Role of Frameworks, Role of Models, Types of Model, Research Criteria
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MIS 650: Research Frameworks 1
Role of Frameworks, Role of Models, Types of Model, Research Criteria
MIS 650Research Frameworks and Models
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MIS 650: Research Frameworks 2
Basic Definitions
Framework Model Variable/Surrogate/Proxy Concept/Construct
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MIS 650: Research Frameworks 3
Framework
• A FRAMEWORK is a matrix within which research efforts can be classified
• The dimensions of the framework are limitless, but often include roles, effects, technology, users, etc.
• Frameworks are informal, cannot be “proven” and are used to compare or situate papers and ideas
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MIS 650: Research Frameworks 4
A Framework is a pair of intellectual spectacles to see with and a set of cubbyholes to display what you want to see.
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MIS 650: Research Frameworks 5
Uses of Research Frameworks
Classification of phenomena Comparison of phenomena Generation of research questions Creation of research models Evaluation of field efforts
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MIS 650: Research Frameworks 6
Model
• A simplification of some aspect of reality
• Simplification occurs through– Lumping (Categorization)– Elimination
• Models contain elements with relations among those elements. These reflect relationships among elements of the base reality
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MIS 650: Research Frameworks 7
Hierarchy of Theoretical Entities and Relationships
Theory
Concept
Con-struct
Proxy/Surrogate
Variable
Data
A b
s t
r a
c t
i o
n
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MIS 650: Research Frameworks 8
Concept
• Conceive [ME conceiven < OFr conceveir < L concipere to take in, receive < com together + capere to take]
• An idea or thought, esp. a generalized idea of a thing or class of things; abstract notion.
• Concepts serve both to sum up (generalize) thoughts as well as organize and relate them. Concepts are “sophisticated” forms of experience.
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MIS 650: Research Frameworks 9
Construct
• Construct [<L constructus < com together + struere to pile up, build rel. to “strew”]
• Something put together systematically
• An idea or perception resulting from a synthesis of sense impressions, etc.
• A concept or theory devised to integrate in an orderly way the diverse data on a phenomenon.
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MIS 650: Research Frameworks 10
Variable/Surrogate/Proxy
• A variable is a theoretical concept (actually construct) that varies in value; part of a theory.
• A surrogate or proxy for that variable is a measurement taken in the real world of that variable; part of testing or using a theory.
• All proxies present problems of validity, reliability and pragmatic measurement difficulties
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MIS 650: Research Frameworks 11
Models: Level of Explanation
Depictional: depicts or reproduces aspects of the modeled system
Descriptive: describes in translated termsthe modeled system
Classificational: groups phenomena withinthe modeled system together
Logical: Asserts logical dependencies amongelements of the modeled system
Causal: asserts that some phenomena in themodeled system cause other phenomena
Physical: makes things happen in themodeled system
Atheoretical
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MIS 650: Research Frameworks 12
Types of Models: Causal / Associational
IV DV
EV
a
b
EV1CV
Direct Cause: IV-DVIndirect Cause: IV-EV-DVCommon Cause: EV-(IV,DV)Effectiveness: a/(a+b)Loss: cEfficiency: CV-IV-DV
c
IV is sufficient to cause change to DV of strength a
d
EV is sufficient to cause change to both IV and DV of strengths r(d,b)
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MIS 650: Research Frameworks 13
Types of Models: Process
DV
IV2 IV4 IV6
IV1 IV3 IV5 Each IV is necessary at a certain level of strength b to allow change to DV of strength a
ab1
b2
b3
b4
b5
b6
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MIS 650: Research Frameworks 14
Types of Models: Multidomain Modeling
DOMAIN 1Sources - Industry characteristics-
DOMAIN 2Industry Experience/Action -
Outcomes for Industry
DOMAIN 3Statements / Interpretations
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MIS 650: Research Frameworks 15
Types of Models: Rationalising
Description of the use of a model: Description of a phenomenon: for whom Prediction of a phenomenon: for when Control of a phenomenon: why, how much Operation of a phenomenon: ?
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MIS 650: Research Frameworks 16
Types of Models: Contingency
X Y
X Y
a
b
XY
X
In different regions, X and Y have different relationships at different strengths. A region may or may not be describable in terms of a set of variables itself
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MIS 650: Research Frameworks 17
Types of Models: Classificational
The phenomena within a region or system are “arbitrarily” classified as being similar and dissimilar based on a scheme of controlling variables (A, B) which are in turn justified theoretically (in terms of another theory)
A
B
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MIS 650: Research Frameworks 18
Types of Models: Time Series
Baseline
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Cri
teri
on V
alue
(s)
Important times (in series)
Treatments across time allow changes in (a) criterion value(s). There is no control group; the treatment effectiveness is compared to non-treatment effectiveness.
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MIS 650: Research Frameworks 19
Types of Models:Evaluation
Evaluative Environment
Action Domain
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MIS 650: Research Frameworks 20
Types of Models: Layered
Level 1
Level 2
Level 3
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MIS 650: Research Frameworks 21
Research Criteria
• Are the results meaningful?*– Validity
• Are the results trustworthy?– Reliability– Significance
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MIS 650: Research Frameworks 22
Validity
• Stuff
`
These elements have no counterpart in reality
These elements have no counterpart in the model
This relationship is not mirrored in the model
This relationship has no correspondence in reality
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MIS 650: Research Frameworks 23
Threats to Validity
• History• Testing• Instrumentation• Mortality• Maturation• Ambiguity about causal direction• Generalisability• “Measuring the wrong thing”
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MIS 650: Research Frameworks 24
Types of Research Errors
Type I:
Type II:
Type III:
“Seeing something that isn’t there”; in general, someone else will disprove you
“Not seeing something that is there”; waste of time and effort; puts a chill on creativity
“Not looking in the right place”; severe methodological problems or sampling or theoretical problems