ROLE OF CENTRIFUGE IN COKE OVEN PLANT

AUTHORS

A.N.Sainath Y.Prathap Kumar

(08A41A0303) (08A41A0330)

Mail id- sainath952@gmail.com Mail id-prathapyellam@gmail.com

Ph no: 9177649642 ph no: 8125545534

Department of Mechanical Engineering

LOYOLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT

Dhulipalla-522412, Sattenapalli Mandal, Guntur (DT), Andhra Pradesh

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ABSTRACT

A Centrifuge is a mechanical component which is used to separate the liquids and

solids. The working principle of centrifuge in separation of solids and liquids is by the usage of

some screen like components of minute diameter as discussed in further topics. This centrifuge

will be used in the separate recovery plant but not in direct coak gas conversion plant. Some of

the mechanical components like saturator, pumps, primary gas cooler, secondary gas cooler, final

gas cooler are also used. By the functioning of centrifuge only there is a possibility in large

quantity of production of ammonia sulphate. The input to the centrifuge is from saturator and the

exit to the centrifuge is it driers for removal of moisture content in the ammonia sulphate.

The process in the centrifuge starts by passing the mixture from the saturator. The

composition of the input mixture is ammonia sulphate along with water. So by using this

centrifuge water is separated from the ammonia sulphate. Therefore the composition of the

output mixture is ammonia sulphate with high moisture content. Now it is further sent to the

driers to remove the moisture.

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1. CENTRIFUGAL AND CENTRIPETAL FORCES:

Centrifugal and Centripetal forces are the two forces which try to move the body

from the centre of rotation when the body is moving in a circular path by taking inertia into

consideration.

2. CENTRIFUGAL FORCE:

The Apparent force, equal and opposite to the centripetal force, drawing a rotating

body away from the centre of rotation caused by the inertia of the body is known as centrifugal

force. Centrifugal force is also known as “Centre Fleeing force”.

Fig. 1.Centrifugal force

Where,

Centrifugal force= (M) (ω2) (r),

M=Mass of the object,

R=radius from the centre of rotation.

The above figure represents acting of centrifugal force on a body of mass (M), rotating in a

circular path with radius from the axis of rotation with some amount of speed. Let us say ‘N’.

Then a force of (M) (ω2) (r) will act on that body and it try to push the body away from that

centre.

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3. CENTRIPETAL FORCE:

Centripetal force is a force that allows the body to travel in a curved path and it try to

push the body towards the centre of rotation. Centripetal force is also known as “Centre Seeking”

force.

Fig. 2 Centripetal force

Where,

Centripetal Force (f) =mv2/r

W=angular velocity of the body,

m=mass of the body

r= radius of centre of rotation.

The above diagram and equations represent the action of centripetal force on the

body towards the centre.

4 .APPLICATIONS OF CENTRIFUGAL FORCE:

1. Centrifugal forces are mainly applicable to separate the substances (solids from liquids

or liquids from solids).

2. Centrifugal forces are mainly applicable in Isotopic Suspensions.

3. Centrifugal forces are mainly applicable are also applicable in earthquakes and blast

simulations.

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4. Centrifugal forces are mainly applicable in commercial applications.

5. APPLICATIONS OF CENTRIPETAL FORCES:

1. Centripetal force is mainly applicable in designing of road ways.

2. Centripetal forces are mainly applicable in where the constant rotation is required.

3. Even Centripetal forces are also applicable in separation of the substances.

4. To find the angular velocities of the body when they are rotating at a speed.

These are the some of applications of centrifugal and centripetal force observed

in daily life.

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6. BASIC COAL:

Coal is a black or brownish –black rock that is made from plants that lived and died about

100-400 million years ago. The coal contains energy that was in the plants. The energy in the

coal is used as fuel. Because coal has energy from once living plants, it is called as fossil fuels.

The layers of coal are called as ‘SEAMS’.

7. COMPOSTION OF COAL:

Coal varies widely in its chemical composition. It is composed chiefly of rings of six

carbon atoms joined together in an extremely complex composition of layered arrangements that

have in them, not only hydrogen but significant of oxygen and nitrogen. The structure also

includes varying amounts of sulphur and other environmental pollutants. Up to one tenth of the

total mass of coal can be material with no fuel value...Coal is usually analyzed for moisture,

volatile matter, fixed carbon and ash. The sulphur and nitrogen content are important as

emissions of their chemical oxides during coal burning can cause acid rain. Uncontrolled

emissions resulted in widespread damage to forests and lakes in Europe, the USA and Canada.

Fig.3 Coal

In the production of coak gas at the recovery plant the coal is used as an input fuel.

First the coal is sent to the battery session where the coal is converted into the coak gas.

8. TYPES OF COALS

Basically there are four types of coals exists. They are,

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1. Anthracite

2. Bituminous

3. Sub bituminous

4. Lignite

8.1 ANTHRACITE:

Anthracite is coal with the highest carbon content, between 86 and 98 percent, and a heat

value of nearly 15,000 BTUs-per-pound. Most frequently associated with home heating,

anthracite is a very small segment of the U.S. coal market. There are 7.3 billion tons of anthracite

reserves in the United States, found mostly in 11 northeastern counties in Pennsylvania.

8.2 BITUMINOUS:

The most plentiful form of coal in the United States, bituminous coal is used primarily to

generate electricity and make coke for the steel industry. The fastest growing market for coal,

though still a small one, is supplying heat for industrial processes. Bituminous coal has a carbon

content ranging from 45 to 86 percent carbon and a heat value of 10,500 to 15,500 BTUs-per-

pound.

8.3 SUBBITUMINOUS:

Ranking below bituminous is sub bituminous coal with 35-45 percent carbon content and a

heat value between 8,300 and 13,000 BTUs-per-pound. Reserves are located mainly in a half-

dozen Western states and Alaska. Although its heat value is lower, this coal generally has a

lower sulfur content than other types, which makes it attractive for use because it is cleaner

burning.

8.4 LIGNITE:

Lignite is a geologically young coal which has the lowest carbon content, 25-35 percent,

and a heat value ranging between 4,000 and 8,300 BTUs-per-pound. Sometimes called brown

coal, it is mainly used for electric power generation.

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8.5 COAL COMBUSTION PRODUCTS

FLY ASH: 

It is captured after coal combustion by filters (bag houses), electrostatic precipitators and

other air pollution control devices. It comprises 60 percent of all coal combustion waste (labeled

here as coal combustion products). Is most commonly used as a high-performance substitute for

Portland cement or as clinker for Portland cement production. Cements blended with fly ash are

becoming more common. Building material applications range from grouts and masonry

products to cellular concrete and roofing tiles. Many asphaltic concrete pavements contain fly

ash. Geotechnical applications include soil stabilization, road base, structural fill, embankments

and mine reclamation. Fly ash also serves as filler in wood and plastic products, paints and metal

castings.

FLUE GAS DESULFURIZATION

These are produced by chemical “scrubber” emission control systems that remove sulfur and

oxides from power plant flue gas streams. FGD comprises 24 percent of all coal combustion

waste. Residues vary, but the most common are FGD gypsum (or “synthetic” gypsum) and spray

dryer absorbents. FGD gypsum is used in almost thirty percent of the gypsum panel products

manufactured in the U.S. It is also used in agricultural applications to treat undesirable soil

conditions and to improve crop performance. Other FGD materials are used in mining and land

reclamation activities.

BOTTOMASH:

Bottom ash and boiler slag can be used as a raw feed for manufacturing Portland cement

clinker, as well as for skid control on icy roads. The two materials comprise 12 and 4 percent of

coal combustion waste respectively. These materials are also suitable for geotechnical

applications such as structural fills and land reclamation. The physical characteristics of bottom

ash and boiler slag lend themselves as replacements for aggregate in flow able fill and in

concrete masonry products. Boiler slag is also used for roofing granules and as blasting grit.

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The majority of CCPs are land filled, placed in mine shafts or stored on site at coal fired

power plants. About 43 percent of CCPs were recycled for "beneficial uses," in 2008, according

to the American Coal Ash Association. The chief benefit of recycling is to stabilize the

environmental harmful components of the CCPs such as arsenic, beryllium, boron, cadmium,

chromium, chromium VI, cobalt, lead, manganese, mercury, molybdenum, selenium, strontium,

thallium, and vanadium, along with dioxins and PAH compounds. 

9. AMMONIA AND ITS COMPOSITION:

Ammonia is a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula NH3. It is a

colorless gas with a characteristic pungent odour. Ammonia contributes significantly to

the nutritional needs of terrestrial organisms by serving as a precursor to food and fertilizers.

Ammonia, either directly or indirectly, is also a building block for the synthesis of

many pharmaceuticals. Although in wide use, ammonia is both caustic and hazardous. In 2006,

worldwide production was estimated at 146.5 million tones. It is used in commercial cleaning

products.

Ammonia, as used commercially, is often called  anhydrous ammonia. This term

emphasizes the absence of water in the material. Because NH3 boils at -33.34 °C (-28.012 °F) at

a pressure of 1 atmosphere, the liquid must be stored under high pressure or at low temperature.

Its heat of vaporization is, however, sufficiently high so that NH3 can be readily handled in

ordinary beakers, in a fume hood (i.e., if it is already a liquid it will not boil readily). "Household

ammonia" or "ammonium hydroxide" is a solution of NH3 in water. The strength of such

solutions is measured in units of Baume (density), with 26 degrees Baume (about 30% w/w

ammonia at 15.5 °C) being the typical high concentration commercial product. Household

ammonia ranges in concentration from 5 to 10 weight percent ammonia.

9.1 USES OF AMMONIA:

Fertilizer

Approximately 83% (as of 2004) of ammonia is used as fertilizers either as its salts or as

solutions. Consuming more than 1% of all man-made power, the production of ammonia is a

significant component of the world energy budget.

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Precursor to nitrogenous compounds

Ammonia is directly or indirectly the precursor to most nitrogen-containing compounds.

Virtually all synthetic nitrogen compounds are derived from ammonia. An important derivative

is nitric acid. This key material is generated via the Ostwald process by oxidation of ammonia

with air over a platinum catalyst at 700–850 °C; ~9 atm. Nitric oxide is an intermediate in this

conversion

NH3 + 2 O2  HNO3 + H2O

Nitric acid is used for the production of fertilizers, explosives, and many organ nitrogen

compounds.

Cleaner

Household ammonia is a solution of NH3 in water (i.e., ammonium hydroxide) used as

a general purpose cleaner for many surfaces. Because ammonia results in a relatively streak-

free shine, one of its most common uses is to clean glass, porcelain and stainless steel. It is

also frequently used for cleaning ovens and soaking items to loosen baked-on grime.

Household ammonia ranges in concentration from 5 to 10 weight percent ammonia.

Fermentation

Ammonia solution (at 16-25%) is used in fermentation industry as a source of Nitrogen

for the Micro-organisms as well as to adjust the pH during the Fermentation.

Minor and emerging uses

Refrigeration-r717

Because of its favorable vaporization properties, ammonia is an attractive refrigerant. It

was commonly used prior to the popularization of chlorofluorocarbons (Freon’s).

Anhydrous ammonia is widely used in industrial refrigeration applications and hockey rinks

because of its high energy efficiency and low cost. The Kalian cycle, which is of growing

importance to geothermal power plants, depends on the wide boiling range of the ammonia-

water mixture. Ammonia is used less frequently in commercial applications, such as in

grocery store freezer cases and refrigerated displays due to its toxicity.

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9.2 PRODUCTION OF AMMONIA SULPHATE

Ammonium sulfate is made by reacting synthetic ammonia (or by-product ammonia from

Coke-ovens) with sulphuric acid

2 NH3 + H2SO4  (NH4)2SO4

A mixture of ammonia gas and water vapor is introduced into a reactor that contains a

saturated solution of ammonium sulfate and about 2 to 4% of free sulfuric acid at 60 °C.

Concentrated sulfuric acid is added to keep the solution acidic, and to retain its level of free acid.

The heat of reaction keeps reactor temperature at 60 °C.

Dry, powdered ammonium sulfate may be formed by spraying sulfuric acid into a reaction

chamber filled with ammonia gas. The heat of reaction evaporates all water present in the system,

forming a powdery salt.

Ammonium sulfate also is manufactured from gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O). Finely divided

gypsum is added to an ammonium carbonate solution. Calcium carbonate precipitates out, leaving

ammonium sulfate in the solution.

(NH4)2CO3 + CaSO4 (NH4)2SO4 + CaCO3

Ammonium sulfate occurs naturally as the rare mineral mascagnite in the volcanic

fumaroles and due to coal fires on some dumps.

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CENTRIFUGE

INTRODUCTION TO CENTRIFUGE:

Centrifuge is a mechanical component that works on the principle of sedimentation.

During the manufacturing of ammonia sulphate in coak and coal chemical plant many parts are

taken into consideration. For ex saturator, centrifuge, separator, driers, and conveyer belts etc.out

of these components the centrifuge plays a very important role here. The ammonium sulphate

which is going to be manufacture in this process

PARTS OF CENTRIFUGE:

The main parts in the centrifuge are as follows…

1. Outer bowl

2. Inner bowl

3. Bed

4. Casing

5. Oil cylinder

6. Drive

7. Oil pumping station

8. Vibroinsulating drive

Bed:

The bed is the main base of centrifuge. The whole component of centrifuge is based on this

bed only. This bed is designed so that it is free from all typed of vibrations.

Outer bowl

The centrifuge consists of two bowls. They are outer and inner bowls. The outer bowl is of

only rotator motion. This bowl consists of screens which are of diameter less than 0.25mm.These

screens are used to stop the ammonia crystals to fell down after centrifugation.

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Inner bowl:

The inner bowl is of both reciprocating and rotating motions. Reciprocating is used to push the

ammonia crystals which fall on the outer bowl to pass through the driers.

Vibroinsulating drive:

The centrifuge will be operated with high speeds. So, due to these high speeds there will be a

chance of vibrations taking place which disturbs the land and decreases the life time of part.

SPECIFICATIONS OF CENTRIFUGE

Fig. 4 Specifications of centrifuge

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Specifications With Vibroinsulating device Without Vibroinsulating

device

Length 2195mm 2195mm

Width 1745mm 1535mm

Height 2775mm 1335mm

So sufficient care should be taken while designing and manufacturing these parts. And

also the specifications for these parts changes with respect to the centrifuge used.

There are many reasons for the centrifuge to be more efficient. Some of them are

specifications, location of centrifuge, usage of centrifuge, maintenance of centrifuge, quality if

the input and out put products etc. This type of centrifuges plays a vital role in the production of

many by products.

The main parameters in the centrifuge are inner diameter of the first stage bowl (mm),

Number of stages, total bearing length of the bowl (mm), bowl speed (rpm), separating factor,

number of pusher strokes (pulses/stroke), width of screens slots (mm), and the largest operating

pressure operating in lubricating system (kgf/cm^2), overall dimensions of centrifuge with and

without Vibroinsulating devices (mm).

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Fig.5 Assembled centrifuge

All the components in the centrifuge are responsible for the active participation of

the centrifuge. During the running operation of the centrifuge the two bowls come in rotator and

reciprocating actions by the help of the motors provided at the back of centrifuge. The

Reciprocating action of the inner bowl is with the help of the pressurized fluid in the motor. Care

should be taken while designing the screens of the centrifuge so that their diameter should not

exceed than that of the diameter of the produced ammonia crystals which is separated from the

centrifuge.

CENTRIFUGE BED:

The main and foremost part in centrifuge is the bed upon which all the parts exist.

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Fig.6 Centrifuge bed

The construction of the centrifuge starts from the bed and ends with connection

of motor. The bed of the centrifuge is the base for all other components. The material used for

making of the bed is purely Stainless steel. Because the process that is taking place in the

centrifuge is totally with the water which leads to the corrosion. So the stainless steel is one of

the materials having high corrosion resistance. So that only even it is used in jewelers also. The

bed is located in the down side of the equipment. This inter relates the bed and the

Vibroinsulating device. The dimensions of the bed should be designed careful such that the other

components should be strictly fixed into it without errors. Some of the parts that are assembled

on the bed are inner and outer bowls, motor, open belt drive etc. Steps for the increasing in

efficiency of a centrifuge starts in the designing of its bed.

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BOWL USED IN CENTRIFUGE:

Fig.7 Bowl

In the centre of the bowls of centrifuge a nozzle will be provided to inject the

products into the component. These products after passing through the nozzle pass to the inner

bowl and then it enters into the outer bowl. The products after completing the process in the

centrifuge will be sent to the bags where the ammonium is collected. The main use of the

reciprocating motion for the inner bowl is it pushes the ammonium crystals that are deposited in

the outer bowls into the bags. The crystals coming from the outer bowls will be of high moisture

content which is removed with the help of the driers. The protective cone helps the bowls to

prevent from damages.

In the concept of the bowls we come across about screens. Both the bowls consists of

screens of diameter 0.5mm. These screens play a major role in separation of ammonium crystals

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from the water. The maintenance operation of the screens should be perfect as it will have a

direct contact with the products. During the maintenance of the centrifuge separate care should

be taken. The change in the diameter of the screens leads to a disturbance in production. The

maintenance of the bowl includes shift wise, month wise, and year wise. The shift wise

maintenance can be done by the low skilled workers. But the month wise and year wise

maintenance should be done only in the presence of high skilled workers.

OIL CYLINDER:

The name itself indicates that the cylinder consists of oil that is responsible for the

backward and forward moments of the inner bowl. Thus further phenomenon leads to the process

of pushing the ammonia crystals from the outer bowl to the bags and from the bags to the driers.

In the driers the moisture content is removed.

Fig.8 oil cylinder

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As discussed earlier the inner bowl is of both rotary and reciprocating motions

respectively. In order to give the reciprocating motion to the inner bowl oil cylinder is necessary.

Here when the oil is one side in the tube the oil pushes the inner bowl in one direction say

forward direction. At the same time when the changes its direction to another place then the

inner bowl will be in action of other direction say backward direction. So in this way oil cylinder

plays a prominent role for inner bowl moments.

OPERATING PROCEDURE

Normal operation of the centrifuge depends on uniform distribution of coak in the bowl,

which is ensured by the feeding cone and equalizing ring. To make operation of the centrifuge

satisfactory, concentration of solid phase and feeding it to the centrifuge should be constant.

Fluctuations in feeding of the suspensions leads to fluctuations of humidity and unstable washing

of cake. If feeding exceeds the centrifuge maximum capacity the suspension is blocked in the

funnel which leads to improper washing of cake in the bowl.

MAINTENANCEINSPECTION

Three types of maintenance are followed for this type of centrifuges in this plant.

1. Shift wise maintenance

2. Month wise maintenance

3. Year wise maintenance

1. Shift wise maintenance:

It is being done by the shift operator. The centrifuge is washed thoroughly to

eliminate the salt deposits at different places. It is mainly to avoid vibrations in

the initial stage.

Inspection of the centrifuge is done for any oil leakages and immediate rectification is

being done.

Check the oil level and top up if required.

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Check the hot water hoses for any looseness and rectify the problems.

2. Month wise maintenance:

Check and tighten all the fasteners.

Replace the missing fasteners

Clean the hot water nozzle

Repeat the shift wise maintenance activities

3. Year wise maintenance:

In this type of maintenance the total equipment is dismantled and repair / replacement

of the spare parts is being done.

Check the bearing clearances.

Check the screen gap and uniformity in the gap.

Check the vibration isolators

Revision the piston and cylinder assembly

Test the oil for any deviations

Test the oil cooler

Revision the motors

Revision the fluid coupling

It is held not less than once a week. During maintenance inspection tightening of all the

threaded joint of the rotating details and the belts is carried out as well as smoothness of the bowl

rotation is checked.

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COAL TO COKE GAS CONVERSION

The conversion of coal to coke gas takes place in many numbers of steps. The steps consist

of passing the coal to the battery session etc. In the battery session the coal is heated in the

temperature of 80-90 centigrade in the absence of air. The heat treatment is only done in the

presence of steam. If it is heated in the presence of air then the coal is converted to the ash. So

care should be taken so that air should not enter into the battery.

Fig.9 Battery session where coal is heated

This session will be at the beginning in the coak gas conversion process. Coming to

this session here the coal can be supplied in three ways they are manual firing, stroke firing and

pulverized firing. Out of these processes Manual firing is not much efficient because, when the

quantity of coal required is more then it is very difficult to supply it. Both stroker and pulverized

firing comes under mechanical firing systems. Here mechanical components are used in supply

of coal in the required size and quantity. Overfeed and underfeed firings are the two basic types

comes under the stroker firing.

USES OF COAK GAS:

Finally coal is converted to coak gas by using different recovery plants like benzol

recovery plant, tar recovery plant etc. There are many uses of coak gas. But the main and basic

use is it acts as a fuel to the furnace in power plants. The main use of the coak gas is it is used as

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an input fuel to the furnace like blast furnace, Reverbaratory furnace, walking beam furnace etc.

For example it is supplied to the blast furnace to heat the input products and helps in generating

power. The below figures are the diagrammatic representations of the blast and Reverbaratory

furnaces where the coak gas is used.

Fig.10 Blast furnace Fig. 11 Reverbaratory furnace

Benzene is removed by the benzol recovery plant, tar is removed from tar distillation

plant, and ammonia is removed from ammonia recovery plant. In this way all the by-products

formed due to the conversion of coak gas from the coal are removed by using different recovery

plants.

MECHANICAL EQUIPMENTS INVOLVED IN CONVERSION OF COAL TO COKE

GAS:

Mainly there are eight components in conversion of coal to coak gas they are:

1. Pumps

2. Fans

3. Compressors

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4. Driers

5. Bucket Elevator

6. Salt conveyors

7. Bagging conveyors

8. Centrifuge

First the coak gas from the battery session is sent to the separator. Along with the

coak gas by-products like tar, benzol, ammonia etc are sent to the separator.

1. In the separator tar is removed by and sent to the decator. The temperature maintained

in the separator is 80-90 degrees centigrade. Even though the tar is removed in the separator

there will be a small amount of tar content in the mixture. Now the mixture is sent to the Primary

gas cooler. The temperature maintained in the primary gas cooler is 30 degrees. In this part also

the tar is tried to remove.

2. Then the mixture is sent to the Electrostatic precipitator where the fog tar is removed.

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PRIMARY GAS COOLER

30 deg

BATTERY

SESSION

SEPERATOR

80-90 deg

SEPERATOR

80-90 deg

PRIMARY GAS COOLER

30 deg

ELECTRO STATIC PRECIPITATOR

3. And from the electrostatic precipitator it is sent to the saturator where ammonia is mixed with

sulphuric acid to form ammonium sulphate.

Along with this mixture even water also enters into the centrifuge. The main function

of the centrifuge is to separate the solid from liquid. That means here separation of ammonia

sulphate from the water takes place.

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ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR

SATURATOR

ADDING SULPHURIC ACID

DIAGRAM REPRESENTING THE OVERALL PROCESS OF CONVERTING COAL

TO COKE GAS:

Fig.12 Coke gas converting plant

In the above figure at first there are shown three batteries with three different colors. So to

these batteries only coal is sent and heated in the absence of air to get coak gas. From the

batteries it is sent to the separator where the ammonia and tar is separated. And from the

separator it is sent to the primary gas cooler and from the primary gas cooler it further passed

into the electrostatic precipitator. And from the ESP it is sent to the saturator where the sulphuric

acid is added as shown in the figure. By the observation of the figure there are two path ways.

That is from saturator to final gas cooler and the other way is from saturator to collector where

the ammonia slurry is collected.

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BATTERY

SEPARATOR

PRIMARY GAS COOLER

(Tar is removed)

ELECTROSTATICPRECIPITATOR

EXHAUSTER

SATURATOR

(Sulphuric acid is added)

CENTRIFUGE

(Ammonia and water is separated)

DRIERS

BAGGING

AMMONIA BEFORE CENTRIFUGE:

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The ammonia before entering the centrifuge consists of water and in solid liquid state. This

mixture contains some amount of moisture which is to be removed by the driers after passing

through the centrifuge.

AMMONIA AFTER CENTRIFUGE:

The ammonia after passing through the centrifuge is of separation with water. But, still the

moisture content will be there. So, by the help of salt conveyers this ammonia sulphate will be

sent to the driers.

MIXTURE IN DRIERS

In the driers session moisture content is removed from the mixture by sending hot gases on

it. Other than centrifuge, saturator, pumps, fans, compressors, bucket elevators, salt conveyors

and bagging conveyors driers are other additional mechanical device in production of ammonia

with the help of centrifuge.

Fig. 13 Driers

So the final stage in the production of ammonia by using centrifuge achieved by the

usage of driers and ends with the bagging session.

5.2 DRIERS TO BAGGING

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The mixture after passing through the driers will be passed to the bagging session by the use

of belt conveyers. Here the ammonia crystal where the moisture content is removed and changed

to a perfect ammonia crystal which is used for urea, protein in livestock feeds for ruminating

animals etc and is packed and sent to the consumers. One pack of ammonia crystals is

approximately 52.2kg in weight. Thus h production of ammonia sulphate is completed with drier

session.

CONCLUSION

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At finally the use of centrifuge in the production of ammonia ends with the ammonia

sulphate powder as its output. As the centrifuge consists of motors we can say that it is a

mechanical device. And at the same time as it also consists some of the hydraulic devices like oil

cylinder etc it is also a hydraulic device. Thus this mechanism is combination of mechanical and

hydraulic components. Therefore by the study and analysation of centrifuge one can know its

importance in production of ammonium sulphate at recovery plant and the application of

centrifugal force for industrial purpose. Even though the equipment is an additional device and

requires some additional factors like floor space, power consumption, daily labour, running cost,

maintenance cost, and extra wages and also used in separate recovery plant the production of

ammonia is more. So if minute drawbacks are kept aside it is a perfect way in the production of

ammonia. So by this project one can know the importance of the centrifuge in both industrial

purpose and also in agricultural purpose.

REFERENCES

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1. Hilary Green: “Brief view of centrifuge; the book guild Ltd, Lewes, UK. (2000)(Reprint of 1923)

2. A. Records, K.Sutherland: Decanter Centrifuge Handbook virtue and company Ltd, London

3 J.C.Pollock: A book on Centrifuge: Isle of man, UK

4. Canada, Scott: G.Cohen, R.Cable, D. Brosseau and H.price (2004-10-25) Centrifuge and its

components

5. Baton, Bill (2000-6-18) Industrial usage of components Solar 2000 conference Barber-Nicholas, Inc

7. Nielsen et al.2005: Fundamentals of centrifugal and centripetal forces :.( ISBN 0-471-274712)

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