16th Amendment

Established a national income tax (1913).Congress has power to tax individual and

corporate incomes.

17th Amendment

Allowed voters to choose US senators (1913).

Before 17th amendment US senators were chosen by state legislatures.

Examples of popular sovereignty

Susan B. Anthony

Leader of SUFFRAGETTE (women's voting rights) movement in 19th century.

1872: arrested in NY for trying to vote

19th Amendment approved 13 years after her death

Life Changes for Women

Women were told to go back home when the men came home to the factories after WWI

Many women stayed in the workforce as typists, cleaners, cooks, servants, seamstresses, teachers, secretaries, and store clerks

Many women bought ready-made clothing instead of making their own

Many women bought appliances to help them with housework after working a full day outside of the home

19th Amendment

Equal voting rights for women in federal and state elections (1920)

Suffrage amendment

Prosperity"Good times" enjoyed

by Americans in 1920s after World War I.

Employment and wages were high and workers bought more consumer goods and had more leisure time.

Fundamentalism

Fundamentalism-a religious movement where the followers believed every word of the Bible was literally true.

This movement led to many social debates in the US. One of the largest was the teaching of evolution in public schools.

Evolution-change over time.

The teaching of evolution was banned in 3 states, including Tennessee.

1925 John Scopes, a biology teacher broke the law and taught his students Darwin’s theory of evolution.

Scopes trial drew national attention and became known as Scopes Monkey Trial.

Scopes was found guilty but TN Supreme Court reversed decision.

Scopes Trial

Trial in Tennessee in 1925 involving John Scopes, biology teacher who taught theory of evolution at a time when only creation theory accepted in Tennessee and 12 other states

"Monkey trial”Lawyers – Clarence

Darrow vs. William Jennings Bryan

Clarence DarrowFamous defense

attorney known for flamboyant courtroom behavior and antics, defended Eugene Debs in 1894 union case

Defended John Scopes in 1925 "Monkey Trial"

William Jennings Bryan Nebraska congressman;

candidate for president in 1896;

Prosecuting attorney in John Scopes 1925 "Monkey Trial“

Bible man Presidential candidate in

1900 and 1908 elections Democrat POPULIST movement,

which declared rich should pay more

Prohibition

Eighteenth Amendment-Established Prohibition (1919) 

Prohibition-a total ban on the manufacture, sale, and transportation of liquor throughout the US

Drys-those who supported Prohibition

Wets-those who opposed Prohibition

 Bootlegging-selling something illegally

Speakeasies-illegal bars and clubs that sold alcohol. Could only be entered by speaking a secret password.

Organized Crime-a group of people controlling the illegal actions being done. In the case of bootlegging organized crime controlling the illegal sale of alcohol.

Impact of the Automobile

Car sales grew rapidly in the 1920s because Henry Ford’s assembly line made them so cheap

General Motors also became a popular seller of cars

Changing Lifestyles Due to the Automobile

Millions of jobs were created through factories, oil refineries, roads, highways, truck stops, gas stations, restaurants and tourist stops

Many Americans began to move to the suburbs to escape crowded conditions in cities

Mass Culture

Radio

Movies

(Above, lines outside a movie theatre)

(Left, family listening to the radio

The Jazz Age

Fashion Fads, flappers

Marathon Dancing

Fads-interests that many people follow with great excitement for a short amount of time

Flappers: Women who wore short skirts (to the knees), bright red lipstick, hair cut short, smoked and drank in public, and drove fast cars

More Fads

Flagpole sitting: Where young people would sit for hours and even days on top of a flagpole. (The record: 21 days!)

The Dance Craze

The CharlestonHas a quick beatDancers kick out

their feet

New Music

Jazz: Born in New Orleans, created by African Americans, combination of West African rhythms, African American songs and spirituals, European harmonies

Famous jazz musicians: Louis Armstrong, Bessie Smith, “Jelly Roll” Morton

A New Generation of American Writers

Depressed about their awful experiences in World War I

Criticized Americans for being obsessed with money and fun

Many became expatriates (people who leave their own country to live in a foreign land) and moved to Europe

Ernest Hemingway

Wrote about experiences of Americans during WWI and in Europe

Wrote A Farewell to Arms, The Sun Also Rises, The Old Man in the Sea

F. Scott Fitzgerald

Wrote about wealthy young people who go to constant parties but cannot find happiness

He wrote The Great Gatsby

His characters had flappers, bootleggers, and movie makers

Sinclair LewisGrew up in a small

town in Minnesota and moved to New York City

He wrote books about rural people from a city person’s perspective (making them look stupid)

Wrote Main Street and Babbitt

The Harlem Renaissance

In the 1920s, many African American artists settled in Harlem, New York City

Black artists, musicians, and writers celebrated their African and American heritage

Harlem Renaissance Poets

Claude McKay: From Jamaica, wrote the poem, “If We Must Die” that condemned lynchings

Countee Cullen: Taught high school in Harlem, wrote of the experiences of African Americans

Zora Neale Hurston

Write novels, short essays, short stories

Traveled throughout the South in a battered car collecting folk tales, songs, and prayers of black southerners

Published these in her book, “Mules and Men”

Langston Hughes

Most well-known of the Harlem Renaissance poets

Also wrote plays, short stories, and essays

First poem, “The Negro Speaks of Rivers”

Encouraged African Americans to be proud of their heritage

Protested racism and acts of violence against blacks

“The night is beautiful,

So the faces of my people.

The stars are beautiful,

So the eyes of my people.

Beautiful also, is the sun.

Beautiful also, are the souls of my people.”

-Langston Hughes, “In My People”

Heroes of the 1920s

Athletes: Bobby Jones: Won nearly every golfing championship Jack Dempsey: Heavyweight boxing champion for 7

years Bill Tilden and Helen Willis: Tennis champions Gertrude Ederle: 1st woman to swim the English

Channel

Babe Ruth

Grew up in an orphanage

Often in trouble as a boy

Hit 60 homeruns in one season, and 714 overall

Called the “Sultan of Swat”

Charles LindberghThe greatest hero of

the 1920sThe first person to fly

an airplane across the Atlantic Ocean alone

Flew from New York to Paris

Called “Lucky Lindy” because he had to fly for 33 ½ hours and didn’t carry a parachute, a radio, or a map

Women Gain the Right to Vote19th Amendment in

1920 gave women the right to vote

Carrie Chapman Catt set up the League of Women Voters

This group tried to educate voters and ensure the right of women to serve on juries

Vice President Calvin Coolidge Becomes President

“Silent Cal” spoke and spent little (Harding loved to throw parties and give long speeches)

He forced corrupt officials to resign

He was re-elected in 1924 with the slogan “Keep Cool With Coolidge”

From War Goods to Consumer Goods

Coolidge cut regulations on businesses

Americans’ incomes rose

People began to buy refrigerators, radios, vacuums, and other appliances

Businesses began to advertise their products

“Coolidge Prosperity”

“The business of America is business. The man who builds a factory builds a temple. The man who works there worships there. Calvin Coolidge

What does President Calvin Coolidge believe American Prosperity rests on?

Buying on Credit

Installment Buying= Buying on Credit (Buy now, pay later)

Credit-pay a small amount each month until an item was paid for.

Interest-a charge for borrowed moneyDemands for goods jumped, but so did Americans’

debt“If we want anything, all we have to do is go and buy it on

credit. So that leaves us without any economic problems whatsoever, except that perhaps some day to have to pay for them.”

–Comedian Will Rogers

Soaring Stock Market

By the late 1920s, more people were investing in the stock market

People became rich overnight

Bull Market: Period of rapidly increasing stock prices

Prices of stocks rose more quickly than the value of the companies themselves