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![Page 1: Rocks and the Rock Cycle. The Rock Cycle The continuous and reversible processes that illustrates how one rock changes to another. “ One rock is the raw.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649da25503460f94a8f91e/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Rocks and the Rock Cycle
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The Rock Cycle
The continuous and reversible processes that illustrates how one rock changes to another.
“One rock is the raw material for another”.
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Rock Cycle Processes – Crystallization
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Rock Cycle Processes - Weathering
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Rock Cycle Processes - Lithification
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Rock Cycle Processes - Metamorphism
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Characteristics of magma• Magma is molten
rock that originates in the mantle, at depths of 100-350 km.
• Igneous rocks form from molten rock when it cools and crystallizes into the rock-forming minerals.
• Magma that reaches the surface is called lava.
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Igneous RocksVolcanic (extrusive) igneous rocks form from lava on the surface.
Plutonic (intrusive) igneous rocks from magma beneath the surface and are exposed later
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Volcanic Rock – Rapid rate of cooling • Volcanic rocks
crystallize from lava on the surface.
• Lava contacts air and water and cools rapidly, inhibiting large crystal formation.
• The most common volcanic rock is basalt.
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Plutonic Rock – Slow rate of cooling
• Plutonic rocks crystallize from magma in the interior of the crust, which are later exposed.
• Magma is insulated and cools slowly, allowing large crystals to form.
• Most common plutonic rocks are from the granite family.
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Igneous Rock Classification
• Texture– (overall appearance of rock, but
especially pertains to mineral crystal size)
– linked to how rock formed since crystal size depends on rate of cooling
• Mineral composition – chemical makeup of magma or lava
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Texture
– Size and arrangement of crystals• Slow cooling rate promotes the growth
of fewer but larger crystals• Fast rate forms many small crystals• Very fast rate forms glass
– Overall appearance (vesicles, glassy etc.)
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Phaneritic - Coarse-texture
Granite
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Rhyolite
Aphanitic - Fine texture
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Porphyritic – Bimodal crystal size
• Large crystals, phenocrysts, form slowly from magma.
• Magma erupts; crystals are suspended in an aphanitic matrix, the groundmass.
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Obsidian
Glassy texture – indicates lack of crystalline structure due to rapid cooling
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Granitic (Felsic) Composition• Composed of
primarily of light silicates
• Contains high amounts of silica (SiO2)
• Major constituents of continental crust.
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Basaltic (Mafic) Composition
• Composed of dark silicates and calcium-rich feldspar
• More dense than granitic rocks
• Comprise the ocean floor as well as many volcanic islands.
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Sediment• solid rock or mineral
fragments transported and deposited by water, wind, ice or gravity
• dissolved minerals which evaporate or precipitate from water, or are secreted by organisms
• accumulate over time as loose unconsolidated layer.
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Sedimentary rocks form when sediment from weathered and eroded rock is compacted or
cemented into solid rock
Fig. 3-2, p.46
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Sedimentary rocks• Formed by the lithification of
sediment • compaction by burial• cementation by minerals from ground water
• Sedimentary rocks contain evidence of past environments
• Provide information about climate• Often contain fossils
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Clastic Sedimentary Rockscomposed of solid sediment from weathered rocks
conglomeratesandstone
organic shale
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Chemical Sedimentary Rocks
• Composed of minerals precipitated from surface or ground water (chemical sediment).
• The upper picture shows rock salt on the Bonneville Salt Flats.
• The lower photo shows veins of rock gypsum embedded in mudstone.
• Both of these chemical sedimentary rocks are examples of evaporites.
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Biogenic Sedimentary Rocks
• composed of sediment of biological origin (e.g. shell fragments, plant material).
• The upper photo is limestone, composed of an ancient coral reef in the Guadaloupe Mountains of Texas.
• The lower photo is of bituminous coal. • COAL
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Coal Formation
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Metamorphic rocks form when heat, pressure or chemical reaction alters existing rocks
Fig. 3-CO, p.44
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MetamorphismThe transition of one rock into another by
temperatures and/or pressures unlike those in which it formed.
Metamorphic rocks are produced from• Igneous rocks• Sedimentary rocks• Other metamorphic rocks
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Metamorphism• Progresses incrementally (low to high-
grade)
• Rock remains solid throughout process
• Agents of metamorphism– heat (between 150° and 800° C)– pressure (5 km below the surface the
pressure is about 1500 x greater than atmospheric pressure
– chemically-active pore fluids.
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Heat – from the Geothermal Gradient or rising magma
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Pressure from overlying rocks
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Low grade to high grade Metamorphism (left-right)
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Types of Metamorphism
• Contact or thermal metamorphism – usually caused by contact of a rising magma body with host rock
• Regional metamorphism (mountain building) – caused by tectonic plate interactions
• Hydrothermal metamorphism – chemical alterations from hot, ion-rich water
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Changes due to metamorphism
• recrystallization of mineral grains and chemical precipitates
• Formation of new, stable minerals
• Foliation – parallel alignment of minerals due to pressure.
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Foliation
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Granite is a common parent rocks of Gneiss (“Nice”)
Igneous Granite Metamorphic Gneiss
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Sandstone is the parent rock for quartzite
Sandstone - sedimentary Quartzite - metamorphic
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Limestone is the parent rock for marble
Limestone - sedimentary Marble - metamorphic