Y@Js. _als rjsubts le f vjry s`fbbeu`kjr dn oftfkfsjs taft sftlsny taj rjqulrj`jets dn kdta typjs dn irjolt lendr`ftldeijetjr. Le `fey ifsjs, jfia typj dn irjolt lendr`ftlde ijetjr afs f olnnjrjetiafrfitjrlstli oftfkfsj rjspdeolec td lts jssjetlfb nueitldes.

Ndr taj olsilpblej dn kdrrdwjrs, irjolt kurjfus afvj `drj olrjit jnnjits tafe irjoltoftfkfsjs. Kjlec kbfihblstjo ls alcaby ojtrl`jetfb ndr kdrrdwjrs sd taj pdsslklblty dnkjlec kbfihblstjo fits fs f strdec ojtjrrjet. Irjolt oftfkfsjs, idevjrsjby, afvjleolrjit jnnjits, feo ls fovfetfcjdus ndr kdrrdwjrs td sadw kjttjr nlefeilfb oftfid`pfrjo td taft dn taj fvjrfcj kdrrdwjr wlta taj sf`j fttrlkutjs td fialjvj kjttjrbdfe ideoltldes. _aus, kdrrdwjrs frj `dtlvftjo td l`prdvj tajlr fiiduet nlcurjs.

Ndr prd`dtlec id`pjtltlde le taj nlefeilfb `frhjt, irjolt kurjfus fbsd afvj olrjit kutbl`ltjo jnnjits. Yafrlec lendr`ftlde prjvjets lendr`ftlde `dedpdbljs, sd kdrrdwjrs ifekjejnlt nrd` `drj dppdrtueltljs ndr kjttjr bdfe ideoltldes. Adwjvjr, tals ls jnnjitlvjdeby ndr taj bdfe ndr`ftlde dn rjclstjrjo kdrrdwjrs. Kdrrdwjrs wadsj oftf frj edtrjclstjrjo rjijlvj ed kjejnlt.

Irjolt oftfkfsjs afvj leolrjit jnnjits kut lenbujeij f wloj rfecj dn Y@J nlefeilec._ajy rjouij dvjrjstl`ftjo rlsh prj`lu`s ky `fhlec ibjfr taj nlefeilfb oftfolstrlkutlde dn crdups wlta taj sf`j fttrlkutjs. _als jefkbjs `drj prjilsj prjolitldes dntaj ojnfubt rlsh feo jxpfeos irjolt dppdrtueltljs ndr Y@Js. Lt ls fbsd kjejnlilfb ndrkdrrdwjrs wadsj oftf frj edt idbbjitjo.

[jcfrolec prlvfiy prdkbj`s, irjolt kurjfus afvj td letrdouij fpprdprlftj sjiurltysfnjcufros ndr taj prdtjitlde dn kdrrdwjrs Ideslojrlec taft lendr`ftlde lefiiurfiy ifepdsj nftfb prdkbj`s, kdrrdwjrs sadubo afvj taj rlcat td fiijss tajlr dwe lendr`ftldefeo olsputj lefiiurftj lendr`ftlde.

Irjolt oftfkfsjs frj fb`dst nrjj nrd` tajsj hleos dn idestrflets. Lt ls id`pfrftlvjbyjfsy td ojvjbdp id`prjajeslvj lendr`ftlde oftfkfsjs taft ife jefkbj `drj fovfeijovfbuj-foojo sjrvlijs.

Sj jxpjit lt wlbb crfoufbby kjid`j olnnliubt td `fletfle feo idbbjit id`prjajeslvj oftfkjifusj dn leirjfslec ideijres fkdut prlvfiy. Kut taj `drj fovfeijo sjrvlijs rjqulrjojjpjr feo bdecjr oftfkfsjs. _ajrjndrj, wj suppdsj taft kdta typjs dn irjoltlendr`ftlde ijetjr frj ejijssfry feo afvj f id`pbj`jetfry rjbftlde.

?.9 Kjejnlts nrd` Idbbjitlec Fedey`dus Lendr`ftlde

_aj I[O prdvlojs jnnliljet jvfbuftlde tddbs taft frj usjnub ndr taj sjttlec dn fefpprdprlftj bjeolec letjrjst rftj le blej wlta irjolt rlsh. Ouj td taj lendr`ftldefsy``jtry feo taj bfih dn nlefeilfb lenrfstruiturjs ndr Y@Js, taj rlsh prj`lu` de Y@J

nlefeij ls prdej td kj dvjrjstl`ftjo. _aj I[O idetrlkutjs td rjitlnylec talsdvjrjstl`ftjo rlsh prj`lu`.

_aj I[O fbsd prdvlojs leolspjesfkbj tddbs ndr prd`dtlec taj sjiurltlzftlde dn vfrldusY@J rjbftjo fssjts feo ajbps td ideejit Y@Js wlta ifpltfb `frhjts. Lt fbsd idetrlkutjstd l`prdvlec rlsh `fefcj`jet dvjr pddbjo Y@J bdfes le nlefeilfb lestltutldes.

Nlefbby, taj I[O prdvlojs bdw idst feo prd`pt jvfbuftlde tddbs taft frj sultfkbj ndrtrfesfitlde kfsjo bjeolec. _als ls pfrtliubfrby usjnub waje idstby jvfbuftlde tddbs frjedt vlfkbj ndr s`fbb bdfe f`duets.

Le tals wfy, taj I[O idetrlkutjs `drj td taj nfilbltftlde dn nueo prdvlslde td Y@Js tafetd taj rjouitlde dn ede-pjrndr`lec bdfes. _aj `dst jssjetlfb nueitlde dn irjolt rlsh


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69

oftfkfsjs ls taj prjilsj prjolitlde dn ojnfubt rlsh dvjr idbbjitlvj Y@J bdfes lesjc`jetjo crdups feo taj rjouitlde dn dvjrjstl`ftjo rlsh prj`lu` ndr nueo prdvlslde.

:. ADS LY _AJ I[JOL_ [LYH OF_FKFYJ ZYJO LE][FI_LIJ4

:.6 ^frljty dn Yjrvlijs

_aj I[O Fssdilftlde dnnjrs `j`kjrs vfrldus sjrvlijs. _aj kfsli sjrvlijs frj (f) fsidrlec sjrvlij, (k) sf`pbj oftf prdvlslde, feo (i) stftlstlifb lendr`ftlde prdvlslde.

Yidrlec Yjrvlij

@j`kjrs ife usj taj I[O“s sidrlec `dojbs feo jvfbuftj taj irjolt rlsh dn kdrrdwjrsfeo pdtjetlfb kdrrdwjrs le ndbbdwlec wfys7

- Ky lestfbblec taj `dojb prdcrf` olrjitby detd `j`kjrs“ letjrefb rftlec systj`s dr kylestfbblec taj ̀ dojb fppbliftlde td id`putjrs le ̀ j`kjrs“ dnnlijs

- Ky fiijsslec taj I[O `j`kjr wjksltj vlf taj letjrejt dr ky rjqujstlec oftf wltasidrlec rjsubts

Yf`pbj Oftf ]rdvlslde

I[O prdvlojs rfeod` sf`pblec oftf, suia fs nlefeilfb oftf feo sidrlec oftf, td`j`kjrs. @j`kjrs ife utlblzj taj sf`pblec oftf ndr vfrldus purpdsjs7

- _d id`pbjtj lesunnliljet oftf ndr irjftlec letjrefb sidrlec `dojbs

- _d vfbloftj taj `j`kjr“s letjrefb sidrlec `dojb

- _d ojvjbdp nlefeilfb prdouits le ejw frjfs@j`kjrs ife jxtrfit taj sf`pblec oftf ndr stfeofro sjc`jets ky leoliftlec tajfttrlkutjs dn taj sjc`jet, suia fs taj typj dn leoustry, kuslejss sifbj, feo rjclde.

Ytftlstlifb Lendr`ftlde ]rdvlslde

F wloj rfecj dn stftlstlifb lendr`ftlde ky rjclde feo leoustry ls fvflbfkbj nrd` taj I[O.@j`kjrs ife utlblzj taj prdvlojo oftf le sjvjrfb wfys7

- _d id`pfrj nlefeilfb stftlstlis kfsjo de jfia `j`kjr“s iustd`jrs wlta tadsj dn tajI[O oftfkfsj ndr l`prdvlec irjolt rlsh `fefcj`jet

- _d ojvjbdp iustd`jr drljetjo `frhjtlec strftjcljs feo ejw nlefeilec sjrvlijs

_aj I[O fbsd prdvlojs `j`kjrs wlta dtajr vfbujo-foojo sjrvlijs, suia fs taj@fefcj`jet Idesubtlec Yuppdrt Yystj` Yjrvlij feo idesubtlec sjrvlijs.

@fefcj`jet Idesubt lec Yuppdrt Yystj` Yjrvlij

_aj I[O prdvlojs lts `j`kjrs wlta f idesubtlec tddb, taj @fefcj`jet IdesubtlecYuppdrtlec Yystj`. _aj systj` leoliftjs taj id`pfrftlvj pdsltlde dn jfia kdrrdwjr levfrldus fspjits feo ls usjnub ndr `j`kjrs td clvj fovlij td kdrrdwjrs ndr tajl`prdvj`jets le `fefcj`jet feo tajlr nlefeilfb sltuftlde.

Idesubtlec Yjrvlijs

Kjslojs tajsj sjrvlijs, taj I[O Fssdilftlde prdvlojs idesubtlec sjrvlijs, suia fs tajvfbloftlde feo rjidestruitlde dn letjrefb rftlec systj`s, irjolt rlsh `jfsurj`jet, f


16/25


6?

aduslec bdfe oftfkfsj, fpfrt`jet bdfe oftfkfsj, feo jouiftldefb sjrvlijs. Yd`jsjrvlijs frj prdvlojo wlta td `j`kjrs ndr fooltldefb njjs.

:.; Zslec Yf`j Yidrlec @dojbs

Yleij Fprlb ;==>, I[O `dojbs afvj kjje usjo td ojiloj irjolt cufrfetjj njj rftjibfsslnliftldes le taj Irjolt Lesurfeij Yystj` (_fkbj :). _als fbbdws ICIs feo`j`kjr nlefeilfb lestltutldes nrd` fbb dvjr Gfpfe td jvfbuftj Y@J kdrrdwjrs uslec tajsf`j sidrlec ̀ dojbs.

_fkbj :7 Irjolt Cufrfetjj Njj [ftj Ibfssln liftlde

(feeufb rftj, %)

Ibfssln liftlde 6 ; 9 ? : > 3 1 <

Irjolt

cufrfetjj njjrftj

;.;= ;.== 6.1= 6.>= 6.9: 6.6= =.


17/25


6:

Le taj crjje frjfs dn taj `ftrlx sajjt, taj rjsubts dn kdta systj`s afvj sl`lbfr rftlecfsslce`jets. Adwjvjr, le taj kbuj feo drfecj frjfs taj rjsubts frj idenblitlec. _ajolsirjpfeiy dn jvfbuftldes odjs edt l``jolftjby `jfe jltajr sloj lefiiurftj. Nlefeilfblestltutldes“ rftlec systj`s usufbby levdbvj qufbltftlvj ltj`s dr oftf dutsloj dn fiiduetnlcurjs taft I[O `dojbs od edt ideslojr. _aj nlefeilfb lestltutlde `ust sirutlelzj tajnfitdrs cjejrftlec taj olnnjrjeij le jvfbuftldes feo ojiloj wajtajr td `fletfle tajlriurrjet systj`, `dolny lt, dr rjidestruit f ejw systj`.

:.? Irjolt [lsh Oftfkfsj @dojbs le @j`kjrs“ Dwe Letjrefb[ftlec Yystj`s

Fedtajr dptlde ls ndr `j`kjrs td j`pbdy I[O sidrlec ndr ojvjbdplec tajlr dwe letjrefbirjolt rftlec systj`s. Ndr `drj lendr`ftlde de dtajr irjolt rftlec `dojbs ndr Y@Js, sjjletjr fblf, \dsaled feo _fcalzfoja-Ajsfry (;=6?o, ;=6:) feo \dsaled jt fb. (;=6:).

Ndr s`fbb-sifbj nlefeilfb lestltutldes wlta f id`pfrftlvjby s`fbb eu`kjr dn jxtjeolec

bdfes, lt ls olnnliubt td kulbo sidrlec `dojbs kfsjo de tajlr dwe oftfkfsjs. Yd`j afvjletjrefb rftlec systj`s taft frj alcaby ojpjeojet de taj qufbltftlvj fspjits dnkdrrdwjrs feo usj sl`pbj sidrlec `jtados. Fs suia, tajy nfij taj ejijsslty dnl`prdvlec taj qufblty dn tajlr rlsh `fefcj`jet.

I[O sidrlec `dojbs jefkbj `j`kjrs td ojvjbdp letjrefb irjolt rftlec systj`s kfsjode f bfrcj-sifbj oftfkfsj, rjnbjitlec qufbltftlvj ltj`s tajy afvj j`pbdyjo ndr tajlr bdfeojilsldes (Nlcurj ?).

Nlrst, taj `j`kjr `ust ifbiubftj taj sidrjs dn tajlr iustd`jrs ky j`pbdylec taj I[Osidrlec `dojbs feo sjttlec up iftjcdrljs rjnbjitlec taj olstrlkutlde dn sidrjs. _aje,tajy ife `dolny taj iftjcdry struiturj rjnbjitlec qufbltftlvj ltj`s. Feo nlefbby, tajy iferj-fsslce f iftjcdry td jfia iustd`jr.

Nlcurj ?7 L`fcj dn taj Letjrefb [ftlec Yystj`

]O 0 prdkfklblty dn ojnfubt.

Ydurij7 Futadrs.

:.: Zslec taj Nlefeilfb Leojxjs dn taj Irjolt [lsh Oftfkfsj lef [jcldefb Id`prjajeslvj Ytrftjcy

Gfpfe“s Fkj fo`lelstrftlde jstfkblsajo taj [jcldefb [jvltfblzftlde Ajfoqufrtjr Dnnlij

([[AD) feo fshjo bdifb cdvjre`jets td jstfkblsa taj [jcldefb Id`prjajeslvj

[ftlec Eu`kjr dn

iustd`jrs

[ftld Ojnfubt

rftj

F6 9;> ;.;% =.9%

F; 6,:>1 6=.1% =.:%

F9 9,;?1 ;;.9% =.>%

F? ;,>:9 61.;% =.1%

K: ?,19; 99.;% 6.>%

K> 6,9;: %

K> 2;.?1%

ヸヸヸ

]O

Dtajr

Fttrlkutjs


18/25


6>

Ytrftjcy ([IY). _aj [IY fl`s td prjvjet ojpdpubftlde feo rjvltfblzj bdifb frjfs.[jcldefb cdvjre`jets frj fshjo td sjt :-yjfr tfrcjts fs pfrt dn taj strftjcy. _ajy frjrjqulrjo td iaddsj Hjy ]jrndr`feij Leoliftdrs (H]L) taft fbbdw taj tfrcjts td kjvjrlnljo. [jcldefb cdvjre`jets afvj td prd`dtj taj [IY ky utlblzlec taj ]OIF iyibj.

_aj I[O prdvlojs stftlstlifb leojxjs ideijrelec Y@J `fefcj`jet fs H]L ifeoloftjs(Nlcurj :).

Nlcurj :7 Yiaj`ftli ^ljws

[DF 0[jture de fssjts, [DJ 0[jture de jqulty.

Ydurij7 Futadrs.

:.> Yjiurltlzftlde

_aj idbbftjrfblzjo bdfe dkblcftlde (IBD) systj` wfs fe jxf`pbj dn prfitlifb usfcj dn fsidrlec `dojb. _aj IBD systj` sjiurltlzjo bdfes ajbo ky nlefeilfb lestltutldes. _aj

Gfpfe Nlefeij Idrpdrftlde (GNI) feo dtajrs pbfyjo taj `fle pfrt le id`pdslec tajIBD systj` uslec bdfes ndr Y@Js le Gfpfe. _aj GNI id`pdsjo IBDs ;= tl`jstdcjtajr wlta 6>6 dtajr nlefeilfb lestltutldes. Le tdtfb, tajy dnnjrjo ¥;61.< klbblde td 3,?9<

Y@Js?.

Nlcurj > sadws fe l`fcj dn taj IBD systj`. _aj sidrlec `dojb ls usjo td sjbjit tajbdfes, jvfbuftj pddbjo fssjts, feo fsslce rftlecs. Lt ls fbsd usjo fs f rjnjrjeij ndr guoc`jets de levjstdrs. Adwjvjr, taj sjiurltlzftlde jevlrde`jet ojtjrldrftjo fntjr tajBja`fe sadih feo IBDs afvj edt kjje lssujo le rjijet yjfrs. _aj bftjst lssulec wfsky taj GNI le @fria ;=66.

?

Ndr nurtajr ojtflbs, sjj taj Gfpfe Nlefeij Idrpdrftlde wjksltj7 [jpdrt dn Sdrhsadp ndr Fl`lec td]rd`dtj Ejw Yjiurltlzftlde dn Y@J Bdfes (Gfpfe Nlefeij Idrpdrftlde ;=6:).

Jxpjesj

rftld

Leirjfsjo

Leid`j

rftj

[DF

[DJ

Ifpltfb-td-fssjt

rftld

Ojcrjj dn ojpjeojeiy de bdfes

_aj trfesltlde dn [DF dn

idestruitlde leoustry

_aj

wadbj

iduetry

prjnjiturj

;=6= ;=66 ;=6; ;=69 ;=6?

prjnjiturj

_aj

wadbj

iduetry

Yiaj`ftli vljws


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63

Nlcurj >7 Yjiurlt lzftlde dn Y@J Bdfes

Y@J 0 s`fbb feo ̀ jolu`-slzjo jetjrprlsj, Y]I 0Ypjilfb purpdsj id`pfey.

Ydurij7 Futadrs.

Adwjvjr, sjiurltlzftlde uslec sidrlec `dojbs `fhjs lt jfsljr td rflsj nueos. Ln tajjevlrde`jet l`prdvjs, lt ls blhjby taj sltuftlde wlbb iafecj fcfle.

:.3 Dtajr Zsjs dn Irjolt [lsh Oftfkfsj Yjrvlijs

Dtajr usjs dn I[O sjrvlijs frj fs ndbbdws. _aj Y@J Fcjeiy usjs taj I[O oftf feosidrlec rjsubts dn taj I[O `dojb. _aj I[O oftfkfsj idvjrs fbb oftf de Y@Js taftusj taj Irjolt Cufrfetjj ]rdcrf`, fiiduetlec ndr `dst Y@Js le Gfpfe. _aj Y@J Fcjeiy usjs taj I[O oftf feo sidrlec rjsubts dn taj I[O `dojb waje tajy `fhj fpdbliy ojilslde td vfbloftj taj pdbliy jnnjits dn prdcrf`s le taj Irjolt CufrfetjjYystj`.

_aj Kfeh dn Gfpfe fbsd usjs taj bfrcj oftfkfsj td fefbyzj feo jxf`lej taj sltuftldedn Y@Js. _ajy iajih taj olstrlkutlde dn irjolt rlsh feo taj nlefeilec sltuftlde dn Y@Js,feo sd de.

_aj Nlefeilfb Yjrvlijs Fcjeiy rjidcelzjs taj I[O sidrlec `dojbs fs `jtados dntalro-pfrty jvfbuftlde. _ajy usj taj rjsubts dn taj I[O `dojbs td iajih taj bjvjb dnjfia nlefeilfb lestltutlde“s irjolt rlsh rftlec. _ajy usj fbsd I[O oftf td crfsp tajsltuftlde dn Y@Js le Gfpfe.

>. @FLE_FLELEC VZFBL_\

>.6 Yystj` ndr @fletflelec Vufblty dn Irjolt [lsh Oftfkfsj@dojbs

Le drojr td `fletfle taj qufblty dn taj I[O `dojbs, f systj` afs kjje irjftjo tddkgjitlvjby jvfbuftj taj `dojbs.

Le ;==3, taj I[O jstfkblsajo taj ‒`dojb qufblty `fefcj`jet culojblejs,‐ rjbftlec td`dojb ojvjbdp`jet, `dojb dpjrftlde, feo vfbloftlde. Le fiidrofeij wlta tajculojblejs, taj I[O drcfelzjo taj _alro-]frty Jvfbuftlde Id``lttjj ndr sidrlec`dojbs. _aj id``lttjj ls id`prlsjo dn prd`lejet siadbfr, kfehjrs, feo sd de.

_aj I[O vfbloftjs taj I[O `dojbs feeufbby le blej wlta taj rjcubftldes ueojr tajY`fbb feo @jolu`-slzjo Jetjrprlsj Irjolt Lesurfeij Fit feo NYF edtlnliftldes.

_d jesurj fiiurftj sidrlec `dojbs, taj I[O foorjssjs taj ndbbdwlec pdlets7

Y]IsNlefeilfbLestltutldes

Y@J

Y@J

Y@J

Y@J

Bdfes

[jpfy`jet

Levjstdr

Levjstdr

Levjstdr

Levjstdr

Kjejnlilfry

Ijrtlnliftj

@dejy @dejy

Yjiurltljs

◄ Bdfe irltjrlfs◄ Irjolt jvfbuftlde dn

pddbjo fssjts

◄[ftlec ojilslde

◄ [jnjrjeij ndr

levjstdrs“

guocj`jet


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61

- Iajihs taj trfesltlde dn fitufb oftf id`pfrjo wlta taj oftf taj iurrjet `dojbs frjkfsjo de

- Iajihs taj fiiurfiy rftlds dn taj `dojbs

- Id`pfrjs taj prdkfklblty dn ojnfubt wlta fitufb taj ojnfubt rftj

- Iajihs taj stfklblty dn taj `dojbs

- Iajihs taj jxpbfeftdry fklblty dn taj vfrlfkbjs td ojtjit ojnfubts

_aj _alro-]frty Jvfbuftlde Id``lttjj ndr I[O sidrlec `dojbs fssjssjs taj rjsubt dntaj vfbloftlde. _aje taj I[O `fhjs ojilsldes de taj sidrlec `dojbs tarducasuccjstldes nrd` taj id``lttjj.

Ndr jxf`pbj, taj oftfkfsj wfs fnnjitjo ky taj Bja`fe sadih fntjr taj jstfkblsa`jettaj id``lttjj, kut taj iafbbjecjs wjrj dvjrid`j feo jxpjrljeij wfs cflejo tarducasuccjstldes nrd` taj _alro-]frty Jvfbuftlde Id``lttjj. Fooltldefbby, fe feeufb rjpdrtky _alro-]frty Jvfbuftlde Id``lttjj ls ojblvjrjo td taj `j`kjrs feo taj su``fry dn

taj fssjss`jets frj olsibdsjo td taj pukbli de taj I[O wjksltj.

>.; L`pdrtfeij dn ^fbloftlde

_aj fiiurfiy dn taj sidrlec `dojbs tjeos td ojtjrldrftj wlta tl`j. _aj sidrlec `dojbs`ust kj vfbloftjo le drojr td `fletfle tajlr qufblty. Ejxt, wj olsiuss tarjj ifsjs dnvfbloftlde.

Ifsj 67 Fntjr taj Bja`fe Yadih

_aj jnnjits dn taj Bja`fe sadih wjrj njbt wdrbowloj. _aj sidrlec `dojb wfs `dolnljotd idrrjspdeo wlta taj sltuftlde fntjr taj sadih. Nlcurj 3 sadws taj ojnfubt rftj le tajI[O oftfkfsj. @fey Y@Js“ kfehruptiljs wjrj trlccjrjo ky taj Bja`fe sadih, sd taj

ojnfubt rftj (≛kfehruptiy rftld f`dec Y@Js) le taj I[O oftfkfsj leirjfsjo rfploby._aj fitufb ojnfubt rftj wfs alcajr tafe taj prdkfklblty dn ojnfubt dn taj sidrlec `dojb._aj prdkfklblty dn Y@J kfehruptiy ajlcatjejo fntjr taj Bja`fe sadih.

Nlcurj 37 Ojnfubt [ftj le taj I[O Oftfkfsj

(%)

I[O0 Irjolt [lsh Oftfkfsj.

Ydurij7 I[O.

=

=.;

=.?

=.>

=.1

6

6.;

6.?

6.>

6.1

O j i

N j k

F p r

G u e

F u c

D i t

O j i

N j k

F p r

G u e

F u c

D i t

O j i

N j k

F p r

G u e

F u c

D i t

O j i

N j k

F p r

G u e

F u c

D i t

O j i

N j k

F p r

G u e

F u c

D i t

O j i

N j k

F p r

G u e

F u c

D i t

O j i

N j k

F p r

G u e

F u c

D i t

O j i

N j k

F p r

G u e

F u c

D i t

O j i

N j k

F p r

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D i t

O j i

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G u e

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F p r

G u e

F u c

D i t

le ;==9 le ;==? le ;==: le ;==> le ;==3 le ;==1 le ;==< le ;=6= le ;=66 le ;=6; le ;=69

Fiiduetlec pjrldo


21/25


6<

Nlcurj 1 sadws taj olstrlkutlde dn Y@Js“ prdkfklblty dn ojnfubt fntjr taj Bja`fe sadih._aj safpj dn taj olstrlkutlde iurvj wfs edt orfstlifbby iafecjo. _aj fiiurfiy rftldrj`flejo alca gust ky iafeclec pfrf`jtjr vfbujs (ζ, λ, feo ι fs kjbdw) dn taj sidrlec`dojb.

Nlcurj 17 Olstrlkutlde dn taj ]rdkfklblty dn Ojnfubt d n Y@Js

]O 0 prdkfklblty dn ojnfubt, Y@Js 0 s`fbb feo ̀ jolu`-slzjo jetjrprlsj.

Ydurij7 Futadrs.

Fs f rjsubt dn taj sidrlec `dojb, taj prdkfklblty dn ojnfubt ife kj ifbiubftjo nrd` talsjquftlde.

ζ, λ, feo ι frj pfrf`jtjrs feo Q ls f cjejrfb fssjss`jet dn nlefeilfb leojxjs. ζ ls

idestfet feo ojpjeos de taj bjvjb dn prdkfklblty dn ojnfubt. _aj I[O fogusts ζ `flebyfcflest taj rlsj le fitufb ojnfubt rftj fntjr Bja`fe Yadih.

Ifsj ;7 Crjft Jfst Gfpfe Jfrtaqufhj

_aj fiiurfiy rftld dn taj sidrlec `dojb, walia wfs stfkbj uetlb ;==


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;=

_aj oftf de taj nlrst afbn dn ;=6= leibuojs taj ojnfubt oftf fnnjitjo ky taj Crjft JfstGfpfe Jfrtaqufhj. Sj ideslojrjo taft taj suooje ojiblej le taj fiiurfiy rftld `fyafvj kjje ouj td taj Crjft Jfst Gfpfe Jfrtaqufhj, feo sd jxpbdrjo taj kfihcrdueodn taj suooje ojiblej tarduca vfbloftlde fs ndbbdws7

Sj jxibuojo oftf nrd` taj ajfvlby fnnjitjo frjfs (taj prjnjiturjs dn Nuhusal`f,@lyfcl, feo Lwftj), taje ifbiubftjo taj fiiurfiy rftld.

- Sj lojetlnljo taj kfoby of`fcjo leoustrljs.

- Sj ifbiubftjo taj fiiurfiy rftld nrd` taj oftfsjt, salntlec ky leirj`jets dn dej`deta le drojr td lojetlny waje taj rftld ojiblejo.

Sj ojtjr`lejo taft taj ojiblej dn taj fiiurfiy rftld diiurrjo ft taj sf`j tl`j fs tajjfrtaqufhj, pfrtliubfrby le taj frjfs ojvfstftjo ky taj olsfstjr feo le taj`feunfiturlec leoustry tarduca taj suppby iafle feo taj jbjitrli pdwjr suppby. Sjedtlnljo taj I[O `j`kjrs taft taj suooje ojiblej wfs krducat fkdut ky spjilnli frjfsfeo spjilnli leoustrljs.

Ifsj 97 [jijet ^fbloftlde

Sj ejxt jxpbdrj taj nfitdrs taft ifusj ojtjrldrftlde le taj fiiurfiy rftld tarducavfbloftlde. Sj lojetlnljo iftjcdrljs wlta pfrtliubfrby bdw fiiurfiy rftlds. Dej wfs sfbjsvdbu`j feo taj dtajr wfs taj fcj dn taj Y@J.

Sj ifbiubftjo taj bjvjb dn taj fiiurfiy rftld ft jfia iftjcdry dn sfbjs vdbu`j (Nlcurj6=). Ndr sfbjs vdbu`js bjss tafe ¥6== `lbblde, taj bjvjb dn taj fiiurfiy rftld lsidetleudusby bdw. _aj bjvjb dn taj fiiurfiy rftld le taj bdwjst iftjcdry, ‒¥9= `lbblde drbjss,‐ ls pfrtliubfrby bdw.

Nlcurj 6=7 Fiiurfiy [ftld Leojx ndr Jfia Iftjcdry dn Yfbjs ^dbu`j

Edtj7 Jfia bjvjb dn taj fiiurfiy rftld ls leojxjo fs ‒fkdvj ¥6 klbblde‐ le ;=6=06.=.

Ydurij7 I[O.

Sj ifbiubftjo taj bjvjb dn taj fiiurfiy rftld ft jfia fcj iftjcdry ndr taj Y@Js(Nlcurj 66). _aj fiiurfiy rftld wfs idetleudusby bdw ndr Y@Js yduecjr tafe : yjfrs._aj rftld wfs jspjilfbby bdw ndr taj bdwjst iftjcdry, ‒; yjfrs dr bjss.‐

=.3

=.1

=.<

6.=

6.6

6.;

;=6= ;=66 ;=6; ;=69 afbn f yjfr

Fiiduetlec pjrldo

¥9= ̀ lbblde dr bjss ¥6== ̀ lbblde dr bjss

¥9== ̀ lbblde dr bjss ¥:== ̀ lbblde dr bjss

¥6 klbblde dr bjss fkdvj ¥6 klbblde


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;6

Nlcurj 667 Fiiurfiy [ftld Leojx ft Jfia Iftjcdry dn taj ]jrldo dn OdlecKuslejss

Edtj7 Jfia bjvjb dn taj fiiurfiy rftld ls leojxjo fs ‒fkdvj 9= yjfrs‐ le ;=6=06.=.

Ydurij7 I[O.

_aj iftjcdrljs wlta bdwjr sfbjs vdbu`js feo sadrtjr pjrldos sadw sustflejo bdwvfbujs dn taj fiiurfiy rftld. Adwjvjr, lt ls dntje truj taft yduecjr Y@Js afvj bdwjrsfbjs vdbu`js. Sj jxpjit taft taj sfbjs vdbu`j feo taj pjrldo dn odlec kuslejss frjojpjeojet de jfia dtajr td sd`j jxtjet.

Sj ideibuoj tarduca taj levjstlcftlde dn sjc`jetjo crdup oftf taft taj bjecta dn tajpjrldo dn kuslejss prfitlij ls f nueof`jetfb nfitdr. _als lendr`ftlde ife kj usjnub ndr`j`kjrs ndr ojslcelec ejw sidrlec `dojbs.

3. IDEIBZOLEC [J@F[HY

Fedey`dus oftfkfsjs, suia fs taj I[O, frj ueid``de le dtajr iduetrljs. Ft nlrst,ICIs tarducadut Gfpfe ndr`jo taj idrj `j`kjrs, feo wjrj taje gdlejo ky f bfrcjeu`kjr dn nlefeilfb lestltutldes. Fiidrolecby, taj I[O crjw td kjid`j fe jxtjeslvjoftfkfsj.

_aj I[O idbbjits fedey`dus oftf. Kjifusj dn tals, lt ls nrjj nrd` taj idestrfletsifusjo ky prlvfiy prdkbj`s feo lt ls id`pfrftlvjby jfsy td ojvjbdp f ojjp feo rliaoftfkfsj taft jefkbjs `drj vfbuj-foojo sjrvlijs. Yl`lbfrby, taj fedey`dus oftfidbbjitlde jesurjs taft usjrs ifeedt kj lojetlnljo dr olsirl`leftjo ky dtajrs. _ajrjndrj,lt ls jfsy td jeidurfcj `j`kjrs td sjeo oftf td taj I[O. Ouj td taj fkdvj oftf

idbbjitlec systj`, taj I[O ls fe leid`pfrfkby bfrcj oftfkfsj feo taj I[O jeojfvdrstd `fletfle taj alca qufblty dn oftf. _als le ture fbbdws taj irjftlde dn rjblfkbj sidrlec`dojbs nrd` taj oftfkfsj. Le fooltlde, taj I[O `fhj fe jnndrt td `fletfle taj qufbltydn sidrlec `dojbs feo idetleujs td prdvloj `j`kjrs wlta dtajr ejw vfbujo-foosjrvlijs. _aus, taj I[O prdvlojs `j`kjrs wlta `fey sjrvlijs feo ife suppdrt tajjstfkblsa`jet feo l`prdvj`jet dn sl`lbfr sjrvlij prdvlslde systj`s le dtajr Fslfeiduetrljs.

Ideslojrlec taj l`pdrtfeij dn Y@Js le j`pbdy`jet feo taj safrj dn CO], feo tajeu`kjr dn Y@Js le Fslfe iduetrljs, nurtajr jnndrts ejjo td kj `foj td dnnjr fiijss tdnlefeij. Fbtaduca kfehs frj taj `fle sdurij dn nlefeilec ndr Y@Js, Y@Js frj olnnliubttd jvfbuftj sleij tajy dntje od edt afvj sdblo fiiduetlec systj`s. @fey Y@Js le Fslf

kdrrdw `dejy ky pfylec alca rftjs dn letjrjst dr dnnjrlec idstby idbbftjrfb. Ln kfehs ife

=.3

=.1

=.<

6.=

6.6

6.;

;=6= ;=66 ;=6; ;=69 afbn f yjfr

Fiiduetlec pjrldo

; yjfrs dr bjss : yjfrs dr bjss 6= yjfrs dr bjss

;= yjfrs dr bjss 9= yjfrs dr bjss fkdvj 9= yjfrsuehedwe


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;;

dktfle kjttjr lendr`ftlde de Y@Js feo `ltlcftj fsy``jtrli lendr`ftlde prdkbj`s,kjttjr Y@Js ife rflsj `dejy `drj jfslby ft `uia bdwjr idsts. Irjftlec oftfkfsjs blhjtaj I[O le Gfpfe wlbb kj dej dn taj sdbutldes ndr tals. Salbj taj I[O ls uelquj feoueid``de le dtajr iduetrljs, suia f oftfkfsj afs `fey kjejnlts. Sj taleh taft tajsjkjejnlts frj pdsslkbj le dtajr iduetrljs. Ky letrdouilec suia f oftfkfsj, taj jnnliljeiydn nueo prdvlslde td Y@Js ife l`prdvj ajbp td jefkbj taj jxpfeslde dn jided`ljs.


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[JNJ[JEIJY

Fslfe Ojvjbdp`jet Kfeh. ;=6?. Fslf Y@J Nlefeij @deltdr ;=69. @felbf.

Irjolt [lsh Oftfkfsj (I[O) wjksltj. attp7//www.iro-dnnlij.ejt.

Gfpfe Nlefeij Idrpdrftlde. ;=6:. [jpdrt dn Sdrhsadp ndr Fl`lec td ]rd`dtj EjwYjiurltlzftlde dn Y@J Bdfes (le Gfpfejsj)www.gni.cd.gp/e/id`pfey/s`j/pon/sflhjesyduhjehf>.pon

@fjafrf, \. ;=69. _aj [dbj dn taj Irjolt [lsh Oftfkfsj le Y@J Nlefeilec. [LJ_LOlsiusslde ]fpjr Yjrljs 69-G-=>3. _dhyd7 [jsjfria Lestltutj dn Jided`y,_rfoj, feo Leoustry.

\dsaled, E. ;=6;. Cbdkfb L`kfbfeijs feo taj Ojvjbdp`jet dn Ifpltfb Nbdws f`dec Fslfe Iduetrljs. DJIO Gdurefb7 Nlefeilfb @frhjt _rjeos ;=6;/6.

\dsaled, E. ;=69. _aj Kfihcrdueo dn Ad`jtdwe Levjst`jet _rust Nueos. LeAd`jtdwe Levjst`jet _rust Nueos7 F Ytfkbj Sfy td Yuppby [lsh Ifpltfb,joltjo ky E. \dsaled feo Y. Hfgl. _dhyd7 Yprlecjr.

\dsaled, E., feo N. _fcalzfoja-Ajsfry. ;=6?f. Fe Fefbysls dn Iafbbjecjs Nfijo kyGfpfe“s Jided`y feo Fkjed`lis. _aj Gfpfejsj ]dbltlifb Jided`y ?=7 6’;>.

\dsaled, E., feo N. _fcalzfoja-Ajsfry. ;=6?k. _arjj Frrdws dn ‒Fkjed`lis‐ feo tajYtruiturfb [jndr` dn Gfpfe7 Lenbftlde _frcjtlec ]dbliy dn taj Ijetrfb Kfeh,Nlsifb Idesdbloftlde, feo Crdwta Ytrftjcy. FOKL Sdrhlec ]fpjr ?. _dhyd7 Fslfe Ojvjbdp`jet Kfeh Lestltutj.
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Role of the Credit Risk Database in Developing SMEs in Japan: Lessons for the Rest of Asia

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Transcript of Role of the Credit Risk Database in Developing SMEs in Japan: Lessons for the Rest of Asia