Robotics 2012 03 Kinematics chain
Transcript of Robotics 2012 03 Kinematics chain
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Kinematic chains Kinematic chains
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Readings & prerequisites
Chapter 2 (prerequisites)
� Reference systems
� Vectors
� Matrices
� Rotations, translations, roto-translations
� Homogeneous representation of vectors
and matricesand matrices
Chapter 1
� Introduction and definitions
� Robot classification
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Kinematic chains
� Kinematics allows to represent positions, velocities and
accelerations of specified points in a multi-body structure,
independently from the causes that may have generated
the motion (i.e., forces and torques)
� In order to describe the kinematics of manipulators or � In order to describe the kinematics of manipulators or
mobile robots, it is necessary to define the concept of
kinematic chains
A kinematic chain kinematic chain is a series of ideal arms/links
connected by ideal joints
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Kinematic Chain – KC
� A kinematic chain KC is composed by a variable number of
� Arms/links (rigid and ideal)
� Joints (rigid and ideal)
� It is defined only as a geometric entity (no mass, friction,
elasticity, etc. is considered and modeled)
� It has a degree of motion (DOM) and may afford a degree � It has a degree of motion (DOM) and may afford a degree
of freedom (DOF)
� One must define a reference frame (RF) on each arm → DH
conventions are used (see later for definition)
� Then, one is able to describe in this RF every possible point
of the arm
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KC
�� LinksLinks (or armsarms) are idealized geometrical bars connecting
two or more joints
�� JointsJoints are idealized physical components allowing a relative
motion between the attached links
� Joints allow a single “degree of motion” (DOM) between
connected linksconnected links
� Joints may be
� Rotational (or revoluterevolute); they allow a relative geometrical
rotation between links
�� PrismaticPrismatic or translation; they allow a relative geometrical
translation between links
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Joint
This is a jointjoint
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Example
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Revolute
Prismatic
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Example
Joint
Link
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Joint
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Graphical representation
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Rotation joints
Rotation joints are drawn in 3D as small
cylinders with axes aligned along each
rotation axis k
j
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Rotation joints are drawn in 2D as small
circles or small hourglasses
jik
axis is normal to the plane
pointing toward the observer
ij
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Example
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This is called the
end effector end effector or TCPTCP
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Prismatic joints
Prismatic joints are drawn in 3D as small boxes with each axis aligned along the translation axis
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Prismatic joints are drawn in 2D as small squares with a point in their centres or as small rectangles with a line showing the two successive links
jik
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Example
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Example
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Example
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End effectors
End effector End effector – gripper – hand – end tool are synonymous
� It identifies the structure at the end of the last link that is
able to perform the required task or can hold a tool
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Tool center point – TCP
The TCPTCP (Tool Center Point) is the mathematical point on the
end effector that the robot software moves through space.
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Example
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This is the TCP
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Open and closed KC
�� Open chainsOpen chains: when
there is only one link
between any two joints.
The KC has the tree-like
structure
�� Closed chainsClosed chains: when
there are more than one
link between two joints.
The KC has the cycle-like
structure
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Task space
� The robot TCP moves in a 3D cartesian/euclidean space
The Task spaceTask space is a subset of the cartesian space that can be
reached by the TCP
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Task spaceTask space
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Joint space
The value of each joint variable qi
is the component of a vector that
belongs to the joint space joint space 2q
3q
4q
5qq
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Actuators TCP
1q
6q
When a joint is not actuated, it is called passive jointpassive joint
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Joint space
The joint motion
produces a motion of
the TCP in the task
The robot joints are moved by actuators (electric, hydraulic,
pneumatic motors, etc.)
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the TCP in the task
space.
One shall be able to
describe the relation
between the joint space
and the task space
representations
Actuators
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Tasks space – Joint space – kinematic functions
Joint space
Task Spacez
3q
Direct K function
6( )t ∈p ℝ
This is called a posepose
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xy
1q
2q
Inverse K function
Direct K function
Direct kinematic function is easier than inverse kinematic function
( ) nt ∈q ℝ
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Degrees of freedom – redundancy
1. Each joint adds one to the degree of motiondegree of motion (DOM)
The robot DOMrobot DOM is equal to n
2. The number of independent variables that describe the TCP
reference frame is called the TCP degree of freedom (DOF).
The TCP DOFTCP DOF is equal to n’
3. The number of independent variables that characterize the 3. The number of independent variables that characterize the
task reference frame is called the task DOF
The task DOFtask DOF is equal to m
n can be as large as desired, but m≤3 in the 2D plane, m≤6 in
the 3D space
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2 3( ) , , ( ) , , , , ,D Dt x y t x y zθ φ θ ψ = =
p pT T
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Degrees of freedom
Not always the n robot DOMs allow to obtain n’=n DOFs of the TCP
Since the TCP DOF should be equal to the task DOF (otherwise the
robot is useless for that task …) one can consider the following cases
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Case 1Case 1 is the usual case; the robot is called nonnon--redundantredundant. It has as many
TCP DOF as required by the task
Case 3Case 3 is an unlikely case; the robot has less TCP DOF than required by the
task. Therefore it is useless
Case 4Case 4 is another unlikely case. The KC has more joints than required (i.e.,
more expensive than necessary and more complex to control)
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Example of Case 4
This KC has three prismatic joints (all parallel) that allow only one
DOF to the TCP
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This “robot” requires three motors, when only one would be
sufficient for the same purpose (apart from other considerations
related to redundancy )
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Redundancy
Case 2Case 2 characterize a class of kinematic chains called redundant chainsredundant chains
They have more TCP DOF that those required by the task
Why redundant robots are important or useful ?
They improve manipulabilitymanipulability or dexteritydexterity, i.e., the ability to reach a
desired pose avoiding obstacles, like the human arm does
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desired pose avoiding obstacles, like the human arm does
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Redundancy of the human arm
Wrist
Arm
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The human (arm + wrist) has 7
DOFs
But it is not ideal, since it is
composed by muscles, bones
and other tissues; it is not a rigid
body, the joint are elastic, etc.
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Redundancy of the human arm
This mechanical arm
simulates the human arm
Shoulder = 4 DOM
Wrist = 3 DOM
12
3
Shoulder
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Wrist = 3 DOM
Industrial robots have a
shoulder with 3 DOM (joint
3 is missing), and a wrist
similar to this one with 3
DOM
4
6
7
Wrist
5
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Example of redundancy
TCP
Joint 4
Joint 3
Joint 2
Joint 1
The KC has 4 DOM since there are 4 rotating joints; an object in a plane has only 3
DOF (two positions + one angle). Therefore this KC is redundant (redundancy
degree 4-3 = 1).
If the task requires only to position an object, with no particular constraint on the
orientation, the DOF will reduce to 2 and the redundancy increases to 4-2=2
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Joint 2
Base
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Robot typesRobot typesRobot typesRobot types
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Types of robots
Industrial robots are usually composed by an arm and a wrist.
The robot type is defined by the arm configuration, and depends on
the type of joints in the arm. They are called P and R respectively
P = prismatic jointP = prismatic joint
R = R = rotoidalrotoidal jointjoint
Robots are classified according to the following classesRobots are classified according to the following classes
� Cartesian = 3P
� Cylindrical = 1R-2P
� Polar or Spherical = 2R-1P
� SCARA = 2R-1P; SCARA = Selective Compliance Assembly Robot Arm
� Articulated or Anthropomorphic = 3R
There are also parallelparallel robots, but they do not follow this classification
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Cartesian
�� CartesianCartesian = 3P = P-P-P
� The shoulder is composed by three prismatic joints, with
mutually orthogonal axes
� Each DOM corresponds to a cartesian task variable
� The task space is a sort of parallelepiped
� They provide an accurate positioning in the whole task � They provide an accurate positioning in the whole task
space, but have a limited dexterity
� The most common structures are lateral columns or
suspended bridges
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Cartesian
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Cylindrical
�� CylindricalCylindrical = 1R-2P = R-P-P
� The shoulder has one revolute joint with vertical axis
followed by two prismatic joints (one vertical the other
horizontal)
� Each DOM corresponds to one cylindrical coordinate
� The task space is a cylindrical sector� The task space is a cylindrical sector
� The horizontal prismatic joint allows to reach horizontal
spaces, but the accuracy decreases toward the arm ends
� They are used mainly to move large objects
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Cylindrical
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Polar or spherical
�� PolarPolar or sphericalspherical = 2R-1P = R-R-P
� The shoulder has two revolute joints (one vertical the other
horizontal) followed by one prismatic joints (with its axis
orthogonal to the last one)
� Each DOM corresponds to one polar coordinate
� The task space is a spherical sector that may include part of � The task space is a spherical sector that may include part of
the floor, to allow the manipulation of objects there
� The structure is less rigid than the preceding ones, and the
accuracy decreases with the elongation of the prismatic arm
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Polar or spherical
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SCARA
�� SCARASCARA = 2R-1P = R-R-P
� The shoulder has two revolute joints followed by one
prismatic joints (all with parallel/vertical axes)
� The correspondence between DOM and cartesian
coordinates is true only for the vertical component
� The effect of gravity is compensated by the structure itself� The effect of gravity is compensated by the structure itself
� The structure is rigid in the vertical component and
compliant in the horizontal components
� This robot is mainly used for small components manipulation
and vertical soldering or assembly tasks (e.g., in electronic
boards assembly)
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SCARA
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Articulated/Antropomorphic
�� ArticulatedArticulated or AnthropomorphicAnthropomorphic = 3R = R-R-R
� The shoulder has three revolute joints: the first one is
vertical, the other two are horizontal and parallel
� The structure is similar to the human body, with trunk, arm
and forearm, with a final wrist
� No correspondence between joint and cartesian coordinates� No correspondence between joint and cartesian coordinates
� Task space is a sort of sphere sector
� It is one of the most common structures in industry, since it
provides the best dexterity
� Its accuracy is not constant inside the task space
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Articulated/Antropomorphic
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Parallel or closed chains
�� ParallelParallel or closed chains
� Closed chains are used to manipulate heavy payloads
requiring a great rigidity of the structure
� Examples
� Articulated robots with parallelogram links between the
second and the third linksecond and the third link
� Parallel geometry robots where the TCP is connected to the
base through more kinematic chains
� Large structural rigidity with high TCP speed
� Reduced task space
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Parallel or closed chains
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WristsWristsWristsWrists
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Wrists
� The main scope of the wristwrist is to orient the TCP
� It can be said that the shoulder sets the TCP coordinates,
while the wrist orients it.
� Spherical wrists are the most common: a spherical wrist spherical wrist is
a wrist that has the three axes always intersecting in a
single point.single point.
� A wrist (spherical or not) is composed by three consecutive
rotational joints (prismatic wrist are uncommon); the
mutual configuration of the three axis identifies two main
types of wrists
1. Eulerian wrist
2. Roll-pitch-yaw (RPY) wrist
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Examples: spherical wrist
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A spherical wristA non spherical wrist
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Wrists types
�� EulerianEulerian 3R �� RPYRPY (Roll-Pitch-Yaw) 3R
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Spherical wrist
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Wrists types
� An Eulerian wrist is a sphericalspherical wrist
� A RPY wrist is considered spherical, although its three axes
do not meet at a single point, due to physical volumes
� When computing or performing inverse kinematics, the
presence of a spherical wrists is a sufficient condition for
the existence of a closed form solution
� Video
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