RLE 1.Asepsis

7/30/2019 RLE 1.Asepsis

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Definition of Terms Parasite microorganism that lives in or on another

and obtains its nourishment from it

Pathogenecity virulence and potency ofmicroorganism

Colonization presence of organisms in bodysecretions or excretions that does not cause illness

Carrier person or animal that harbors a specificinfectious agent and serve as potential source ofinfection yet does not manifest signs of disease


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Definition of Terms

Susceptible host any person who is at risk forinfection

Compromised host person at increased risk, who forone or more reason more likely than others to acquire

an infection Bactericidal agents that destroys bacteria

Bacteriostatic agents that prevents the growth andreproduction of some bacteria

Sterilization process that destroys allmicroorganisms, including spores and viruses

Spores round or oval structure enclosed in a toughcapsule


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Definition of Terms Infection invasion of body tissue by any

microorganism

Antiseptics agents that inhibit the growth of somemicroorganisms

Disinfectants agents that destroy pathogens otherthan spores and sterilization


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Types of Infection

1. Local Infection- Is limited to specific part ofthe body where the microorganisms remain.

2. Systemic Infection Microorganisms spread

and damage different parts of the body.3. Bacteremia When a culture of the persons

blood reveals a microorganisms.

4. Septicemia When bacteremia results insystemic infection.


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Types of InfectionAcute Infection Generally appear and suddenly or

last a short time. Chronic Infection- may occur slowly, over a long

period, and may last months or years.

Nosocomial Infection are classified as infections thatare associated with the delivery of health care servicesin a health care facility

Endogenous source microorganism causing diseaseoriginates from the client

Exogenous source Coming from the hospitalenvironment or hospital personnel.

Iatrogenic infection - are the direct result of diagnosticor therapeutic procedures


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Chain of Infection Etiologic agent microorganism

Reservoir

Portal of exit from the reservoir Method/mode of transmission

Portal of entry into a host

Susceptibility of the host


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Chain of Infection

INFECTIOUS AGENT

A microbial organism with the ability to cause

disease. The greater the organism'svirulence (ability to

grow and multiply), invasiveness (ability toenter tissue) and pathogenicity(ability to

cause disease), the greater the possibility thatthe organism will cause an infection

Infectious agents are bacteria, virus, fungi, and

parasites.


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Chain of Infection

RESERVOIR A place within which microorganisms can thrive and

reproduce

For example, microorganisms thrive in human beings,animals, and inanimate objects such as water, table tops, anddoorknobs.

PORTAL OF EXIT

A place of exit providing a way for a microorganism to leavethe reservoir

For example, the microorganism may leave the reservoirthrough the nose or mouth when someone sneezes or coughs

Microorganisms, carried away from the body by feces, mayalso leave the reservoir of an infected bowel.


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Chain of Infection MODE OF TRANSMISSION

Method of transfer by which the organism moves or is carriedfrom one place to another

The hands of the health care worker may carry bacteria from

one person to another. PORTAL OF ENTRY

An opening allowing the microorganism to enter the host.

Portals include body orifices, mucus membranes, or breaks in

the skin Portals also result from tubes placed in body cavities, such as

urinary catheters, or from punctures produced by invasiveprocedures such as intravenous fluid replacement.


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Chain of Infection SUSCEPTIBLE HOST

A person who cannot resist a microorganism

invading the body, multiplying, and resulting ininfection

The host is susceptible to the disease, lackingimmunity or physical resistance to overcome the

invasion by the pathogenic microorganism.


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Mode of Transmission Direct immediate and direct transfer of

microorganisms from person to person Touching, biting, kissing, sexual intercourse

Droplet (within 3 feet)

Indirect vehicle-borne or vector-borne Vehicle-borne substance that serves as an intermediate

means to transport and introduce an infectious agentinto a susceptible host through a suitable portal of entry

Vector-borne animal or insect that serves as an

intermediate means of transporting the infectious agentAirborne occurs when droplet nuclei emitted by an

infected host are transmitted by air currents to asuitable portal of entry


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Breaking the Chain of Infection

Etiologic agent Correctly cleaning, disinfecting or sterilizing articles before

use

Educating clients and support persons about appropriatemethods to clean, disinfect, and sterilize article

Reservoir (source) Changing dressings and bandages when soiled or wet

Appropriate skin and oral hygiene

Disposing of damp, soiled linens appropriately

Disposing of feces and urine in appropriate receptacles Ensuring that all fluid containers are covered or capped

Emptying suction and drainage bottles at end of each shift orbefore full or according to agency policy


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Portal of exit Avoiding talking, coughing, or sneezing over open

wounds or sterile fields

Covering the mouth and nose when coughing orsneezing

Method of transmission Proper hand hygiene Instructing clients and support persons to perform hand

hygiene before handling food, eating, after eliminating

and after touching infectious material Wearing gloves when handling secretions and excretions Wearing gowns if there is danger of soiling clothing with

body substances


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Portal of entry Using sterile technique for invasive procedures, when

exposing open wounds or handling dressings

Placing used disposable needles and syringes in

puncture-resistant containers for disposal Providing all clients with own personal care items

Susceptible host Maintaining the integrity of the clients skin and

mucous membranes Ensuring that the client receives a balanced diet

Educating the public about the importance ofimmunizations


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Stages of Infectious Process Incubation period time between the entry of the

microorganism into the body to the onset of

symptoms Prodromal period time from the onset of

nonspecific symptoms to onset of specificsymptoms

Illness period Convalescence time the symptoms start to abate

until the person returns to normal state of health


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Signs of Inflammation1. Redness (rubor)

2. Heat (calor or color)

3. Swelling (tumor)

4. Pain (Dolor)

5. Impaired function of the part (functiolaesa)


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Signs of Systemic Infection Fever

Increased pulse and respiratory rate if the fever

high Malaise and loss of energy

Anorexia and, in some situations, nausea andvomiting

Enlargement and tenderness of lymph nodes that

drain the area of infection


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Signs of InfectionLaboratory data

Elevated WBC count

Increase in specific WBC types

Elevated ESR

Cultures of urine, blood, sputum, or otherdrainage


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1. Active Antibodies are produced by

the body in response to anantigen

Long

a. Natural Antibodies are formed in the

presence of active infectionin the body

Lifelong

b. Artificial Antigens (vaccines ortoxoids) are administered tostimulate antibodyproduction

Many years; the immunitymust be reinforced bybooster

2. Passive Antibodies are produced byanother source, animal orhuman

a. Natural Antibodies are transferred

naturally from an immunemother to her baby throughthe placenta or in colostrum

6 months to 1 yr

b. Artificial Immune serum (antibody)from an animal or anotherhuman is injected

2 to 3 weeks


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FACTORS INCREASING SUSCEPTIBILITY TO

INFECTIONAge

Heredity

Nature, number and duration of physical andemotional stressor

Resistance to infection

Some medical therapiesAny disease that lessens the bodys defense against

infection


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NANDA Diagnosis Risk for Infection

State in which an individual is at increased risk

for being invaded by pathogenicmicroorganisms

Risks factors

Inadequate primary defenses

Inadequate secondary defenses


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ASEPSIS

Freedom from infection or infectious materials 2 types:

MEDICAL ASEPSIS all practices intended to confine aspecific microorganisms to a specific area limiting the

number, growth and transmission of microorganism CLEAN denotes the absence of microorganisms

DIRTY (SOILED/CONTAMINATED) denote the likelypresence of microorganisms, some of which may be capable ofcausing infection

SURGICAL ASEPSIS (sterile technique) practices thatkeep an object or area free of all microorganisms;includes practices that destroy all microorganisms andspores


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Sterilization

Sterilization Is a process that destroys allmicroorganisms, including spores and viruses. Fourcommonly methods of sterilization: Moist Heat For sterilizing, moist heat (steam) can be

employed in two ways

Gas Ethylene oxide gas destroys microorganisminterfering with their metabolic processes. It is alsoeffective against spores.

Boling water Most practical and inexpensive method

of sterilizing in the home Radiation Both ionizing ( such as alpha, beta, and x-

rays) and non-ionizing (ultraviolet light) radiations areused for disinfection and sterilization.


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IsolationDisease-specific isolation precaution

Use of private rooms with special ventilation

Cohorting clients infected with the sameorganism

Gowning to prevent gross soilage of clothes


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Universal Precautions (UP) Used with all clients

Decrease the risk of transmitting unidentified

pathogens Obstruct the spread of bloodborne pathogens

(hepatitis B and C viruses and HIV)

Used in conjunction with disease-specific or

category-specific precautions


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Body Substance Isolation (BSI) Employs generic infection control precautions for all

clients

Body substances include: Blood Urine

Feces

Wound drainage

Oral secretions Any other body product or tissue


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Standard Precautions Used in the care of all hospitalized persons

regardless of their diagnosis or possible infectionstatus

Apply to

Blood

All body fluids, secretions, and excretions except sweat

(whether or not blood is present or visible) Nonintact skin and mucous membranes

Combine the major features of UP and BSI


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Transmission-based Precautions Used in addition to standard precautions

For known or suspected infections that are spread inone of three ways:

Airborne

Droplet

Contact

May be used alone or in combination but always inaddition to standard precautions


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Personal Protective Equipment Gloves worn to protect the hands when the nurse is

likely to handle body substances

Gown worn when the nurses uniform is likely tobecome soiled

Face masks worn to reduce the risk of transmissionof organisms by droplet contact, airborne routes,

splatters of body substances Eye wear protection from body substances that may

splatter


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HANDWASHING Most effective infection control measures

Done before eating, after using toilet/bedpan/urinal,after coming in contact with any body substances,before and after giving care


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Hand washing Procedure Determine the location of the running water and soap

or soap substitutes

Assemble all the equipments needed Soap Running water

Disposable or sanitized towels

Assess the hands Nails should be kept short Remove all jewelry

Check for breaks in the skin


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Hand washing Procedure Rinse the hands

Thoroughly dry the hands and arms

Discard disposable towels in the appropriatecontainer

Turn off the water

In the hand operated control faucet, use thepaper towel to turn off the faucet


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Sterile Technique Sterile free of all microorganism

Sterile field microorganism-free area

Ensure that sterile items remain sterile Sterile gloves

RLE 1.Asepsis

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