Stepping Up: Nurses Role in MDR-TB/HIV Co-Infection in South Africa
Role of Nurses-Infection
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INFECTION AND INFECTION CONTROL
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INFECTION What is INFECTION?Infection is also defined as the
invasion multiplication of microorganisms on the tissues of the HOST resulting in signs and symptoms as well as an immunologic response.
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The production of microorganism injure the patient by either:
Competing with the HOST metabolism
Cellular damage produced by the microbes
Intracellular multiplication
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Damage could be
Localized ( pressure sore, infected pressure ulcer )
SystemicNote: the severity of infection varies
with the disease producing ability and the number of invading organism, the strength of the defense and some other factors
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Diagnostic Assessments:
WBC – elevated in acute inflammatory disease, bacterial disease
5- 10 x 109 /L
Lymphocytic and monocytic fractions – elevated in viral diseases
20%- 30%; 2%- 6% fraction
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Diagnostic Tests
ESR – Elevated sedimentation rates indicate the presence of inflammation
< 15 mm/ hr
Culture of Infectious Site – provides information on the growth of microorganism in the culture media, to which type.
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Why iNFeCtiOn ocCur?
?
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Some bacteria develop resistance to antibiotics
Some microbes such as influenza have so many different strains that a single vaccine cant protect against them all
Most viruses resist antiviral drugsNew infectious agents occasionally
arise such as HIV and corona virus
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Some microbes localize in areas of the body that make treatment difficult ( bones, CNS)
Opportunistic organisms can cause infection in immuno- compromised patients
Most of the people have not received immunization
Increase in air travel can speed the virulent organism to a heavily populated area in hours
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Use of biological warfare and bioterrorism with organism such as Anthrax, plaque, is an increasing threat to public health and safety throughout the world
the expanded use of immunosuppressive drugs and invasive procedures increase the risk of infection
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Role of the Nurse in Communicable diseases Render nursing care to the patients with
communicable diseases Be knowledgeable in the ;o Nature of specific microorganism, and its
capacity to survive in the body and outsideo Most effective method to destruct the
specific microorganismo How the organism invades the Host and its
route of escape from the body
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o The incubation periods and length of communicability
o How specific drugs alter the clinical signs and the infectious course of the disease
o the most recent methods and concept of prophylaxis for communicable diseases
o The rationales and control measures, including isolation techniques
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NURSING CARE
SELF PROTECTIONPREVENTING SPREADPHYSICAL CARE OF PATIENTEMOTIONAL SUPPORT OF PATIENTSPIRITUAL ASPECT OF CARE
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Assessment:(community level) Provides an estimate of the
degree to which a family, group, or community is achieving the level of health possible for them, identifies specific deficiencies or guidance needed and estimates the possible effects of the Nursing Interventions
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CHAIN OF INFECTION
CAUSATIVE AGENT
PORT OF ENTRY
INOCULATION STAGE
INFECTION
PORT OF EXIT
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CHAIN OF INFECTION
SUSCEPTIBLE
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Assessment
Collection of dataCategories of Health Problems
Diagnosing community problem( focus on communicable diseases)
Planning/ Goal settingConstruction an action planImplementation planned careEvaluation of care and Services provided
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In assessment; Investigators study the
current incidence of the disease in that SPECIFIC AREA and compare it to the past incidence rate.
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To classify or determine if; Sporadic –these are diseases that occur occasionally an irregularly
Epidemic- these are diseases that occurs greater than expected number in a specific area over a specific time
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To classify or determine if; Pandemic – is an epidemic that
affects several countries or continents
Endemic - are those that are present in a population or community at all times. They usually involve few people during specific time
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InflaMmaTiOn IRRITATION ON SKIN
SURFACE
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INFLAMMATION The protective response
of body tissues to irritation or injury.
Cardinal signs are;RednessSwelling PainOften accompanied by loss
of function
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MANAGEMENT FOR INFECTION
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THANK YOU!!!