Roadway Cratering Research - National Defense Industrial...
Transcript of Roadway Cratering Research - National Defense Industrial...
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Roadway Cratering Research
US Army Corpsof Engineers
Engineer Research and Development Center
Presented by
Denis Rickman
Impact & Explosion Effects Branch, GSLEngineer Research & Development Center, Vicksburg, MS
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US Army Corpsof Engineers
Engineer Research and Development Center
Roadway Cratering
ObjectiveEvaluate current roadway cratering methodologies and investigate improved methods/materiel.
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US Army Corpsof Engineers
Engineer Research and Development Center
Roadway Cratering
Approach• Coordinate research effort with MANSCEN/Picatinny Arsenal
• Evaluate effectiveness of current demolition methods (FM-250) for producing roadway craters
• Perform tests of the PAM as a potential roadway cratering munition
• Evaluate alternative methods/explosives for use in roadway cratering to determine whether methods requiring less explosive are feasible
• Report results to MANSCEN/Picatinny
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US Army Corpsof Engineers
Engineer Research and Development Center
Roadway CrateringEvaluation of Cratering Explosives
Purpose: Evaluate cratering effectiveness of various explosives in precise boreholes (with tamping) as a baseline for further studies of improved cratering methods
40-lbAN charge
TNT powder
C-4
Binex 400(Sodiumperchlorate/aluminum)
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US Army Corpsof Engineers
Engineer Research and Development Center
Roadway CrateringEvaluation of Cratering Explosives
Plan View
Cross-Section
Borehole Asphalt
50-lb TNT40-lb Cratering Charge + 10 lb C-4
50-lb BinexSlurry
50-lb BinexSlurry
150 ft
30 ft 15 ft30 ft30 ft 30 ft15 ft
24 ft
5 ft
Shaped Charge
40-lb Shaped Charge
Tamped Soil
50-lb C-4Hole From Shaped Charge
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US Army Corpsof Engineers
Engineer Research and Development Center
Roadway CrateringEvaluation of Borehole Effects and Pavement on Cratering
Investigate:
1. Cratering efficiency of charges placed in a shaped-charge created hole
2. Effect of leaving borehole untamped3. Effect of pavement/no pavement
Purpose: Evaluate effect of borehole shape/tamping and the presence of pavement on cratering efficiency. Use 50 lb of C-4 as the explosive charge.
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US Army Corpsof Engineers
Engineer Research and Development Center
Roadway Cratering
Plan View
Cross-Section
Asphalt
Base CourseBase CourseCompacted Compacted Native SoilNative Soil
50-lb C-4 Charge
Asphalt
Base CourseBase Course
UntampedTamped Soil
Evaluation of Cratering Explosives – Baseline Study
24 ft
60 ft
30 ft
Base CourseBase Course
15 ft15 ft15 ft 15 ft
5 ftAsphaltAsphalt
50-lb C-4 Charge
Tamped Soil
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US Army Corpsof Engineers
Engineer Research and Development Center
Roadway CrateringSample Roadway Craters – 50-lb Charges
50-lb C-4 Charge40-lb AN Charge + 10 lb C-4
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US Army Corpsof Engineers
Engineer Research and Development Center
Roadway CrateringRoadway Craters – Tamped 50-lb ChargesAN/C-4/Binex Comparison
Distance, ft
Net c
hang
e in
ele
vatio
n, ft
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
Shot 2 - 40 lb AN + 10 lb C-4 tampedShot 4 - 50-lb C-4 tampedShot 8 - 50 lb Binex - tamped
Shot 2 vol. = 316.8 ft^3
Shot 4 vol. = 275.8 ft^3
Shot 8 vol. = 487.5 ft^3
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US Army Corpsof Engineers
Engineer Research and Development Center
Roadway CrateringRoadway Craters – Tamped 50-lb C-4 ChargesAsphalt Overlay vs. Soil
Distance, ft
Net c
hang
e in
ele
vatio
n, ft
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3 50 lb C-4 CONWEP asphalt ovr dry/moist50 lb C-4 CONWEP dry sandy clayShot 4 - 50-lb C-4 tamped, asphaltShot 6 - 50-lb C-4 tamped, base coarse
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US Army Corpsof Engineers
Engineer Research and Development Center
Roadway Cratering
Based upon the results, the following observations were made:
• Roadway crater size appears to be unaffected by asphalt cover
• CONWEP currently predicts larger craters for asphalt cover than for bare soil; this needs to be corrected
• The 40-lb AN cratering charge performs well relative to C-4 and TNT
• The best cratering explosive evaluated was Binex 400
• Binex crater volume was >50% larger than that for AN and >75% larger than for C-4
• Binex may be of interest as a COTS item for demolitions
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US Army Corpsof Engineers
Engineer Research and Development Center
Roadway CrateringPAM (Penetration-Augmented Munition) Evaluation
PAM Physical Characteristics:Weight: 35 lbLength: 33 in.Diameter: 8 in.Target: Reinforced concrete bridge supportsAttachment: Silent stud driverInitiation: Blasting cap, detonation cord, or any standard military detonation devicePerformance: Single-shot defeat of 5 ft x 6 ft reinforced concrete pierDefeat mechanism: Shaped charge, hole-drilling charge, and follow-through warhead (4.7 lb LX-19)Shipping container: TOW 2A container
Purpose: Work with USAES/MANSCEN and Picatinny Arsenal to evaluate the PAM (XM-150) as a one-step roadway cratering tool
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US Army Corpsof Engineers
Engineer Research and Development Center
Roadway CrateringPAM Evaluation
PAM cratering effectiveness tests – Plan View
Single PAM
Base CourseBase CourseAsphaltAsphalt
Compacted Compacted Native SoilNative Soil
Single PAM
PAM cratering effectiveness tests – Cross-section
10 ft 16 ft 16 ft 16 ft 16 ft 16 ft 10 ft16 ft
100 ft
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US Army Corpsof Engineers
Engineer Research and Development Center
Roadway CrateringResults Overview
• The PAMs produced camouflet-type craters in which a hollowed-out area extended beyond the hole cut through the roadway surface
• Vertically-oriented PAMs caused little or no local heaving of the roadway; PAMs inclined at 15-30° off vertical caused more pronounced roadway heaving and cracking
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US Army Corpsof Engineers
Engineer Research and Development Center
Roadway CrateringCrater overview – PAM Test 5, 15-degrees off vertical
1 ft
Painted crack-lines
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US Army Corpsof Engineers
Engineer Research and Development Center
Roadway Cratering
Distance, ft
Net
cha
nge
in e
leva
tion,
ft
0 2.5 5 7.5 10 12.5 15 17.5 20-5.4
-4.8
-4.2
-3.6
-3
-2.4
-1.8
-1.2
-0.6
0
0.6Distance, ft
Net
cha
nge
in e
leva
tion,
ft
17.5 20 22.5 25 27.5 30 32.5 35 37.5-5.6
-4.8
-4
-3.2
-2.4
-1.6
-0.8
0
0.8
1.6
2.4Excavated crater profiles – PAM test 5, 15-degree inclination
Subgrade
Asphalt
Asphalt
Subgrade
Profile along roadway centerline
Profile across roadway
PAM orientation
PAM orientation
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US Army Corpsof Engineers
Engineer Research and Development Center
Roadway Cratering
Based upon the results, the following observations were made:
• The PAM appears to have potential for development as a roadway or runway cratering tool
• A larger follow-through charge is needed to produce fully excavated craters.
• Based upon the depth of the follow-on charges (~4 ft) at detonation, CONWEP calculations show that it is likely that the charge size will have to be at least doubled (from 4.2 lb to 8.4 lb+) to maximize the crater volume produced
Summary-PAM