RMF523A Lecture Review Of Anatomy 2013 (1)

© Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 1

RMF523

STREAM A WEEK 1 Overview and Review of

Anatomy


Review of Anatomical Language

Anterior

Superior

Medial

Distal

Superficial

Ipsilateral

Cephalad/cranial

Posterior

Inferior

Lateral

Proximal

Deep

Contralateral

Caudal


Review of Anatomical Language

Use the diagram to

Label the following:

1. Distal

2. Proximal

3. Medial

4. Lateral

5. Superior

6. Inferior


Review of Types of Bones


Types of Bones

o Long eg femur

o Short eg carpals

o Flat eg scapula

o Irregular eg vertebrae

o Sesamoid eg patella


Planes and Sections

o A plane is an

imaginary flat surface

that passes through

the body.

o A section is one of the

2 surfaces (pieces)

that results when the

body is cut by a plane

passing through it.

Taken from Tortora and Derrickson Edition 10


Planes and Sections

Label the following planes:

o Frontal (or coronal)

o Transverse (or

horizontal)

o Sagittal


Axial bones

o Vertebral Column

o Skull – Cranial portion

o Skull - Facial portion

o Ribs and Sternum

Illustration taken from Tortora & Grabowski 10th Edn


Appendicular

bones

o Pectoral Girdle

o Upper limb

o Pelvic Girdle

o Lower limb

Illustration taken from Tortora & Grabowski 10th Edn


Identify Axial Bones - activity

Vertebral column o Cervical x 7

o Thoracic x 12

o Lumber x 5

o Sacrum – up to 5 fused vertebra

o Coccyx – up to 5 fused vertebra

Ribs x 12 o Sternum – 3 separate components, 1. Manubrium, 2.

Body and 3. Xiphoid


Identifying Appendicular Bones Pelvic Girdle/Lower Limb

o Ilium

o Ischium

o Pubis

o Femur

o Patella

o Tibia

o Fibula

o Tarsals

o Metatarsals

o Phalanges

Pectoral Girdle/Upper

Limb

o Clavicle

o Scapula

o Humerus

o Ulna

o Radius

o Carpals

o Metacarpals

o Phalanges


Answers to use

to check your

labeled

illustrations


Classification of Joints

o Structural classification based upon:

• Presence of space between bones

• Type of connective tissue holding bones together

– Collagen fibers

– Cartilage

– Joint capsule & accessory ligaments

o Functional classification based upon movement:

• Immovable Synarthrosis

• Slightly movable Amphiarthrosis

• Freely movable Diarthrosis


Fibrous Joints

o Lack a synovial cavity

o Bones held closely together by fibrous

connective tissue

o Little or no movement (amphiarthroses or

synarthroses)

o 3 Types

• Sutures

• Syndesmoses

• Gomphoses


Fibrous Joints - Sutures

o Thin layer of dense fibrous

connective tissue unites

bones of the skull

o Immovable (synarthrosis)

Fig 7.1

Tortora & Derrickson 7th edn


Fibrous Joints - Syndesmosis

o Fibrous joint

• bones united by ligament

o Slightly movable (amphiarthrosis)

o Example:

• Tibiofibular joint and Interosseous membrane

Fig 7.1b



Fibrous Joints - Gomphosis

o Ligament holds cone-shaped peg in bony socket

o Immovable (synarthroses)

o Example:

• Teeth in alveolar processes

Fig 7.1c



Cartilaginous Joints

o Lack a synovial cavity

o Allow little or no movement

o Bones tightly connected by fibrocartilage or

hyaline cartilage

o 2 Types

• Synchondroses

• Symphyses


Cartilaginous Joints - Synchondrosis

o Connecting material is hyaline cartilage

o Immovable (synarthrosis)

o Examples:

• Epiphyseal plate

• Joints between ribs and sternum

Fig 7.2



Cartilaginous Joints - Symphysis

o Fibrocartilage is the

connecting material

o Slightly movable

(amphiarthroses)

o Examples:

• Intervertebral

discs

• Pubic symphysis


Synovial Joints

o Synovial cavity

separates

articulating bones

o Freely moveable

(diarthroses)

o Articular cartilage

• Reduces friction

• Absorbs shock Fig 7.3



Synovial Joints o Articular capsule

• surrounds joint

o Fibrous capsule

• External layer - holds joints together

• Thickenings in fibrous capsule called ligaments

o Synovial membrane

• Inner lining of capsule

• Secretes synovial fluid (containing hyaluronic acid slippery)

• Brings nutrients to articular cartilage Fig 7.3



Special Features

o Accessory ligaments

• Extracapsular ligaments

– Outside joint capsule

• Intracapsular ligaments

– Within joint capsule

o Articular discs or menisci

• Attached around edges of capsule

• Allow 2 bones of different shape to fit tightly

• Increase stability of joint (knee - torn cartilage)

Fig 9.15



Special Features

o Bursae

• Fluid-filled saclike extensions of the joint capsule

• Reduce friction between moving structures

– Skin rubs over bone

– Tendon rubs over bone

• Bursitis

– Chronic inflammation of a bursa

Fig 9.15



Types of Synovial Joints

o Planar

o Hinge

o Pivot

o Condyloid/Ellipsoidal

o Saddle

o Ball and Socket

Fig 7.3



Synovial Joints

o Bones are

surrounded by a joint

capsule and it also

encloses the joint

cavity

o Inner layer of capsule

is a synovial

membrane that

secretes fluid into

joint

o Outer layer is a

fibrous tissue

continuous with the

periosteum of the

bone

o Bones are capped

with articular cartilage

o Allow for large

amount of movement


Synovial Joints - Ligaments o Fibrous structures (primarily collagen) that

attaches from one structure to another – usually

bone to bone

o Ligaments cross joints and supply joint integrity

o Ligaments are often thickenings of the outer

fibrous layer of the joint capsule (extra-articular)

o An intra-articular ligament is located within the

joint cavity

o Functionally the purpose of a ligament is to limit

movement at a joint


Synovial Joints - Ligaments

o e.g. Extra-articular

ligaments are the

Tibial collateral and

the Fibular collateral

ligaments

o e.g. Intra-articular

ligaments are the

Anterior and Posterior

Cruciate ligaments Image taken from www.larsligament.com


Uni-axial Synovial joints

A uniaxial joint allows

movement to occur

around one axis or in

one plane

Two types:

Hinge Joints

Pivot Joints

A Hinge Joint has one

bony surface shaped

like a ‘spool’ and the

other bony surface

being concave to meet

the ‘spool-like’

arrangement

e.g. Elbow joint



o An example of a

hinge joint – note the

‘spool-like’ shape at

the distal end of the

humerus

o And the concave

shape at the proximal

end of the ulna



o Pivot Joints have

one surface shaped

like a ring and the

other bony surface

shaped so it can

rotate in the ring

o e.g. Atlanto-axial joint

or Radio-ulnar joint Taken from Tortora and Derrickson Edition 10


Bi-axial Synovial joints

A Biaxial joint allows

movement to occur

about two axes or within

two planes

Two types of biaxial

joints are:

Condyloid Joints

Saddle Joints

Condyloid joints have

the surface of one bone

being concave in shape

and the other is convex

(oval or ellipsoid) in

shape.

e.g. Radio-carpal joint in

the wrist and

metacarpophalangeal

joints of the hand



o Example of

condyloid joint –

Radio-carpal joint in

wrist

o Condyloid can also be

described as Ellipsoid

(or oval shaped)




o A Saddle joint is a

modified condyloid joint

o Both bones have a

convexity and a

concavity on the

articulating surface

o The convexity of one

bone fits into the

concavity of the other

and vice versa E.g. the base of the thumb is

a good example of a saddle

joint



Tri-axial Synovial joints

Tri-axial joints allow

movement to occur

around three axes, or in

three planes

The ball and socket

joint is a tri-axial joint

One bone has a ball-like

convex surface that fits

into the concave-

shaped socket of the

other bone

e.g. Hip joint and

shoulder joint


Triaxial Synovial joints

o Note the ‘cup-like’

shape of the

actabulum (Greek &

Roman origin:

meaning a vessel

that had a wide neck

and contained

vinegar)



Nonaxial Synovial joints

o A non-axial joint

allows movement to

occur within a plane

but not around an

axis

o The movement is a

gliding movement

along the surface of

another bone

The surfaces of a non-

axial joint are usually

flat or slightly curved

e.g. Intercarpal and

intertarsal joints or the

facet joints of the

vertebral column


Nonaxial Synovial joints

o A Planar joint

o E.g. the intertarsal

joints are non-axial

synovial joints


RMF523A Lecture Review Of Anatomy 2013 (1)

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