Prior learning There are 3 kinds of rock – sedimentary, metamorphic and Igneous
ROCK Igneous, Sedimentary and Metamorphic Rocks EarthDynamics... · 2019-07-09 · ROCKROCK...
Transcript of ROCK Igneous, Sedimentary and Metamorphic Rocks EarthDynamics... · 2019-07-09 · ROCKROCK...
ROCKROCKIgneous, Sedimentary and Metamorphic RocksIgneous, Sedimentary and Metamorphic Rocks
2307101 Earth Dynamics2307101 Earth DynamicsDepartment of Geology, Faculty of Science, Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, ChulalongkornChulalongkorn UniversityUniversity
ผูชวยศาสตราจารยผูชวยศาสตราจารย ดรดร..วิชัยวิชัย จูฑะโกสิทธิ์กานนทจูฑะโกสิทธิ์กานนท
ภาควิชาธรณีวิทยาภาควิชาธรณีวิทยา คณะวิทยาศาสตรคณะวิทยาศาสตร
จุฬาลงกรณมหาวิทยาลัยจุฬาลงกรณมหาวิทยาลัย
[email protected]@yahoo.com
แร และหิน วัฎจักรของหิน การจําแนกประเภทของหิน หินอัคนี หินตะกอน หินแปร สรุป
ลําดับขั้นของการนําเสนอ
ธาตุหรือสารประกอบอนนิทรียที่เปนของแข็งที่เกิดขึ้นตามธรรมชาติมีโครงสรางภายในที่เปนระเบียบ
มีสูตรเคมี และมีสมบัติทางเคมีและทางกายภาพที่แนนอนหรือเปลี่ยนแปลงไดในวงจํากัด
เพชร (Diamond) C
ทอง (Gold) Au
ควอรตซ (Quartz) SiO2
แคลไซต (Calcite) CaCO3
แอลไบต (Albite) NaAlSi3O8
แร (mineral)
ควอรตซ
มวลของแข็งที่ประกอบดวยแรชนิดเดียวหรือหลายชนิดรวมตัวกนัอยูตามธรรมชาติ หรือประกอบดวยแกวธรรมชาติ
หรือสสารจากสิ่งมีชีวิต
หินแกรนติ (Granite) quartz, K-feldspar, biotite
หินทราย (Sandstone) quartz, feldspar, rock fragments
หินปูน (Limestone) calcite
หินควอรตไซต (Quartzite) quartz
หินออบซิเดียน (Obsidian) volcanic glass
ลิกไนต (Lignite) C-H-O-N
หิน (rock)
หินแกรนิต
Rock CycleRock Cycle
Rock classificationIgneous rock (หินอัคนี)
Plutonic rock (หินอัคนีระดับลึก)
Volcanic rock (หินภูเขาไฟ)
Sedimentary rock (หินตะกอน)
Clastic rock (หินเนือ้ประสม)
Non-clastic rock (หินเนื้อประสาน)
Metamorphic rock (หินแปร)
Foliated rock (หินเนือ้ริ้วขนาน)
Non-foliated rock (หินเนื้อไรริ้วขนาน)
การจําแนกประเภทของหิน
Rock classificationIgneous rock
Plutonic rock
Volcanic rock
Sedimentary rock
Clastic rock
Non-clastic rock
Metamorphic rock
Foliated rock
Non-foliated rock
a rock that forms when hot molten rock (magma or lava) cools and freezes
solid
Igneous rock
หินอัคนี
Molten rock/materials(1) Magma = molten materials
below the earth’s surface(2) Lava = molten materials above
the earth’s surface
Types of molten materials
Magma = molten materials below the earth’s surface
Lava = molten materials above the earth’s surface
15 °C /km
Geothermal Gradient
N. L. BowenArtificial magma, O, Si, Al, Fe, Mg, Ca, Na, K
Crystallization path
Continuous reaction series of plagioclase
Discontinuous reaction series of olivine, pyroxene, amphibole, biotite
Bowen’s reaction series
Crystallization of magma
Norman Levi Bowen (in 1909)
BowenBowen’’s Reaction Seriess Reaction SeriesCrystallization pathCrystallization path
O, Si, Al, Fe, Mg, Ca, Na, KO, Si, Al, Fe, Mg, Ca, Na, K
Classification & types of igneous rocks
Mode of occurrence (รูปแบบการเกิด)Plutonic or Intrusive rocks
Volcanic or Extrusive rocks
Chemical & mineralogical classification (องคประกอบทางเคมีและแร)
Felsic rocks
Intermediate rocks
Mafic rocks
Ultramafic rock
Mode of occurrencePlutonic (Intrusive) rock –
เย็นและแข็งตัวใตพืน้ผิวโลก
Volcanic (Extrusive) rock –
เย็นและแข็งตัวบนพื้นผิวโลก
ความแตกตางของอุณหภูมิ = แตกตางเพียงเล็กนอยอัตราของการเย็นตัวเปนไปอยางชาๆ ---> large crystals
(phaneritic texture)
ความแตกตางของอุณหภูมิ = แตกตางมาก
อัตราของการเย็นตัวเปนไปอยางรวดเร็ว ---> small crystals or glasses
(aphanitic texture & glassy texture)
The specimen shown is about two inches (five centimeters) across.
The specimen shown is about two inches (five centimeters) across.
Chemical & mineralogical classification
Felsic rocks ---> feldspar + silica
Intermediate rocks
Mafic rocks ---> magnesium + ferric
Ultramafic rock
felsic = quartz, K-feldsparmafic = olivine, pyroxene, amphibole
SiO2 = < 45, 45-52, 52-65, > 65 %felsicmafic
Felsic/Silicic Mafic
light colored
Intermediate
dark colored
high in SiO2 low in SiO2
Phaneritic Plutonic (magma)
(coarse grained) Intrusive
Aphanitic Volcanic (lava)
(fine grained) Extrusive
Igneous Rock Classification
Granite
Rhyolite
Diorite Gabbro
Andesite BasaltGrain SizeGrain Size< 0.05 mm< 0.05 mm
Peridotite
Ultramafic
very dark colored
very low in SiO2
Dunite & Pyroxenite
Scoria
Glassy Volcanic (lava)
(no crystals) Extrusive
Obsidian
Plut
onic
roc
ksV
olca
nic
rock
s
Pumice
SiO2 = > 65% SiO2 = 45-52%
increasing Fe and Mgincreasing Silica content
Rock-forming minerals in igneous rocks
แรประกอบหินแรประกอบหิน (rock(rock--forming minerals)forming minerals)
แรปฐมภูมิแรปฐมภูมิ (primary minerals)(primary minerals)
แรหลักแรหลัก (essential minerals) (essential minerals) ---------------------- Rock NameRock Name
แรรองแรรอง ( (accessory minerals)accessory minerals)
แรทุติยภูมิแรทุติยภูมิ (secondary minerals)(secondary minerals)
QuartzQuartz
KK--feldsparfeldspar
PlagioclasePlagioclase
MuscoviteMuscovite
BiotiteBiotite
MagnetiteMagnetite
ChloriteChlorite
Granite Rhyolite
Rock-forming minerals in igneous rocks
แรประกอบหินแรประกอบหิน (rock(rock--forming minerals)forming minerals)
แรปฐมภูมิแรปฐมภูมิ (primary minerals)(primary minerals)
แรหลักแรหลัก (essential minerals) (essential minerals) ---------------------- Rock NameRock Name
แรรองแรรอง ( (accessory minerals)accessory minerals)
แรทุติยภูมิแรทุติยภูมิ (secondary minerals)(secondary minerals)
OlivineOlivine
PyroxenePyroxene
PlagioclasePlagioclase
SpinelSpinel
MagnetiteMagnetite
ChloriteChlorite
Olivine basalt
Phaneritic Texture –slow coolinglarge crystals
Aphanitic Texture –rapid coolingsmall crystals
Felsic Chemical Composition
Granite Rhyolite
Phaneritic Texture –slow coolinglarge crystals
Aphanitic Texture –rapid coolingsmall crystals
Intermediate Chemical Composition
Diorite Andesite
Phaneritic Texture –slow coolinglarge crystals
Aphanitic Texture –rapid coolingsmall crystals
Mafic Chemical Composition
Gabbro Basalt
Glassy texture – very rapid cooling,
no crystal structures
conchoidal fracture
Obsidian
Pumice Glassy texture & Vesicular texture
no crystal structures & bubble capture
Scoria Volcanic bomb
Aphanitic texture & Vesicular texture
Vesicular basalt
Aphanitic texture
Vesicular texture & Amygdaloidal texture
Amygdaloidal basalt
Subjacent massSubjacent massBatholithBatholith -------- geographically area > 100 kmgeographically area > 100 km22
Stock Stock -------- geographically area < 100 kmgeographically area < 100 km22
Injected massInjected massDike / DykeDike / Dyke
SillSill
LaccolithLaccolith
LopolithLopolith
OtherOther
Classification of plutons
subjacent mass
injected masscountry rock
subjacent mass
injected mass
PLUTONPLUTONSubjacent massSubjacent mass
BatholithBatholith > 100 km> 100 km22
Stock < 100 kmStock < 100 km22
Injected massInjected mass
Dike / DykeDike / Dyke
SillSill
LaccolithLaccolith
LopolithLopolith
VOLCANOVOLCANOShield volcanoShield volcano
Cinder cone volcanoCinder cone volcano
Stratovolcano / Composite Stratovolcano / Composite volcanovolcano
FISSURE FISSURE ERUPTIONERUPTION
hypabyssal rock (หินอัคนีระดับตื้น) = intrusive rock +
fine-to medium-grainedphaneritic
plutonic textureaphanitic
volcanic texture
L
M
S
Microgabbro/Diabase2 mm-the IUGS recommendation
L
M
S
L
S
S
hypabyssal rock (หินอัคนีระดับตื้น) = intrusive rock +
fine-to medium-grainedphaneritic
plutonic textureaphanitic
volcanic texture
Geographical senseExtinct volcanoes, Sleeping volcanoes, Active volcanoes
Geological senseShield volcanoes --- formed by lava flows of low viscosity
— lava that flows easily
Cinder cone volcanoes --- built almost entirely of loose volcanic fragments called cinders (pumice, pyroclastics, or tephra)
Stratovolcanoes / Composite volcanoes
FISSURE ERUPTION FISSURE ERUPTION ------ formed by formed by lava flows lava flows of low viscosity along the fissure (not formed as “volcano”)
country rock
Classification of volcanoes
Stratovolcanoes / Composite volcanoes
PLUTONPLUTONSubjacent massSubjacent mass
BatholithBatholith > 100 km> 100 km22
Stock < 100 kmStock < 100 km22
Injected massInjected mass
Dike / DykeDike / Dyke
SillSill
LaccolithLaccolith
LopolithLopolith
VOLCANOVOLCANOShield volcanoShield volcano
Cinder cone volcanoCinder cone volcano
Stratovolcano / Composite Stratovolcano / Composite volcanovolcano
FISSURE FISSURE ERUPTIONERUPTION
A caldera is a large, usually circular depression at the summit of a volcano formed when magma is withdrawn or erupted from a shallow underground magma reservoir. The removal of large volumes of magma may result in loss of structural support for the overlying rock, thereby leading to collapse of the ground and formation of a large depression.
Caldera
LavaChemical Classification – basaltic, andesitic, rhyolitic
Physical Classification – pahoehoe, aa, pillow lava
Volcanic gas – H2O, CO2, N2, SO2, SO3, S2
Pyroclastic debrisDebris -- volcanic dust, ash, lapilli/cinder, block, bomb
Pyroclastic rocks -- volcanic tuff, volcanic breccia
Volcanic by-products
SiO2 = < 45, 45-52, 52-65, > 65 %felsicmafic
SIZE = 2-64 mm, > 64 mmTephra
pa-ho’-e-ho’-e
aaaa
pahoehoepahoehoepillow lavapillow lava
columnar jointcolumnar joint
lava flowlava flow
pyroclasticpyroclastic flowflow
Pompeii
rock formed by accumulation and consolidation of sediments
Sedimentary rock
Sediments(1) Material (broken rock fragments
such as gravel, sand, silt, mud, lime, and clay) that is weathered, eroded and transported by wind, water, ice, or gravity;
(2) Material that is precipitated from solution;
(3) Deposits of organic origin (such as peat, shell fragments, coral reefs, and diatoms)
Rock classificationIgneous rock
Plutonic rock
Volcanic rock
Sedimentary rock
Clastic rock
Non-clastic rock
Metamorphic rock
Foliated rock
Non-foliated rock
หินตะกอน
Clas
ticro
cks
Non-
clasti
c roc
ks
• Sandstones• Conglomerates• Breccias• Shales/Mudstones• Siltstone
Classification & types of sedimentary rocks
ClasticClastic rocksrocks
Evaporitic rocks
These rocks are formeddue to evaporation of saline water (sea water)e.g. Gypsum, Halite (rock salt)
Carbonate rocks
Form basically from CaCO3 – both (1) by chemical leaching and (2) by organic source (biochemical)e.g. Limestone; Dolomite
Organic rocks
Form due to decomposition of organic remains under temperature and pressuree.g. Coal/Lignite etc.
Chemical & Organic rocksChemical & Organic rocks
NonNon--clasticclastic rocksrocks
• formed from broken rock fragments weathered, eroded and transported by river, glacier, wind and sea waves. These clastic sediments are found deposited on floodplains/beaches, in deserts, and on the sea floors.
Clastic rocks
Clastic rocks
solidified/lithified
• Clastic rocks are classified on the basis of the grain size: conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone, shale, mudstone, claystone, etc.
Very coarse sand: 1-2 mm
Coarse sand: 0.5-1 mm
Medium sand: 0.25-0.5 mm
Fine sand: 0.125-0.25 mm
Very fine sand: 0.0625-0.125 mm
Grain size
Gravel>256-2 mm
Sand2- 0.062 mm
Clay<0.004 mm
Silt0.062-0.004 mm
Boulder: >256 mm
Cobble: 64-256 mm
Pebble: 4-64 mm
Granule: 2-4 mm(Fine gravel)
Udden-Wentworth grade scale
Clast/Grain & Any rock fragments(in this case, size is > 4 mm=Pebble)
Fine-gravel/Granule(size <4 mm)
Matrix: is the finer grains or materials that surrounds the larger clasts. It consists of either clay, silt and sand.
Cement: dissolved substance that bounds the grains or sediments.
1. Calcareous2. Siliceous3. Ferruginous+/- Argillaceous
MATRIXMATRIX
GRAINGRAIN
CEMENTCEMENT
Degree of roundness helps in knowing the distance of transportation
• Angular clasts :- short distance transport from the source
• Rounded clasts :- long distance transport
Roundness
Sorting of the sediments also suggests the mode of deposition and transportation
Long distance transport = well-rounded and well-sorted sediments
Short distance transport = poorly sorted angular grains
Sorting
SizeSize
RoundingRoundingRoundnessRoundness
SphericitySphericity
SortingSorting
When rounded clastic fragments are cemented or undergo consolidation, they are called…CONGLOMERATES
Similarly when angular clastsundergo consolidation, they are called…SEDIMENTARY BRECCIA
Conglomerate & Sedimentary breccia
http://www.waterproofpaper.com/graph-paper/triangular-grid-graph-paper.pdf
http://www.waterproofpaper.com/graph-paper/triangular-graph-paper.pdf
ANSWER1 = A60, B20, C202 = A25, B40, C353 = A10, B70, C204 = A00, B25, C75
ternary diagramternary diagram
ternary diagramternary diagram
Orthoquartzite
Arkose (Feldspar)
Graywacke
Sandstone
• Sandstones are clastic rocks, made up mainly sands
• Different types of sandstones (based on their compositions :- quartz, feldspar and rock fragments) such as the names, orthoquartzite, protoquartzite, arkose, graywacke
• Sometimes contain fossils
• Deposition takes place under high fluvial regime or under strong water current.
Different types of Sandstones (based on their compositions)
Orthoquartzite
Arkose (Feldspar) Graywacke
Sandstone
Protoquartzite
ternary diagramternary diagram
Shale• Shales are clastic rocks, made up
mainly fine silt/clay
• Shales are most abundant sedimentary rocks, accounts for about 80% of them
• Often contain fossils
• Mostly the hydrous aluminum silicates in composition = from weathered feldspars
• Deposition takes place under low fluvial regime or under weak water current. e.g. Offshore or in Lagoon
fissility
• Sandstones• Conglomerates• Breccias• Shales/mudstones• Siltstone
Classification & types of sedimentary rocks
ClasticClastic rocksrocks Chemical & Organic rocksChemical & Organic rocks
Evaporitic rocks
These rocks are formeddue to evaporation of saline water (sea water)e.g. Gypsum, Halite (rock salt)
Carbonate rocks
Form basically from CaCO3 – both (1) by chemical leaching and (2) by organic source (biochemical)e.g. Limestone; Dolomite
Organic rocks
Form due to decomposition of organic remains under temperature and pressuree.g. Coal/Lignite etc.
These rocks are formed within the a depositional basin from chemical substances dissolved in the seawater or lake water.
Gypsum Halite
NaClCaSO4.2H20
Evaporitic rocks
Gypsum
Rock salt
• Sandstones• Conglomerates• Breccias• Shales/mudstones• Siltstone
Classification & types of sedimentary rocks
ClasticClastic rocksrocks Chemical & Organic rocksChemical & Organic rocks
Evaporitic rocks
These rocks are formeddue to evaporation of saline water (sea water)e.g. Gypsum, Halite (rock salt)
Carbonate rocks
Form basically from CaCO3 – both (1) by chemical leaching and (2) by organic source (biochemical)e.g. Limestone; Dolomite
Organic rocks
Form due to decomposition of organic remains under temperature and pressuree.g. Coal/Lignite etc.
• Carbonate rocks are a class of sedimentary rocks composed primarily of carbonate minerals.
• The two major types are limestone, which is composed of calcite or aragonite (different crystal forms of CaCO3) and dolostone/dolomite, which is composed of the mineral dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2).
• The solubility of limestone in water and weak acid solutions leads to karst landscapes, in which water erodes the limestone over thousands to millions of years. Most cave systems are through limestone bedrock.
Carbonate rocks
• Limestone is a sedimentary rock composed largely of the minerals calcite and aragonite, which are different crystal forms of calcium carbonate (CaCO3).
• Limestone makes up about 10% of the total volume of all sedimentary rocks.
• (1) limestones formed by chemical precipitation are usually fine grained, whereas, in case of (2) organic limestones the grain size vary depending upon the types of organisms responsible for the formation.
• Most limestone is composed of skeletal fragments of marine organisms (such as coral or foraminifera).
Limestone
• Limestone often contains variable amounts of silica in the form of chert (sometimes = chalcedony, flint, jasper, etc.)
• Travertine is a form of limestone deposited by mineral springs, especially hot springs. Travertine often has a fibrous or concentric appearance and exists in white, tan, cream-colored, and even rusty varieties. It is formed by a process of rapid precipitation of calcium carbonate, often at the mouth of a hot spring or in a limestone cave.
• Similar (but softer and extremely porous) deposits formed from ambient-temperature water are known as tufa.travertine
chert nodules
Limestone
Limestone
CoralsCoralsCrinoidsCrinoidsBrachiopodsBrachiopods
Limestone
FusulinidsFusulinids
• Dolostone is also known as dolomite, although that name is confusing due to the mineral dolomite which it consists of.
• It looks much like limestone, however it does not react with HCl unless finely powdered. It is also darker, has less fossils, and has got more crystalline material.
• Apart from the mineral dolomite, it contains quartz, feldspars and mica, and secondary silicates.
Dolomite
• Sandstones• Conglomerates• Breccias• Shales/mudstones• Siltstone
Classification & types of sedimentary rocks
ClasticClastic rocksrocks Chemical & Organic rocksChemical & Organic rocks
Evaporitic rocks
These rocks are formeddue to evaporation of saline water (sea water)e.g. Gypsum, Halite (rock salt)
Carbonate rocks
Form basically from CaCO3 – both (1) by chemical leaching and (2) by organic source (biochemical)e.g. Limestone; Dolomite
Organic rocks
Form due to decomposition of organic remains under temperature and pressuree.g. Coal/Lignite etc.
Organic rocks
Plant debris
DiatomsRadiolarians
Mollusks
Chert / Radiolarian chert
An electron microscope image of a radiolarian fossil. Radiolarians are tiny plankton that form intricate "skeletons" of silica. These "skeletons" accumulate at the bottom of the deep ocean into layers of silica ooze that can solidify into chert.
Radiolarians
Diatomite Diatomites are the result of accumulations of billions of diatom skeletons in either a lake or marine setting. Diatoms are very small, unicellular, photosynthetic organisms.
DiatomDiatomsDiatoms
Diatomite, or diatomaceous earth, is a very distinctive sedimentary rock. It is whitish, powdery, and very lightweight. It seems quite soft, but the individual particles making up the rock are siliceous (opaline silica), having a hardness around 6 on the Mohs Scale. This makes diatomaceous earth a wonderful mild abrasive. It is mined for use in a wide variety of products. Most people encounter diatomites everyday as one of the ingredients in toothpaste (the opaline silica scrapes away foreign material from tooth surfaces).
Diatomites are the result of accumulations of billions of diatom skeletons in either a lake or marine setting. Diatoms are very small, unicellular, photosynthetic organisms. Some call them "algae", but they're not. Some call them "plants", but they're not. They're probably best placed in Kingdom Protista. Diatoms make a hard, two-part skeleton composed of opal (opaline silica, SiO2·nH2O). The diatom skeleton is called a frustule (see example photo). Diatom frustules are either rounded or elongated, and the two parts of the skeleton nest into each other, kinda like a large petri dish over a slightly smaller petri dish. Careful examination of fossil diatoms typically requires use of a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Diatomites such as the sample shown below contain immense numbers of many different species of fossil diatoms.
The appearance of diatomite very closely resembles chalk. Chalk is calcareous, and will bubble in acid - diatomite won't do that. Chalk is also noticeably heavier than diaomite. Diatomite and chalk also closely resemble kaolinite, a clay mineral. First of all, kaolinite will not bubble in acid. Kaolinite is also distinctive in having an earthy feel and an earthy smell, especially when wet. Kaolinite becomes noticeably sticky when wet.
Chalk
ForaminifersForaminifers//ForamsForams
Coquina
Shell fragmentsShell fragments
Lignite
Peat
|<|<-- -- COAL COAL -- -->|>|
• Metamorphism –mineralogical, chemical, and physical changes that occur in solid rocks.
• Occurs at depths greater than that of lithification(Diagenesis).
rock formed by metamorphism of pre-
existing rocks
Metamorphic rock
Rock classificationIgneous rock
Plutonic rock
Volcanic rock
Sedimentary rock
Clastic rock
Non-clastic rock
Metamorphic rock
Foliated rock
Non-foliated rock
หินแปร
Temperature
Pressure
Fluids
Others :- texture, duration
Factors controlling the metamorphism
Temperature
Catalyst in reactions (metamorphism)
Important factors in the recrystallization, chemical recombination, chemical replacement
Help to change rocks to plastics and flows
Start at temp 100-300 C / depth 10-20 km
Generally metamorphic temp 200-800 C
15 °C /km & 250-300bar/km
Geothermal Gradient
Pressure
Confining pressure (load pressure, Confining pressure (load pressure, lithostaticlithostatic pressure)pressure)
σσ11 = = σσ22 = = σσ33
Metamorphic pressure 1Metamorphic pressure 1--10 10 kbarkbar
(depth 15 km)(depth 15 km)
Stress pressure (dynamic pressure, Stress pressure (dynamic pressure, directed pressure)directed pressure)
σσ11 ≥≥ σσ22 ≥≥ σσ33
FoliationFoliation
Stre
ss &
Pre
ssur
e
Stress & Pressure
foliationfoliation
horizontal slaty cleavage vertical slaty cleavage
Relationship among P° T° & Metamorphic rocks
prograde metamorphismretrograde metamorphism
Fluids
water, solution, gas (out residual /in)
out = residual fluid in pore spaces
in = hydrothermal solution
metasomatism
การแปรสภาพคงองคประกอบการแปรสภาพคงองคประกอบisochemicalisochemical metamorphism / metamorphism / treptomorphismtreptomorphism
การแปรสภาพองคประกอบการแปรสภาพองคประกอบallochemicalallochemical metamorphismmetamorphism = = metasomatismmetasomatism
Thermal metamorphism (Contact meta.)Dynamic metamorphism (Mechanical meta.)Dynamothermal meta’ism (Regional meta.)
Types of metamorphisms
Contact metamorphismContact metamorphism
RecrystallizationRecrystallization (a = A)(a = A)calcitecalcitelimestonelimestone = = calcitecalcitemarblemarble
Chemical recombination (Chemical recombination (a+ba+b = c)= c)quartz + calcite = quartz + calcite = wollastonitewollastonite + CO+ CO22
Chemical replacement (Chemical replacement (a+da+dmagmamagma = e)= e)
Regional metamorphismRegional metamorphism
Folia
ted ro
cks
Non-
folia
ted ro
cks
Paragneiss
HornfelsHornfels
Mudstone, Mudstone, ChertChert
Folia
ted ro
cks
Non-
folia
ted ro
cks
Orthogneiss
DolomiteDolomite
MudstoneMudstoneClaystoneClaystone
Slate
slaty cleavage
Phyllite
Schist
schistosity
Gneiss Orthogneiss designates a gneiss derived from an igneous rock, and Paragneiss is one from a sedimentary rock.
banding
Quartzite
Marble
Hornfels
Antracite
Metamorphic Metamorphic FaciesFacies
Very Low Grade: Zeolite, prehnite-pumpellyite, and blueschist faciesLow Grade: Greenschist, Ep-Ab hornfels faciesMedium Grade: Amphibolite, hornblende hornfels faciesHigh Grade: Granulite, pyroxene hornfels, sanidinite facies
Clas
ticro
cks
Non-
clasti
cro
cks
Folia
ted ro
cks
Non-
folia
ted ro
cks
สรุป
Igneous rock
Plutonic rock
Volcanic rock
Sedimentary rock
Clastic rock
Non-clastic rock
Metamorphic rock
Foliated rock
Non-foliated rock
THANK YOU
hypabyssal rock (หินอัคนีระดับตื้น) = intrusive rock + volcanic texture