1. GSM Radio Network EngineeringFundamentalsPrerequisite: Introduction to the Alcatel GSM NetworkMobile Radio Network Planning3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed011

2. GSM RNE FundamentalsContentsIntroduction P. 3RNP Process Overview P. 39Coverage Planning P. 54Traffic Planning and Frequency Planning P.306Radio Interface / Quality of Service P.382Abbreviations P.416Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed012 3. GSM Radio Network Engineering FundamentalsIntroductionMobile Radio Network Planning3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 3 4. GSM RNE FundamentalsContentsStandardizationDocumentationRadio Network ArchitectureMobile Phone SystemsMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 4 5. IntroductionStandardizationDocumentationMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 5 6. GSM RNE Fundamentalswww.3GPP.org organizational partners Project supported by The Organizational Partners shall ARIB Association of Radiodetermine the general policy and strategy of 3GPP and perform theIndustries and Businessesfollowing tasks:(Japan) Approval and maintenance of the CWTS China Wireless3GPP scopeTelecommunication Standard Maintenance the PartnershipgroupProject Description ETSI European Taking decisions on the creationTelecommunications Standards or cessation of TechnicalInstitut Specification Groups, and T1 Standards Committee T1approving their scope and terms of referenceTelecommunication (US) Approval of Organizational TTA Telecommunications Partner funding requirementsTechnology Association (Korea) Allocation of human and financial TTC Telecommunicationresources provided by theTechnology Committee (Japan) Organizational Partners to the Project Co-ordination GroupMobile Radio Network Planning3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 6 7. GSM RNE FundamentalsTechnical Specification Group TSGMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 7 8. GSM RNE FundamentalsSpecifications and Releases GSM/Edge Releases: http://www.3gpp.org/specs/releases.htm TR 41.103 GSM Phase 2+ Release 5 Freeze date: March - June 2002 TR 41.102 GSM Phase 2+ Release 4 Freeze date: March 2001 TR 01.01 Phase 2+ Release 1999 Freeze date: March 2000 For the latest specification status information please go to the 3GPPSpecifications database:http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Information/Databases/Spec_Status/ The latest versions of specifications can be found onftp://ftp.3gpp.org/specs/latest/Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 8 9. GSM RNE FundamentalsSpecifications out of Release 1999 TR 01.04 Abbreviations and acronyms TS 03.22 Functions related to Mobile Station (MS) in idle mode andgroup receive mode TR 03.30 Radio Network Planning Aspects TS 04.04 Layer 1 - General Requirements TS 04.06 Mobile Station - Base Stations System (MS - BSS) InterfaceData Link (DL) Layer Specification TS 04.08 Mobile radio interface layer 3 specification TS 05.05 Radio Transmission and Reception TS 05.08 Radio Subsystem Link Control TS 08.06 Signalling Transport Mechanism Specification for the BaseStation System - Mobile Services Switching Centre (BSS-MSC)Interface TS 08.08 Mobile-services Switching Centre - Base Station system(MSC-BSS) Interface Layer 3 SpecificationMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 9 10. Introduction Radio Network ArchitectureMobile Phone SystemsMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 10 11. GSM RNE FundamentalsGSM Network ArchitectureGSM Circuit-switching:MS Um MS - BTSLapDmBTSBTS (Radio)(GSM specific) BSC BSC AbisBTS - BSC LapD (ISDN type)ABSC - MSC (SS7 basic) + MSC MSCBSSAP E(BSSAP = BSSMAP + BMSC-VLR DTAP) C(SM-G)MSC-HLRBC F I DHLR-VLR E(SM-G)MSC-MSC (SS7 basic) + GDFMSC-EIRMAP H GVLR-VLR H HLR-AuC VLR VLR HLR AuC EIR GCR IMSC-GCRPSTN /PSTN MSC-PSTN (SS7 basic) + TUP or ISDN AuC ISDN MSC-ISDNISUPMobile Radio Network Planning3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 11 12. GSM RNE Fundamentals GSM Packet-switchingMS(GPRS/EDGE):Um (Radio)MS - BTSLAPDm(GSM specific)Gb BSS - SGSN BSSGP SGSN MSCSGSN GnGsGnSGSN-SGSN IPSGSN-GGSN IP Gr GfGr SGSN-HLR SS7 GGSN GnGc GGSN-HLRIP/SS7Gf SGSN-EIRSS7GcGs SGSN-MSC/VLRSS7 HLR EIRGiGGSN-Data Network IPDataNetwork Mobile Radio Network Planning3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed0112 13. GSM RNE Fundamentals OMC-R BSS GPRS CN OMC-G OMC-R SGSNGGSNGn Gb AlcatelMS9135 BTSNSSMFS BSCSSPTCA+ RCP BTS A bis A ter Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed0113 14. GSM RNE FundamentalsGSM Network Elements Base Station System BSS Network Subsystem NSS Base Transceiver Station BTS Mobile Services Switching CenterMSC Base Station Controller BSC Visitor Location Register VLR Terminal Equipment Home Location Register HLR Mobile Station MS Authentication Center AuC Operation and Maintenance Equipment Identity Register EIRCenter-Radio OMC-R Operation and Maintenance CenterOMC Multi-BSS Fast Packet Server (GPRS)MFS Serving GPRS Support Node SGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node GGSNMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 14 15. GSM RNE FundamentalsRF SpectrumSystemTotal UplinkDownlink CarrierBandwidth frequency frequency band Spacingband /MHz /MHzGSM 450 2x7.5MHz450.4-457.6 460.4-467.6200 kHzGSM 480 2x7.2MHz478.8-486 488.8-496200 kHzGSM 850 2x25MHz 824-849 869-894200 kHzGSM 900 2x25MHz 890-915 935-960200 kHzE-GSM 2x35MHz 880-915 925-960200 kHzDCS 18002x75MHz 1710-1785 1805-1880200 kHz(GSM)PCS 19002x60MHz 1850-1910 1930-1990200 kHz(GSM)Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed0115 16. GSM RNE FundamentalsAccess Methods FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access) TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 16 17. GSM RNE FundamentalsFDMA Used for standard analog cellular mobile systems(AMPS, TACS, NMT etc.) Each user is assigned a discrete slice of the RF spectrum Permits only one user per channel since it allows the user to use thechannel 100% of the time.Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 17 18. GSM RNE FundamentalsTDMA Multiple users share RF carrier on a time slot basis Carriers are sub-divided into timeslots Information flow is not continuous for an user, it is sent and received in "bursts"Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 18 19. GSM RNE FundamentalsCDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) Multiple access spread spectrum technique Each user is assigned a sequence code during a call No time division; all users use the entire carrierMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 19 20. GSM RNE FundamentalsAnalogue Cellular Mobile SystemsAnalogue transmission of speechOne TCH/ChannelOnly FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access)Different Systems AMPS (Countries: USA) TACS (UK, I, A, E, ...) NMT (SF, S, DK, N, ...) ...Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 20 21. GSM RNE FundamentalsAMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System) Analogue cellular mobile telephone system Predominant cellular system operating in the US Original system: 666 channels (624 voice and 42 control channels) EAMPS - Extended AMPSCurrent system: 832 channels (790 voice, 42 control); has replacedAMPS as the US standard NAMPS - Narrowband AMPSNew system that has three times more voice channels than EAMPSwith no loss of signal quality Backward compatible: if the infrastructure is designed properly, olderphones work on the newer systemsMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 21 22. GSM RNE FundamentalsAMPS - Technical objectives Technology FDMA RF frequency ba nd 825 - 890 MHz Cha nnel Spa cing30 kHz Ca rriers666 (832) Timeslots1 Mobile Power 0.6 - 4 W Tra nsmissionVoice, (data) HO possible Roa ming possibleMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 22 23. GSM RNE Fundamentals AMPS Advanced Mobile Phone System Extended AMPSUplinkAMPSChannel number 991 1023 1666 667799Frequency of824.040 825.030 844.980 845.010Channel (MHz)845.010 Extended AMPSDownlink AMPS Channel number 991 1023 1 666 667 799Frequency of869.040870.030 889.980 893.980ChannelDuplex distance (MHz)45 MHz 890.010Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed0123 24. GSM RNE FundamentalsTACS Total Access Communications System Analogue cellular mobile telephone system The UK TACS system was based on the US AMPS system TACS - Original UK system that has either 600 or 1000 channels(558 or 958 voice channels, 42 control channels) RF frequency band: 890 - 960Uplink: 890-915 Downlink: 935-960 Channel spacing: 25 KHzMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 24 25. GSM RNE Fundamentals TACS - Technical objectives Technology FDMA RF frequency ba nd 890 - 960 MHz Cha nnel Spa cing25 kHz Ca rriers1000 Timeslots1 Mobile Power 0.6 - 10 W Tra nsmissionVoice , (data) HO possible Roa ming possibleMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed0125 26. GSM RNE FundamentalsDifferent TACS-Systems ETACS - Extended TACS Current UK system that has 1320 channels (1278 voice, 42 control) and has replaced TACS as the UK standard ITACS and IETACS - International (E)TACS Minor variation of TACS to allow operation outside of the UK by allowing flexibility in assigning the control channels JTACS - Japanese TACS A version of TACS designed for operation in Japan NTACS - Narrowband TACS New system that has three times as many voice channels as ETACS with no loss of signal qualityMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 26 27. GSM RNE Fundamentals TACS (Total Access Communications System)Original concept (1000 channels) Mobile Station 1st Assignment in the UKTX E-TACS - 1320 (600 channels) (Base Station ChannelsTX) Number of1329 2047 0 11 2344 32 34 601000Channel 3 4 0 Organisation OrganisationAB Frequency 872.0125 889.9625890.0125 of channel(917.0125(934.9625 (935.0125[Mhz])) ) 889.9875 (934.9875 ) Borders of 872 890905 915 channels 917 935(950(960 [Mhz] ) )Mobile Radio Network Planning3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed0127 28. GSM RNE FundamentalsWhy digital mobile communication ?Easy adaptation to digital networksDigital signaling serves for flexible adaptation to operational needsPossibility to realize a wide spectrum of non-voice servicesDigital transmission allows for high cellular implementation flexibilityDigital signal processing gain results in high interference immunityPrivacy of radio transmission ensured by digital voice coding and encryptionCost and performance trends of modern microelectronics are in favour of a digital solutionMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 28 29. GSM RNE Fundamentals GSM - Technical objectivesTechnologyTDMA/ FDMARF frequency ba nd890 - 960 MHzCha nnel Spa cing 200 kHzCa rriers 124Timeslots 8Mobile Power (a vera ge/ ma x)2 W/ 8 WBTS Power cla ss10 ... 40 WMS sensitivity- 102 dBmBTS sensitivity - 104 dBmTra nsmission Voice, dataHOpossibleRoa mingpossibleMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 29 30. GSM RNE Fundamentals DECT (Digital European Cordless Telephone) European Standard for Cordless Communication Using TDMA-System Traditional Applications Domestic use ("Cordless telephone") Cordless office applications Combination possible with ISDN GSM High flexibility for different applicationsMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 30 31. GSM RNE FundamentalsDECT - Technical objectivesTechnologyTDMA/ FDMARF frequency ba nd1880 - 1900 MHzCha nnel Spa cing 1.728 MHzCa rriers 10Timeslots 12 (duplex)Mobile Power (a vera ge/ ma x)10 mW/ 250 mWBTS Power cla ss250 mWMS sensitivity-83 dBmBTS sensitivity -83 dBmTra nsmission Voice, dataHOpossibleMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 31 32. GSM RNE FundamentalsCDMA - Technical objectives Spread spectrum technology(Code Division Multiple Access) Several users occupy continuously one CDMA channel(bandwidth: 1.25 MHz)The CDMA channel can be re-used in every cell Each user is addressed by A specific code and Selected by correlation processing Orthogonal codes provides optimumisolation between usersMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 32 33. GSM RNE FundamentalsCDMA - Special Features Vocoder allows variable data rates Soft handover Open and closed loop power control Multiple forms of diversity Data, fax and short message services possibleMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 33 34. GSM RNE FundamentalsCDMA - Technical objectives Technology CDMA RF frequency ba nd 869-894 / 824-849or 1900 MHz Cha nnel Spa cing1250 kHz Cha nnels per 1250 kHz 64 Mobile Power (a vera ge/ ma x) 1-6.3 W / 6.3 W Tra nsmissionVoice, data HO ("Soft ha ndoff") possible Roa ming possibleMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 34 35. GSM RNE FundamentalsTETRA - Features Standard for a frequency efficient european digital trunked radio communicationsystem (defined in 1990) Possibility of connections with simultaneous transmission of voice and data Encryption at two levels: Basic level which uses the air interface encryption End-to-end encryption (specifically intended for public safety users) Open channel operation "Direct Mode" possible Communication between two MS without connecting via a BTS MS can be used as a repeaterMobile Radio Network Planning3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed0135 36. GSM RNE FundamentalsTETRA - Typical Users Public safety Police (State, Custom, Military, Traffic) Fire brigades Ambulance service ... Railway, transport and distribution companiesMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 36 37. GSM RNE FundamentalsTETRA - Technical objectives TechnologyTDMA/ FDMA RF frequency ba nd 380 - 400 MHz Cha nnel Spa cing 25 or 12.5 KHz Ca rriersnot yet specified Timeslots 4 Mobile Power (3 Cla sses) 1, 3, 10 W BTS Power cla ss0.6 - 25 W MS sensitivity-103 dBm BTS sensitivity -106 dBm Tra nsmission Voice, data, images, short message HOpossible Roa mingpossibleMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 37 38. GSM RNE Fundamentals UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System) Third generation mobile communication system Combining existing mobile services (GSM, CDMA etc.) and fixed telecommunications services More capacity and bandwidth More services (Speech, Video, Audio, Multimedia etc.) Worldwide roaming "High" subscriber capacityMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 38 39. GSM Radio Network Engineering FundamentalsRNP Process OverviewMobile Radio Network Planning3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 39 40. GSM RNE FundamentalsDefinition of RN Requirements The Request for Quotation (RfQ) from the customer prescribes therequirements mainly Coverage Definition of coverage probability Percentage of measurements above level threshold Definition of covered area Traffic Definition of Erlang per square kilometer Definition of number of TRX in a cell Mixture of circuit switched and packed switched traffic QoS Call success rate RxQual, voice quality, throughput rates, ping timeMobile Radio Network Planning3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 40 41. GSM RNE FundamentalsPreliminary Network Design The preliminary design lays the Coverage Plotsfoundation to create the Bill of Expected receiving levelQuantity (BoQ) List of needed network Definition of roll out phases elements Areas to be covered Geo data procurement Number of sites to be Digital Elevation Modelinstalled DEM/Topographic map Date, when the roll out takes Clutter mapplace. Definition of standard equipment Network architecture designconfigurations dependent on Planning of BSC and MSC clutter type locations and their links traffic density Frequency spectrum from licenseconditionsMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed0141 42. GSM RNE FundamentalsProject Setup and Management This phase includes all tasks to be performed before the on site partof the RNP process takes place. This ramp up phase includes: Geo data procurement if required Setting up general rules of the project Define and agree on reporting scheme to be used Coordination of information exchange between the different teams which areinvolved in the project Each department/team has to prepare its part of the project Definition of required manpower and budget Selection of project database (MatrixX)Mobile Radio Network Planning3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 42 43. GSM RNE FundamentalsInitial Radio Network Design Area surveys As well check of correctness of geo data Frequency spectrum partitioning design RNP tool calibration For the different morpho classes: Performing of drive measurements Calibration of correction factor and standard deviation by comparison of measurementsto predicted received power values of the tool Definition of search areas (SAM Search Area Map) A team searches for site locations in the defined areas The search team should be able to speak the national language Selection of number of sectors/TRX per site together with projectmanagement and customer Get real design acceptance from customer based on coverage predictionand predefined design level thresholdsMobile Radio Network Planning3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed0143 44. GSM RNE FundamentalsSite Acquisition Procedure Delivery of site candidates Site candidate acceptance and ranking Several site candidates shall be If the reported site is accepted as the result out of the site locationcandidate, then it is ranked search according to its quality in terms of Find alternative sites Radio transmissionHigh visibility on covered area If no site candidate or noNo obstacles in the near field of the satisfactory candidate can beantennas found in the search area No interference from othersystems/antennas Definition of new SAM Installation costs Possibly adaptation of radioInstallation possibilities network design Power supply Check and correct SAR (Site Wind and heat Maintenance costsAcquisition Report) Accessibility Location informationRental rates for object Land usageDurability of object Object (roof top, pylon, grassland) information Site planMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 44 45. GSM RNE FundamentalsTechnical Site Survey Agree on an equipment installation BTS/Node B locationsolution satisfying the needs of Power and feeder cable mount RNE Radio Network Engineer Transmission equipment Transmission planner installation Site engineer Final Line Of Site (LOS) Site owner confirmation for microwave link The Technical Site Survey Report planning(TSSR) defines E.g. red balloon of around half a meter Antenna type, position,diameter marks target locationbearing/orientation and tilt If the site is not acceptable or the Mast/pole or wall mounting owner disagrees with all suggestedposition of antennas solutions EMC rules are taken into account The site will be rejected Radio network engineer andtransmission planner check electro Site acquisition team has tomagnetic compatibility (EMC) with otherinstalled devices organize a new date with the next site from the ranking listMobile Radio Network Planning3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 45 46. GSM RNE FundamentalsBasic Parameter Definition After installation of equipment the Cell design CAE data to be basic parameter settings are used defined for all cells are for for example: Commissioning CI/LAC/BSIC Functional test of BTS and VSWR Frequenciescheck Neighborhood/cell handover Call testsrelationship RNEs define cell design data Transmit power Operations field service generates Cell type (macro, micro,the basic software using the cellumbrella, )design CAE dataMobile Radio Network Planning3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 46 47. GSM RNE FundamentalsCell Design CAE Data Exchange over COFACIEA9156 RNO OMC 1A955 V5 /A9155 V6 COF RNP A9155ACIEPRC Generator ModuleConversion OMC 2 POLOACIE = PRC file 3rd Party RNPor Database BSS Software offline productionMobile Radio Network Planning3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed0147 48. GSM RNE FundamentalsTurn On Cycle The network is launched step by step during the TOC A single step takes typically two or three weeks Not to mix up with rollout phases, which take months or evenyears For each step the RNE has to define TOC Parameter Cells to go on air Determination of frequency plan Cell design CAE parameter Each step is finished with the Turn On Cycle Activation Upload PRC/ACIE files into OMC-R Unlock sitesMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 48 49. GSM RNE FundamentalsSite Verification and Drive Test RNE performs drive measurement to compare the real coverage with the predicted coverage of the cells.If coverage holes or areas of high interference are detected Adjust the antenna tilt and orientationVerification of cell design CAE dataTo fulfill heavy acceptance test requirements, it is absolutely essential to perform such a drive measurement.Basic site and area optimization reduces the probability to have unforeseen mysterious network behavior afterwards.Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 49 50. GSM RNE FundamentalsHW / SW Problem Detection Problems can be detected due to drive tests or equipment monitoring Defective equipment will trigger replacement by operation field service Software bugs Incorrect parameter settings are corrected by using the OMC or in the next TOC Faulty antenna installation Wrong coverage footprints of the site will trigger antenna re-alignments If the problem is seriousLock BTSDetailed error detectionGet rid of the faultEventually adjusting antenna tilt and orientationMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed0150 51. GSM RNE FundamentalsBasic Network Optimization Network wide drive measurements It is highly recommended to perform network wide drive tests beforedoing the commercial opening of the network Key performance indicators (KPI) are determined The results out of the drive tests are used for basic optimization of thenetwork Basic optimization All optimization tasks are still site related Alignment of antenna system Adding new sites in case of too large coverage holes Parameter optimization No traffic yet -> not all parameters can be optimized Basic optimization during commercial service If only a small number of new sites are going on air the basicoptimization will be included in the site verification procedureMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 51 52. GSM RNE FundamentalsNetwork Acceptance Acceptance drive test Calculation of KPI according to acceptance requirements in contract Presentation of KPI to the customer Comparison of key performance indicators with the acceptancetargets in the contract The customer accepts the whole network only parts of it step by step Now the network is ready for commercial launchMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 52 53. GSM RNE FundamentalsFurther Optimization Network is in commercial operation Network optimization can be performed Significant traffic allows to use OMC based statistics by using A9156RNO and A9185 NPA End of optimization depends on contract and mutual agreementbetween Alcatel and customer Usually, Alcatel is only involved during the first optimizationactivities directly after opening the network commerciallyMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 53 54. GSM Radio Network Engineering FundamentalsCoverage PlanningMobile Radio Network Planning3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 54 55. GSM RNE FundamentalsContentsIntroductionGeo databasesAntennas and CablesRadio PropagationPath Loss PredictionLink Budget CalculationCoverage ProbabilityCell Range CalculationAntenna EngineeringAlcatel BSSCoverage Improvement Antenna Diversity Repeater Systems High Power TRXMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 55 56. Coverage PlanningGeo DatabasesMobile Radio Network Planning3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 56 57. GSM RNE FundamentalsWhy are geographical data needed forRadio Network Planning ? Propagation models depend on geographical data Geographical information for site acquisition Latitude (East/West) / Longitude (North/South) Rectangular coordinates (e.g. UTM coordinates)Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 57 58. GSM RNE FundamentalsContents Map Projection Different Map Projections: conical, cylindrical, planar/ azimuthal Geodetic Datum: e.g. WGS 84 Transverse Mercator Projection: e.g. UTM Types of Geospatial Data Creation of geospatial databases Raster data: DEM /Topography, Morphostructure/ Clutter, Buildings Vector data: airport, coastline, border line, buildings, etc. Geocoordinate Transformation Practical Applications Converting one single point Compare to different geodetic datums Converting a list of pointsMobile Radio Network Planning3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 58 59. Geo DatabasesMap ProjectionMobile Radio Network Planning3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 59 60. GSM RNE Fundamentals Maps are flat Latitudex, yLongitudeProblem: Earth is 3D, the maps are 2DMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 60 61. GSM RNE FundamentalsMapping the earth The Earth is a very complex shape To map the geography of the earth,a reference model (-> Geodetic Datum) is needed The model needs to be simple so that it is easy to use It needs to include a Coordinate system which allows thepositions of objects to be uniquely identified It needs to be readily associated with the physical world so thatits use is intuitiveMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 61 62. GSM RNE FundamentalsMap Projection EllipsoidGeodetic Datum e.g. WGS84,e.g. WGS84, ED50International 1924Map Projection Geocoordinatee.g. Transverse Mercator (UTM), Lambert Conformal ConicSysteme.g. UTMMobile Radio Network Planning3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 62 63. GSM RNE FundamentalsGeodetic Ellipsoid Definition: A mathematical surface (an ellipse rotated around the earths polar axis) which provides a convenient model of the size and shape of the earth. The ellipsoid is chosen to best meet the needs of a particular map datum system design. Reference ellipsoids are usually defined by semi-major (equatorial radius) and flattening (the relationship between equatorial and polar radii).Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 63 64. GSM RNE FundamentalsGlobal & Regional Ellipsoids Global ellipsoidse.g. WGS84, GRS80 Center of ellipsoid is Center of gravity Worldwide consistence of all maps around the world Regional ellipsoidse.g. Bessel, Clarke, Hayford, Krassovsky Best fitting ellipsoid for a part of the world (local optimized) Less local deviationMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 64 65. GSM RNE FundamentalsGeodetic Datum A Geodetic Datum is a ReferenceSystem which includes: A local or global Ellipsoid One FixpointAttention: Referencinggeodetic coordinates to thewrong map datum can resultin positionInfo:errors ofIn most cases the shift,hundreds of meters rotation and scale factor of a Map Datum is relative to theMobile Radio Network Planning satellite map datum WGS84.3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 65 66. GSM RNE Fundamentals Map Projection Cylindrical e.g. UTM,Gauss-Krueger Conical e.g.LambertConformal Conic Planar/Azimuthal Info: In 90% of the cases we will have a cylindrical projection in 10% of the cases a conical projectionMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 66 67. GSM RNE FundamentalsGeo-Coordinate System To simplify the use of maps aCartesian Coordinates is used To avoid negative values a False Easting value and a False Northing valueis added X = Easting Also a scaling factor is used tominimize the projection error over Y = Northingthe whole areaMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 67 68. GSM RNE Fundamentals WGS 84 (World Geodetic System 1984) Most needed Geodetic Datum in the world today (Satellite Datum) It is the reference frame used by the U.S. Department of Defense is defined by the National Imagery and Mapping Agency (NIMA) The Global Positioning System (GPS) system is based on the World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS-84). Optimal adaption to the surface of the earthMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 68 69. GSM RNE FundamentalsTransverse Mercator Projection Projection cylinder isrotated 90 degrees fromthe polar axis(transverse) Geometric basisfor the UTMand theGauss-KruegerMap Projection ConformalMap projectionMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 69 70. GSM RNE FundamentalsTransverse Mercator Projection (e.g. UTM )Middle-MeridianMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 70 71. GSM RNE FundamentalsUTM-System(Universal Transverse Mercator System) 60 zones, each 6o (60 6o = 360o ) 3o around each center meridian Beginning at 180o longitude(measured eastward fromGreenwich) Zone number = (center meridian + 183o ) / 6oMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 71 72. GSM RNE FundamentalsUTM - Definitions False Easting: 500 000 m (Middle-meridian x = 500 000 m) False Northing: Northern Hemisphere: 0 m Southern Hemisphere: 10 000 000 m Scaling Factor: 0,9996 (used to minimize the projection error over the whole area)Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 72 73. GSM RNE FundamentalsUTM Zones (e.g. Europe)UTM-Zones-6 -3 3 9 15 21 27 33 39 Middle-MeridianMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 73 74. GSM RNE FundamentalsUTM-System (2) False origin on the central meridianof the zone has an easting of500,000 meters. All eastings have a positive valuesfor the zone Eastings range from 100,000 to900,000 meters The 6 Degree zone ranges from166,667 to 833,333 m, leaving abouta 0.5 overlap at each end of thezone(valid only at the equator) This allows for overlaps andmatching between zones Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 74 75. GSM RNE FundamentalsMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 75 76. GSM RNE FundamentalsUTM-System: Example "Stuttgart"Transformation: latitude / longitude UTM systemNorth 48o 45 13.5y = 5 400 099 mEast9o 11 7.5x = 513 629 mUTM-Zone: 32Middle meridian: 9o(9o = 500 000 mFalse Easting)Mobile Radio Network Planning3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed0176 77. GSM RNE FundamentalsLambert Conformal Conic Projection Maps an ellipsoid onto a cone whose central axis coincides with the polar axisCone touches the ellipsoidCutting edges of cone and ellipsoid=> One standard parallel (1SP)=> Two standard parallels (2SP)(e.g. NTF-System in France) (e.g. Lambert-Projection in Austria)Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed0177 78. Geo DatabasesTypes of Geospatial DataMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 78 79. GSM RNE FundamentalsGeospatial data for Network Planning DEM (Digital Elevation Model)/ Topography Morphostructure / Land usage / Clutter Satellite Photos / Orthoimages Scanned Maps Background data (streets, borders, coastlines, etc. ) Buildings Traffic dataMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 79 80. GSM RNE FundamentalsCreation of geospatial databases Satellite imagery Digitizing maps Aerial photographyGeospatial dataMobile Radio Network Planning3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 80 81. GSM RNE FundamentalsParameters of a Map Coordinate system Map Projection (incl. Geodetic Datum) Location of the map (Area ) Scale: macrocell planning 1:50000 - 1:100000 microcell planning 1:500 -1:5000 Thematic Source Date of ProductionMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 81 82. GSM RNE FundamentalsRaster- and Vectordata y Raster data DEM /Topography Morphostructure /Land usage / Clutter Traffic densityx Vector data Background data(x1,y1)(streets, borders, coastlines, etc. ) Buildings(xn,yn)Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed0182 83. GSM RNE FundamentalsRasterdata / Grid data Pixel-oriented data Stored as row and column Each Pixel stored in one ortwo byte Each Pixel contentsinformation(e.g. morphoclass,colour of a scanned map,elevation of a DEM)Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 83 84. GSM RNE Fundamentals Vectordata Vector mainly used are: airport, coastline, highway, main roads, secondary roads, railway, rivers/lakes Each vector contents Info about kind of vector (x ,y ) (e.g. street, coastline) 1 1 A series of several points Each point has a corresponded x / y -value(xn,yn) (e.g. in UTM System or as Long/Lat) Info about Map projection and used Geodetic DatumMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 84 85. GSM RNE Fundamentals Digital Elevation Model (DEM) Raster dataset that shows terrain features such as hills and valleys Each element (or pixel) in the DEM image represents the terrain elevation at that location Resolution in most cases: 20 m for urban areas 50-100 m for other areas DEM are typically generated from topographic maps, stereo satellite images, or stereo aerial photographsMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 85 86. GSM RNE FundamentalsMorphostructure / Land usage / Clutter (1) Land usageclassificationaccording to the impacton wave propagation In most cases:7...14 morpho classes Resolution in mostcases:20 m for cities50100m other areasfor radio networkplanningMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 86 87. GSM RNE FundamentalsMorphostructure (2) Besides the topo database the basic input for radio network planningEach propagation area has different obstacles like buildings, forest etc. Obstacles which have similar effects on propagation conditions are classified in morphoclassesEach morphoclass has a corresponding value for the correction gainThe resolution of the morpho databases should be adapted to the propagation modelMorpho correction factor for predictions: 0 dB (skyscapers") 30 dB(water")Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 87 88. GSM RNE Fundamentals MorphoclassesCodeMorpho- Descriptionstructure 0not classified e.g. edge of a database 1skyscrapers / very high buildings ( >40m), very high density of buildings,buildings no vegetation on ground levele.g. cities like NewYork, Tokio etc. 2dense urban 4 or more storeys, areas within urban perimeters, inner city,very little vegetation, high density of buildings, mostbuildings are standing close together, small pedestrianzones and streets incl. 3 medium 3 or 4 storeys, areas within urban perimeters, most buildings urban / mean are standing close together, less vegetation, middle densityurban of buildings, small pedestrian zones and streets included 4 lower urban / 2 or 3 storeys, middle density of buildings,suburbansome vegetation, terraced houses with gardens 5residential 1-2 storeys, low density of buildings with gardense.g. farmhouses, detached houses 6 industrial zone factory, warehouse, garage, shipyards / industrialMobile Radio Network Planning3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed0188 89. GSM RNE Fundamentals Morphoclasses CodeMorpho- Description structure7forest all kinds of forest, parks, with high tree density8 agriculture / high vegetation, plants: 1... 3 m,rural high density of plants, e.g. crop fields, fruit plantation9low treelow vegetation, low height of plants, density / parks low density of plants, some kinds of parks, botanical garden10 watersea, rivers, all kind of fresh- and saltwater11 open areano buildings, no vegetatione.g. desert, beach, part of an airport, big streets etc.huge parking areas, large12(optional)defined by networkplanner if necessary13(optional)defined by networkplanner if necessaryMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed0189 90. GSM RNE FundamentalsBackground data (streets, borders etc.) All kinds of information data like streets, borders, coastlines etc. Necessary for orientation in plots of calculation results The background data are not needed for the calculation of the fieldstrength, power etc.Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 90 91. GSM RNE FundamentalsOrthophoto Georeferenced Satellite Image Resolution: most 10 or 20 m Satellite: e.g. SPOT, LandsatMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 91 92. GSM RNE FundamentalsScanned Maps Mainly used asbackground data Not used for calculationbut for localisation Has to be geocodedto put it into a GIS (GeographicInformation System) e.g. aRadio Network Planning ToolMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 92 93. GSM RNE FundamentalsBuildings Vectordata Outlines of single buildings building blocks Building heights Material code not: roof shapeMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 93 94. GSM RNE FundamentalsBuildings (2) Microcell radio network planningis mainly used in urban environment The prediction of mircowavepropagation is calculated witha ray-tracing/launching model A lot of calculationsteps are needed Optimum building databaserequired (data reduction) tominimize the pre-calculation timeMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 94 95. GSM RNE FundamentalsTraffic density Advantageous in theinterference calculation,thus for frequencyassignment andin the calculationof average figures innetwork analysis Raster database oftraffic densityvalues (in Erlangs) of thewhole planning area Resolution: 20...100 mMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 95 96. Geo Databases Geocoordinate transformationMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 96 97. GSM RNE FundamentalsConverting one single point (1a)Example Stuttgart (Example 1)Long/Lat (WGS84) => UTM (WGS84) Exercise: Convert following example with the program Geotrans: Input: Longitude: 9 deg 11 min 7.5 sec Latitude: 48 deg 45 min 13.5 sec Datum WGE: World Geodetic System 1984; Projection: Geodetic Output: Easting: 513629 mValues, which will Northing: 5400099 mcalculated by program Datum WGE: World Geodetic System 1984 Projection: Universersal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Preset of this Zone: 32 ; Hemisphere: N (North) values necessaryMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed0197 98. GSM RNE FundamentalsConverting one single point (1b)Example Stuttgart (Example 1)Long/Lat (WGS84) => UTM (WGS84) GEOTRANS (Geographic Translator) is an application program which allows you to convert geographic coordinates easily among a wide variety of coordinate systems, map projections, and datums.Source: http://164.214.2.59/GandG/geotrans/geotrans.htmlMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 98 99. GSM RNE FundamentalsConverting one single point (2a) Example Stuttgart (Example 2) Long/Lat (WGS84) => UTM (ED50) (ED50 = EUR-A = European Datum 1950) Exercise: Convert following example with the program Geotrans: Input: Longitude: 9 deg 11 min 7.5 sec Latitude: 48 deg 45 min 13.5 sec Datum WGE: World Geodetic System 1984; Projection: Geodetic Output: Easting: 513549 mValues, which will Northing: 5403685 mcalculated by program Datum EUR-A: EUROPEAN 1950, Western Europe Projection: Universersal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Preset of this Zone: 32 ; Hemisphere: N (North) values necessaryMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed0199 100. GSM RNE FundamentalsConverting one single point (2b)Example Stuttgart (Example 2)Long/Lat (WGS84) => UTM (ED50)(ED50 = EUR-A = European Datum 1950)Diff. X (Ex.2 - Ex.1): 69 mDiff. Y (Ex.2 - Ex.1): 200 mDifference because of different Geodetic DatumsAttention:For flat coordinates (e.g. UTM)as well as for geographic coordinates(Long/Lat) a reference calledGeodetic Datum is necessary.Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01100 101. GSM RNE FundamentalsConverting a list of points (3a) Example Stuttgart (Example 3 ) Long/Lat (WGS84) => UTM (WGS84) Input: text-file with the values (list) of the longitude and latitude of different points (How to create the inputfile see on page 3c) Output: Datum: WGE: World Geodetic System 1984 Preset of this Projection: Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) values necessary Zone: 32Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01101 102. GSM RNE FundamentalsConverting a list of points (3b)Example Stuttgart (Example 3 )Long/Lat (WGS84) => UTM (WGS84)Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01102 103. GSM RNE FundamentalsConverting a list of points (3c) Example Stuttgart (Example 3) Long/Lat (WGS84)=> UTM (WGS84) Geotrans V2.2.3 Geotrans V2.2.3Latitude Longitude Optional: different error-infos,deg min sec deg min secdepending on the input-datadefault: Unk=unknownMobile Radio Network Planning3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 103 104. GSM RNE FundamentalsProvider for Geospatial dataGeoda ta supplier InternetBKS www.bks.co.ukComputaMaps www.computamaps.comGeoimagewww.geoimage.frInfoterra www.infoterra-global.comIstar www.istar.frRMSIwww.rmsi.comMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01104 105. GSM RNE FundamentalsLinks for more detailed infos Maps Projection Overview http://www.colorado.edu/geography/gcraft/notes/mapproj/mapproj.html http://www.ecu.edu/geog/faculty/mulcahy/mp/ http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Map_projection Coordinate Transformation (online) http://jeeep.com/details/coord/ http://www.cellspark.com/UTM.html Map Collection http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/index.html Finding out Latitude/Longitude of cities etc. http://www.maporama.comMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01105 106. Coverage PlanningAntennas and CablesMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 106 107. GSM RNE Fundamentals LightningrodTxAntennasAntenna Systems RxRxdivAntennasMechanical Mounting antenna Power dividerclampsupport structureCables (jumper) Jumper cableFeeder cablesJumpercable FeederConnectorsinstallation Earthing kit clampsClampsLightning protectionWall glandsEarthingkitPlanningFeeder Plugs cable 7/ 16 Wallgland Sockets 7/ 16Grounding Jumper cablesMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 107 108. GSM RNE FundamentalsAntenna Theory50 is the impedance of the cable377 is the impedance of the airAntennas adapt the different impedancesThey convert guided waves, into free-space waves (Hertzian waves) and/or vice versaZ =50 Z =377Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01108 109. GSM RNE FundamentalsAntenna Data Polarization Specification due to certain wave polarization (linear/elliptic, cross-polarization) Half power beam width (HPBW) Related to polarization of electrical field Vertical and Horizontal HPBW Antenna pattern Yields the spatial radiation characteristics of the antenna Front-to-back ratio Important for interference considerationsMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01109 110. GSM RNE FundamentalsAntenna Pattern and HPBWhorizontal 0 dB vertical0 dB -3 dB -3 dB-10 dB-10 dBHPBWsidelobe main beamnull directionMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01110 111. GSM RNE FundamentalsEIRPEffective isotropicradiated power:EIRP = Pt+GainIsotropic radiated Power Pt= 56 dBmV1 Gain = 11dBiV2 = V1radiated Pt = 45 dBmpowerMobile Radio Network Planning3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 111 112. GSM RNE FundamentalsLinear Antennas: Monopole and Dipole For the link between base station and mobile station, mostly linear antennas are used: Monopole antennas MS antennas, car roof antennas Dipole antennas Used for array antennas at base stations for increasing the directivity of RXand TX antennasMobile Radio Network Planning3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01112 113. GSM RNE FundamentalsMonopole Antenna Pattern Influence of antenna length on the antenna patternMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01113 114. GSM RNE FundamentalsPanel Antenna with Dipole Array Many dipoles are arranged in a grid layout Nearly arbitrary antenna patterns may be designed Feeding of the dipoles with weighted and phase-shifted signals Coupling of all dipole elementsMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01114 115. GSM RNE FundamentalsDipole Arrangement Dipolearrangement Weighted and phaseTypical flat panel shiftedantenna signals Dipole elementMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01115 116. GSM RNE FundamentalsOmni Antenna Antenna with vertical HPBW for omni sites Large area coverage Advantages Continuous coverage around the site Simple antenna mounting Ideal for homogeneous terrain Drawbacks No mechanical tilt possible Clearance of antenna requiredMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01116 117. GSM RNE FundamentalsX 65 T6 900MHz 2.5m Rural road coverage with mechanicaluptilt Antenna RFS Panel Dual Polarized Antenna 872-960 MHz APX906516-T6 Series Electrical specification Gain in dBi: 17.1 Polarization: +/-45 HBW: 65 VBW: 6.5 Electrical downtilt: 6 Mechanical specification Dimensions HxWxD in mm: 2475 x 306 x 120 Weight in kg: 16.6HorizontalPatternMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 117 118. GSM RNE FundamentalsX 65 T6 900MHz 1.9m Dense urban area Antenna RFS Panel Dual PolarizedAntenna 872-960 MHz APX906515-T6 Series Electrical specification Gain in dBi: 16.5 Polarization: +/-45 HBW: 65 VBW: 9 Electrical downtilt: 6 Mechanical specification Dimensions HxWxD in mm: 1890x 306 x 120 Weight in kg: 16.6Vertical PatternMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01118 119. GSM RNE FundamentalsX 90 T2 900MHz 2.5m Rural area with mechanical uptilt Antenna RFS Panel Dual PolarizedAntenna 872-960 MHz APX909014-T6 Series Electrical specification Gain in dBi: 15.9 Polarization: +/-45 HPBW: 90 VBW: 7 Electrical downtilt: 6 Mechanical specification Dimensions HxWxD in mm: 2475x 306 x 120 Weight in kg: 15.5Vertical PatternMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 119 120. GSM RNE FundamentalsV 65 T0 900MHz 2.0m Highway Antenna RFS CELLite Panel VerticalPolarized Antenna 872-960 MHz AP906516-T0 Series Electrical specification Gain in dBi: 17.5 Polarization: Vertical HBW: 65 VBW: 8.5 Electrical downtilt: 0 Mechanical specification Dimensions HxWxD in mm: 1977x 265 x 130 Weight in kg: 10.9Vertical PatternMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 120 121. GSM RNE FundamentalsV 90 T0 900MHz 2.0m Rural Area Antenna RFS CELLite Panel VerticalPolarized Antenna 872-960 MHz AP909014-T0 Series Electrical specification Gain in dBi: 16.0 Polarization: Vertical HBW: 65 VBW: 8.5 Electrical downtilt: 0 Mechanical specification Dimensions HxWxD in mm: 1977x 265 x 130 Weight in kg: 9.5Vertical PatternMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 121 122. GSM RNE FundamentalsX 65 T6 1800MHz 1.3m Dense urban area Antenna RFS Panel Dual PolarizedAntenna 1710-1880 MHz APX186515-T6 Series Electrical specification Gain in dBi: 17.5 Polarization: +/-45 HBW: 65 VBW: 7 Electrical downtilt: 6 Mechanical specification Dimensions HxWxD in mm: 1310x 198 x 50 Weight in kg: 5.6Vertical PatternMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01122 123. GSM RNE FundamentalsX 65 T2 1800MHz 1.3m Dense urban area Antenna RFS Panel Dual PolarizedAntenna 1710-1880 MHz APX186515-T2 Series Electrical specification Gain in dBi: 17.5 Polarization: +/-45 HBW: 65 VBW: 7 Electrical downtilt: 2 Mechanical specification Dimensions HxWxD in mm: 1310x 198 x 50 Weight in kg: 5.6Vertical PatternMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01123 124. GSM RNE FundamentalsX 65 T2 1800MHz 1.9m Highway Antenna RFS Panel Dual PolarizedAntenna 1710-1880 MHz APX186516-T2 Series Electrical specification Gain in dBi: 18.3 Polarization: +/-45 HBW: 65 VBW: 4.5 Electrical downtilt: 2 Mechanical specification Dimensions HxWxD in mm: 1855x 198 x 50 Weight in kg: 8.6Vertical PatternMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01124 125. GSM RNE FundamentalsV 65 T2 1800MHz 1.3m Highway Antenna RFS CELLite Panel VerticalPolarized Antenna 1710-1880MHz AP186516-T2 Series Electrical specification Gain in dBi: 17.0 Polarization: Vertical HBW: 65 VBW: 7.5 Electrical downtilt: 2 Mechanical specification Dimensions HxWxD in mm: 1310x 198 x 50 Weight in kg: 4.7HorizontalPatternMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 125 126. GSM RNE FundamentalsV 90 T2 1800MHz 1.9m Highway Antenna RFS CELLite Panel VerticalPolarized Antenna 1710-1880MHz AP189016-T2 Series Electrical specification Gain in dBi: 17.0 Polarization: Vertical HBW: 90 VBW: 5.5 Electrical downtilt: 2 Mechanical specification Dimensions HxWxD in mm: 1855x 198 x 50 Weight in kg: 6.0Vertical PatternMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 126 127. GSM RNE Fundamentals7/8" CELLFLEX Low-Loss Coaxial Cable Feeder Cable Mechanical specification 7/8" CELLFLEX Low-Loss Cable weight kgm: 0.53Foam-Dielectric Coaxial Minimum bending radiusCable Single bend in mm: 120 LCF78-50J Standard Repeated bends in mm: 250 LCF78-50JFN Flame Bending moment in Nm: 13.0Retardant Recommended clamp Installation temperature >-25Cspacing: 0.8m Electrical specification 900MHz Attenuation: 3.87dB/100m Average power in kW: 2.65 Electrical specification 1800MHz Attenuation: 5.73dB/100m Average power in kW: 1.79Mobile Radio Network Planning3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 127 128. GSM RNE Fundamentals1-1/4" CELLFLEX Coaxial Cable Feeder Cable Mechanical specification 1-1/4" CELLFLEX Low-Loss Cable weight kgm: 0.86Foam-Dielectric Coaxial Minimum bending radiusCable Single bend in mm: 200 LCF114-50J Standard Repeated bends in mm: 380 LCF114-50JFN Flame Bending moment in Nm: 38.0Retardant Recommended clamp Installation temperature >-25Cspacing: 1.0m Electrical specification 900MHz Attenuation: 3.06dB/100m Average power in kW: 3.56 Electrical specification 1800MHz Attenuation: 4.61dB/100m Average power in kW: 2.36Mobile Radio Network Planning3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 128 129. GSM RNE Fundamentals1-5/8" CELLFLEX Coaxial Cable Feeder Cable Mechanical specification 1-5/8" CELLFLEX Low-Loss Cable weight kgm: 1.26Foam-Dielectric Coaxial Minimum bending radiusCable Single bend in mm: 200 LCF158-50J Standard Repeated bends in mm: 508 LCF158-50JFN Flame Bending moment in Nm: 46.0Retardant Recommended clamp Installation temperature >-25Cspacing: 1.2m Electrical specification 900MHz Attenuation: 2.34dB/100m Average power in kW: 4.97 Electrical specification 1800MHz Attenuation: 3.57dB/100m Average power in kW: 3.26Mobile Radio Network Planning3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 129 130. GSM RNE Fundamentals1/2" CELLFLEX Jumper Cable CELLFLEX LCF12-50J Jumpers Electrical specification 900MHz Feeder Cable Attenuation: 0.068db/m LCF12-50J CELLFLEX Low- Total losses with connectorsLoss Foam-Dielectric CoaxialCableare 0.108dB, 0.176dB and 0.244dB Connectors 7/16 DIN male/female Electrical specification 1800MHz N male/female Attenuation: 0.099dB/m Right angle Total losses with connectors Molded version available in are 0.139dB, 0.238dB and 1m, 2m, 3m0.337dB Mechanical specification Minimum bending radius Repeated bends in mm: 125Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01130 131. Coverage Planning Radio Propagation and Path Loss PredictionMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 131 132. GSM RNE FundamentalsPropagation effects Free space loss Fresnel ellipsoid Reflection, Refraction, Scattering in the atmosphere at a boundary to another material Diffraction at small obstacles over round earth Attenuation Rain attenuation Gas absorption FadingMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01132 133. GSM RNE FundamentalsReflection Rhorizontal reflection Pr = Rh/v P0factor h Rh/v = f( , , , h) Rvertical reflection factor vangle of incidencepermittivityconductivitysurface roughnessPr hh P0Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01133 134. GSM RNE FundamentalsRefraction Considered via an effective earthradius factor kk = 4/3 radio path k= k= 1 k = 2/3 k = 2/ 3k= 1 true earthk = 4/ 3k=Ray paths with different k over true Radio path plotted as a straight line byearthchanging the earths radiusMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 134 135. GSM RNE FundamentalsDiffraction Occurs at objects which sizes are in the order of the wavelength Radio waves are bent or curved around objects Bending angle increases if object thickness is smaller compared to Influence of the object causes an attenuation: diffraction loss radio beamdiffractedobstacleshadowradiozonebeamsMobile Radio Network Planning3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 135 136. GSM RNE FundamentalsFading Caused by delay spread of original signal Multi path propagation Time-dependent variations in heterogeneity of environment Movement of receiver Short-term fading, fast fading This fading is characterised by phase summation and cancellation of signal components, which travel on multiple paths. The variation is in the order of the considered wavelength. Their statistical behaviour is described by the Rayleigh distribution (for non-LOS signals) and the Rice distribution (for LOS signals), respectively. In GSM, it is already considered by the sensitivity values, which take the error correction capability into account.Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01136 137. GSM RNE FundamentalsFading types Mid-term fading, lognormal fading Mid-term field strength variations caused by objects in the size of 10...100m (cars, trees, buildings). These variations are lognormal distributed. Long-term fading, slow fading Long-term variations caused by large objects like large buildings, forests, hills, earth curvature (> 100m). Like the mid- term field strength variations, these variations are lognormal distributed.Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 137 138. GSM RNE Fundamentals Signal Variation due to Fading 0Lognormal fadingRaleygh fading-10-20 Received Power [dBm]-30-40-50 Fading hole-60-700.12.85.48.010.6 13.215.9 18.521.1 23.726.329.0 31.634.2 36.839.4 42.1 44.747.3 49.9 Distance [m]Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 138 139. GSM RNE FundamentalsLognormal FadingLognormal fading (typical 20 dBloss by entering a village) Fading hole Lognormal fading (entering a tunnel)Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 139 140. GSM RNE FundamentalsFree Space Loss The simplest form of wave propagation is the free-space propagation The according path loss can be calculated with the following formula Path Loss in Free Space Propagation L free space loss d distance between transmitter and receiver antenna f operating frequency d fL freespace 32.4 20 log20 logkmMHzMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01140 141. GSM RNE FundamentalsFresnel Ellipsoid The free space loss formula can only be applied if the direct line-of-sight(LOS) between transmitter and receiver is not obstructed This is the case, if a specific region around the LOS is cleared from anyobstacles The region is called Fresnel ellipsoidTransmitterLOSReceiverMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 141 142. GSM RNE FundamentalsFresnel Ellipsoid The Fresnel ellipsoid is the set ofd1 d 2all points around the LOS wherethe total length of the connecting rlines to the transmitter and thereceiver is longer than the LOS d1 d 2 length by exactly half a wavelength It can be shown that this region iscarrying the main power flow fromtransmitter to receiverFresnel zoneTransmitterReceiverLOSLOS + /2Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 142 143. GSM RNE FundamentalsKnife Edge Diffractionpath ofdiffracted waveh0BTSline of sight MS 1st Fresnel zone h0 = height of obstacle over line ofd1d2sightd1, d2 = distance of obstacle fromreplaced obstacle (knifeBTS and MSedge) h0rd1d2Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01143 144. GSM RNE Fundamentals Knife Edge Diffraction FunctionKnife-edge diffraction function 35 Additional diffraction loss F(v) 30v: clearance parameter, v=-h0/r 25Note: h0 = 0v =0 L = 6 dB 20F(v) [dB] 15 10 5 0-5 -9-8-7 -6 -5 -4-3-2-101 2 3 Clearance of Fresnel ellipsoid (v)Mobile Radio Network Planning3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 144 145. GSM RNE Fundamentals Computers: the "Final Solution" for Wave Propagation Calculations? Exact field solution requires too much computer resources! Too much details required for input Exact calculation too time-consuming Field strength prediction rather than calculation Requirements for field strength prediction models Reasonable amount of input data Fast (it is very important to see the impact of changes in the network layout immediately) Accurate (results influence the hardware cost directly) Tradeoff required (accurate results within a suitable time) Parameter tuning according to real measurements should be possibleMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 145 146. GSM RNE FundamentalsCCIR Recommendation The CCIR Recommendations providevarious propagation curves Based on Okumura (1968) Example (CCIR Report 567-3):Median field strength in urban areaFrequency = 900 MHzhMS = 1.5 mDashed line: free space How to use this experience in field strengthprediction models? Model which fits the curves in certain rangesHatas modelwas modified later by the EuropeanCooperation in Science and Technology(COST): COST 231 Hata/OkumuraMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 146 147. GSM RNE Fundamentals Mobile Radio Propagation dFree-space propagation (Fresnel zone not obstructed) L ~ d2Fresnel zone heavily obstructed near the mobile stationL ~ d3.7Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 147 148. GSM RNE FundamentalsTerrain Modeling Topography Effective antenna height Knife edge diffraction single obstacles multiple obstacles Surface shape/Morpho-structure Correction factors for Hata-Okumura formulaMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01148 149. GSM RNE Fundamentals Effect of Morphostructure on Propagation Loss Open area Urban area Open area Fieldstrength open areaurban areaDistanceMobile Radio Network Planning3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 149 150. GSM RNE FundamentalsHata-Okumura for GSM 900 Path loss (Lu) is calculated (in dB) as follows: Lu= A1 + A2 log(f) + A3 log(hBTS) + (B1 + B2log(hBTS)) log d The parameters A1, A2, A3, B1 and B2 can be user-defined. Default values are proposed in the table below:ParametersOkumura-HataCost-Hataf< 1500 MHz F>1500 MHz A1 69.5546.30 A2 26.1633.90 A3 -13.82 -13.82 B1 44.9044.90 B2-6.55 -6.55Mobile Radio Network Planning3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01150 151. GSM RNE Fundamentals CORRECTIONS TO THE HATA FORMULA As described above, the Hata formula is valid for urban environment and a receiverantenna height of 1.5m. For other environments and mobile antenna heights, correctiveformulas must be applied.Lmodel1=Lu-a(hMS) for large city and urban environmentsLmodel1=Lu-a(hMS) -2log (f/28) -5.4 for suburban areaLmodel1=Lu -a(hMS) - 4.78log (f)+ 18.33 log(f) 40.94 for rural areaa(hMS) is a correction factor to take into account a receiver antenna height different from 1.5m. EnvironmentsA(hMS) Rural/Small city(1.1log(f) 0.7)hMS (1.56log(f) -0.8) Large city3.2log (11.75hMS) 4.97Note: When receiver antenna height equals 1.5m, a(hMS) is close to 0 dB regardless of frequency. Mobile Radio Network Planning3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 151 152. GSM RNE FundamentalsCOST 231 Hata-Okumura for GSM 900LossHata = 69.55 + 26.16 log (f) - 13.82 log (hBTS) - a(hMS) +(44.9 - 6.55 log (hBTS)) log (d) - Lmorphoa (hMS) = (1.1 log (f) - 0.7) hMS - (1.56 log (f) - 0.8) Formula valid for frequency range: 1501000 MHz Lmorpho [dB] Morpho/surface shape-Correction factor0 dB: Skyscrapers->27 dB: open area f [MHz]Frequency (150 - 1000 MHz) hBTS [m] Height of BTS (30 - 200 m) hMS [m]Height of Mobile (1 - 10m) d [km] Distance between BTS and MS (1 - 20 km)Power law exponent shown coloredMobile Radio Network Planning3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01152 153. GSM RNE FundamentalsCOST 231 Hata-Okumura GSM 1800LossHata = 46.3 + 33.9 log (f) - 13.82 log (hBTS) - a(hMS) +(44.9 - 6.55 log (hBTS)) log (d) - Lmorphoa (hMS) = (1.1 log (f) - 0.7) hMS - (1.56 log (f) -0.8) Formula is valid for frequency range: 1500...2000 MHz Hatas model is extended for GSM 1800 Modification of original formula to the new frequency range For cells with small ranges the COST 231 Walfish-Ikegami model is morepreciselyMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01153 154. GSM RNE FundamentalsAlcatel Propagation Model Using of effective antenna height in the Hata-Okumura formula: heff = f( , d, hBTS, hMS)Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01154 155. GSM RNE FundamentalsExercise Path Loss Scenario Height BTS = 40m Height MS = 1.5m D (BTS to MS) = 2000m 1. Calculate free space loss for A.) f=900MHz B.) f=1800MHz 2. Calculate the path loss for f = 900MHz A.) Morpho class skyscraper B.) Morpho class open area 3. Calculate the path loss for f = 1800MHz A.) Morpho class skyscraper B.) Morpho class open areaMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01155 156. Coverage PlanningLink Budget Calculation Coverage ProbabilityCell RangeMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 156 157. GSM RNE FundamentalsMaximum Propagation Loss (Downlink)Effective Isotropic Radiated PowerEIRPBTS = 59.5 dBmBTS Antenna GainGantBS = 16.5 dBi Propagation LossLpropMinimum Received Power PRX,min,MS = -102 dBm Feeder Cable Loss MS Antenna GainLcable = 3 dB GantMS = 2 dBiOutput PowerInternal Losses at antennaLint = 2 dB connector 46.0 MS RXdBmSensitivity -102 dBmALCATEL EvoliumTMMaximum allowed downlink propagation loss: Lprop,max = EIRPBTS - PRX,min,MS = 161.5 dBMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 157 158. GSM RNE Fundamentals Maximum Propagation Loss (Uplink) Minimum Received PowerPRX,min,BTS = -124.5 dBmBTS Antenna GainGantBS = 16.5 dBi Propagation LossLprop EIRPMS = 33 dBmFeeder Cable LossMS Antenna Gain Lcable = 3 dBGantMS = 2 dBi ReceivingInternal Lossessensitivity at Lint = 2 dB ant. conn.MS TX Power -111 dBm33 dBmALCATEL EvoliumTMMax. allowed uplink propagation loss:Lprop,max = EIRPMS - PRX,min,BTS = 157.5 dBWith antenna diversity gain of 3dB:Lprop,max,AD = EIRPMS - PRX,min,BTS + GAD= 160.5 dBWith TMA compensating cable loss:Lprop,max,AD,TMA = EIRPMS - PRX,min,BTS + GAD + GTMA = 163.5dB Mobile Radio Network Planning3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 158 159. GSM RNE FundamentalsLink Budget (1)GSM900 MacroTX MS to BS UplinkBS to MSDownlinkEvolium Evolution Internal PowerComb+Filter Loss, Tol. 33,00,0dBmdB41,0 3,0 dBm dBA9100 BTS Output PowerCable,Connectors Loss 33,02,0dBmdB38,0 3,0 dBm dBBody/Indoor Loss4,0 dBAntenna Gain2,0 dBi 11,0 dBiEIRP 29,0 dBm 46,0 dBmRX Uplink DownlinkRec. Sensitivity -104,0 dBm -102,0 dBmBody/Indoor Loss 4,0 dBCables, Connectors Loss 3,0 dB 2,0 dBAntenna Gain 11,0 dBi2,0 dBiDiversity Gain3,0 dBInterferer Margin 3,0 dB 3,0 dBLognormal Margin 50%8,0 dB 8,0 dB90,9%Degradation (no FH) 0,0 dB 0,0 dBAntenna Pre-Ampl. 0,0 dBIsotr. Rec. Power: -104,0 dBm-87,0 dBmMax. Pathloss 133,0 dB133,0dBMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 159 160. GSM RNE FundamentalsGSM1800 Link BudgetMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01160 161. GSM RNE FundamentalsAdditional Losses Overview Loss typeReasonValue Indoor lossElectrical properties of wall material20dB (3...30dB) Incar loss Brass influencing radio waves 7dB (4...10dB) Body lossAbsorption of radio waves by the 3dB (0...8dB)human body Interferer marginBoth signal-to-noise ratio and C/ I low3 dB Lognormal margin Receiving the minimum field strength According towith a higher probability probabilityMobile Radio Network Planning3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 161 162. GSM RNE FundamentalsIndoor propagation aspects Penetration Loss Multiple Refraction Multiple Reflection Exact modeling of indoor environment not possible Practical solution: empirical model!Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01162 163. GSM RNE FundamentalsIndoor propagation: empirical modeld Additional Loss in [dB] relative to loss at Power relative to power at vertical incidenced=0 35 30Additional attenuation in dB 25 20 15 1050d0612 1824 3036 4248 5460 66 7278 8490 Angle of incidence in degreeMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 163 164. GSM RNE FundamentalsIndoor Penetration Depending on environment-0.3 dB / floor Line-of-sight to antenna? (11th ... 100th floor) Interior unknown general assumptionsIncident wave-2.7 dB / floorLindoor = 3 ... 15 dB (1st ... 10th floor) Incident waveLindoor = 7 ... 18 dB(ground floor) Lindoor = 13 ... 25 dB Lindoor = 17 ... 28 dBLindoor =dB (deep basement)Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01164 165. GSM RNE FundamentalsBody Loss (1)Measured attenuation versustime for a test person walking around in an anechoic chamberMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01165 166. GSM RNE FundamentalsBody Loss (2)Near field of MS antenna without head with head Calculation model Head modeled as sphereMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01166 167. GSM RNE FundamentalsBody Loss (3)Test equipment for indirectfield strength measurementsIndirect measured field strength penetrated into the head (horizontal cut)Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 167 168. GSM RNE FundamentalsInterference Margin In GSM, the defined minimum carrier-to-interferer ration (C/I)threshold of 9 dB is only valid if the received server signal is not tooweak. In the case that e.g. the defined system threshold for the BTS of -111dBm is approached, a higher value of C/I is required in order tomaintain the speech quality. According to GSM, this is done by taking into account a correction of3 dB.Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01168 169. GSM RNE FundamentalsDegradation (no FH) GSM uses a frame correction system, which works with checksumcoding and convolutional codes. Under defined conditions, this frame correction works successfullyand copes even with fast fading types as Rayleigh or Rician fading. For lower mobile speed or stationary use, the fading has a biggerinfluence on the bit error rate and hence the speech quality isreduced. In such a case, a degradation margin must be applied. The margindepends on the mobile speed and the usage of slow frequencyhopping, which can improve the situation for slow mobiles again.Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01169 170. GSM RNE FundamentalsDiversity Gain This designates the optional usage of a second receiver antenna. The second antenna is placed in a way, which provides somedecorrelation of the received signals. In a suitable combiner, the signals are processed in order to achievea sum signal with a smaller fading variation range. Depending on the receiver type, the signal correlation, and theantenna orientation, a diversity gain from 26 dB is possible.Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01170 171. GSM RNE FundamentalsLognormal margin Lognormal margin is also called fading margin Due to fading effects, the minimum isotropic power is only received with a certainprobability Signal statistics, lognormal distribution with median power value F med and standard deviation (sigma) Without any margin, the probability is 50%, which is not a sufficient value in order toprovide a good call success rate. A typical design goal should be a coverage probability of 90...95%. The followingnormalised table can be applied to find fading margins for different values of . Thefading margin is calculated by multiplying the value of k (in the table) with the standarddeviation: Lognormal/Fading Margin = k . k--0.50 1 1.3 1.652 2.33 +Coverage0% 30%50%84%90%95%97.7 99%100 Probability % %Mobile Radio Network Planning3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01171 172. GSM RNE FundamentalsConsideration of Signal Statistics (1)Field strength at location xlognormally distributedarround Fmedianx100 mBSMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01172 173. GSM RNE FundamentalsConsideration of Signal Statistics (2)PDF 0,3 0,25 0,2Area representing the 0,15 coverage probability 0,1 0,05 0Fthreshold Fmedian received signal level F [dBm]Local coverage probability: Pcov = P [ F > Fthreshold ]Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01173 174. GSM RNE FundamentalsCalculation of Coverage Radius RFor what Radius R is the average coverage probability in the cell area95% ?F recFrec,med (r) = EIRP - LossHata (r)Frec,med (r)Loss Hata = f(hBS, hMS, f, r) + KmorPcov(r)= P(Frec (r) > Frec,thr) R F rec, thr2Pcov (r) dr ! 0= 0.95 = R 0Rr r= distance between BTS and MS Frec = received powerR = f (hBS, hMS, f, Kmor, EIRP, Frec,thr)= Standard deviationMobile Radio Network Planning3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 174 175. GSM RNE Fundamentals Coverage ProbabilityPcov(r)Pcov = P ( Frec > Frec, thr ) 10,950,50RrMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01175 176. GSM RNE FundamentalsCoverage Ranges and Hata Correction FactorsClutter type Cor [dB] [dB] Area Coverage ProbabilitySkyscrapers06 100%Dense urban26Medium urban 47Lower urban67 95%Residential86 Reference Pathloss [dB]Industrial zone 10 10 90%Forest 88 155Agricultural206 150Low tree density158Pcov 85% 145 140 135Water 275 130Open area 276 125 80% 120 115 110 75% Calculation conditions: 70%0,0 1,53,0 4,56,0 7,59,010,5 Correction = 3; Sigma = 7 d [km]hBS = 30 m; hMS = 1.7m; f = 900 Mhz Mobile Radio Network Planning3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 176 177. GSM RNE Fundamentals Conventional BTS Configuration TX and RX1 BTSTXOmnidirectional antenna for both TX and RXCoverage Range R0Coverage Area A0ALCATEL EvoliumTMTX45.4 dBm R0RX-109dBmA0Mobile Radio Network Planning3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01177 178. GSM RNE Fundamentals Coverage Improvement by Antenna DiversityRX and TX 1 BTS Omnidirectional antennasRXDIV one for both RX and TXTX one for RXDIV Antenna diversity gain (2...6 dB) Example: 3 dB Coverage rangeRDiv = 1.23 R0 Coverage areaADiv = 1.5 A0ALCATEL EvoliumTM R0 RDivTX45.4 dBmRX-109dBmA0 ADivMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01178 179. GSM RNE Fundamentals Radiation Patterns and Range sectoromni 3 antennas at sector site,Resulting antenna footprint ("cloverleaf") Gain: 18 dBi, HPBW: 65 compared to an 11 dBi omni antennaMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 179 180. GSM RNE Fundamentals Improvement by Antenna Diversity and Sectorization 3 BTS Directional antennas (18 dBi) Antenna diversity (3 dB)RXDIV Max. coverage rangeRsec,div = 1.95 R0 Coverage areaAsec,div = 3 A0 TXALCATEL R0EvoliumTMALCATEL Rsec,divEvoliumTMALCATELEvoliumTMAsec,divMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01180 181. GSM RNE Fundamentals Improvement by Antenna Preamplifier 3 BTS Directional antennas (18 dBi)RXDIVAntenna diversity (3 dB) Antenna preamplifier (3dB) Max. coverage rangeRsec,div,pre = 2.22 R0 Coverage areaAsec,div,pre = 3.9 A0 TX General:R0ALCATELAsec = g A0EvoliumTM g: Area gain factor Rsec,div,preALCATELEvoliumTMALCATELEvoliumTMAsec,div,preMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 181 182. Coverage PlanningAntenna EngineeringMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 182 183. GSM RNE Fundamentals Omni Antennas Application Large area coverage Umbrella cell for micro cell layer Advantages Continuous coverage around the site Simple antenna mounting Ideal for homogeneous terrain Drawbacks No mechanical tilt possible Clearance of antenna required Densification of network difficultMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01183 184. GSM RNE Fundamentals Sector Antenna Antenna with horizontal HPBW of e.g. 90 or 65 Advantages Coverage can be focussed on special areas Low coverage of areas of no interest (e.g. forest) Allows high traffic load Additional mechanical downtilt possible Wall mounting possible Drawbacks More frequencies needed per site compared to omni sites More hardware needed Lower coverage area per sectorMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01184 185. GSM RNE FundamentalsTypical Applications Wide horizontal beam width (e.g. 90) For areas with few reflecting and scattering objects (rural area) Area coverage for 3-sector sites Sufficient cell overlap to allow successful handovers Small horizontal beam width (e.g. 65) For areas with high scattering (city areas) Coverage between sectors by scattering and by adjacent sites (mostly site densification in urban areas)Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01185 186. GSM RNE FundamentalsAntenna Tilt Downtilting of the Antenna main beam related to the horizontalline Goals: Reduction of overshoot Removal of insular coverage Lowering the interference Coverage improvement of the near area (indoor coverage) Adjustment of cell borders (handover zones) Mechanical / Electrical or Combined downtiltMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01186 187. GSM RNE FundamentalsMechanical Downtilt Advantages Later adjustment of vertical tilt possible Antenna diagram is not changed, i.e. nulls and side lobes remain in their position relative to the main beam Cost effective (single antenna type may be used) Fast adjustments possible Drawbacks Side lobes are less tilted Accurate adjustment is difficult Problems for sites with difficult accessMobile Radio Network Planning3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 187 188. GSM RNE FundamentalsElectrical Downtilt =0 Advantages=t Same tilt for both main and side lobes downtilt angle =2t Antenna mounting is more simpleno adjustment errors=3t= delay time Drawbacks Introduction of additional antenna types necessary New antenna installation at the site if downtilting is introduced Long antenna optimization phase Adjustment of electrical tilt mostly not possibleMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01188 189. GSM RNE FundamentalsCombined Downtilt Combination of both mechanical and electrical downtilt High electrical downtilt: Distinct range reduction in sidelobedirection (interference reduction) Less mechanical uptilt in main beam direction Choose sector antennas with high electrical downtilt (6...8) and apply mechanical uptilt installation for optimum coverage range in main beam directionMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01189 190. GSM RNE Fundamentals Assessment of Required Tilts Required tilt is estimated using Geometrical Optics Consideration of Vertical HPBW of the antenna Antenna height above ground Height difference antenna/location to be covered Morpho-structure in the vicinity of the antenna Topography between transmitter and receiver location Tilt must be applied for both TX and RX antennas!Mobile Radio Network Planning3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01190 191. GSM RNE FundamentalsInter Site Distance in Urban Area Using sectorized sites withantennas of 65 horizontal halfpower beam widthX X The sidelobe is approximately AB reduced by 10dB. This is a reduction of cell range to 50%. The inter site distance calculationfactor depends on Type of antenna R2 0.5* R2 Type of morpho class Multi path propagation Scattering Sigma (fading variations)Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 191 192. GSM RNE FundamentalsDowntilt in Urban AreaTilt 2 Tilt 2Site A Site B Cell range R2 0.5* R2 Inter Site Distance A-B = 1.5* R2 Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01192 193. GSM RNE FundamentalsDowntilt in Urban Area The upper limit of the vertical half power beam widthis directed towards the ground at maximum cell range Upper 3dB point of the vertical antenna pattern To be used in areas with Multi path propagation condition Good scattering of the beam Aim Reduction of interference Optimization Coverage Optimization in isolated cases using less downtilt Interference Reduction in isolated cases using more downtiltMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01193 194. GSM RNE Fundamentals Downtilt in Suburban and Rural Area Downtilt planning for Suburban Rural Highway Coverage The main beam is directed towards the ground at maximum cell rangeTilt 1Tilt 1Site CSite DCell range R1 Cell range R1 Inter Site Distance C-D = 2* R1 Mobile Radio Network Planning3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 194 195. GSM RNE FundamentalsAntenna configurations Rx/ Tx Application of Duplexer Consists of a TX/RX Filter and a combiner one antenna can be saved Tower Mounted Amplifier (TMA) Increase Uplink Sensitivity TMA needs to have TX bypass=> in case of duplexer usageDuplex DiversityFilter Space diversity Polarization diversityTx RxTo BTSMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 195 196. GSM RNE Fundamentals Antenna Configurations for Omni and Sector Sites Sector antennasPole mounting forSectorroof-top mountingantennaBBracons Pole PoleRxdivRx Tx RxdivRx Tx Sector Sector AntennaAntennaPole mounting for wallor parapet mountingPole Pole Tower mounting for omni antennas Tower mounting fordirectional antennasMobile Radio Network Planning3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 196 197. GSM RNE FundamentalsThree Sector Antenna Configuration withADMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01197 198. GSM RNE FundamentalsAntenna Engineering Rules Distortion of antenna pattern: No obstacles within Antenna near field range HPBW Rule plus security margin of 20 First fresnel ellipsoid range (additional losses!) TX-RX Decoupling to avoid blocking and intermodulation Required minimum separation of TX - RX antennasdependent on antenna configuration (e.g. duplexer or not) Diversity gain Required antenna separation for space diversityMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01198 199. GSM RNE FundamentalsDistortion of antenna pattern Antenna Near Field Range: Rmin = 2D/ D = Aperture of antenna (e.g. 3m) => Rmin = 60 / 120m for GSM / DCS HPBW Rule with securtiy margin of 20 and tiltHPBW/2 + 20 + H D[m] 1 510Roof Top = ObstacleH[m] 0.5 2.55DHPBW = 8, = 2Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 199 200. GSM RNE Fundamentals Tx-Rx Decoupling (1) Out of Band Blocking Requirement (GSM Rec. 11.21) GSM 900 = +8 dBm GSM 1800 = 0 dBm Required Decoupling (n = number of transmitters) TX-TX= 20 dB TX-RX GSM = 30 + 10 log (n) dB TX-RX DCS = 40 + 10 log (n) dBReceiverP [dBm]Pout Characteristic-13fuseTXP1dB fint -101n*200kHzRXfusefint f[MHz]Mobile Radio Network Planning3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 PblockPin 200 201. GSM RNE FundamentalsTX-RX Decoupling (2) Horizontal separation (Approximation)Isolation for Horizontal Separation - omni 11dBi45 dH40 GSM1800 Isolation [dB] 3530 GSM90025 I =22+20log(d / )-(G +G ) [dB]HHT R2015 .4 .8 .2 .6 .4 .8 .2 .6 .4 .8 .277777777712141.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9. 10 10 11 11 12 12 13 13 14 14 15Separation [m ]Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01201 202. GSM RNE Fundamentals TX-RX Decoupling (3) Vertical separation (Approximation) Isolation for Vertical Separation70dvMast60GSM180050 Isolation [dB]40dm30GSM900I =28+40log(d / ) [dB] VV20100 0.2 0.3 0.40.50.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1Separation [m]Mobile Radio Network Planning3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 202 203. GSM RNE FundamentalsSpace Diversity Required separation for max. diversity gain = F( ) RXAdHRXARXBdVFor a sufficient low correlation coefficient < 0.7:RXB dH = 20 => GSM 900: 6m / GSM1800: 3m dV = 15 => GSM 900: 4.5m / GSM1800: 2.25mMobile Radio Network Planning3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 203 204. GSM RNE FundamentalsQuasi-OmniPower Divider Configuration Power dividers connect severalantennas to one feeder cable For combination of individual 4-to-1 Power splitter antenna patterns for a (6 dB loss) requested configuration Quasi-omni configuration Bidirectional configuration (road coverage) To BTS: Duplexer output (TX plus RX diversity)To BTS: Receiver inputMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 204 205. GSM RNE Fundamentals Power divider Also called "power splitter" or "junction box" Passive device (works in both (transmit and receive)direction)PinPinPin Pin PinPin Pin Pin Pin223 3 34 4 4 43 dB4.5 dB 6 dB PinPinPin Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 205 206. GSM RNE Fundamentals Example: Power SplitterMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 206 207. GSM RNE FundamentalsPanel Configurations (1) Radial Arrangementof 6 Panel Antennas with horizontal beamwidth = 105 gain = 16.5 dBi, mast radius = 0.425 m, mounting radius = 0.575 mMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01207 208. GSM RNE Fundamentals Panel Configurations (2) Example 2: Quasi Omni Arrangementof 3 antennas with horizontal beamwidth = 105 , gain =13.5dBi,mounting radius = 4 mMobile Radio Network Planning3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01208 209. GSM RNE Fundamentals Panel Configurations (3) Example 3: Skrew Arrangementof 4 Panel Antennas with horizontal beamwidth =65 ,gain = 12.5 dBi, mast radius = 1 m,mounting radius = 1.615 mMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01209 210. GSM RNE FundamentalsFeeders Technical summary Inner conductor:Copper wire Dielectric: Low density Inner conductor Outer conductorfoam PE Outer conductor:Corrugatedcopper tube Jacket: Polyethylene (PE)blackDielectricJacketMobile Radio Network Planning3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01210 211. GSM RNE FundamentalsFeeder Installation Set and Connectors1 Cable Clamps2 Antenna Cable7/16 Connector:3 Double BearingCoaxial Connector4 Counterpart5 Anchor tape RobustGood RF-PerformanceMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 211 212. GSM RNE Fundamentals Feeder ParametersTypeMinimum bending radius JacketWeight (m) Recommended(outer diameter)clamp spacingSingle bending Repeated bendingLCF 1/2 70 mm210 mm 16 mm 0.35 kg 0.6 mLCF 7/8 120 mm 360 mm 28 mm 0.62 kg 0.8 mLCF 1 5/8 300 mm 900 mm49.7 mm 1.5 kg 1.2 mGSM 900GSM 1800 GSM 1900TypeAttenuationRecommendedAttenuation Recommended Attenuation Recommended/ 100 m [dB] max length [m] / 100 m [dB]max length [m]/ 100 m [dB]max length [m]LCF 1/ 26.645 10.3 30 10.6 28LCF 7/ 84.075 6.050 6.347LCF 1_5/ 82.6 115 4.075 4.271These values are based on feeder types with an impedance of 50 ohmsMobile Radio Network Planning3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 212 213. GSM RNE FundamentalsFeeder attenuation (1) Main contribution is given by feeder loss Feeder Cable 4dB/100m => length 50mLoss =2.0dB Jumper Cable 0.066dB/1m => 5m Loss =0.33dB Insertion Loss of connector and power splitter < 0.1dB Total Loss 2.0dB+2x0.33dB+5x0.1dB+0.1dB=3.26dB Cable type is trade off between Handling flexibility Cost AttenuationMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01213 214. GSM RNE FundamentalsRadiating Cables Provide coverage in Tunnels, buildings, along side tracks or lines Principle: Radiate a weak but constant electromagnetic wave Suitable for coverage over longer distances (Repeater) Fieldstrength distribution more constant as with antennas RepeaterTerminat- ing Load FF F ThrF ThrMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01214 215. GSM RNE FundamentalsComponents of a radiating cable system Components are shown with black lines N- connectionsTxRadiating Termination loadcable BTSRx Mounting clips Earthing kitJumper cabel with 50 mm wall standoff1-leg radiating cable systemMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01215 216. GSM RNE Fundamentals Comparison of field strength: Radiating cable and standard antenna-40[dBm]-50-60 Cable attenuation-70between the antennas-80 Radiating cable field-90strength-100 Antenna field strength -110DistanceMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01216 217. GSM RNE Fundamentals Example of aradiating cablein a tunnelMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01217 218. GSM RNE Fundamentals Microwave antennas, feeders and accessories Microwave point to point systems use highly directional antennas Gain 4 A eG 10 lg 2with G = gain over isotropic, in dBi A = area of antenna aperture e = antenna efficiency Used antenna types parabolic antenna high performance antenna horn lens antenna horn antennaMobile Radio Network Planning3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01218 219. GSM RNE FundamentalsParabolic antenna Parabolic dish, illuminated by a feed horn at itsfocus Available sizes: 1 (0.3 m) up to 16 (4.8 m) Sizes over 4 seldom used due to installationrestrictions Single plane polarized feed vertical (V) orhorizontal (H) Also: dual polarized feeder (DP), with separateV and H connections (lower gain) Front-to-back ratios of 45 dB not high enoughfor back-to-back configuration on the samefrequency Antenna patterns are absolutely necessary forinterference calculationsMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01219 220. GSM RNE Fundamentals High performance antenna Similar to common parabolic antenna, exceptfor attached cylindrical shield Improvement of front-to-back ratio and wideangle radiation discrimination Available in same sizes as parabolic, singleor dual polarized Substantially bigger, heavier, and moreexpensive than parabolic antennas Allow back-to-back transmission at the samefrequency in both directions (refer tointerference calculation)Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01220 221. GSM RNE FundamentalsHorn antennas Horn lens antenna For very high frequencies > 25 GHz Replacement for small parabolicantennas (1) Same electrical data, but easier toinstall due to size and weight Horn reflector antenna Large parabola, energy from the feedhorn is reflected at right angle (90) Gain like 10 parabolic antenna (60dBi), but higher front-to-back ratios >70 dBBig and heavy, requires a complex installation procedureOnly used on high capacity microwave backbones (e.g. MSC-MSC interconnections) Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01221 222. GSM RNE Fundamentals Specific Microwave Antenna Parameters (1) Cross polarization discrimination (XPD) highest level of cross polarisation radiation relative to themain beam; should be > 30 dB for parabolic antennas Inter-port isolation isolation between the two ports of dual polarised antennas;typical value: better than 35 dB Return loss (VSWR) Quality value for the adaption of antenna impedance to theimpedance of the connection cable Return loss is the ratio of the reflected power to the powerfed at the antenna input (typical> 20 dB)Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01222 223. GSM RNE Fundamentals Specific Microwave Antenna Parameters (2) Radiation pattern envelope (RPE) Tolerance specification for antenna pattern (specification ofantenna pattern itself not suitable due to manufacturingproblems) Usually available from manufacturer in vertical and horizontalpolarisation (worst values of several measurements) Weight Wind loadMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01223 224. GSM RNE Fundamentals Data sheet 15 GHzBandwidth(GHz) 14.4 - 15.35 14.4 - 15.35 14.4 - 15.35Bandwidth(GHz) 14.4 - 15.35 14.4 - 15.35 14.4 - 15.35Model number PA 2 - 144 PA 4 - 144 PA 6 - 144Model number DA 2 - 144 DA 4 - 144 DA 6 - 144Nominal diameter(m)0.61.21.8 Nominal diameter(m)0.61.21.8(ft) 2 46(ft) 2 46Half-power beamwidth (deg) 2.31.2 0.8Half-power beamwidth (deg)2.31.20.8Gain low band(dBi)36.2 42.3 45.8 Gain low band(dBi)36.2 42.3 45.8Gain mid band(dBi)36.5 42.5 46.0 Gain mid band(dBi)36.5 42.5 46.0Gain high band (dBi)36.7 42.8 46.3 Gain high band (dBi)36.7 42.8 46.3Front-to-back ratio(dB)42 48 52Front-to-back ratio(dB)65 68 68Cross polar discrimination (dB)28 30 30Cross polar discrimination (dB)28 30 30Return loss(dB)26 26 28Return loss(dB)26 26 26Weight (kg)19 43 73Weight (kg)28 55 130Windload WindloadElevation adjustment (deg)+/- 5+/- 5 +/- 5 Elevation adjustment (deg) +/- 12+/- 12 +/- 12Parabolic antenna 15 GHzHigh performance antenna 15 GHz Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01224 225. GSM RNE FundamentalsRadiation pattern envelopeMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01225 226. GSM RNE Fundamentals Feeders (1) Coaxial cables or waveguides (according to frequency) Most important characteristic: loss and return loss Coaxial cables Used between 10 MHz and 3 GHz Dielectric material: foam or air Parameters of common coaxial cables: type dielectric diameter losspowerbending (mm)(dB/ 100m)rating (kW) radius (mm)LCF 1/ 2 CU2Yfoam 16.0 10,9 / 2 GHz0.4720013.8 / 3 GHzLCF 7/ 8 CU2Yfoam 28.0 6.5 / 2 GHz 0.953608.5 / 3 GHzLCF 1 5/ 8 CU2Yfoam 49.7 4.4 / 2 GHz 1.7 3805.6 / 3 GHzMobile Radio Network Planning3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 226 227. GSM RNE FundamentalsFeeders (2) Waveguides Used for frequency bands above 2.7 GHz Three basic types available: circular, elliptical and rectangular Rigid circular waveguide Very low loss Supports two orthogonal polarisations Capable to carry more than one frequency band Usually, short components of this type are used Disadvantages: cost, handling and moding problemsMobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 227 228. GSM RNE FundamentalsFeeders (3) Elliptical semiflexible waveguides Acceptable loss, good VSWR performance Low cost and easy to install Various types optimised for many frequency bands up to 23 GHz Used for longer distances (easy and flexible installation) Can be installed as a "single run" (no intermediate flanges) typeloss / 100 mFrequency EW 342.0 4 GHz EW 524.0 6GHz EW 775.8 8GHz EW 90 10.011 GHzEW 220 28.023 GHzMobile Radio Network Planning3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01228 229. GSM RNE Fundamentals Feeders (4) Solid and flexible rectangular waveguides Solid rectangular waveguides Combination of low VSWR and low loss High cost and difficult to install Used for realising couplers, combiners, filters type loss / 100 m FrequencyWR 229 2.84 GHzWR1594.5 6GHzWR1128.5 8GHzWR 9011.7 11 GHzWR 7515.0 13 GHzMobile Radio Network Planning3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01229 230. GSM RNE Fundamentals Feeders (5) Flexible rectangular waveguides Worse VSWR and losses than for solid waveguides Often used in short lengths (13 Ghz typeloss / mFrequencyPDR1400.5 15GHzPDR180 118 GHzPDR220 223 GHzMobile Radio Network Planning3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01230 231. GSM RNE Fundamentals Antenna feeder systems (1) Direct radiating system Most commonly used for frequencies