Road Safety Audit training course Road safety · PDF fileRoad Safety Audit training course...

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31 OCTOBER 2014 ROAD SAFETY AUDTING COURSE 1 Road Safety Audit training course Road safety analysis Lárus Ágústsson, Road safety auditor, COWI A/S

Transcript of Road Safety Audit training course Road safety · PDF fileRoad Safety Audit training course...

Page 1: Road Safety Audit training course Road safety · PDF fileRoad Safety Audit training course Road safety analysis ... Breaking the accident chain 3. ... Methods for identification of

31 OCTOBER 2014

ROAD SAFETY AUDTING COURSE1

Road Safety Audit training course

Road safety analysis

Lárus Ágústsson, Road safety auditor, COWI A/S

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Content

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Road safety analysis

1. Overview of analysis methods and tools

2. Breaking the accident chain

3. Importance of good crash data

4. Identification of high risk sections

5. Measures

6. Exercise on accident analysis

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ROAD SAFETY AUDTING COURSE3

Different approaches

Road safety analysis

RoadSafetyImpactAssess-ment(RIA)

RoadSafetyAudit

(RSA)

RoadSafetyInspec-tion

(RSI)

Crash-proneMana-gement

(BSM)

Net-workSafetyMana-gement

(NSM)

Pro-Active (Prevention)

New Schemes

Re-Active (Cure)

Existing Roads

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Breaking the accident

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Road safety analysis

› Contributing factors

› human

› road and its environment

› vehicles

› Often multiple factors

› 19% road factors interact with human factors

› Break the accident chain

› eliminate the risk of collision/accident leading to serious casualties

› reduce consequences

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Accumulations of accidents produce accident-prone locations

ROAD SAFETY AUDTING COURSE

Road safety analysis

31 OCTOBER 20145

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Treatment of accident-prone locations

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The steps of identification and treatment of accident prone locations

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Identify crash prone locations

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The steps of Treatment of accident prone locations

› Need good source of data, e.g. accident database

› In Denmark two methods:

› Accident model method - more than expected - mainly overall roads, needs long statistics

› and through concentration of accidents and/or the accident frequency/rate

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Structured and rigorous approach to identifying sites involves consideration of accident numbers and rates

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Road safety analysis

› The accident frequency (in terms of the number of casualty accidents per unit length of road (or per junction) per time period)

› The accident rate (in terms of casualty accidents per hundred million vehicle kilometers)

› Weighting accidents by severity to produce an index value (e.g. fatal accidents score 5, serious (hospitalised) accidents score 3 and minor (non-hospitalised) accidents score 1)

› For identifying hazardous areas the number of crashes per square kilometer or the number of crashes per kilometer of road could be used.

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Methods for identification of black spots

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Road safety analysis

Methodology Advantages Disadvantages

Accident frequency (density)

-Accident/km/year

- Accident/year

Simplicity

Sites with high number of accidents detected

Bias towards high traffic volume sites

Does not take into account accident severity

Does not take into account random nature of accidents

Accident rate

- Accident/MVeh km per year

Takes into account traffic

Takes account of exposure to accident risk and may be used to compare roads with different traffic volumes

Is the must widely used identification criterion, which facilitates comparisons

Traffic volume must be known

Does not take into account random nature of accidents

Bias towards low-traffic roads

Does not take into account accident severity

Assumes a linear relationship between traffic volume and accidents

Often results in priority being given to sites on lightly-trafficked roads with only few accidents

Combined criteria

- e.g. accident frequency and rate

Reduces short coming of individual criteria Traffic volume must be known

Does not take into account random nature of accidents

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Methods for identification of black spots

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Road safety analysis

Methodology Advantages Disadvantages

Weighting accidents by severity

Useful technique to identify the sites with the more severe crashes

Careful not to put too high a weighting on fatal crashes, as there are often other factors involved (such as age of victim, and time taken to get to hospital)

Critical accident rate

- compare with average of group with similar characteristics

Take into account random nature of accidents

Takes into account traffic

Complexity of method

Does not take into account accident severity

Assumes a linear relationship between traffic volume and accidents

Equivalent property damage only index

- factors on seriousness

Take into account accident severity

Simplicity

Does not take into account traffic exposure

Does not take into account random nature of accidents

Bias towards high-speed sites (rural)

Relative severity index

- each accident compared similar conditions weighted by costs

Take into account accident severity

Reduces the influence of exogenous (other) variables having impact on severity

Development of cost grid may be complex

Does not take into account traffic exposure

Does not take into account random nature of accidents

Bias towards high-speed sites (rural)

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Methods for identification of black spots

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Road safety analysis

Methodology Advantages Disadvantages

Accident prediction models

- compare site with similar average sites

Improves accuracy of the estimated potential for improvement

Relative complexity

Does not take into account random nature of accidents

Emerical bayesian methods

- statistical method

Take into account random nature of accidents

Improves accuracy of the estimated potential for improvement

Relative complexity

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Other considerations are:

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ROAD SAFETY AUDTING COURSE12

Road safety analysis

› Treat personal views with caution – no-one has reliable and comprehensive knowledge of where the worst accident sites are

› Try and resist the pressure to “do something” that arises when one bad accident makes headlines in the media

› Be cautious about treating sites that look dangerous but seem to have no accidents – are you sure you will improve the situation?

› Beware of accident clusters around police stations – it may just reflect the fact that crashes are more likely to be reported if the police are nearby.

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For safety assessment the following information should at least be collected:

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› Location of accident (location by geographic coordinates, road/street name/number, chainage or distance from known point)

› Time of accident (year, month, day, time of day)

› Involved parties (people, vehicles, animals, road side objects)

› Result of collision - number of casualties in each category (fatalities, severe injuries, light injuries)

› Road feature (road type, junction, section, etc.)

› Environmental conditions (road surface condition, weather, light)

› Reason for collision (why or how) – direction of road users, collision type, error, and reason for error.

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ROAD SAFETY AUDTING COURSE

Road Safety Analysis – Police reports

› Example – Police report

› Location

› Short deskription

› Accident type no. involved

› Information concerning involved parts

› Geo coding/localization

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Illustration of combined method

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Road safety analysis

SECTIONS JUNCTIONS

Calculate accident density using accident data

ACCfrequency=accident/year/km ACCfrequency=accident/year

Rank junctions and sections according to density

Sections e.g. more than 4 or 5 accidents with casualties within glider a)

Junctions e.g. choose those with more than 4 or 5 accidents with casualties per year a)

Choose amount of junctions and sections which are possible to assess and e.g. sort these according to frequency/rate

𝐴𝐶𝐶𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 =𝐴𝐶𝐶𝑟𝑒𝑔

𝐴𝐷𝑇 ∙ 365 ∙ 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 ∙ Length (km)∙ 106 𝐴𝐶𝐶𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 =

𝐴𝐶𝐶𝑟𝑒𝑔

ADT𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∙ 365 ∙ no. year∙ 106

Total ADT is sum of incoming traffic from each leg 1𝑛 𝐴𝐷𝑇

2

Select accident prone locations

Note a): If the list becomes very long a higher threshold may be chosen.

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Analyse accidents

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The steps of Treatment of accident prone locations

› Is there a pattern,

› Suggest how a problem could be solved

› Need information about each accident

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Road Safety Analysis

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The steps of Treatment of accident prone locations

› Stick diagram

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Summary analysis

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ROAD SAFETY AUDTING COURSE18

The steps of Treatment of accident prone locations

Collision type

Casualty crashes Damage only crashes

Casualties

3-yr total

Year 3-yr total

% Av. annual

3-yr total

Fat Ser Sli All

‘97 ‘98 ‘99

Head on 2 0 0 2 10 0 2 1 5 8

Rear end 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Side 0 1 0 1 5 1 0 1 2 3

Overtake 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Turning 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Single vehicle rollover

0 1 1 2 10 1 0 1 16 17

Single vehicle collision

0 1 0 1 5 2 0 0 1 1

Hit pedestrian 2 2 2 6 30 4 1 1 6

Hit cyclist 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Other 3 5 0 8 40 3 1 35 14 50

Total 7 10 3 20 100 6.7 7 7 39 39 85

Night 4 20 4 KSI Index 0.54

Day 16 80 3

Wet 3 15 1

Dry 17 85 6

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Accident analysis

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ROAD SAFETY AUDTING COURSE19

The steps of Treatment of accident prone locations

Gl. Sorøvej

Møllevangen

3

1

2

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

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List of problems and hypothesis

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Road safety analysis

Slagelse Landevej

Gl. Sorøvej

Møllevangen

3

1

2

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

Hypothesis:

Local road lack of give away

To high speed in the village

Lack of recognition of the junction

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Glider method (Accident density for a road section should be calculated, using glider of e.g. 500m)

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Road safety analysis

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Suggest countermeasures

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ROAD SAFETY AUDTING COURSE22

The steps of treatment of accident prone locations

› Suggest appropriate measures to prevent

further accidents based on e.g. the pattern

identified above

› Based on the analysis, appropriate measures

should be found to prevent further accidents.

This could be civil works measures such as:

› improving junctions

› creating pedestrian facilities

› speed reducing measures

› etc.

› The costs of the measures and the expected

reduction of accidents from the selected

measures should be assessed for each black

spot

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Suggest countermeasures

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ROAD SAFETY AUDTING COURSE23

The steps of treatment of accident prone locations

› trouble solving table

Crash type Countermeasures

Hit pedestrian or cyclist

Speed management Wider, paved shoulders Pedestrian/vehicle segregation - footways in built-up areas - shoulders with intermittent kerbs Pedestrian crossing facilities Pedestrian guardrail or other protection Enforcement of speed limits

Loss of control

Better delineation: - bigger or better road signs - marker posts - road markings (centreline and raised profile edge lines) - rumble strips - road studs Speed management Improved alignment Superelevation Safety barrier

Skidding

Restoring surface texture Resurfacing Improve drainage

Collision with roadside objects

Remove objects Better delineation Break-away posts Safety barrier

Head-on collisions ‘No-overtaking’ road markings Hatch marking in the centre of the road Road signs Climbing lanes

Crashes at night

Better delineation Reflective road markings Reflective signs Street lighting in built-up areas and at junctions

Poor visibility

Trim or remove vegetation Improved sightlines Realignment

Poor driving behaviour or lane discipline

Police enforcement Road markings (lane lines) Hatch markings reinforced with rumble strips Median barriers Access control (kerbs, barriers) Climbing lanes

Failure to give way at junctions Improved signing and marking Re-align minor road so that it joins major road at 90

0

Replace 4-way junction with two 3-way junctions Deflect entry to the left (roundabouts) Rumble strips Speed management

Crashes at bridges Replacement of bridge railings with high-containment, crashworthy parapet Shielding of parapet ends with guardrail Guardrail on embanked approaches Provision of footways on the outside of the bridge.

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Suggest countermeasures

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ROAD SAFETY AUDTING COURSE24

The steps of treatment of accident prone locations

› trouble solving table

Crash type Countermeasures

Hit pedestrian or cyclist

Speed management Wider, paved shoulders Pedestrian/vehicle segregation - footways in built-up areas - shoulders with intermittent kerbs Pedestrian crossing facilities Pedestrian guardrail or other protection Enforcement of speed limits

Loss of control

Better delineation: - bigger or better road signs - marker posts - road markings (centreline and raised profile edge lines) - rumble strips - road studs Speed management Improved alignment Superelevation Safety barrier

Skidding

Restoring surface texture Resurfacing Improve drainage

Collision with roadside objects

Remove objects Better delineation Break-away posts Safety barrier

Head-on collisions ‘No-overtaking’ road markings Hatch marking in the centre of the road Road signs Climbing lanes

Crashes at night

Better delineation Reflective road markings Reflective signs Street lighting in built-up areas and at junctions

Poor visibility

Trim or remove vegetation Improved sightlines Realignment

Poor driving behaviour or lane discipline

Police enforcement Road markings (lane lines) Hatch markings reinforced with rumble strips Median barriers Access control (kerbs, barriers) Climbing lanes

Failure to give way at junctions Improved signing and marking Re-align minor road so that it joins major road at 90

0

Replace 4-way junction with two 3-way junctions Deflect entry to the left (roundabouts) Rumble strips Speed management

Crashes at bridges Replacement of bridge railings with high-containment, crashworthy parapet Shielding of parapet ends with guardrail Guardrail on embanked approaches Provision of footways on the outside of the bridge.

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Suggestions for countermeasure

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ROAD SAFETY AUDTING COURSE25

Road safety analysis

Measures that can be recommended to solve the road safety problem

Gl. Sorøvej

Møllevangen

3

1

2

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

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Suggestions for countermeasure

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ROAD SAFETY AUDTING COURSE26

Road safety analysis

Gl. Sorøvej

Møllevangen

Slagelse Landevej

Measures that can be

recommended to solve the road

safety problem:

› Roundabout

› Left turning lanes

› Stop signs at local road

› Speed limit down from 70 km/h

› Raised pedestrian crossing

› Middle Islands on main road

› Raised junction

› Speed humps on main road

› (Closure of local road)

› By-pass

› Combination

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Accident effects

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Road safety analysis

PIARC road safety handbook

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Accident effects

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ROAD SAFETY AUDTING COURSE28

Road safety analysis

PIARC road safety handbook

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Accident effects

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ROAD SAFETY AUDTING COURSE29

Road safety analysis

PIARC road safety handbook

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Calculate cost benefit ratio

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ROAD SAFETY AUDTING COURSE30

The steps of Treatment of accident prone locations

E.g. First Year Benefit or Cost Effectiveness

› FYB if accident costs are introduced:

› FYB= (acc reduction * acc cost)/cost

› Value of Fatality = 70 * GDP/Capita

› Value of Serious Injury = 17 * GDP/Capita

› The projects with the highest first year return should be ranked first.

› Otherwise a cost-effectiveness figure could be used:

› CE= accident saved/cost

› Thus the black spots where you save most per invested money.

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Prioritise accident prone locations for improvement

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ROAD SAFETY AUDTING COURSE31

The steps of Treatment of accident prone locations

› Based on the lists, the projects for improvements should be selected.

› Generally the projects will be selected according to the priority list, until the allocated budget has been spent.

› Some projects ranked high may need further investigations and will be delayed.

› While some accident prone locations with lower priority may be low-cost and simple and may be handled during normal maintenance work.

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Implementation

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ROAD SAFETY AUDTING COURSE32

Road safety analysis

› Detailed design

› Road Safety Audit

› Tender process

› Contract

› Supervision

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Evaluate effects

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ROAD SAFETY AUDTING COURSE33

The steps of Treatment of accident prone locations

› By monitoring the performance – did it work?

› Whether the number of accidents has been reduced or other types of accidents have increased.

› The most feasible method for performing accident prone identification, analysis and improvements should be studied…… for the future

› Then a new year starts….

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ROAD SAFETY AUDTING COURSE34

Road safety analysis

Issues to consider:

How is accident analysis done in your country?

What effective measures are used?

How are measures prioritised?

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Exercise on accident analysis at accident prone location

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Road safety analysis

› Base:

› Accidents – summary

› Summary base reports

› Base map

› Situation:

› A signalized 4-leg junction in the outskirts of city limits is accident-prone and the road authorities would like to find out what the problems are and what kind of measures could improve road safety in the junction.

› Task:

› Elaborate a conflict-diagram

› Analyse the situation with regard to road safety

› List problems

› Provide potential solutions.

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Accident summary

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Road safety analysis

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Summary base reports

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Road safety analysis

Accident No. 1 2 3 4> <4 5

Accident ID

Date

Week day, time

Road no.

Chainage (km)

Road 2 no.

691711

09 Apr 10

Sun, 0147

000-0122-0

086/0265

030-0527-0

744513

05 Jun 11

Tue, 11:40

000-0122-0

086/0265

343-0528-0

771216

27 Jun 12

Thu, 13:23

000-0122-0

086/0265

343-0528-0

773094

20 Jul 12

Sat, 20:04

000-0122-0

086/0265

030-0527-0

778456

12 Sep 02

Thu, 18:17

000-0122-0

086/0265

343-0528-0

Condition

Visibility

Light

Weather

Street light

Accident type

Dry

Clear

Dark

Dry

On

Person damage

Wet

Clear

Day light

Rain

Off

Damage only

Dry

Clear

Day light

Dry

Off

Damage only

Dry

Clear

Day light

Dry

Off

Damage only

Dry

Clear

Day light

Dry

Off

Person damage

Accident situation

660 Accident with left turn in of "approaching vehicle"

410 Accident with left turn in front of approaching vehicle

241 Head-on collision in part 2´s driving lane

140 Rear-end accident

410 Accident with left turn in front of approaching vehicle

Element no.

Element type

Speed (km/h)

Age

Alcohol (0/00)

Killed

Serious injured

Light injured

1

Car

70

17

0

1

1

2

Car

90

21

0

1

Car

5

84

0

2

Car

50

66

0

1

Car

5

49

0

2

Car

60

49

0

1

Car

65

34

0

2

Car

0

25

0

3

Ambulance

0

36

0

1

Car

50

49

0

1

2

Car

60

41

0

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Summary base reports

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Road safety analysis

Accident No. 6 7 8 9 10 11

Accident ID

Date

Week day, time

Road no.

Chainage (km)

Road 2 no.

777603

18 Sep 12

Wed, 16:15

000-0122-0

086/0265

343-528-0

803008

10 Aug 13

Sun, 06:20

000-0122-0

086/0265

030-0528-0

807086

11 Sep 13

Thu, 16:15

000-0122-0

086/0265

030-0527-0

814714

22 Oct 13

Wed, 16:13

000-0122-0

086/0265

030-0527-0

816315

29 Oct 13

Wed, 08:29

000-0122-0

086/0265

030-0528-0

842647

21 May 14

Fri, 12:40

000-0122-0

086/0265

343-528-0

Condition

Visibility

Light

Weather

Street light

Accident type

Dry

Clear

Day light

Dry

Off

Damage only

Dry

Clear

Day light

Dry

Off

Damage only

Dry

Clear

Day light

Dry

Off

Extra

Dry

Clear

Day light

Dry

Off

Damage only

Dry

Clear

Day light

Dry

Off

Person damage

Dry

Clear

Day light

Dry

Off

Damage only

Accident situation

660 Accident with left turn in of "approaching vehicle"

032 Single accident while turning in junction, access, roundabout or similar

410 Accident with left turn in front of approaching vehicle

410 Accident with left turn in front of approaching vehicle

410 Accident with left turn in front of approaching vehicle

410 Accident with left turn in front of approaching vehicle

Element no.

Element type

Speed (km/h)

Age

Alcohol (0/00)

Killed

Serious injured

Light injured

1

Car

5

65

0

2

Van

10

21

0

1

Car

50

20

0.65

2 1

Van

0

30

0

2

Car

50

30

0

1

Bus

5

56

0

2

Moped

30

44

0

1

Car

10

21

0

1

2

Car

80

29

0

1

Car

15

81

0

2

Car

60

44

0

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Summary base reports

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Road safety analysis

Accident No. 12 13 14 15 16> <16

Accident ID

Date

Week day, time

Road no.

Chainage (km)

Road 2 no.

843009

22 May 14

Sat, 01:56

000-0122-0

086/0265

843651

02 Jun 14

Wed, 08:05

000-0122-0

086/0265

343-0528-0

848067

08 Jul 14

Thu, 12:50

000-0122-0

086/0265

343-0527-0

849935

24 Jul 14

Sat, 09:19

000-0122-0

086/0265

343-0528-0

852006

11 Aug 14

Wed, 16:30

000-0122-0

086/0265

343-0528-0

Condition

Visibility

Light

Weather

Street light

Accident type

Dark

Extra

Dry

Clear

Day light

Dry

Off

Damage only

Dry

Clear

Day light

Dry

Off

Damage only

Dry

Clear

Day light

Dry

Off

Damage only

Dry

Clear

Day light

Dry

Person damage

Accident situation 098 Other single accidents

410 Accident with left turn in front of approaching vehicle

510 Accident between crossing vehicles without turning and part2 from right

410 Accident with left turn in front of approaching vehicle

520 Accident between crossing vehicles without turning and part2 from left

Element no.

Element type

Speed (km/h)

Age

Alcohol (0/00)

Killed

Serious injured

Light injured

1

Car

0

2

1

Car

30

30

0

2

Car

50

34

0

1

Car

20

49

0

2

Car

70

76

0

1

Car

10

61

0

2

Car

70

34

0

1

Car

80

53

0

2

Car

70

72

0

1

3

Pole

Page 40: Road Safety Audit training course Road safety · PDF fileRoad Safety Audit training course Road safety analysis ... Breaking the accident chain 3. ... Methods for identification of

Base map – North is upwards

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ROAD SAFETY AUDTING COURSE40

Road safety analysis

Page 41: Road Safety Audit training course Road safety · PDF fileRoad Safety Audit training course Road safety analysis ... Breaking the accident chain 3. ... Methods for identification of

Groups

31 OCTOBER 2014

ROAD SAFETY AUDTING COURSE41

Group 1

› Ivan Đurčević

› Ariana Hasani

› Samir Džaferović

› Darko Miceski

› Ivana Subotić

› Fatma Orhan

Group 2

› Dorian Stafa

› Spasoje Mićić

› Dalibor Milošević

› Emir Morina

› Željko Majstorović

Group 3

› Meri Lumi

› Gjynejt Mustafa

› Miroslav Mašić

› Valben Mustafa

› Salih Erdemci

Group 4

› Miroslav Đerić

› Kiril Karkalashev

› Olivera Stević Ledenčan

› Dražen Antolović

› Mustafa Işık

Page 42: Road Safety Audit training course Road safety · PDF fileRoad Safety Audit training course Road safety analysis ... Breaking the accident chain 3. ... Methods for identification of

ROAD SAFETY AUDTING COURSE42

Road safety analysis

Example of solution to exercise to come

31 OCTOBER 2014

Page 43: Road Safety Audit training course Road safety · PDF fileRoad Safety Audit training course Road safety analysis ... Breaking the accident chain 3. ... Methods for identification of

Solution – conflict diagram

31 OCTOBER 2014

ROAD SAFETY AUDTING COURSE43

Road safety analysis

› separate left turn phases in signal

or

› roundabout