RksYgvb,Fm’ nig viciRtsil,³€¦ · s½BÞ nig evyüakrN_ PasaviTU)anbBa©ÚlPasa CnCatiB½r...

RksYgvb,Fm’ nig viciRtsil,³

r)aMRBHraCRTBü

sIha 2008

]btßmÖkarRsavRCav nig e)aHBum<pSay

edaymUlniFirbs;raCrdæaPi)alCb:un

tamry³GgÁkaryUeNsáÚ

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matika esckþIEføgGMNrKuN ...........................................................................................................5 buBVkfa......................................................................................................................... 7 GarmÖkfa ........................................................................................................................9 CMBUk1 Rbvtþiénr)aMk,ac;buraNExμr b¤ r)aMRBHraCRTBü ............................................................................... 11

I. Rbvtþiénr)aMk,ac;buraNExμr b¤ r)aMRBHraCRTBü ..................................................................... 11 1> sikSaBaküKnøwH..................................................................................................... 11 2> sm½ybuerRbvtþisa®sþ .............................................................................................. 12 3> sm½yRbvtþisa®sþ .................................................................................................19

II . rebobsEmþg ....................................................................................................... 43 III. qak b¤ ranraM b¤ kþarEbn b¤ TIlanraM ..........................................................................44 IV . karlMGqak.........................................................................................................45 V . BiFIsMBHRKÚ .........................................................................................................46 VI . semøókbMBak;nigeRKOgtubEtgkay ...............................................................................46

1> rebobesøókBak; nigsemøókbMBak;tYGgÁr)aMk,ac;buraN ............................................................47 2> eRKOgtubEtglMGénr)aMk,ac;buraNExμr ³ ..........................................................................54

VII . rUbPaBnigxøwmsarénr)aMk,ac;buraNEx μr b¤ r)aMRBHraCRTBü ..................................................... 61 VIII . Gtßn½yr)aMk,ac;buraNEx μr b¤ r)aMRBHraCRTBü ................................................................. 76

1> Gtßn½yk,ac;r)aMRBHraCRTBü bJu r)aMk,ac;buraNEx μr ............................................................... 76 2> lkçN³smÁal;Gtßn½yPasak,ac;raM............................................................................... 78 3> karbgðajGMBIGtßn½yénk,ac;rbs;r)aMk,ac;buraNExμr ³ ........................................................... 81

IX . t®nþI nig ceRmogsMrab;kMdrr)aM .................................................................................. 83 1> t®nþI ............................................................................................................... 83 2> ceRmogsMrab;kMdrr)aM ..............................................................................................99

CMBUk2 sißtir)aM b¤ elçank,ac;buraNEx μr b¤ r)aMRBHraCRTBü ..................................................................109 I . bBa¢Ir)aM nig elçank,ac;buraNExμr b¤ r)aMRBHraCRTBü ............................................................109

1> eQVgyl;GMBIr)aMk,ac;buraNEx μr ................................................................................... 109 2> n½yBakü..........................................................................................................110 3> eQμaHr)aM erOgelçççank,ac;buraN ...................................................................................115 4> bBa¢Ir)aMk,ac;buraN b¤ r)aMRBHraCRTBüEdlrs;eLIgvijtamlMdab;GkçrRkm ..........................................117

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5> briyaysegçbGMBIr)aMk,ac;buraNExμr ........................................................................... 124 6> elçank,ac;buraN ................................................................................................ 134

II . ePøgsMrab;eRbIkñúgelçanburaN .....................................................................................146 III . QutxøHkñúgerOgGuINavbusS)a ...................................................................................148

1> RbPBerOg GIuNavbusS)a ........................................................................................148 2> Rbvtþisegçbrbs;r)aMerOgGIuNavbusS)a ¬elçanRBHraCRTBü¦................................................... 152

CMBUk3 TsSn³vis½ykñúgkarGPirkS nig GPivDÆn_sil,³r)aMk,ac;buraNExμr b¤ r)aMRBHraCRTBü ................................ 163

I . TsSn³vis½ykñúgkarGPirkS ....................................................................................... 163 1> témøGmt³ ...................................................................................................... 163 2> elakTsSn³GMBICIvit.............................................................................................164 3> eTvPaB ..........................................................................................................165 4> ebtikPNÐvb,Fm’GrUbI .......................................................................................... 166

II . GPivDÆn_sil,³r)aMk,ac;buraNExμr b¤ r)aMRBHraCRTBü .......................................................... 168 1> karGPirkS .......................................................................................................169 2> karGPivDÆ ...................................................................................................... 175

esckþIsnñidæan ............................................................................................................. 179 ]bsm<½n§ ................................................................................................................... 183

I . bBa¢IRKUr)aMk,ac;buraNEx μr b¤ r)aMRBHraCRTBü...................................................................... 183 1> rC¢kalRBH)aTsemþcRBHGgÁDYg 1840-1859 ...............................................................184 2> rC¢kalRBH)aTsemþcRBHneratþm ................................................................................185 3> rC¢kalRBH)aTsIusuvtiþ .......................................................................................... 187 4> rC¢kalRBH)aTsIusuvtßi munIvgS ...................................................................................189 5> rC¢kalRBH)aTneratþm suraRmwt nigsemþcRBHmhakSRtiyanI kusum³narIr½tñ sirIvDÆna ..........................190 6> rC¢kalRBH)aTsemþcRBH neratþm sIhnu ....................................................................... 193 7> sm½ysaFarNrdæRbCamanitkm<úCa .............................................................................195

II . bBa¢IeQ μaHRKÚePøgburaN ...........................................................................................199 III . skmμPaBRsavRCav ............................................................................................ 202

1> skmμPaBRsavRCav)azkfa sþIBIr)aMk,ac;buraNEx μr............................................................. 202 2> skmμPaBRsavRCavr)aMk,ac;buraNEx μrtamextþ-Rkug ........................................................... 202

ÉksarBieRKaH...............................................................................................................205

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esckþIEføgGMNrKuN

eyIg´KN³km μkarsikSaRsavRCavr)aMk,ac;buraNEx μrénRksYgvb,Fm’ nig viciRtsil,³ sUmEføgGMNrKuNy:agRCaleRCAcMeBaHGgÁkar UNESCO RbcaMenAkm<úCa Edlknøgmk EtgEtCYy]btßmÖKaMRTRKb;skmμPaBvb,Fm’sil,³ CaBiesseBlenHGgÁkar UNESCO

enA)anykcitþTukdak;]btßmÖKaMRTcMeBaHkm μviFIsikSaRsavRCav nig cgRkgÉksar {r)aMk,ac;buraNEx μr} EdleTIb)anbBa©ÚlCasm,tþivb,Fm’GrUbIénmnusSCati RbkaseLIg edayGgÁkar UNESCO enATIRkug)a:rIsnaéf¶TI 7 vicäika qñaM2003 .

kar]btßmÖKaMRTRbkbedaylkçN³mnusSFm’d¾éføføaenH )anbgálkçN³sm,tþi[KN³ kmμkareyIgk¾dUcCaRksYgvb,Fm’ nig viciRtsil,³ GaccgRkg)anÉksarsil,³sRmab; Cati nig e)aHBum<pSaysRmab;CaRbeyaCn_dl;mnusSCatiTUeTApg. ÉksarenHnwgrYm cMENkkñúgkarCYyBRgwgGtþsBaØaNvb,Fm’Catipg k¾dUcCaCYybMeBjbEnßmdl;XøaMg cMeNHdwgmnusSCatielIBiPBelakpg .

Caf μ ImþgeTot KN³km μakareyIgsUmEføgGMNrKuNy:agRCaleRCAbMputcMeBaH GgÁkar UNESCO enAkm<úCa nigsgÇwmfasßab½neyIgTaMgBIrnwgbnþshkarKñay:agl¥RbesIr eTAéf¶GnaKt elIKeRmagkmμviFIsil,³vb,Fm’CaeRcIneTot .

sUmGrKuN

KN³km μkarsikSaRsavRCavr)aMk,ac;buraNExμr b¤ r)aMRBHraCRTBü

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buBVkfa

GgÁkaryUeNsáÚ (UNESCO) manktþiysEdl)anrYmviPaKTan kñúgeCaKC½yénkar e)aHBum<esovePAmYyd¾mansarsMxan; sþIGMBIrr)aMk,ac;buraNEx μr EdlCaTRmg;sil,³RKwH énebtikPNÐevaharekaslünigGrUbIrbs;RbeTskmú<Ca rYmTaMgmnusSCatiTaMgmUlpgEdr. smiT§plenH CaskçIPaBénkarxitxMRbwgERbgrbs;RksYgvb,Fm’ nig viciRtsil,³ elIkic©kar sþareLIgvij nigEfrkSa karBarmt’kvb,Fm’ d¾mantémørbs;RbeTskmú<Ca.

r)aMk,ac;buraNEx μr nig sil,³TsSnIyPaBTaMgGs; suT§EtCa]bkrN_d¾manRbsiT§PaB kñúgkarRbmUlpþúMRKb;PaKIEx μr edIm,IkarBarGtþsBaØaNvb,Fm’Cati. TRmg;sil,³buraN mYycMnYnRtÚv)an)at;bg; nig y:agehacNas;kMBugRbQmmuxnwgeRKaHfñak;enH. edayehtu plenHehIyeTIbGgÁkaryUeNsáÚ manbItirIkraysaTrcMeBaHGñkRsavRCav RBmTaMgsil,kr sil,karinI énRksYgvb,Fm’ nig viciRtsil,³ Edl)anRbwgERbgRbmUlcgRkgk,Ünxñat edIm,IkMueGay)at;bg;TRmg;edImrbs;ebtikPNÐvb,Fm’d¾mantémøenH.

GgÁkaryUeNsáÚ sUmpþl;karelIkTwkcitþdl;sßab½nRsavRCavCati elIkarbegáItviFIsaRsþ fμ I kñúgbMNgkarBar nig GPirkSr)aMk,ac;buraNExμr rYmTaMgRKb;TRmg;sil,³d_éTeTot CaBiess tamry³karsikSaRsavRCavtabEbbviTüasaRsþTMenIb. GgÁkaryUeNsáÚeRtomxøÜnCaeRsckñúg karbnþkic©shkar KaMRTdl;raCrdæaPi)al elIkic©RbwgERbgedIm,IplRbeyaCn_GnaKtrbs; RbCaBlrdæExμr. sUmRbsiTæBrC½yeGay)anRbkbeday Gayu vNÑ³ suxM BlM kMubIxan.

etrUGU CInéN tMNagGgÁkaryUeNsáÚRbcaMenAkm<úCa

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GarmÖkfa Ep¥kelIyuT§sa®sþctuekaNrbs;raCrdæaPi)alEdlmansemþcnaykrdæm®nþI h‘un Esn CaRbmux

nigeyagtamEpnkaryuT§sa®sþkñúgkarGPivDÆCati 2006-2010 vis½yvb,Fm’nigviciRtsil,³EdlCaEpñk mYyényuT§sa®sþenHnwgvivtþ\tQb;Qr. k¾b:uEnþplb:HBal;CaGviC¢man énvb,Fm’saklPavUnIykmμ)an eFVI[fñak;dwknaMRksYgvb,Fm’ nig viciRtsil,³ mankarRBYy)armÖdl;kar)at;bg;nUvr)aMk,ac;buraNExμr bJu r)aMRBHraCRTBü EdlbuBVburseyIg)anbnSl;Tuk. ehtuenHehIy)anCafñak;dwknaMRksYgRbmUlpþúMGñkCMnaj TaMg Gs;edIm,IcgRkgÉksarenHeLIgvijeFVICak,ÜnxñatTuk[kUnExμrCMnan;eRkaysÁal;BItémøBiténvb,Fm’Cati xøÜn.

epþImecjBITsSn³enH RkumGñksavRCavrbs;RksYgvb,Fm’ nig viciRtsil,³)anxitxMykcitþTukdak; cMeBaHkarsikSaRsavRCav nwg EfrkSaRBlwg nigsñaédKMrUl¥²rbs;dUnta. karsikSa[dwgBIdMeNIrvivtþén vb,Fm’Cati erOgr:avBgSavtar b¤ Rbvtþisa®sþ[)ansuICeRmAKWCakarcaM)ac;. eFVI)andUecñaHenaHGtItkalnig Bnül;R)ab;eyIgehIysYreyIgfa³ etIGñkral;KñakMBugeFVIGVIxøHkñúgbc©úb,nñkal ? bnÞab;mk nwgeFVIGVIeTotkñúg GnaKtkal ? eKeCOCak;fa³ GtItkal KWCaemerondl;bc©úb,nñ nigGnaKt. kalNaeyIgsÁal;GtItkal rbs;xøÜnc,as; eyIgGacemIleXIjnUvcMNucexSaycMNucxøaMgsRmab;CabTBiesaFn_EdlKYrecosvagb¤eyIgKYr EtxMRbwgERbgRbmUlpþúMcgRkgCak,Ünc,ab; sRmab;Gnuvtþ RbtibtþikñúgeBlbc©úb,nñpg nig eTAGnaKtpg.

RkumkargarRsavRCavrbs;RksYgvb,Fm’ nig viciRtsil,³)anshkarCamYyGgÁkaryUeNsáÚ (UNESCO) )anRbmUlsikSanigcgRkgTuknUv {r)aMk,ac;buraNExμr b¤ r)aMRBHraCRTBü} EdlCamrtkdUntabnSl;Tuk dl;sBVéf¶sRmab;kUnecACMnan;eRkaysikSaRsavRCavbnþ edIm,IrYmcMENkGPirkS nig GPivDÆvis½yvb,Fm’ CatieyIg.

mt’kvb,Fm’ EdldUntaExμr)anbnSl;Tuk KWBitCaeFVI[kulbuRtkulFItaExμrRKb;rUbmanemaTnPaB y:agéRkElgBiessKWsm,tþivb,Fm’énGarüFm’GgÁrd¾rugerOgCaGaT×manR)asaTburaNrab;Ban; silacarwk d¾eRcIn\tKNna nig rUbcmøak;l¥viciRt EdlenAray):ayesÞIrBaseBjEdndIkñúgépÞRbeTsCitxagéneyIg. eRkABIenHExμrenAmanvg;t®nþIeRcInvg;EdlmanGayukalrab;Ban;qñaMmkehIy. vg;t®nþITaMgenHmantYnaTIxus² KñaEdlRtUvpSarP¢ab;eTAnwgCIvitRbcaMéf¶pg nigsasnapg. vg;ePøgGarkçmantYnaTIbMerICMenOExμredImKWCMenO elICIvcl EdlmanGayukaltaMgBImunRKwsþskraCmkem:øH. vg;t®nþIGaBah_BiBah_ b¤ ePøgkar manedIm kMeNIttaMgBIedImstvtSTI1 énK>s>kñúgBiFIGPieskRBHefag nig nagnaK. vg;t®nþIBiNBaTüCavg;t®nþI

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Cab;Tak;TgnwgsasnasRmab;RbKMCUnsil,³skáar³manelçanRsemalEs,kFM elçanexal r)aMRBHraC RTBü CaedIm. vg;ePøgmeharIEdlkøaymkBIBaküfa³ menahara menaharI KWCat®nþIsRmab;RbKMbeRmIGaTieTB tamR)asaT b¤eTvsßannasm½yGgÁr. vg;t®nþIKgrbs;ExμrelI nigvg;t®nþI RTammIg b¤ Fmμwg >>>.l.

kitþinaml,Il,aj nig rugerOgénGarüFm’GgÁrBuMEmnmanEtmhaR)agÁR)asaTnana Edlbc©úb,nñ)an køayCaEpñkmYy énebtikPNÐvb,Fm’rUbI énBiPBelakbu:eNÑaHeT EtenAmanr)aMk,ac;buraNExμr b¤ r)aMRBH raCRTBü EdlCaekrdMENld¾rs;revIkTaMgenAelIqakCati nig GnþrCati EdlRtUv)anEfrkSay:agKg;vgS CaeRcInstvtSr_mkehIyeTotpg dUcCarUbeTBGbSrcMnYn1737EdlbuBVbursExμr)anqøak;Cab;enAelI CBa¢aMgénR)agÁR)asaTGgÁrvtþ RbkbedayeTBekaslürs;revIkCatwktagnwgRtUv)anGgÁkar UNESCO bBa©ÚlCaebtikPNÐvb,Fm’GrUbIénmnusSCatikalBIeBlfμI²enHpgEdr.

ÉksarEdlRksYgvb,Fm’ nig viciRtsil,³)ancgRkgenHnwgCYy[kUnExμr)ansÁal;kan;Etc,as; EfmeTotGMBIBUCGm,Úrnigtémøénvb,Fm’dUntaxøÜnEdlBuMGackat;éfø)an. enaHeKnwgRsLaj;ehIynaMKñacUlrYm EfrkSakarBarvb,Fm’Cati[)anKg;vgSeTAGnaKt. m:üageTotkare)aHBum<pSayÉksarTaMgenH CaKuN RbeyaCn_d¾sMxan;Nas;dl;karBRgwgvb,Fm’CatiExμr[)anrwgmaM nigeFVIkarGPivDÆ[ceRmIneCOnelOnBI mUldæanCati edIm,IpSarP¢ab;eTAnwgvb,Fm’cRmuHCatisasn_rbs;mnusSCati.

edaysarKMnitécñRbDit RbkbedayeTBekaslüx<s;éndUntaExμr taMgBIsm½ymunGgÁr nigbnþrhUt mkdl;bc©úb,nñenH EfmTaMgmanrUbcmøak;eTBGbSr nig erOgelçank,ac;buraNCaeRcIn)anqøak; enAelIpÞaMg silaR)asaT eBareBjedayPaBrs;revIkhak;manRBlwgBit²CaskçIPaBRsab;. dUecñHkñúgnameyIgCakUn ExμrCMnan;eRkayRtUvEtsÁal;GtItkalrbs;xøÜn[)anc,as; eTIbGacBRgwgbc©úb,nñkalrbs;xøÜn)anl¥. edayQrelImUldæanTaMgenaHeTIbeyIgGacksagmatuPUmieyIg[ceRmInlUtlas;rugerOgeTAGnaKt)an.

RkumRsavRCav sUmemtþaxnþIGP½yeTasBIsMNak; RBHGgÁm©as; GñkGgÁm©as; semþc RTg; Ék]tþm Gs;elak elakRsI GñknagkBaØa nigmitþGñkGanTaMgGs; cMeBaHkgVHxatedayGectna kñúgkarRsavRCav nig cgRkgCaesovePAenH nig rg;caMTTYlyknUvral;mtiENnaMTaMgLay EdlCaCMnYyedIm,IRTRTg;nUv sil,³ nig vb,Fm’rbs;CatieyIg[)ansßitesßrKg;vgSteTAGnaKt. eyIg´sgÇwmfaGs;elakGñkR)aCJ bNÐit GñkCMnaj Epñksil,³vb,Fm’RKb;CMnan; nwgyl;eyaKehIyCYyEklm¥nUvral;cMNucxVHxatTaMg Gs;enaHedIm,I[ÉksarenH)ankøayeTACaÉksard¾mansarRbeyaCn_ dl;sgÁmCatieyIgRKb;sm½ykal terogeTA.

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CMBUk1

Rbvtþiénr)aMk,ac;buraNExμr b¤ r)aMRBHraCRTBü

I. Rbvtþiénr)aMk,ac;buraNEx μr b¤ r)aMRBHraCRTBü 1> sikSaBaküKnøwH manBaküBIrm:at;sRmab;smÁal;TRmg;sil,³TsSnIyPaBk,ac;buraN KW r)aM b¤ elçan

k,ac;buraNExμr nigr)aM b¤ elçanRBHraCRTBü. Bakü : r)aM : b¤ : elçan : eBlenH)anbgðajBIPaBxusKñaxøH² énTRmg;sil,³ CaBi

esskñúg»kassEmþgEtmþg. kalNaTRmg;k,ac;buraNenHsEmþgmanRTg;RTayCar)aMdac; EtÉg mandUcCa r)aMCUnBr r)aMeTBGbSr r)aMeTBmenarmü CaedIm eKeRcInniymehAfa {TRmg;r)aMk,ac;buraN b¤ r)aMRBHraCRTBü }. ebITRmg;dEdlenHsEmþgCasac;erOgepSg² dUcCadkRsg;QutxøHénerOgramekrþ× erOgRBHCinvgS nig erOgRBHektumala CaedIm eKeRcInniymehA { elçank,ac;buraNExμr b¤ elçanRBHraCRTBü } vij 1.

r)aM KWBwgEp¥kelIdgxøÜn rYmpSMCamYyGvyv³EdlCa]bkrN_ ehIyclnaCameFüa- )ayd¾sMxan;minGacxVH)anEdlRtÚvbMeBjedaymenaseBa©tna 2.

Garkç b¤ GarkS CaBakü)alI b¤ sM®sáwt mann½yfaex μacGñkbI)ac;rkSa manelog GarukçGarkçcUl. GarkçeTvta b¤ GarkçeTB KWCaeTvtaGñkbI)ac;rkSamnusS manGarkçéRB bisacrkSaéRB exμacéRB3.l. 1 eBRC TuMRkvuil 2001 TMB½r 32.

2 Rbsasn_elak eRBOg eQog sa®sþacarüénr)aMk,ac;buraNExμr.

3 CYn Nat vcnanuRkmExμr PaK1-2 karpSayrbs;BuT§sasnbNÐitü PñMeBj 1967 TMB½r 1777.

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r)aMtnþI Car)aMEdlmanRbNItPaBx<s;dl;kRmitkMBUlminGacEkERb)an ehIy mank,Ün evyüakrN_CaeKalRKwHc,as;las;. ]TahrN_³ r)aMeTBmenarmü r)aMmNIemxla r)aMeTBGbSr CaedIm.l.

eTBGbSr tamBiteTA{GbSr} CaGñkr)aM nigGñkceRmogrbs;eTB. BYknag®tUv eKBN’nafa mansRms;Rss;esaPaxusEbøkBIFm μta. manEPñkl¥s¥ateRbobdUcCapáaQUk cegáHragerov Kn;eTAbbUrmat;KYr[cab;citþ. CamYynwgGakb,kiriyaEdlKYr[RsLaj; RBmTaMgvacaEp¥mElðm BIeraHrNþMpgenaH qk;ykGarmμN_ nig viBaØaNGñkTsSnaTaMgLay b¤ k¾GnÞgBYktabs[Qøk;vegVgnwgsRms;rbs;nageBjsßanrbs;eTB. GbSr ekItecjBII smuRTTwkedaHkñúgeBlEdlBYkGsur³ nig eTBshkarN_KñakUrykTwk {GRmwt} EdlpwkeTA eFVI[CIvitminsøab;. edaymankMeNItecjBITwkdUecñHehIyeTIb GbSr enAEtmancrwtlkçN³ dUcCaeTvIénGarkçTwkEdr4. eKeCÓfa { GbSr } CaeTBFItaenAelIemXkñúgzanénRBH\®nÞ ehIy CamehsI b¤ KUesñh_rbs;BBYk Kn§Rv ¬Gandharvas¦ EdlsuT§swgCaRkumt®nþIkrrbs;eTB 5.

2> sm½ybuerRbvtþisa®sþ 2>1> sBaØaNdMbUgénr)aMk,ac;buraNEx μr b¤ r)aMRBHraCRTBü

tamkarsikSaelIGm,ÚrPasa PasaviTUyl;fa Gm,ÚrPasa { mn-Ex μr } RbEhlCa Gm,ÚrPasadMbUgeKenAGasuIGaeKñy_. edayeRbobeFobBIlkçN³Rbhak;RbEhlKñarvagvakü s½BÞ nig evyüakrN_ PasaviTU)anbBa©ÚlPasa CnCatiB½r sERm kYy TMBYn eRBA >>> ¬kñúgRbeTskm<úCa¦ PasaCnCatikatuRbU xμ úr >>> ¬kñúgRbeTsLav¦ PasaCnCati)aNa esÞóg mñg>>> ¬kñúgRbeTsevotNambc©úb,nñ¦ Gm,ÚrPasaenAPUmiPaKxageCIgénRbeTséf Pasa

4 Roveda Vittorio, Images of the God, Khmer mythology in Cambodia, Laos & Thailand, Bangkok, 2005, p.200. 5 Huntingto Susan L, The art of ancient India, Buddhist, Hundu, Jain, Weather Hill, New York, 1993, p.715-719.

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CnCati):alug ¬RbeTsPUma¦ PasaCnCatiGaesøón ¬RbeTsma:eLsuI¦ nigPasaCnCatiGasuI ¬PUmiPaK|sanRbeTs\NÐa¦ PasaTaMgGs;enaHsßitenAkñúgGm,ÚrPasa {mn-Exμr} Edr6. edaysarkarsayPayénPasamn-Exμr dUecñHRbEhl1000qñaMmunK>s> mnusSniyayPasa mn-Exμrrs;enABaseBjGasuIGaeKñy_dIeKak BiessenARbeTskm<úCa RbeTsPUma enAtMbn; PaKkNþal nigPaKxagt,ÚgRbeTséfsBVéf¶.

eRkABIenHmanB½t’manmYycMnYntamry³vtßúsil,³ EdlTTYl)anmkBIkMNayburaNviTüa enAsßanIybuerRbvtþisaRsþkñúgRbeTskm<úCa nigkñúgTwkdIGasuIGaeKñy_. ]TahrN_ enAtMbn; x<g;rabdIRkhmEdlsßitkñúgextþkMBg;cammansßanIyburaNCaeRcInkEnøg CaBiessenA PUmisa®sþRsukBjaERkk nig emmt; mansßanIybuerRbvtþisa®sþEdlmankMEBgdIragmUl nig manKUTwkBT§½CuMvijEpñkxagkñúgénkMEBg. GñkRsukmYycMnYnenAkñúgtMbn;enaHehAsßanIyTaMg enaHfa {bnÞayKU b¤ KU} 7.

lT§plénkareFVIkMNayRsav RCavf μ I² eK)anCYbRbTHnUv]bkrN_ eRbIR)as;GMBI f μ nig vtßúsil,³epSg² eTot )aneFVI[GñkburaNviTUsnñidæanfa sßanIybnÞayKU EdlsßitenAtMbn;dIRk hmPaKxagekItTenøemKgÁ RbEhlCa kEnøgtaMglMenArbs;RkummnusSsßitkñúgyuKelah³ EdlmanGayukalRbEhl 2500qñaMmun8.

6 Peter Bellwood, Man's conquest of the Pacific, Hong Kong, 1978, p.19-21.

7 Bakü {KU} enHsMedAeTAelIKUTwk.

rUbelx1³ bMENksÁrmehaFwkrkeXIjenA sßanIyPUmi18 cmáarekAs‘UERkk sm½y dug

sWn GayukalRbEhl 2500 qñaMmun. ¬RbPB³ ehg supaDI 2003 TMB½r 48¦.

14

vtßúsil,³TaMgenaHeXIjmanbMENksÁrmehaFwkGMBIsMrwT§ExμrniymehAfa³ {sÁrmeha Fwk b¤ sÁrePøóg } sm½y dugsWn (Dông Son)

9 ¬rUbelx 1¦. sm½y dugsWn KW Casm½y

mYyEdlsßitenAcenøaHcugyuKsMrwT§ nig edImyuKelah³. GarüFm’sm½y dugsWn )anrIk sayPayy:agqab;rh½senAPUmiPaKGasuIGaeKñy_dIeKak nig dIekaH. sÁrsMrwT§mankartub Etglm¥CarUbFrNImaRt CarUbstVsøab nigBiBN’naGMBICIvitrs;enARbcaMéf¶. sÁrsMrwT§Edlman TMhMFM² eKeRbIR)as;kñúgBiFIbn;Rsn;epSg²10 karbn;Rsn;cMeBaHGarukçGarkçGñktadUcKñanwgt®nþI GarkçpgEdr¬rUbelx2-4¦.

8 ehg supaDI/ suiri kada/ Ehm knñidæa/ emmt; ³ TwkdIEdlmanGarüFm’cas; PñMeBj 2003 TMBr½ 45-46.

9 mehaFwk KWCaBaküyamkBIBakü m:³hUr:³Fwk ÉsÁrePøógedaysarsÁrenHeRbIkñúgBiFIsuMTwkePøóg. dug sWn Ca GarüFm’mYyEdlykeQμaHtamsßanIybc©úb,nñsßitenAkñúgTwkdIRbeTsevotNamxageCIg. 10 sÁrsMMrwT§FM²enHmandak;taMgenAkñúgsarmnÞIrCati-PñMeBj manGayukalcab;BIstvtS>TI4 dl; TI1 munK>s>.

rUbelx 2³ sÁrmehaFwk GMBIsMrwT§ stvtSr_TI3dl; TI1 mun K>s> sm½y dug sWn. sBVéf¶rkSaTuk

enAsarmnÞIrCati PñMeBj. ¬RbPB³ Giteau, Madeleine, Khmer Art, The

civilizations of Angkor, Paris, 1997, p. 147¦.

rUbelx3³ sÁrePøóg GMBIsMrwT§ stvtSr_TI4dl;TI2munK>s> sm½y dug sWn. mkBIRbeTsLav sBVéf¶rkSaTukenAsarmnÞIrCati PñMeBj manqøak;rUb

stVkEgábenAeBlmanePøógFøak;. ¬RbPB ³ Xun saem:n/ mKÁúeTÞsk_fμIsRmab;sarmnÞIr

Cati PñMeBj/ 2002/ TMBr½ 67¦.

15

cMeBaHvtßúsil,³ b¤ ]bkrN_eRbIR)as;GMBIfμrbs;mnusSsm½ybuerRbvtþisa®sþ mandUc

Ca dwg ¬vtßúmü:agEdlmanEpødUcBUefA¦ eFVIGMBIfμ nig fμsemøóg >>> CaBiess]bkrN_fμsMeLg (Lithophone) manGayukalRbEhl3000qñaMmun K>s> dl;2500qñaMmuneBlbc©úb,nñ. GñkRsavRCav)anRbTHeXIj]bkrN_sMeLgeQ μaHfa KgNak eFVIBIb£sSIEdlman lkçN³Rbhak;RbEhlKña nwg]bkrN_f μsMeLgpgEdr. ]bkrN_t®nþI KgNak enHenA manCIvitrs; kñúgshKmn_ExμrelI-RKwgextþrtnKirIsBVéf¶enHenAeLIy ¬rUbelx 5-6¦.

rUbelx 4³ Gñkr)aMEKncmøgBIrUbPaBenAelIsÁrmehaFwk sm½ydug sWn énbuerRbvtþisa®sþ. ¬RbPB ³ Ekv NaruM/ mrtkt®nþIExμr/ PñMeBj/ 2005/ TMB½r 174¦.

rUbelx5³ ]bkrN_fμsMeLg (Lithophone)

rkeXIjenAkñúgTwkdIPaKxagt,ÚgRbeTsevotNam. rUbelx 6³ bursEx μrelI-RKwg elg]bkrN_

t®nþI KgNak /2001.

16

2>2> CMenOExμr nigsasna edImeLIymnusSTUeTAkalNamanP½ynþray b¤ manbBaðaNamYyekIteLIgehIy

mnusSedaHRsayedaykmøaMgR)aCJa b¤ kmøaMgkayrbs;xøÜnBuMrYck¾ekItmanCMenOeTAelIkmøaMg eRkAxøÜnfamanvtßúxøaMgBUEkskþisiT§iepSg²EdlGacCYyseRmceKalbMNgrbs;xøÜn)an.

cMENkCnCatiExμrmunnwg\T§iBlsasna\NÐaFMBIrKW RBhμBaØsasna nig BuT§sasna Edl)anhUrcUlmkenAkñúgedIménRKwsþskraCenaH ExμrmanRbB½n§CMenOrbs;xøÜnrYcCaeRsceTA ehIydUcCnCatidéTenAGasuIGaeKñy_Edr. ExμrniymeKarBkmøaMgFmμCati edayyl;faFmμCati TaMgLaysuT§EtmanRBlwg nig mankmøaMgskþisiT§EdlemIlBuMeXIj. kmøaMgFmμCatiTaMgenaH eK[eQμaHfa { Gñkta }. GñktatMNagFmμCati tMNagem)a b¤ buBVbursEdl)ansøab;eTA ehIy ehIyenAcaMEfrkSanigpþl;esckþIsuxdl;GñkRsuk. kareKarBGñktaniymenHBuMsUv lUtlas;eT BIeRBaHfaBuMmanGtßbT b¤ Km<Irk,Ünxñatkt;RtaGMBITsSn³RTwsþIdUcsasnadéT eLIy. eTaHbIK μankarrIkceRmInlUtlas;k¾eday k¾CMenOEbbenHenAEtrs;bnþkñúgcitþKMnit nigkñúgTMenomTmøab;Ex μrrhUtmkdl;sBVéf¶.

bc©úb,nñCMenOelIGñkta eKsnμt[eQμaHfa { CIvcl }. CIvclenAEtrs;revIkCaFmμta rhUtmk. dUecñHmann½yfa RBhμBaØsasna nig BuT§sasnaBuM)aneFVI[CIvclrlay)at;eLIy. \LÚvExμrRbkan;ykRBHBuT§sasnanikayefrvaT k¾enAmanRBh μBaØsasna nig CIvclmk bBa©ÚlxøÜnCamYyevjKñaCaFøúgEtmYydEdl. ebIBuMdUecñaHehtuGVI)anCaeyIgEtgeXIjmanxÞm GñktaenAkñúgbrievNvtþGaram? kñúgCMenOCIvclExμr GñktaCaGmnusSEdlsMxan;bMputmanerag b¤ TIkEnøgsmÁal;manvtßúsñgminEtb:ueNÑaHGacman {rUb } CamnusSsñgsRmab;bBa¢an;qøgeqøIy nwgGñkRsukeTotpg11.

cMeBaHsil,³r)aMvijKWCatRmUvkarcaM)ac;rbs;CIvitEx μrRKb;rUbdUcsil,³t®nþIEdr. kñúg CIvitEx μr eKRtUvkarsil,³taMgBIéf¶ekItrhUtdl;éf¶søab;. dUecñHehIyeTIbEx μrmaneRbIBaküfa

11 GaMg CUlan mnusS nig dI éryM PñMeBj 2000.

17

{ CIvit KWsil,³ sil,³ KWCIvit }. mant®nþIkMdrCIvit t®nþIBüa)alCMgW ¬elogGarkç b£ bBa¢an; Garkç¦ nigsRmab;BiFInanakñúgCIvit >>> rhUtdl;t®nþIkMdrsB t®nþIdEgðsBeTAkb;CaedIm. Exμr RtUvkarr)aMedIm,IraMfVayGarkçGñktasuMesckþIsuxceRmIn raMbYgsYgsuMTwkePøógsRmab;eFVIERs cmáar raMbn;Rsn;suMvtßúskþisiT§[CYybM)at;]bRTBcéRg raMsuMesckþIsuxkñúgeBlbþÚrPUmimkrs; enAkñúgPUmifμI raMEkkmSanþbM)at;karenOyht;kñúgCIvitRbcaMéf¶eTotpg. ehtudUecñH GñkRsav RCav)ansegáteXIjfa manr)aMCaeRcInTRmg;EdlmanlkçN³xus²KñaTaMgRbPBkMeNIt TaMg rUbPaB BN’sm,úr TaMgtYnaTIenAkñúgsgÁm12. mrtkt®nþId¾eRcInsm,ÚrEbbrbs;Exμr TRmg;xøH )anekItmaneLIgtaMgBIsm½ybuerRbvtþisa®sþmkem:øHenaHKWt®nþIGarkç13. \T§iBlént®nþIenH Gacbgðaj[eXIjBIGtþcrit b¤ sc©PaBnUvTegVIrbs;mnusSnigsgÁm. mnusSEtgbegáIt eLIgnUvmenaKtitamkarrMePIbcMeBaH)atuPUtFmμCatiTaMgGs;EdlmanCuMvijxøÜntamdMeNIrRbcaM CIvit. eKeKarBnigekatxøac)atuPUtTaMgenaHNas;edIm,IbMeBjtRmUvcitþ b¤ CakardwgKuN cMeBaH)atuPUtFmμCati b¤ kuM[xwgTas;citþeKniymelgePøgGarkçedIm,IlYgelamGgVrkr[ GMNacTaMgenaHeBjcitþ. eKelgePøgGarkçenAeBlmanmnusSQWedIm,IGeBa¢IjexμacCaGñk EfrkSatamkarbBa¢an;rUbmksaksYrBImUlehtuénCMgW. eBlenaHman®sþICaGñkr)aMraMBt;eBnlVt lVn; sb,ayk¥akk¥ay b¤ beBa©jGakarxwgsm,ak¾man14. CYnkalebIRsukeTsmanPaB raMgs¶Üt b¤ manekItCMgWdl;mnusS stVeKa RkbI eKEtgRbKMt®nþIGarkçedaymanGñkr)aMraMfVay suMGgVrkrdl;m©as;TwkdIéRBPñMedIm,I[RBlwgGñkTaMgenaHmkeR)aHRBMRbsiT§iBrC½ydl;kUnecA[ )anesckþIsuxtamR)afña ¬rUbelx7¦.

12 eBRC TuMRkvuil 2001 TMBr½ 26-27. 13 Ekv NaruM mrtkt®nþIExμr PñMeBj 2005 TMBr½ 24-41. 14 ®sþIEdlRtUvexμac b¤ RBlwgGrkç GarkS GñktacUlsNæit.

18

Ep¥ktamPsþútagénRbPBTaMgBIrxagelI eyIgTTYl)annUvsm μtikm μfIμmYy KWkMeNIt énr)aMk,ac;buraNEx μrmantaMgBIkarkekItmnusSEx μrdMbUgenAGasuIGaeKñy_ ¬GasuIGaeKñy_ dIeKak¦ ehIy)anvivtþeTAtameBlevlaterogmk.

rUbelx7³ ®sþIraMr)aMbBa¢an;Garkç b¤ elogGarkç extþ )at;dMbgsRmab;BiFIxagCMenOGarkçGñkta. CMenOenH eKyl;fa³ manGayukalrab;Ban;qñaMmkehIy kñúg sm½ybuerRbvtþisa®sþ eBalKWmuneBlRBhμBaØsasna nig

BuT§sasnahUrcUlmkRbeTskm<úCaeTAeTot. ¬RbPB³ eBRC TuMRkvuil TsSnIyPaBExμr PñMeBj2003 TMB½r284¦.

m:üagvijeTotebItamRTwsþIsil,³niyayfa³ sil,³cm,gTaMg7rYmman r)aM t®nþI KMnUr

cmøak; sßabtükmμ GkSrsil,_ rUbPaB ¬PaBynþ vIedGU ftrUb>>>¦. kñúgcMeNamenaHman sil,³cMnYn6xagedIm elIkElgsil,³TI 7 ecjeKyl;fa sil,³TaMgenaHekItkñúgeBl tMNalKña. KμanGñkCMnajsil,³Namñak;h‘anGHGagfasil,³NamYyekItmunb¤eRkayeLIy.

ehtupldUecñHehIyeKGacyl;)anfa TRmg;sil,³r)aMk,ac;buraN b¤ r)aMRBHraCRTBü ekItmaneLIgtMNalKñanwg]bkrN_t®nþITaMgb:unμanEdleK)anrkeXIjenAsßanIybuerRbvtþisa®sþnwgmanGayukalRbEhlcenøaH BI2500 dl;3000qñaMmunbc©úb,nñ.

19

3> sm½yRbvtþisa®sþ 3>1> sm½ynKrPñM b¤ hVÚNn ¬s>v>TI1 dl; s>v>TI6 énK>s>¦ GarüFm’\NÐa)ansayPaycUlmksgÁmCaeRcInenAGasuIGaeKñy_ taMgBIyUryarNas;

mkehIy. PsþútagsMxan;BI\T§iBlbreTsmYyenH KW sMNg;skáar³y:ageRcInsn§wksn§ab; EdlRtUveKsg;eLIgsRmab;]TÞisdl;RBh μBaØsasna nig RBHBuT§sasna. eRkABIenHenAman TMenomTmøab;\NÐak¾)aneRCotcUly:ageRCAkñúgGarüFm’edImrbs;GñkRsukdUcGñkRsuknKrPñM BIedImstvtSr_TI1 dl;stvtSr_TI6énK>s>.

enARbeTskm<úCa GarüFm’\NÐaepþImRCYtRCabxøaMgNas;cab;BIsm½ynKrPñMedIm stvtSr_TI1 énK>s> rhUtmkdl;sm½yeRkay². karhUrcUlénGarüFm’\NÐaenaHminRtwm EtPasa sasna bdima sMNg; sßabtükm μ nigTMenomTmøab;epSg²b:ueNÑaHeTEfmTaMgsil,³ sEmþgeTotpg. GñkRsavRCav)anrkeXIjrUbRsIr)aM nig rUbsVaTMngCarUbhnumankan;dMbg eFVIGMBIdIdutenAkñúgbrievNvtþKMnUrsßitenAkñúgRsukGgÁrburIextþtaEkv15¬rUbelx8-9¦. B½t’ manénrUbdIdutTaMgBIrCatwktagnaM[eKsgS½yfa r)aMk,ac;buraN b¤ r)aMRBHraCRTBüenH RbEhlCamankMeNItelITwkdIkm<úCa enAsm½ynKrPñM b¤ hVÚNn.

15 eBRC TuMRkvuil 2001 TMBr½ 30-34.

rUbelx8-9³ cmøak;RsIr)aM nig hnuman eFVIGMBIdIdutrkeXIjenAsßanIyGgÁrburI extþtaEkv.¬RbPB³ eBRC TuMRkvuil 2001 TMBr½ 30-31¦.

20

eBalKWCakarcmøgtamEbbEpnsil,³r)aM\NÐaEdlCab;Tak;Tgy:agCitsñiT§eTAnwg lT§iRBah μN_ ehIyhUrcUlmktamry³BYkRBah μN_ dUcerOgramekrþ×Ex μr EdlmanedImkMeNIt mkerOgramayN³ { Ramayana } rbs;\NÐadUecñHEdr. eTaHCay:agdUcenHkþIk¾GñkRsav RCavGHGagfa TRmg;sil,³r)aMk,ac;buraNExμrmankMeNIttaMgBIsm½ybuerRbvtþisa®sþmun man\T§iBl\NÐaeTAeTot. edaysarmanPsþútagénvtßúsil,³CaeRcInEdlburaNviTU)anrk eXIjenAtamsßanIybuerRbvtþisa®sþnana.

eKeFVIkarsikSaelIkayvikarrUbPaBénRsIr)aMcmøak;dIdut eXIjmanlkçN³xusKña q¶ayBIr)aMk,ac;buraNEx μrsBVéf¶. kayvikaréncmøak;RsIr)aM KWmanlkçN³dUcKñaebHbiTnwg r)aMk,ac;buraN\NÐa EdleyIgFøab;eXIjeKraMenAeBlbc©úb,nñ. kayvikareCIgkEn§ksgát; Tm¶n;elIeCIgTaMgBIrkñúglkçN³bnÞat;kac;cugeCIgTaMgBIrkEn§kecjeRkA. édTaMgBIrelIkeLIg elIx<s;enAsgxagk,albBa¢úcEkgéd kEn§kRmamédeqVgecjeRkA RmamédsþaMcUlkñúgtam lkçN³bnÞat;kac;dUcKñanwgkayvikarrbs;eCIgEdr. ÉrUbPaBr)aMk,ac;buraNExμr b¤ r)aMRBH raCRTBüEdlmanrhUtdl;eBlenH PaKeRcIn KWeRbIkayvikarCabnÞat;ekag.

rUbPaBcmøak;dIdutTaMgBIr ¬RsIr)aMraM nighnumankan;dMbg¦ bgðaj[eXIjnUvGarüFm’ \NÐa y:agBitR)akd. twktagenHnaM[eKh‘anniyayfa r)aMk,ac;buraN b¤r)aMRBHraCRTBü )anEkERbmuxmat;rbs;xøÜnGMBIkarraMfVayGarkç Gñkta bYgsYgsuMesckþIsuxceRmIntamTMenom CMenOExμredImmkCar)aMeTv³sRmab;raMfVayGaTieTBkñúgsasnaRBah μN_tamCMenOEbb\NÐa vijmþg. lkçN³BiessenHBitCaekIteLIgBIkarbBa©ÚlKña rvagGarüFm’GñkRsukedImevj bBa©ÚlKñanwgGarüFm’\NÐaCaBuMxaneLIy.

3>2> sm½yecn La ¬s>vTI7 dl; s>vTI8 énK>s>¦ tamPsþútagBIsilacarwkCaPasasM®sáwt nig PasaExμrburaN EdlmansarsMxan;

y:agxøaMg Tak;TgnwgRbvtþisa®sþ CMenOsasna TMenomTmøab;RbéBNI sil,³vb,Fm’man t®nþIkr GñkceRmog Gñkr)aM RtUv)aneKcar kñúgstvtSTI7énK>s>kñúgrC¢kalRBH)aT

21

meh®nÞvrμ ½n ¬600-615K>s>¦. tamsilacarwkGgÁrburI K.557, K.600 cuHkalbriecäT qñaM611énK>s> niyayGMBIdgVay GMeNayfVaycMeBaH RvHkRmtagGj EdlCaGaTieTB nUvnadkacMnYn7nak; maneQ μaH crumti Rbiyesna GruNmti bTnRbiya smresna vsnþ mløi- kar.

eQμaHGñkceRmogman tnVgÁIKuN FarI rtivinÞú menavtI mitGj. sil, karinIelgBiNeQμaH Kn§inI. sil,karinI elgkBa¢geQμaH sxiRbiya mFuresna. sil,karinIelglahVeQμaHvinyvtI16.

enAkñúgRbvtþisil,³Ex μrmunsm½yGgÁrkñúgraCüRBH)aT |sanvr½ μn TI 1 ¬615-635 K>s¦ Bak;kNþalTI1 stvtSr_TI7énRKwsþskraC eKeXIj manelcrUbrageLIgnUvcmøak;RBH\sUr raMlMGelIEpþrTVarénrcnabfsm,ÚrN_éRBKuk ¬rUbelx 10¦.

silacarwk K.137 RtUv)aneKcarwkkñúgraCüRBH)aT C½yvr μ ½nTI1 manGFib,ayGMBI tgVay CaGñkceRmog ]bkrN_ePøgnigGñkr)aMfVaycMeBaHeTvsßanenATIenaH17. enHRbEhl RBHGgÁ)an]TÞis Rkumsil,³RsIfVaycMeBaHGaTieTBRBH\sUr BIeRBaHRBH)aT C½yvr μ ½nTI1 ¬655-681¦eKarBbUCaRBhμBaØsasnanikayRBH\sUr.

16 yag vIrbuRt silacarwkTYlvtþKMnUr TsSnavdþIsgÁmsa®sþ-mnusSsa®sþ saklviTüal½yPUminÞPñMeBj 2003 TMBr½ 5-13. 17 GgÁrburICaraCFanIsm½yhVÚNn. eQ μaHedImCaPasasM®sáwt { nrvrnKr } sikSaedayelak G. Cœdès. raCFanIenHRtUv)anRBH)aT C½yvrμ ½nTI1 pøas;BI|sanbur³ sm,ÚrN_éRBKuk¬kMBg;FM¦ kñúgcenøaHeBlRBHGgÁRTg; eLIgesayraCüenARKwsþskraC 655 dl; 681.

rUbelx 10³ cmøak;EpþrerOgTak;TgnwgRBH\sUrraM. EpþrTVarR)asaTenH eKtmál;enAsarmnÞIrCati PñMeBj.

22

dUecñHehIyTRmg;sil,³r)aMRsI)ankøayCadgVayd¾Kab;RBHT½yrbs;GaTieTBkñúgCMenOnasm½y kalenaH¬18¦.

erOgr:aveRBgkfaGMBIsnþtivgSénGaNacRkecnLa EdleK)ancarenAsm½ykal eRkaynasm½yGgÁr KW)ankt;RtaTukkñúgsilacarwkR)asaTbkSIcaMRkug ¬s>v>TI10¦niTanfa snþtivgSenHkekItCaExSRsLay sUrüvgS b¤ GaTic©vgS {vgSRsIkm<ú } edaymankarcg sm<½n§PaBrvag\sIkm<úsV½ymÖÚvnignageTBGbSremraEdlRBH\sUr)anRbTanCamehsI. dUecñHRBHraCaExμrtamdMeNIrerOgniTansm½ykalenaHKWmankMeNItmkBI\sIkm<úsV½ymÖÚv nig nageTBGbSremra.

eyIgKYrecaTsYrfa etInageTBGbSremraEdlRBH\sUr)anRbTanCamehsIdl;\sI km<úsV½ymÖÚvmanTMnak;TMngGVInwgedImkMeNItTRmg;sil,³r)aMk,ac;buraNExμr b¤ elçanRBHraCRTBü b¤r)aMRBHraCRTBüEdleyIgeXIjsBVéf¶enHEdrb¤eT? m:üagvijeTotGñkR)aCJxagPasasa®sþ )aneFVIkarsikSa epþatelIBakü {km<úCa} nig {Exμr} EdleyIgeRbIsBVéf¶enH)anmkBI sm<½n§PaBrvag\sIkm<úsV½ymÖÚv nigGbSremrapgEdrKW km<ú ÷ emra

km<ú ÷ emr km½ ÷ emr kem μr ek μr Exμr19.

3>3> sm½yGgÁr ¬s>v>TI9 dl; s>v>TI14énK>s>¦ CnCatiExμrFøab;)anksagGarüFm’mYy[rIkceRmInrugerOgRtcHRtcg;l,IrnÞWBaseBj

BiPBelakenAkñúgRbvtþisa®sþ. BiessenAkñúgsm½ycRkPBExμrd¾FMeFgBIstvtSr_TI9 dl;st vtSr_TI 14 énRKwsþskraC. m:üageTotCnCatiEx μrEdlmanQamC½rCaGñkécñRbDit Føab; )anksagmhaR)asaTrab;Ban; EdleKsegáteXIjmanesssl;CasMNl;esÞIrBaseBj

18 eBRC TuMRkvuil/ 2001/ TMBr½ 34-35. 19 sUmGan³ Loviny, Christophe, The Apsaras of Angkor, SIPAR & JAZZ, Paris, 2003, p. 12. nig eBRC TuMRkvuil 2001 TMBr½ 34-35.

23

\NÐÚcinTaMgmUl. R)asaTxøHdUcCaR)asaTGgÁrvtþCaedIm)anRtUvmnusSCaticat;TukCaGcäriy vtßúkñúgelakEfmeTotpg.

eRkABIR)asaTburaNenAmanpÞaMgsilacarwkd¾eRcInsn§wksn§ab; CnCatiExμr)anbnSl; TuknUvbTePøg nig ceRmogCaeRcInbT vg;t®nþICaeRcInvg; EdlmantYnaTIxus²Kña. ÉTsSnIy PaB elçan r)aMk¾maneRcInTRmg; sßitkñúgrUbPaBxus²KñaEdr. dMNak;kalenHenAkñúgsñaédsil,³ buBVbursEx μr)anriHrknUvlkçN³GtþsBaØaNCatixøÜnBitR)akd ehIyExμrElgTTYlykGarüFm’ \NÐaTaMgduleTotehIy.

Cak;Esþgmkdl;sm½yGgÁrcab;BIraCüRBH)aT C½yvrμ½nTI2 ¬802-850¦RBHmhakSRt )anrMedaHkm<úCeTs[rYcputBIGaNaniKmbreTs KWElgcMNuH[raCvgSésel®nÞénekaHCVa. RBHGgÁ)anR)arB§BiFI {eTvraC} elIPñMmeh®nÞbB’t ¬PñMKUEln¦20. RBHGgÁ)anksagR)asaT CaeRcInenATIenaH ehIyRTg;manCMenOy:agmutmaMelIRBH\sUr. enAeBlRBHmhakSRtGgÁenH esayTivgÁteTAenAraCFanI hrihral½y ¬rlYs¦ RTg;)anTTYlRBHmrNnamfa RBHbremsUr bJuk¾CaRBHbrmemsVr³. RBHmhakSRtrC¢kaleRkay²CaeRcInGgÁ eTaHCaRBHGgÁeKarBsasnaRBahμN_nikay RBH\sUrdUcKñakþI nikayRBHnarayN_kþI k¾)anksagsgÁm[rIkfáúMefáIgrugerOg RbB½n§Farasa®sþ xVat;ExVg eTvsßan ¬R)asaTburaN¦ d¾eRcInsn§wksn§ab;. TnÞwmenHeyIgeCOCak;faTRmg; sil,³r)aMRsI { r)aMk,ac;buraN b¤ r)aMRBHraCRTBü} rbs;ExμreBlenaHk¾rIklUtlas;RsbKña nwgdMeNIrrugerOgénGarüFm’GgÁrTaMgmUl. ebIeyIgBinitüemIlrUbcmøak;TaMgLayenAelI CBa¢aMgR)asaTnana ]TahrN_ enAelICBa¢aMgR)asaTbnÞayRsI ]TÞisfVayRBH\sUr ¬RtIPUvnmehsVr³¦ ksageLIgedayRBHraCRKU yC¢nvrh (Yajanavaraha) kñúg K>s> 967. enAelICBa¢aMgR)asaTGgÁrvtþ sñaRBHhsþRBH)aT sUrüvr μ½nTI2 ¬1113-1152¦ EdlGñkRsavRCavemIleXIjfaRTg;sBVRBHraChb£T½yeKarBsasnaRBahμN_KN³visÑú.

20 sUmemIlesovePA³ mYn suPaB/ hrihral½y nig sßanIysMxan;²/ sarNabBa©b;briBaØaCan;x<s;buraNviTüa/ raCbNÐitsPakm<úCa/ 2006.

24

kñúgeBlRBHGgÁcUlTivgÁt RBHGgÁTTYlmrNnamfa³ brmvisÑúelak enaHmanrUbcmøak;eTB GbSrrhUtdl;173721 ¬rUbelx 11-13 ¦.

nageTBGbSrTaMgenaHsuT§CaRsIr)aMénzansYK’ EdlbuBVsil,krExμr)anqøak;elIkMEBg

TaMgbYn TaMgbNÑal½y nigtaMgBIEpñkxageRkamrhUtdl;kMBUlénR)asaTGgÁrvtþeTotpg. sil,³r)aM RsICaRbePTén r)aMsYK’ b¤Casil,³eTv³. RbePTénr)aMsYK’enHmankarrIkceRmInrug 21 Marchal, Sapho, La danse au Cambodg, Revue des arts asiatiques, IV, Paris, 1927.

rUbelx 11-12³ rUbcmøak;nageTBGbSrenAelICBa¢aMgR)asaTecAsayeTvtanigGgÁrvtþmankayvikarxus²Kñarab;Ban;

kñúgraCüRBH)aT sUrüvrμ ½nTI2 ¬1113-1152¦.

rUbelx13³ rUbcmøak;nageTBGbSrraM nwgkMdreday]bkrN_t®nþImim enAR)asaT)ay½n RCugxagekIteqogxagt,Úg EfvxageRkA¬stvtSr_TI13¦.

¬RbPB ³ Ekv NaruM/ 2005/ TMBr½ 117¦.

25

erOgGs©arüNas;enAsm½yGgÁrBIstvtSr_TI 9 dl;stvtSr_TI 14. sm½yGgÁr rUbcmøak;Rk eLatTab cmøak;RkeLatx<s; nigcmøak;eTalTaMgLay k¾dUcCaTRmg;r)aMk,ac;buraNEdrRtUv )anbuBVbursExμrxitxMécñRbDit[kan;EtmanlkçN³Cati. BImYyéf¶eTAmYyéf¶ CaeRcInstvtSr_ mkehIyEdlExμr)anEsVgrkbuKÁliklkçN³Biessrbs;xøÜn nig EdlCaGtþsBaØaNRbcaMRtkUl rbs;BUCsasn_xøÜnrbs;CatixøÜn rhUtQandl;karksagR)asaTGgÁr. GñkCMnajburaNviTüa \NÐa)aneBalfaenHKWCaR)asaTxagRBhμBaØsasnaFMCageKenAelIBiPBelakpg. ÉTMnak; TMngrbs;TRmg;elçank,ac;buraNExμr b¤ r)aMRBHraCRTBü EdlmankMeNItedaycmøgtamKMrU énr)aMxagRBhμBaØsasna\NÐa ehIyRtUvbuBVbursEx μrEklMG écñRbDit BImYyéf¶eTAmYyéf¶ Gs;CaeRcInstvtSr_ eTIbGackøay)anCalkçN³Ex μrBit ehIyhak;manlMGanvivtþ rIk ceRmInminxusGVIBIdMeNIrvivtþénR)asaTburaNEx μrdUecñHEdr.

minEtb:ueNÑaHmkdl;raCüRBH)aT C½yvrμ½nTI7 ¬1181-1218¦ RBHGgÁRbNib½tn_ RBHBuT§sasnamhayan ¬elaeksVr³¦ ehIysasnaenH)ankøayCasasnarbs;Cati. RBH mhakSRtGgÁenHmanmhiT§ib£T§ixøaMgkøa nig sñaRBHhsþl,Il,ajenAkñúgRbvtþisa®sþénRbeTs km<úCa eday)ansßabnasalasMNak; mnÞIrBüa)alCMgW pøÚvKmnaKmn_ nigR)asaTy:ageRcIn sn§wksn§ab;eBjépÞRbeTs. lkçN³Biessy:agenH eFVI[GñkRsavRCavemIleXIjkan;Et c,as;nUvPaBrIkceRmInrbs; r)aMk,ac;buraNEx μr b¤ TRmg;elçanRsIkan;EtmanPaBBiesseLIg EfmeTotpg. fVIt,itmankarpøas;bþÚrCMenOBIRBhμBaØsasnamkCaBuT§sasnak¾eday k¾r)aM k,ac;buraNBuMRtUv)anEkERbGVIeLIy. r)aMenHCaekrdMENlrbs;dUntaExμr RtUv)anrkSa)an y:agl¥RbéBm:üageRBaHBuT§sasnak¾Casasna\NÐadUcKñanwgRBhμBaØsasna. dUecñHmann½y fa RBH)aT C½yvrμ½nTI7 eKarBRBHBuT§sasnamhayanRKan;CarUbPaBEtcMeBaHGtßn½yenA rkSaCaRBhμBaØsasnadEdl. BIeRBaHtYGgÁRBHeBaFistVelaeksVr³ BuM)anpþac;ecjBIRBH\sUr eLIy ¬elaeksVr = elak ÷ \sVr¦. ÉRBH\sVr ¬sM®sáwt¦= RBH\sUr.

26

kñúgraCüRBH)aT C½yvr μ½nTI7 r)aMk,ac;buraNRbEhlRtUveKbEgVr b¤ bEnßmtYnaTI[ EfmeTot BIGñkbeRmId¾Kab;RBHT½y {eTvTasI } rbs;GaTieTBxagRBhμBaØsasna {eTvraC} mkCaGñkbeRmIxagviharRBHBuT§sasna :BuT§raC } vijKWpøas;bþÚr b¤ RbNib½tn_eTAtam menaKménsasna.

k> B½t’mansilacarwk silacarwkKWCaRbPBB½t’many:agsMxan;; Edl)anR)ab;eyIg[dwgnUvRBwtþikarN_Ca

Rbvtþisa®sþenAkñúgrC¢kalnImYy². TaMgenHCa]TahrN_xøH²BIvis½ysil,³TsSnIyPaB stvtSr_ TI10 EdlmanCaGaT×silacarwkR)asaTRBHeKa K.313b nig K.315a manBiBN’na GMBIGñkerobcMsemøókbMBak; [®sþIr)aMraMfVayGaTieTB t®nþIkr GñkceRmóg nigRsIr)aM22.

tamGtßn½yénsilacarwkR)asaTtaRBhμ eKeXIjmancarerobrab;GMBIt®nþIkr Gñk ceRmog kñúgenaH manRsIr)aMcMnYn 615 nak;. cMENkR)asaTRBHx½nmanGñkr)aMrhUtdl; 1000nak; sRmab;raMfVaykñúgBiFIskáar³bUCakñúgR)asaT. elIsBIenHRBHnag \®nÞeTvI EdlRBH)aT C½yvr μ ½nTI7 )anGPieskCamehsIbnÞab;BIRBHnag C½yraCeTvI RBHGnuC rbs;RBHnag nig CaGKÁmehsI)anesayTivgÁteTA. RBHnag \®nÞeTvI RtUv)anRBH)aT C½yvr μ ½nTI7 CasVamIEtgtaMgCabrinayikacarü enAmhaviTüal½yC½yRsIv³ ehIyRBHnag )annaMBBYkRsIEdlCaRBHraCbrivarsEmþgerOgCatkepSg².

x> kMeNItnageTBGbSr kaledImeLIycRkvaLTaMgmUlBuMmansuxsnþiPaBTal;EtesaH. CemøaHEdlbgáeLIg

rvagBBYk Gsur³¬ykS¦nig sur³ ¬eTvta¦ edIm,IGMNackñúgkarRKb;RKgcRkvaLEterog²xøÜn. sñÚrkarRbyuT§Kña énRkumTaMgBIrkñúgsmrPUmiK μanTIbBa©b;eLIy. edayeXIjsPaBminQñH mincaj;dUecñH BBYkGaTieTBcm,g²rYmman RBHnarayN_ RBH\sUr RBHRBh μ CaedIm)an CYbRbCuMKñarkviFIbBa©b;TMnas;enH ehIy)anxitxMbBa©úHbBa©ÚlBYkykS nig eTvta[mankar 22 Cœdès, G., Inscriptions du Cambodge, BEFEO, Tome IV, Hanoi, 1952.

27

ÉkPaBcUlrYmkarRbkYtRbECgkmøaMgKñakñúgkarkUrsmuRTTwkedaH kñúgeKalbMNgrYmmYyeBal KWEsVgrkTwkGRmwt nig vtßúskþisiT§epSg² Edlkb;kñúg)atsmuRTedIm,ICIvitGmt³.

kñúgeBlkUrmantYGgÁRBHnarayN_mannaTICaGaCJakNþalpg nigCaembBa¢akarpg. ÉeTBepSgeTotmkBIRKb;TisTIcUlrYmGbGr nigCasakSIkñúgerOgenHmandUcCa RBH\®nÞ RBH GaTitü RBHc½nÞ >>>.l. kñúgenaHmanesþcnaKeQ μaH va:suKI )ans μRK½citþcUlxøÜneFVICa ExSRB½truMBT§½PñMmnÞrEdlCaxñÚrsßitenAkNþalsmuRTTwkedaH[ykS nig eTvtaTajbgVil. edIm,IgayRsYlbgVilPñMmnÞr RBHnarayN_)aneRbIfamBlrbs;xøÜnkaLaCaGeNþIkeQ μaH kUm’ )anmuCcuHeTA)atsmuRTKas;Tb;RTPñMenHeLIg.

kaldMbUgeLIy BYkGsur³ TajxagknÞúynaK cMENkBYkeTvta Tajxagk,al. karTajkUrGs;eBl y:agyUreFVI[keRkIk rBa¢ÜyGs;smuRT edaysarkmøaMgd¾xøaMgkøaénKUbdibkç TaMgBIrRkum bgá[manrlkTwkEbk BBuHxøaMgeLIg². Bs;naK va:suKI TTYlkarQWcukcab; Gs;TaMgR)aN elcGacm_ elcenam CaehtueFVI[ BBYkGsur³ TTYlrgnUvPaBeq¥Hq¥ab y:agdMNM. RKaenaHykSk¾ekItesckþI eRkaFminsuxcitþ ehIy)ansuMbþÚreTA Tajxagk,alnaK [BYkeTvtaTaj xagknÞúynaKvijmþg.

PaKITaMgBIrbnþkarkUrGs;ry³eBlmYyBan;qñaM ePaKRTBüTaMgLay y:ageRcInsn§wk sn§ab;)anpuseLIg kñúgenaHmanRBHnaglk μSI ¬mehsIRBHnarayN_¦ BBuHTwkbgábegáIt)an Canag eTBGbSr erraMeBjlMhsmuRTTwkGRmwt nigvtßús½kþisiT§i epSg² ¬rUbelx14¦>>>.l. eBl)anTwkGRmwt Rsab;EtmanykSmYyeQμaH rahU‘ EdlBuM)ancMNaykmøaMgbnþicesaHkñúg karkUrsmuRTTwkedaHenaH)anbnøMxøÜnlUnykTwkGRmwtmkpwkmuneK CasMNagRBHRBhμ)an

rUbelx14³QuténeTvkfaerOg {kUrsmuRTTwkedaH} cmøak;elICBa¢aMgR)asaTGgÁrvtþ stvtSr_TI12

raCüRBH)aT sUrüvrμ ½nTI2 ¬1113-1152¦ énK>s.

28

eXIjTan;k¾R)ab;RBHnarayN_ eBlenaHRBHnarayN_)anecalnwgkgcRkPøammYyrMeBcpþac; rah‘URtwmkxøÜnxÞatecjeRkAcRkvaLsøab;)at;eTA. Ék,alrah‘UmanCIvitGmt³RtwmkeRBaH)an pwkTwkGRmwt)anEtRtwmkb:ueNÑaH.

edayRTaMRTnwgkarkUrGs;eBlrab;Ban;qñaMmin)an naK va:suKI )anEk¥rBisRBYsecj mkeRkACaehtueFVI[BBYkGsurmYycMnYnsøab;xøHxVak;EPñk. Bisd¾sahav)anGENþtkñúg smuRTEdlGacbMpøajcRkvaL)an. RBH\sUreXIjehtukarN_dUecñH k¾)anRbEmRbmUlBis TaMgenaHmkelbeFVI[kRBH\sUreLIgCaMex μAedaysarGMNacénBis.

RBHnarayN_)anKitfa³ ebIkalNaTwkGRmwt)anFøak;eTAelIBYkykSenaH R)akdCa BiPBelakTaMgmUlBuMmanesckþIsuxsb,ayeLIy. edIm,IbeBa¢óskuM[BYkGsur³deNþImyk TwkGRmwtenH)an RBHnarayN_k¾kaLaxøÜnCaRsIs¥at²EdlmaneqamelamBN’l¥ÉkRbkb edaymnþesñh_eFVI[ykSlg;lk;nwgesñhaePøcnUvTwkGRmwt. dUecñHTwkGRmwtk¾)anFøak;eTA elIBYkeTvtaTaMgGs; Értn³sm,tþiekIteLIgBIkarkUrsmuRTTwkedaHBiessKWRsIr)aMd¾Rss;bMRBg EdlbnøWsMeLgeRcogrgM nig sEmþgkayvikarerraMBt;EBnxøÜnenaH)anTak;TajGarmμN_BBYk eTvta[PøwkGs;GgÁR)aNehIyeBjcitþnwgesaP½NRBmTaMgsil,³énBYkGbSrTaMgenaH BYk eTvtak¾naMBYknageTAkan;TIsßanéRtRtwgSrbs;xøÜneTA. BYkeTBGbSrEtgraMfVayeTvtabgá[ manPaBsb,ayrIkrayminecHrIgs¶Üt.

BYkRsIr)aMsYK’EtgEtR)arB§kic©kñúgBiFIbuNüFM²kñúgsasnak¾dUckñúgRBHnKr nig karerob cMfVaydgVaynanadl;eTBTaMgLayTaMgBYg. kMeNItRsIr)aMsYK’ekIteLIgBIBBuHTwkénkarkUr smuRTTwkedaH ehIyerraMenAelIépÞsmuRT EdlmanRBHnaglkμSIskþiRbBn§rbs;RBHnarayN_Ca nimitþrUbénnarITaMgenaHnigCatMNag[PaBs¥atbrisuT§ kñúgkarsEmþgCaqakQutmYykñúgeTvkfa énerOg {kUrsmuRTTwkedaH } rbs;eyIgenHva)anbgðajnUvCIvitrs;edIm,IRTRTg;nUvral; sPav³l¥ nigTb;sáat;nUvral;sPav³GaRkk;. cmøak;eTvkfaerOgkUrsmuRTTwkedaHenH sil,krExμr)anqøak;y:ageRcInenAelIR)asaT buraNsMrab;CakartubEtglMGpg. CaBiessenAelIEpþrTVar énR)asaTcab;BIstvtSr_TI 9 én K>s> rhUtdl;rcnabf)ay½n. cmøak;eTvkfaerOgenHk¾manCacmøak;d¾FMsem,ImnUvRbvtþisil,³ Exμr KW cmøak;enACBa¢aMgR)asaTGgÁrvtþ nig rUbTajRB½RtenARckexøagTVarcUlR)asaT)ay½n CatwktagRsab;.

29

K> erOgRBH\sUr ¬RBH\sUrraM¦

cmøak;RBH\sUrraMenHRtUveKykmkbgðajeLIgvij nasm½yGgÁrBIstvtSr_TI 10 rhUt dl;stvtSr_TI 11 én K>s> EdlRtUv)anlMGenAelIehaCag EpþrTVar ssrep¥ab nig CBa¢aMg R)asaTburaNnanarbs;Exμr b¤ Cacmøak;eTal. RBH\sUr KWCaGaTieTBsMxan;mYyenAkñúg RBhμBaØsasna. GaTieTBcm,gmYyenHCaGñkbegáItelakpg ¬begáItf μ I¦ nigCaGñk bMpøajelakpg ¬bMpøajnUvsPav³GaRkk;¦ RTg;cUlcitþkarraMErky:agxøaMg ehIyman RBHenRtbI. enAkñúgsilacarwkExμrburaN {RvHkRmetgGjtraM } mann½yRBH\sUrraMEdleK [eQ μaHfa³ sivnadraC (Siva Nátarája) KWCaesþcénr)aM23¬rUbelx15-18¦.

rUbelx15³ RBH\sUrraMcmøak;ehaCagR)asaT rUbelx16³ RBH\sUrraMcmøak;ehaCagR)asaT bnÞayRsI. ¬RbPB³ Roveda Vittorio, 2005, p. 147¦ siexaraPum. ¬RbPB³ Roveda Vittorio, 2005, p.165¦

rUbelx17³ RBH\sUrraMcmøak;ehaCagR)asaTPñMrUg. rUbelx18³ RBH\sUrraMcmøak;elICBa¢aMgR)asaT ¬RbPB³ Roveda Vittorio, 2005, p. 164¦ )ay½n. ¬RbPB³ Roveda Vittorio, 2005, p.61¦ 23 m:Uv criya/ RBH\sUrraMenAkñúgsil,³Exμr/ sarNabBa©b;briBaØabRtburaNviTüa/ 2006. CI rdæa/ 2006. Roveda Vittorio, 2005, p. 147-165.

30

cmøak;enARbeTs\NÐa )anbgðaj[eXIjBIrUbPaBRBH\sUrraMmancMnYn 108 Edl sEmþg)adiharükñúgrUbPaBCar)aM24. b:uEnþCaTUeTA)adiharüsMxan;²eKeXIjmancMnYnEt7 b:ueNÑaHehIyenARbeTskm<úCak¾man)adiharüsMxan;²bgðajCarUbPaBénTRmg;r)aMRBH\sUrraM manlkçN³Rbhak;RbEhlKñadUecñHEdr. eTvkfaRBH\sUrEx μr)ancmøgBI\NÐak¾BitEmn k¾ b:uEnþcmøak;RBH\sUrraMmanPaBxusEbøkKñaBIsil,³\NÐaedayEx μrmanlkçN³søÚtbUt nig Tn; Pøn;Cag.

silacarwkEx μrkñúgraCüRBH)aT sUrüvrμ½nTI1 ¬K>s 1002-1050¦ carwkenAR)asaT taEkv25GMBIRBH\sUrraMehAfa nadeksVr³ (Nátakesvara). cgVak;EdlRBH\sUrraMmaneRcIn xus²Kña EtcgVak;RBH\sUrraMCaTUeTAmaneQ μaHfa taNÐv³ (Tándava)

26. enAkñúgGtßbT sIvRbeTasðesþaRt27)anGFib,ayfa³ RBH\sUrraMenAelIPñMéklasEdlCazand¾Gs©arüsm,Úr eTAedayt,ÚgeBRC rIÉGñkBBYkeTBenACuMvijRBHGgÁkMBugEtelgePøgedjBiN vaysÁr kñúgenaH k¾manRBHnag sVr³sVtI pgEdr nwgEdlmaneTBepSg²eTotenAQremIlrYmman Kn§vis Gsur btks³ ]vks suT§s sFüs viTüqis GMrs GbSr nig ral;CIvitstVelakénPBTaMgbIrYm KñaenATIenaHeFVICasakSIénkarraMd¾Gs©arürbs;RBH\sUr.

CYnkalRBH\sUrraM KWCakareFVI)adiharümYy dUcCakarraMbMpøajsRms;rbs;nag krikl emμy_ (Kari- kalameya) KWCa®sþIemm:aymñak;EdlmansRms;l¥dac;eKénzaneTvelak CaehtueFVI[bursTaMgLay)ak;citþRsLaj;. RBHGgÁraMCacugeRkaynUvcgVak; taNÐv³ T®nÞaMeCIg y:agxøaMgkñúgeKalbMNgedIm,I[BiPBelakkekIteLIgCaf μI. RBHGgÁCaesþcr)aMnadraC

24 Bhattacharya K., Note d'iconography Khmer Siva dansant, Tome IV, Paris, 1957. 25 Cœdès G., Inscriptions du Cambodge, BEFEO, Tome IV, Hanoi, 1952, p.155. 26 m:Uv criya/ 2006. 27 Coomaraswamy Ananda, The dance of Siva culculta, India, 1971, p.67.

31

(Nátarája) raMbgðajnUvGMNacTaMg5rbs;RBHGgÁ KW karEfrkSa karbMpøaj karEbgPaK karCYyse®gÁaH nig karrMedaH.

)adiharürbs;RBH\sUrTaMg7 KW ³ 1> RBH\sUrraMkñúgkarbegáItelak kalikataNÐv³ (Káliká Tándava) KWRBH\sUr raMedIm,I

GbGrsaTr eBlEdlRBHRBhμbegáItelak erobcMelakTaMgmUl[manreboberobryl¥. 2> RBH\sUrraMkñúgkarEfTaMstVelak eKarItaNÐv³ (Gaurí Tándava) KWRBH\sUrraM

edIm,IkarBarstVelakEdlkMBugrs;enAkñúgPBGn§karRbCara®sþrs;enAsßitkñúgPaBl¶g;exøA. RBH \sUrraMmanRBHenRtbIRBHhsþbYn RBHhsþsþaMmankan;sÁr RBHhsþeqVgkan;Bs;. kñúgeBlraM eRcInmanGmeday eKannÞi nignageKarI (Gaurí) CamehsI. r)aMenHbgðajBITRmg;RBH\sUr raMCan;elImnusSetOEdltMNag[PaBGviC¢a.

3> RBH\sUrraMrMlwkBIkarEfTaMstVelak sn§yataNÐv³ (Sandhayá Tándava KWRBH \sUrraMrMlwkBIkarEfTaMstVelakedayRBHT½ysenþasRbkbedaysuPmgÁl. RBH\sUrraM manRBHhsþBIr eBlraMmanGñkEhhmsuT§CaBYkeTB nigmanBYkbisacGviC¢a.

4> r)aMénesckþIsøab; smðrtaNÐv³ (Samhara Tándava) r)aMenHtMNag[kar bMpøajelak edIm,IbBa©b;elakcas;EdleBareBjedayGMeBI)ab.

5> RBH\sUrraMbMpøajRkugbIRtIburtaNÐv³ (Trípura Tándava) KWRBH\sUrraMbMpøaj RkugTaMgbIrbs;GsureQμaH tark³ (Táraka). RkugTI1eFVIGMBImasenAelIzansYK’ RkugTI2 eFVIGMBIR)ak;enAkñúgGakas nig TI3eFVIGMBIEdkenAzanmnusSelak. RBH\sUrbMpøajRkugTaMg bIedayGavuFEtmYykñúgeBlEtmYy ehIymanRBHRBh μCaGñkbreTHesH[RBH\sUr.

6> RBH\sUrraMkñúgesckþIsenþas b¤ rMedaHRBlwg ]FVataNÐv³ (Urdhva Tándava) KWCar)aMénesckþIsenþaskarElgviBaØaN[manesrIPaB CaBiessGñkEdlmannisS½yCamYy RBH\sUr nig Gñkmanvasnax<s;.

32

7> r)aM GnnÞtaNÐv³ (Ananda Tándava) KWRBH\sUrmanRBHenRtbI RBHhsþbYn RBHhsþsþaMkan;sÁr nigmankayvikarGP½y RBHhsþeqVgkan;fUePøIg nig RbemaydMrI. eCIgeqVgelIkeLIgelI ÉeCIgsþaMCan;elIbisac.

X> eTvkfaepSg² eRkABIRBH\sUrraM eyIgk¾eXIj

manRBHvisÑú b¤ RBHnarayN_raMpgEdr kñúgsil,³Exμr. manCaGaT× ÷ RBH RKwsÑ³ EdlCaGvtarRBHnarayN_raM b®gáabBYkBs;GsiriBis mannaKkaliy (Káliya) CaedIm. karb®gáabenH RBH RKwsÑ³)aneRcogerobrab; GMBIesaP½N PaB nigelIksesIrGMBItYGgÁRBHnarayN_ CaGm©as; ehIyraMT®nÞaMCan;elIk,alnaK kaliy (Káliya) rab;Ban;k,alrhUt dl;Bs;GasirBiis mYyenHsuxcitþcuHcaj;28 ¬rUb elx19-21¦.

28 Pwg tara cmøak;ssrep¥ab sarNabBa©b;briBaØabRtburaNviTüa saklviTüal½yPUminÞviciRtsil,³ qñaM2003.

rUbelx19³ RBHnarayN_raM stvtSr_TI13 cmøak;enAR)asaTyayeBA Tenø)aTI taEkv.

rUbelx20³ RBHRKwsÑ³raM b®gáabnaKkaliycmøak;EpþrR)asaTPIém:. ¬RbPB ³ Roveda, Vittorio, 2005, p.81¦.

33

rUbelx 21³ RBHRKwsÑ³raM b®gáabnaK kaliy cmøak;EpþrR)asaTEb:n Cun kMBg;sVay extþkMBg;FM stvtSr_TI 11énK>s>.

¬RbPB ³ Giteau, Madeleine, 1997 p.76¦ manÉksarmYycMnYnTak;TgeTAnwg RBHecAhVagum ¬RBHraCalav¦ EdlCaRBHraCa

dMbUgl,Il,ajCageKkñúgRbvtþisa®sþénGaNacRkLansag ¬lav¦ EdlRtUveKbENþt eBagBaybMbrbg;ecalkalBIenAkumarPaB. ehIy)anRBHraCaExμrenAGgÁrerIsmkciBa©wm bI)ac;EfrrkSapÁt;pÁg; [)aneronsURtecHcb;sBVRKb;viC¢akar. RBHmhakSRtEx μrsBVRBHraC hb£T½ynwgecAhVagumk¾)anerobcMGPieskbuRtIRBHGgÁKW RBHnag EkvLthVa [ ecA hVagum. ecAhVagum)ankøayCabuRtsuNisa ¬kUnRbsa¦ rbs;RBHecARkugkm<úCanasm½y GgÁr29. RBHraCaEx μr)anpþl;kmøaMgT½By:ageRcInedIm,I[ecAhVagumyageTArMedaHTwkdI kMeNIt ¬smnþrdæ¦ BIkarQøanBanrbs;sRtUv. dMeNIryagRtLb;eTAmatuPUmivijecAhVagum )annaMeTACamYynUvTMenomTmøab;RbéBNIsil,³ nig sasna. TIbBa©b;ecAhVagum)anTTYl eCaKC½y nigeLIgesayraCüenA høÜgRBH)ag RbEhlGMLúgeBldMNalKñanwgkarEbk)ak; RkugGgÁrEdr.

29 eBRC TuMRkvuil/ 2001/TMB½r 40.

34

tamkarRsavRCavvb,Fm’ énRbeTs TaMgBIr mYyPaKFMmanPaBCitsñiT§nwgKñay:ag R)akd. r)aMk,ac;buraNenARbeTsLav nigt®nþI CUnsil,³r)aMmanrUbPaBRbhak;RbEhlKñanwg r)aM nig t®nþIenARbeTskm<úCa. rhUtsBVéf¶ r)aM k,ac;buraN enARbeTsLav eKniym[ eQμaHfa³ { NagEkv² } KW { nagEkv } køaymkBIBakü {nagEkvLthVa } enHÉg30. enAsm½yGgÁrstvtSr_TI 13 raCü RBH)aT C½yvr μ ½nTI7 ¬1181-1218¦ eKsegáteXIj nUvral;bNþak,ac;r)aMburaN b¤ ral;kayvikarénr)aM k,ac;buraNtamry³cmøak; Exμr)anykkayvikarTaMgenaH eTAeRbIR)as;bBa©Úl KñaCamYysil,³esokEfmeTot ¬rUbelx22¦.

30 kSRtIEkvLthVa buRtIRBHecARkugkm<úCanasm½yGgÁr CamehsIRBHecAhVagumTMngCasil,karinI énTRmg;sil,³ r)aMk,ac;buraNd¾cMNanpgEdrenAeBlenaH.

rUbelx22³ k,ac;raM b¤ kayvikarénr)aM k,ac;buraN RtUveKeRbIkMdrsil,³esok.

cmøak;elICBa¢aMgR)asaT)ay½n.

35

g> cmøak;eTalGMBIsil,³r)aM ¬stvtSTI12-13énK>s>¦ eK)anrkeXIjcmøak;eTalmYycMnYn EdlmankayvikarraMmanTMhMtUc²eFVIGMBIsMrwT§.

sBVéf¶ rUbTaMgenaHRtUv)anrkSaTukkñúgsarmnÞIrCatiPñMeBj ¬rUbelx23-26¦.

rUbelx23³ rUbek μgRsIr)aMkMBugraM GMBIsMrwT§ km<s; 0>10 m stvtSTI12.

¬RbPB ³ Giteau, Madeleine, 1997, p. 76¦

rUbelx 24³ rUbRsIr)aMkMBugraM GMBIsMrwT§ km<s; 0>13 m stvtSTI13 mkBIéRBkb,as; extþtaEkv.

¬RbPB ³ Giteau, Madeleine, 1997, p. 123¦

rUbelx25³ ehvRC³ kMBugraM GMBIsMrwT§ km<s; 0>30 m stvtSTI12

mkBIR)asaTbnÞaykþI esomrab. ¬RbPB ³ Giteau Madeleine, 1997, p. 120¦

rUbelx26³ ehvRC³ kMBugraM GMBIsMrwT§ km<s; 0>22 m stvtSTI13

RBHbrmraCvaMg GgÁr extþesomrab. ¬RbPB ³ Giteau, Madeleine, 1997, p. 121¦

36

ehvRC³ (Hevajra) KWCaeBaFistVkñúgRBHBuT§sasna. karraMKWCakareFVI)adiharü mYysEmþg[eXIjnUvb£T§iGMNacrbs;RBHGgÁkñúgkarkMcat;nUvsPav³GaRkk; ¬mar = mára¦ EdlnaM[mnusSmñak;²lg;lk;kñúgtNðaelaP³nwgesckþIl¶g;exøA. RBHGgÁEbgPaKCamnusS manéd 16 mux 8 QrelIkUnekμgdak;RtYtelIKñatMNag[marTaMgLay31.

c> sßanPaBsil,³r)aMburaNcugsm½yGgÁr cab;BIraCüRBH)aT \®nÞvr μ½nTI2 ¬1218-1243¦ GaNacRkExμrepþIm)anTTYlrg

nUvs®gÁamQøanBanBIsMNak;breTspg nig CemøaHEbk)ak;épÞkñúgpg rhUtdl;esom)anvay EbkRkugGgÁrkñúgGMLúgqñaM 1353? CaehtueFVI[briyakassgÁmkm<úCaGab;GYry:agxøaMgkñúg ry³eBlCagmYystvtSenaH. dUecñHehIyvis½ysil,³ CaBiessTRmg;sil,³ r)aMk,ac; buraN b¤ r)aMRBHraCRTBü k¾)anGab;»nRTuDeRTameTAtam kalevladUecñHEdr.

BYkesom)aneqøót»kasqk;bøn;ykvtßúd¾mantémø Éksark,ÜnKm<IrRKb;Ebby:agRBmTaMg ekorykGñkR)aCJraCbNÐitExμr RKÚr)aM sil,kr sil,karinI t®nþIkr t®nþIkarinIcMNan²EfmeTot pg. Ér)aMRsIEdleyIgeXIjmanenARbeTsesomsBVéf¶k¾manlMnaMRbhak;RbEhlKña nwgr)aMk,ac;buraNEx μreyIgpgEdr.

3>4> eRkaysm½yGgÁr enArC¢kaleRkay²mkeTot sil,³r)aMRsIRtUv)anrs;ranEk,rRBHraCacab;BIraCü

RBH)aT Bjay:at ¬1393 -1463¦ RTg;)anpøas;bþÚrraCFanIBIRkugGgÁreTACaeRcIn kEnøg. RbEhleBlenaHehIyEx μrniymehAr)aMRsI EdlCaRbePTsil,³eTvkfa Car)aM b¤ elçanRBHraCRTBüCaerogrhUtmk CYnkalehA {elçanhøÜg} k¾man. b:uEnþeKBuM)andwgBIkar vivtþrIkceRmInBIRbePTsil,³enHy:agdUcemþceT. ebItamÉksarmhabursExμr)an[dwgfa

31 Xun saem:n/ 2002/ TMB½r 44-45. Lobo W, Angkor et dix siécles d'artKhmer, p.7. Giteau, Madeleine, 1997, p. 76, 120-123.

37

TRmg;sil,³r)aMRsI b¤ elçanRBHraCRTBü)anrIkceRmIny:agxøaMgenAkñúgraCüRBH)aT GgÁcnÞraCa b¤ GgÁcnÞTI1 ¬1516-1566¦ CaRBHraCaxøaMgBUEkmYyRBHGgÁenAeRkaysm½yGgÁr. RBHGgÁ RTg;Kg;enARBHraCvaMgbnÞaylEgVk. RBHGgÁEtgykRBHT½yTukdak;xøaMgelIsil,³mehaRsB r)aM t®nþI TRmg;elçanRbus-RsI sRmab;sEmþgkñúgBiFICUnCakitþiyscMeBaHm®nþICan;x<s;TaMgLay Edl)anTTYleCaKC½yFMeFgkñúgkarbeRmICati.

bnÞab;mkenAeRkaysm½ylEgVkeK)andwgfa sil,³r)aMRBHraCRTBümanvtþmanCanic© enAkñúgRBHbrmraCvaMg ElgCaeTvTasIénR)asaTnanaeTotehIy. kñúgraCü RBHraCsmÖar EdlRTg;CakvIniBn§d¾eqñIm ¬1629-1634¦ eBlEdlRBHGgÁpøas;raCFanIBI]tþúgÁmkKg;enA raCvaMgekaHeXøakTMngCa)annaMykRkumsil,³RBHraCRTBüxøHeTACamYypg. BIeRBaHsBVéf¶ eKeXIjenAmanesssl;RKUcas;² EdlenAecHcaMbnþCMnan;Kñabgðat;beRgonsil,³elçaneBalRsI nig vtþmanelçaneBalRsIenAmþúMekonsVayenAmanenAeLIy. enAcenøaHqñaM1806-1840 RbeTskm<úCa)ancuHdundaby:agxøaMgedaysarkarQøan BanBIsMNak;RsukCitxag nig TMnas;kñúgraCvgS32. b:uEnþenAkñúgraCü RBHhrirkSramaFibtI RBHGgÁDYg ¬1840-1859¦ RBHGgÁ)anse®gÁaHCatiTan;eBlevla eFVI[sRtUvQøanBan )ak;bbxøbxøacehIyTTYlsÁal;RBHGgÁCaRBHmhakSRténRbeTskm<úCa33. enARKaenaHeK emIleXIjfaExμr)anTTYl\T§iBlbreTs dUcCa eQ μaHvg;ePøg nig eQμaHbTePøgmYycMnYn EdleKniymeRbIBakü b¤ eQμaHbreTsEdlRtUv)aneKERbBIeQμaHedImrbs;ExμrykeTA. b:uEnþ \T§iBlenH)anrlaybnþicmþg²eTAvij enHedaysarRbCara®sþExμr)anxitxMEsVgyl;c,as;las; BIvb,Fm’Catirbs;xøÜn.

32 Chandler David, 1996, A History of Cambodia, Westview Press, Inc, translated in Khmer by Chan Chana, Mam Vannary, Prak Sonnara, Seng Soth, JSRC, 2005, p 105-143. 33 Ibid, p.143-147.

38

enAqñaM 1906 RBH)aT suIsuvtßi )anyageTAkan;Rsuk)araMgCaelIkdMbUg edaymannaMyknarIr)aMcMnYn 42 nak;eTA CamYypg. xN³eBlenaHRBHraCTsSn kic©rbs;RBHGgÁTTYl)anmhaeCaK C½yy:agFMeFgeFVI[manPaBrMeCIb rMCYleBjRbeTs)araMgEtmþgeday sarvtþmanénr)aMRBHraCRTBürbs;RBH GgÁ. manCnCati)araMgCaeRcIn)aneRbob RbdUcnadkaExμr faCa { bu)¢amnusS } ehIy)anpþitrUbPaBTaMgenaHTukeday CagKMnUrd¾l,Il,aj KW elak GUKus r:UdaMg34 ¬rUbelx27¦. Tmøab;BIburaNerogmk cMeBaHsil,karinIEdlmaneTBekaslüBiess²elIRKb;mux CMnajEtgEtRtUv)anesþcsenþaseR)asRbNIRbTangar nig zannþrskþipgEdlCaemaTn³elImux CMnajRbcaMCIvitEfmeTotpg. CaBiessenAkñúgrC¢kal RBH)aTsemþcRBHneratþm sIhnu ¬1941-1955¦ nigkñúgsm½ysgÁmra®sþniym ¬1956-1970¦ eBlenaHRBHGgÁRTg;CaRBH Rbmuxrdæd¾eqñIm. RBHkruNaRBH)aTsemþcRBH neratþm sIhnu RTg;esþcyageFVIRBHraC TsSnkic©CapøÚvrdæenAshrdæGaemrikkñúgqñaM1957 ehIyEdl)aneFVI[l,IrnÞWkñúgBiPBelak edaysarr)aMk,ac;buraNEx μr b¤ r)aMRBHraCRTBüsEmþgCaelIkTI1enATIenaH Edlman 34 Loviny Christophe, The Apsaras of Angkor, SIPAR & JAZZ, Paris, 2003, p.107-115.

sUmGan³ RBHkruNaRBH)aTsemþcRBHsuIsuvtßi RBHecARkugkm<úCaFibtIRBHraCdMeNIreTARkug)araMgess qñaMmmIGdæs½kRtUvnwgqñaM )araMg1906.

rUbelx27³ rUbPaB { bu)¢amnusS } rbs;elak GUKus r:UdaMg. ¬RbPB ³ Loviny, Christophe, 2003, p. 107¦

39

elak Kennedy RbFanaFibtIénshrdæGaemrik )anpþl;kitþiyscUlrYmTsSnaedaypÞal; ehIyEdlCakarsEmþgedaynadkaÉkKW semþcRBHraCbuRtIRBHerom neratþm bu)¢aeTvI kalRBHGgÁmanRBHCnμenAekμgenAeLIy ÉtYÉkRbusKW RBHGgÁm©as; neratþm c½RkBgS; eBlenaHRTg;TaMgeTVr)ansEmþgr)aMsuvNÑmcäa EdlCaQutmYykñúgerOgramekrþ×. enARKaenaH eRkamraCkic©dwknaMrbs; semþcRBHmhakSRtiyanI kusum³ narIr½tñ sirIvDÆna EdlCa RBHmataRBH)aTsemþcRBH neratþm sIhnu TRmg;sil,³r)aMburaNmankarrIkceRmIny:ag xøaMgTaMgbec©keTs TaMgesaPNPaB TaMgeRKOgGlgáarsRmab;tubEtglm¥kayCaedIm máúdeFVIGMBI massuT§ daMt,ÚgeBRC dUcCa máúdÉksRmab;tYnag tYnayerag>>>.l.

RBHGgÁRTg;)ancMNay RBHkayBlK μanKitkar enOyht; nig )anbric©aK RBHraCRTBü d¾eRcInsn§wk sn§ab; CMrujkarbegáInsñaéd sil,³r)aMeTB ¬r)aMskáar³¦ dUcmanr)aMeTBGbSr (Apsara)

CaedIm edIm,IelIkkm<s;vb, Fm’Cati [fáúMefáIgrugerOg eFVI [Exμrmanekrþi_eQ μaHl,IrnÞW elIqakGnþrCati EdlRbkb edayKMnitécñRbDitx<s; KYrCa TIemaTn³35 ¬rUbelx28¦.

35 eBRC TuMRkvuil/ 2001.

rUbelx28³ RBHGgÁm©as;kSRtI neratþm bu)¢aeTvI ¬raCkumarI¦

RBHnag)ankøayCanadkaÉkénr)aMRBHraCRTBükñúgTsvtS qñaM1960 EdldwknaMedayRBHGyükarbs;RBHnag KW semþcRBHmhakSRtiyanI

suIsuvtßi kusum³narIr½tñ sirIvDÆna. ¬RbPB ³ Loviny, Christophe, 2003, p. 118¦

40

r)aMRBHraCRTBü)anelcmuxenAelIqakGnþrCatiCajwkjab;. enAqñaM1964 r)aMeTB menarmü RtUv)ansEmþgenAeragelçanGUeb:r:a Rkug):arIs ¬rUbelx29¦. ehIyl,Il,aj xøaMgCaelIkTI2 enAshrdæGaemriksm½yelakRbFanaFibtI NIXON 36 ¬rUbelx29¦.

TRmg;sil,³r)aMk,ac;buraN b¤ elçanRBHraCRTBü KWCasil,³TsSnIyPaBmYyminRKan; EtCMrujebHdUgmnusS[mankarrMePIbb:ueNÑaHeT b:uEnþva)anlak;bgáb;nUvRKab;BUCénkarsßabna EdlpusecjBIebHdUgmYy ehIyeRCotcUleTAkñúgebHdUgCaeRcIneTot edaynaMmkCamYynUv esckþIéføfñÚrKμanRBMEdn BIeRBaHvaCaplitplénsgÁmEdlecjBIebHdUgehIyrsat;cUleTA kñúgmCÄmNÐlénCIvit rYck¾ERbkøayCIvit[eTACaEpñkmYyEdlminGacbMEbk)anBIsIlFm’ rbs;mnusSCati.

36 Rbsasn_elakRBwT§acarü eqg pun GtItrdæm®nþIRksYgeXasnakar vb,Fm’ nigB½t’man kñúg»kaseFVI)azkfar)aMRBHraCRTBüTsvtS1980. r)aMRBHraCRTBümannaTICamnusSFm’.

rUbelx29³ r)aMeTBmenarmü sEmþgenAeragelçanGUeb:r:a naTIRkug):arIs qñaM1964 ¬RbPB ³ Loviny, Christophe, 2003, p. 124¦

41

CaGkusls®gÁambgðÚrQam)ancUlmkdl;enATsvtSqñaM 1970 vb,Fm’sil,³ EdlCaGtþsBaØaNCatik¾RtUv)anRTuDeRTameTAtamdMNak;kalenaHEdr. enAcenøaHqñaM 1970- 1975 kñúgrbbsaFarNrdæEx μrelakesnaRbmux ln; nl; eBlenaHr)aMRBHraCRTBü EdlFøab;ehABImunmk ehIysßitenACab;nwgRBHraCaRtUv)aneKbþÚrmkehAfa³ r)aM b¤ elçank,ac; buraNvij ehIyEdlsßitenAeRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;saklviTüal½yviciRtsil,³. cMeBaHTI taMghat;eronEpñkbec©keTsrkSaenAkñúgR)asaTcnÞqayakñúgRBHbrmraCvaMgdEdl. enAcenøaHqñaM1975-1979 kñúgrbbEx μrRkhm r)aMk,ac;buraNRtUv)aneKbM)at; ecalTaMgRsug edayBYkeKyl;fa Camrtksil,³skþiPUmi. sil,kr sil,karinI PaKeRcIn RtUv)aneKsmøab;ecaldUcstVFatu xøHRtUveKeFVITaruNkmμy:agéRBépS xøHCab;KukeTotpg.

eRkayqñaM 1979 rbbyg;XñgenH)andYlrlMputeTARbeTsnigRbCaCatiTaMgmUlRtUv se®gÁaHeLIgvij dMNak;kalenHRkumsil,kr nig RKUcas;²elIRKb;muxCMnajmanenAsl;tic tYcNas;Edl)anrYcputBIkarkab;smøab;rbs;b:ulBt )anxitxMnaMKñasþarvis½ysil,³Cati[ egIbeLIgvijBI)atédTeTy:aglM)akbMput. karxitxMRbwgERbgedIm,IeFVI[rs;eLIgvijnUvTRmg; sil,³RKb;RbePT CaBiessTRmg;sil,³r)aMk,ac;buraNEx μr b¤ r)aMRBHraCRTBü EdleK niymehAfa :r)aM b¤ elçank,ac;buraNExμr :.

kMeNIténTRmg;r)aMk,ac;buraNEx μrk¾dUcCaTRmg;sil,³déTeTotEdr CYnkal)anvivtþ rIkceRmInrugerOg]tþúgÁ]tþm CYnRTuDeRTamGab;»nesÞIrrlay)at;rUbrageTAtamdMeNIrkar vivtþénRbvtþisa®sþCatikm<úCa.

eRkayqñaM1993 RbeTsCatieyIgmansuxsnþiPaBeBjelj ehIyeyIg)anRbkan; nUvrbbraCaniym :RBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa} CaelIkTI2eLIgvij r)aMk,ac;buraNRtUveK niymehAeQμaHTaMgBIr eBalKWelçan b¤ r)aMk,ac;buraNExμr nig elçan b¤ r)aMRBHraCRTBü tmk dl;sBVéf¶enH.

42

3>5> TsSn³sil,³enAkñúgr)aMRBHraCRTBü

nadkaBisidæ énr)aMk,ac;buraNExμr KYbpSMCamYynwgmkud EdlmankMBUlx<g; x<s;CageK EdlCatMNagénzansYK’a nageTBGbSrerraM edaykayvikarTn; Pøn;lVtlVn; BYknagKWCaRsIr)aMzansYK’ nig CaGñknaMBaküsuMGgVrkrbs;mnusS elakeTAfVaydl;BYkeTvta.

erOgramekrþ × KW Ca mUldæank,ac; énr)aMRBHraC RTBü b¤ r)aM k,ac;buraN ExμrEtmþg ¬rUbelx 30-31¦. cab;taMgBIsm½y semþcRBH mhakSRti yanIkusum³ narIr½tñ sirI vDÆna naqñaM 1950 mktY sVaTaMgGs; RtUv)anGnuBaØati [sEmþgedayyuvCn.

rUbelx30³ RBHGgÁm©as;kSRtI neratþm bu)¢aeTvI ¬rUbmux¦CanadkarÉk kñúgr)aM

{eTBGbSr {¬RbPB ³ nKrExμr/ 1967¦.

rUbelx31³ nageTBGbSrmankayvikarerraMfVayBrsBÞsarFukardl;sßan mnusSelak bnÞab;mkBaMnaMnUvesckþIsuMGgVrkrbs;mnusSeTA

kan;sßansYK’vij. ¬RbPB ³ nKrExμr/ 1967¦

43

II . rebobsEmþg TRmg;sil,³skáar³ b¤ sil,³eTv³enH RbPBsMxan;ecjmkBIsasnaRBah μN_ KW Ca TRmg; EdlmanRbNItPaBx<s;CageKbMputdl;kRmitkMBUlEdleKBuMGacb:HBal; b¤ EkERb )an¬tnþI¦. taMgBIkarkekItrUbragc,as;las;RbEhlBIstvtSTI1énRKwsþskraCmk TRmg; sil,³r)aMk,ac;buraN b¤ r)aMRBHraCRTBü KWCaTRmg;elçan b¤ r)aMRsI. GñksEmþgsuT§Ca RsI²eTaHCatYGgÁRbusk¾eday k¾RtUvyksil,karinImksEmþgEdr dUcCatYnayerag ¬tYtMNag Rbus¦ CaedIm. ÉkarsEmþgvij sil,karinI EdlkMBugsEmþgenaHmineRcogedayxøÜnÉgeLIy ehIy k¾minbeBa©jkayvikarRtab;eTAtamBaküeBaldUcelçanexal b¤ elçanRbusEdr k¾b:uEnþRtUv beBa©jnUvkayvikarhak;bIdUcmanevyüakrN_RtwmRtUv { Pasakayvikar } RsbKñaeTAnwgTMnuk eRcogénceRmogCaBYksRmab;CUnr)aMenHeTAvij. )anCar)aMk,ac;buraN b¤r)aMRBHraCRTBüenHGñkraMsuT§EtRsI² dUecñHRbEhlTMngmkBI kMeNItnageTBGbSrEdlCaeTBFitasYK’ b¤RsIr)aMsYK’Edl)anmkBIlT§plénkarkUrsmuRT TwkedaHenaHKWsuT§EtCaRsIsuT§saF. ÉGtßn½yénBakü { RsI ¬sM®sáwt¦ = sirI } mann½y fa³ mgÁlsirIsYsþI b¤RsIsYsþICaedIm. m:üagvijeTotTsSn³rbs;Ex μr RsIKWtMNag[PaBbrisuT§ RsICamgÁl CaesckþIsuxceRmIn RsICabuNüCaPBVsMNag RsICaRTBüCalaPskáar³ RsICa\sSrPaBtMNag[PaBrugerOgsuPmgÁl. lkçN³BiessmYyeTot KW CnCatiEx μr niymeKarBRsICaFM Caem { Em: } rbs;xøÜn ¬lTi§em>>>¦ EdlmanPsþútagtaMgEtBIedImsm½y Rbvtþisa®sþrbs;RbeTskm<úCa GMLúgedImstvtSTI1énRKwsþskraCemø:H. RbEhlkñúgn½y xagelIenHehIy EdlExμrmanTMenomcat;TukRsICaFM ]tþmRbesIrkñúgsgÁmCati. elIsBIenH sil,³elçanRBHraCRTBü b¤ elçank,ac;buraNEx μrEdlCaRbePTsil,³eTv³ ¬eTvTasI¦ Ca sil,³skáar³mankMeNItecjmkBIsasna ehIymantYnaTIcmøgral;Bakü bn;Rsn;bYgsYgBI

44

EpndIeTAsßansYK’>>>nwgBaMnaMnUvsBVsaFukarBrBIzansYK’mkEpndIvij ehIyEdlmansuT§Et RsI²CaGñkr)aMenHÉg.

luHmkdl;rC¢kalRBHkruNaRBH)aTsemþcRBH neratþm sIhnu ¬1941-1955¦ edaysBVRBHraChb£T½ynwgk,ac;sVaelçanexal EdlmanlkçN³sVahab;rh½srhYn nig clna rs;revIkenaH semþcRBHmhakSRtiyanI kusum³ narIr½tñ sirIvDÆna EdlCaRBHmatarbs; RBHGgÁ ehIyEdlRTg;kan;kab;Rkumr)aMRBHraCRTBüpÞal; k¾)anGnuBaØat[sil,krRbusraM CamYy CaBiesstYGgÁsVaEtmþg. dUecñHehIy)anCaeyIgeXIjmanGñkraMRsIRbuscRmuHKña enAkñúgTRmg;sil,³k,ac;buraNEx μr b¤ r)aMRBH raCRTBürhUtmkdl; sBVéf¶37enH.

III. qak b¤ ranraM b¤ kþarEbn b¤ TIlanraM enAtamR)asaTnana buBVbursEx μreyIg)anksageLIgeTAtamCMenOd¾mutmaMelI RBahμN_sasna k¾ dUcBuT§sasnamhayan KWedIm,I]TÞisfVaydl;GaTieTB b¤dl;buBVkarICn. eKEtgsegát eXIjbuBVsßabtükrExμr EtgEtsßabnanUvqakr)aMb¤elçansRmab;CakEnøgeFVIBiFI skáarraMfVayGaTieTB enABImuxTVarcUléntYR)asaTkñúgbrievNkMEBg. ]TahrN_Cak;Esþg R)asaTGgÁrvtþCasñaRBHhsþrbs;RBH)aT sUrüvrμ½nTI2 ¬1113-1152¦ visÑúniym mankþarEbn b¤ ranraM b¤qakelçany:agx<s;enATisxaglicBImuxTVarcUlR)asaTFM ragCa kak)aTlMGedayk,ac;cmøak;naK nig stVetaQry:agsgðaGmsgxagCeNþIr.

cMENkR)asaT)ay½n CaR)asaTEbbBuT§sasnamhayan ranraM b¤qakelçanmanRTg; RTayCakak)aTdUcKña b:uEnþenATisxagekIténRckTVarcUlR)asaTFMmanRsHTwkBIrGmsg xagpg.

37 eBRC TuMRkvuil/ 2001/ TMB½r 46-48.

45

enAsm½yeRkayGgÁr r)aMRBHraCRTBü)anpøas;bþÚrmkrs;enAEk,rRBHraCaElgman tYnaTIenAkñúgR)asaTeTvsßaneTotehIy²EfmTaMgsßitenAeRkamRBHraC]btßmÖrbs;RBHGgÁ pÞal; b¤ BIRBHjativgS. kEnøghat;r)aM b¤ sEmþgsßitenAkñúgRBHbrmraCvaMg. dUcenA RBHbrmraCvaMgraCFanIPñMeBjmanR)asaTcnÞqayaCaTIlanhat; nig R)asaTePaCnIy sRmab;raMkñúgBiFICapøÚvkar. CYnkalmanBiFIbYgsYgFM² eKraMenATIkNþalvalkñúgTIlantmál; RBHrUbsMxan;²kñúgRbvtþisa®sþ.l.

nasm½yTMenIbenH ¬cugstvtSTI20 edImstvtSTI21¦ eRkABIBiFIsasna r)aMRBHraC RTBü b¤ r)aMk,ac;buraNExμrRtUveKerobcM[eTACaRbePTsil,³TsSnIyPaB sRmab;cUlrYmpSBV pSayBIvb,Fm’Cati b¤ pSBVpSayBIGtþsBaØaNCatiExμredaymansEmþgtameragmehaRsB FM²enAkñúgRbeTs nig enAelIqakGnþrCatinanakñúglkçN³CaTsSnIyPaBbgðajBIvb,Fm’d¾ rugerOgmuHmutEtTn;Pøn;rbs;CatiEx μreyIg.

IV . karlMGqak cMeBaHqaksEmþg eKeRcIntubEtglMGEbbnimμ itniymeTAtamsac;erOg. eKeRbIkUn

ERKtUcmYymank,Úrk,ac;rcnal¥RbNIt labTwkmasPøWepøk ehIyERKd¾tUcRcLwgenaHGac køayCaRKb;TIsßanxus²Kña vivtþn_eTAtamsac;erOg Edlerobrab;bBa¢ak; edayTMnukeRcogCaBYk sRmab;eRcogCUnr)aM. CYnkalERKd¾tUcenaHsn μt;fa CaraCvaMg Camat;smuRT CasßanPuCgÁnaK CaéRBPñMRkmfμ CaGaRsmRBHmunI\sI b¤ CasßanékLask¾)an. b:uEnþedaysarbec©keTs kan;EtTMenIbnaeBlbc©úb,nñeKeXIjkartubEtglMGqaksil,³r)aMmanPaBsem,Imsm,ÚrEbb RbesIrCagmun.

46

V . BiFIsMBHRKÚ RKb;TRmg;sil,³TaMgGs; rbs; ExμreyIg EtgmanTMenomTmøab;RbéBNI R)arB§BiFIsMBHRKÚ b¤ BiFIrMlwkKuNRKÚ)a FüayTaMgLay Edl)anEcksßaneTA b¤k¾rs;enAeLIy EdlFøab;)anpþl;cMeNH dwgsBVmuxviC¢adl;BYkxøÜnCasisS. PaK eRcIn eKniymR)arB§BiFIsMBHRKU enAéf¶ RBhs,t× elIkElgEtTRmg;sil,³ elçanexal b¤elçanBak;mux b¤elçanRbus KW Rbkan;ykéf¶ sRmab;R)arB§BiFI sMBH RKUenAl¶acéf¶esAr_ ¬rUbelx32¦38.

VI . semøókbMBak;nigeRKOgtubEtgkay semøókbMBak;nigeRKOgtubEtglMGtYGgÁr)aMk,ac;buraNExμr KWCaEpñkmYyénTMenoménkar

esøókBak; tubEtgkayrbs;tYGgÁTaMgGs;kñúgeBlsEmþg k¾CakarbgðajGMBIGarüFm’mYyénCnCati ExμrpgEdr.

ebIniyayBIsemøókbMBak; nig kartubEtglMGkayéntYGgÁr)aMk,ac;buraNKWsMedAdl;kar esøókBak; nigkartubEtgkayéntYGgÁGbSr ehIyEdlRbCaCnEx μr )ancat;TukCaeTBGbSrCa GñktMNag[BBYkr)aMeTB KW Gñkr)aMcuHmkBIsßansYK’. ehIyenAkm<úCa eKeXIjmaneTBFItasYK’ mancMnYneRcInrab;ry EdleK)ansÁal;faCa eTBGbSr RtUv)aneKqøak;lMGenAtamCBa¢aMgR)asaT 38 eBRC TuMRkvuil/ 2001/ TMB½r 51-60.

rUbelx32³ BiFIsMBHRKUénr)aMRBHraCRTBü ¬RbPB³ eBRC TuMRkvuil/ 2001/ TMB½r 60¦

47

GgÁrvtþ. rYbcmøak;eTBGbSrTaMgGs;)anbgðaj[eXIjnUvPaBbuinRbsb;xagkartubEtglMG dl;tYR)asaTedayeTBGbSrTaMgenaHmankayvikarxus²Kña nig mankarrcnaya:glMGitGMBI sRms;énsemøókbMBak; eRKOgGlgáar nig mU:dsk; edayELk²BIKña. semøókbMBak;rbs;eTB GbSrTaMgenaHRbEhlCaGacqøúHbBa©aMg[eXIjnUvmU:dsemøókbMBak;rbs;BYkRsIr)aMénRBHraCakñúg sm½yGgÁrpgEdr. kayvikarraMd¾smsYnrbs;eTBGbSrTaMgenaH)ankøayeTACaKMrUedIménr)aM buraNrbs; elçan b¤ r)aMRBHraCRTBü nig r)aM b¤ elçank,ac;buraNExμrenAkm<úCa. ehIyBakü elçan b¤ r)aMRBHraCRTBü nig r)aM b¤ elçank,ac;buraNExμr enHKWsRmab;smÁal;TRmg;sil,³TsSnIyPaB k,ac;buraNExμr.

1> rebobesøókBak; nigsemøókbMBak;tYGgÁr)aMk,ac;buraN tamÉksarrbs;elak eBRC

TuMRkviul )anniyay[dwgfa39 sMelok bMBak;énr)aMRBHraCRTBü b¤r)aMk,ac;buraN ExμrEdleK)anEtgcmøgykeTAeRbIR)as; kñúgkarécñRbDitCatYGgÁeTvta kñúgrUbcmøak; b¤k¾KMnUrepSg² dUcCarUbeTvtaeRBaypáa pþl;C½ymgÁlsirIsYsþI b¤ k¾eTvtaqñaMfμ IRTg; yagcuHmkRKb;RKgEdndICaedIm eRcInEt yktamlMnaMtYGgÁnayerag :tYGgÁRbus b¤ eTvtaRbus : nig :tYnag eTvtaRsI : énTRmg;sil,³r)aMk,ac;buraNenH.

39

eBRC TuMRkviul/ r)aMExμr Khmer Dances/ 2001/ TMB½r 80-93.

¬rUbelx33¦³ tYnayerag nig

tYnagénr)aMk,ac;buraNExμr.

48

tamRbsasn_rbs;elakCMTav mij kusnI )an[dwgfa³ semøókbMBak;rbs;eTv³ nig RBHmhakSRtsuT§Etxus²KñaTaMgGs;ehIyBuMmaneLvenaHeT40. BIedImeRKOglMGeFVIGMBImas Et bc©úb,nñ)an)at;bg;Gs;eTAehIy. cMeBaHtYnagEdlRtUveRbImáúdeFVIGMBIR)ak;enaH Et\LÚvRtUv eRbImáúdEdleFVIGMBIs<an;vij.

¬rUbelx34-35¦³ elakCMTav mij kusnI eLIgbgðajGMBIsemøókbMBak; nigeRKOgtubEtglMGénr)aMk,ac;

buraNEx μr na»kaseFVIBiFIbgðaj]bkrN_ePøgBiNBaTü-semøókbMBak; nigeRKOgGl½gáarénr)aMk,ac;buraNExμr naéf¶TI 19 Ex mifuna qñaM2007 enARksYgvb,Fm’ nigviciRtsil,³.

ebIBinitüemIlGavtYr)aMGbSraKWmanPaBxusEbøkBIr)aMnanaenAkm<úCa BIeRBaHeKRKan; EtykRkNat;yWtBN’sac;mkkat;[rwtCab;nwgxøÜnedayBuMcaM)ac;eFVIkar)a:k;rMelcGgáaM b¤EPñk man;[PøWciBa©acenaHeT. kñúgn½yenH GñkbegáIteRbIrU)armμN_yktamlMnaMcmøak;enAtamR)asaT buraNExμrnana. cMeBaHsMBt;esøókKWCasMBt;cr)ab;BN’ssRmab;tYÉk ÉBN’Rkhm exov nigRtYyecksMrab;tYrg. eKesøókedayCIbPøIxagmux ÉtYÉkmandak;bEnßmRkNat;CIbrMPay BImux nigBIeqVgCa lMGeTotpg41. 40

Rbsasn_rbs;elakCMTav mij kusnI kalBIéf¶TI 19 Ex mifuna qñaM2007 enARksYgvb,Fm’ nig viciRtsil,³. 41 Ekv NaruM nig RBM suIsapan§a r)aMGbSra qñaM2003/ TMB½r 24.

49

eKsegáteXIjfa³ kalenAkñúgGMLúgqñaM1961 b¤ 1962 eRkamRBHraCkic©RKb;RKg dwknaMén semþcRBHmhakSRtiyanII kusum³ narIr½tñ EdlCaRBHraCmataénRBHkruNasemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu Edlkñúg»kasenaHsMelokbMBak;rbs;tYGbSrargyklMnaMtamEbbr)aM CUnBr b:uEnþeRkaymkelak)an[RTg;sMelokbMBak;dUcr)aMGbSranabc©úb,nñenHvij.

¬rUbelx36-37¦³ tYGgÁTaMgbYntMNagnUvr)aMk,ac;buraNExμrmannayerag tYnag tYykS nigtYhnuman.

rebobesøókBak; nigkartubEtglMGkayéntYGgÁr)aMk,ac;buraNmandUcxageRkam42 k> tYnayerag³ cMeBaHtYnayeragmanrebobesøókBak; nigtubEtgkaydUcxageRkam³ - k,alnayerag Bak;máúd EtmáúdBuMmanBak;k,aMgeT - Bak;r)aMgmux KWmanlMGCal,ak;páasMyug - Bak;r)aMgcMehog KWCal,ak;páasMyug - Bak;Gav)a:k;DinédEvg - Bak;\nÞFnU gTnÞaMBIelIsμaTaMgsgxag

42 - dUcÉksarmun- qñaM 2003/ TMB½r 80-83.

50

- Bak;sur:gk - Bak;sgVar benþagsøwkeBaFielIedImRTUg ehIyBIeRkayCaRbcaMyam - cgk,insMBt;cr)ab;BIelIexa - esøókexasñab;ePøA - RkNat;)a:k;Din rwtcegáH - Bak;ExSRkvat;xwmxat;BIelI - Rkvat;cegáH - k,aMgmux - k,aMgcMehog - knÞúyR)a knÞúyk,inTmøak; rIÉ édtYnayerag manBak;kgkn; kgrak;CakgpÞaMgEvg k®nÞúM nig kgj½r b¤

Rkviléd. eCIgnayerag manBak;kgj½renABIeRkam b¤ RkvileCIg nigkgRtbkQUkBIelI.

¬rUbelx39-40¦tYnayeragbgðajQutsemøókbMBak;énr)aMk,ac;buraNEx μr ¬rUbemIlBImux nigBIeRkay¦.

51

x> tYnag³ tYnag manrebobesøókBak; nigtubEtgkaydUcxageRkam - Bak;GavxøIkñúg ¬GavenaHmanédEtmçageTKWédeqVg¦ - és,Bak;cMehogelIs μaeqVgmanCayés,sMyugmkeRkayxñg - Bak;sur:gk - ExSeqogBak;s<ayelIsμaeqVg B½T§mkeRkamédsþaM - esøóksMBt;sMLúycr)ab;edaymanCIbPøIlMGenAxagmux - Bak;ExSRkvat;xwmxat; cMENk édtYnag manBak;sñab;éd b¤)aj;pab;enAedIméd kgkn;enAkéd kgj½r k®nÞúM

nig søwkeTs. tamRbsasn_elakCMTav mij kusnI )anBnül;[dwgfa³ søwkeTs manRKb;tYGgÁ TaMgGs; bu:EnþsBVéf¶)an)at;bg;Gs;ehIy43.

eCIgtYnag manBak;kgj½rBIeRkam b¤ Rkvil nigkgTgQUkBIelI. rIÉ k,altYnagvij manBak;máúdnagKWCamáúdEdlmanbEnßmk,aMgmYyeTot.

¬rUbelx41-42¦³ tYnagbgðajQutsemøókbMBak; nigeRKOgGlgáar ¬rUbemIlBImux nigBIeRkay¦.

43

Rbsasn_rbs;elakCMTav mij kusnI kalBIéf¶TI 19 Ex mifuna qñaM2007 enARksYgvb,Fm’ nig viciRtsil,³.

52

eRkABIenHenAkñúgr)aMRBHraCRTBü b¤ r)aMk,ac;buraNEx μrenAmantYGgÁepSg²eTotCa eRcIndUcCa ykS b¤ sVa EdlPaKeRcInsuT§EtCatYGgÁkñúgerOgeTvkfaepSg² dUcCa erOgram ekrþ× b¤ erOgkUrsmuRTTwkedaH CaedIm EdlmansemøókbMBak;dUcxageRkam ÷

K> tYykS ¬RkugraBN_¦³ sMelokbMBak;rbs ;tYykSman

- Gav)a:k;Din édEvg - Bak;\nÞFnU g TnÞaMBIelIsμaTaMgsgxag - Bak;sur:gk - Bak;sgVarExVgelIedImRTUg benþaksøwkeBaF× - ExSrwtRTUgmankMNl;kl;sgxag - esøókexasñab;ePøA):ak;eCIg - esøokk,incr)ab;BIelIexa - RkNat;rwbcegáH - ExSRkvat;xwmxat; - Bak;r)aMgmuxsMyug - Bak;r)aMgcMehogsMyug rIÉ édtYykS manBak;kgrak; kgkn; k®nÞúM nig kgj½r. eCIgtYykS manBak;

kgj½rBIeRkam nigkgTgQUkBIelI. cMENk k,alykS vijmanBak;máúdmuxdb; KWmuxRkug raBN_ esþcénnKrlgáa.

tamRbsasn_elakCMTav mij kusnI )anbBa¢ak;[dwgfa³ muxdb;éntYykSEdl tMNag[RkugraBN_KWeFVIBIxμ úk¬BIedImeFVIBImassuT§ Et\LÚvenHeKlabTwkmas¦. cMENkExS

53

eqogvijmancMnYnbIExS EtvaGaRs½yeTAtamtYCYnmanBIrExSCYnGavGt;)a:k;eT. edayELk cr)ab;manxñateKedr CaragmnusS ehIybt;eTAtamtY44.

¬rUbelx43-44¦³ tYykSbgðajQutsemøókbMBak;énr)aMk,ac;buraNExμr ¬rUbemIlBImux nigBIeRkay¦.

X> tYGgÁhnuman sMelokbMBak;rbs;tYGgÁhnuman man - GavédEvgBN’s )a:k;RkeyAsVa - Bak;sur:gk - Bak;sgVarbenþaksøwkeBaFi - esøókexasñab;ePøA cMeCIg)a:k; - k,insMBt;sBIelIexa - RkNat;rwtcegáH - Bak;ExSRkvat;xwmxat; rIÉ édtYGgÁhnuman manBak;kgrak; kgkn; k®nÞúM nig kgj½r. eCIgtYGgÁhnuman

manBak; kgj½rRTBIeRkam nigkgTgQUkBIelI. cMENk k,altYGgÁhnuman vijmanBak; muxsVasCahnumanenHÉg. 44

Rbsasn_rbs;elakCMTav mij kusnI kalBIéf¶TI 19 Ex mifuna qñaM2007 enARksYgvb,Fm’ nig viciRtsil,³.

54

tamRbsasn_elakCMTav mij kusnI )anbBa¢ak;[dwgfa³ hnumanBuMmanExSeqogeT ehIyGavrbs;tYhnumaneTotesateK)a:k;[manragCaRkeyA45.

ebIBinitüeTAelItYGgÁsVaepSgeTotxagEpñksMelokbMBak; nig muxk¾manBN’epSg² eTotEdr eTAtamtYGgÁkñúgsac;erOg. eRkABItYGgÁdUceBalxagelIenAmantYGgÁCaeRcIneTot dUcCa tYkinñra kinñrI tYRKuD tYeRbIs b¤ stVepSg²EfmeTotpg.

¬rUbelx45-46¦³ tYhnumaneLIgbgðajQutsemøókbMBak;énr)aMk,ac;buraNExμr ¬rUbemIlBImux nigBIeRkay¦.

2> eRKOgtubEtglMGénr)aMk,ac;buraNEx μr cMeBaHeRKOgtubEtglMGéntYGgÁr)aMk,ac;buraNmaneRcInRbePTRsedog²Kña ehIyEdl

eyIg nwgelIkykCMrabCUndUcxageRkamenH - páaesot eKesotpáamYyenAxagsþaMtYnagénr)aMk,ac;buraNExμr edayerIsykpáacMbuIrIk BIeRBaH

vaCYyelIkesaPNPaBmux[mansRms;.

45 Rbsasn_rbs;elakCMTav mij kusnI kalBIéf¶TI 19 Ex mifuna qñaM2007 enARksYgvb,Fm’ nig viciRtsil,³.

55

- ry:a b¤ TMhU rya b¤ TMhUmanlkçN³EvgFøak; ehIyyarTmøak;esÞIrrhUtdl;s μa. k,ac;ry:aenH

eRcInyktam lMnaMk,ac;páaRksaMg b¤ yktamlMnaMpáaemÞs. bu:EnþebIyktampáaRksaMgl¥Cag BIeRBaHvamanlkçN³kBa©úM²l¥CagpáaemÞs. Rtcokrbs;tYGgÁGbSraRtUvBak;RkvilEdlman Tm¶n;F¶n;²enAnwgsøwkRtecokEdlyarEvg. dUecñHBYknagRtUvEtRTaMGt;Fμt;nwgTm¶n;elahFatu TaMgenH.

- sur:gk eKminkat;surgk[tUcP¢ab;CitkeBkeT KW kat;[manragFøak;cuHeRkamedIm,I[elc

ecjnUvsac;kBa©wgk ehIyedrP¢ab;Cak,Úrk,ac;cmøak;s<an;CaCYr² nigEpñkxageRkammanTmøak; snøwkCaeRcIn. edIm,ICMnYs[benþagrMeyal KW eKeFVIsnøwkkNþal[mansNæanFMCageK EdlP¢ab;BIpáamYyenA cMkNþal. CYnkalBYknagBak;ExSkeFVIGMBIKCBN’mas.

- ExSRkvat; k,ac;ExSRkvat;rbs;tYGgÁr)aMk,ac;buraNExμrmanlkçN³dUcKñanwgsur:gkEdr EtxusRtg;

sur:gkedrelIRkNat;kat;eqVól rIÉExSRkvat;vijeKedrelIRkNat;esÞIrRtg;. - sñab;éd sñab;édéntYGgÁr)aMk,ac;buraNEx μrKWCakgcmøak;sMEb:tFMkNþal ehIymanragerov

eTAxaglMG edayk,Úrk,ac;rcnaepSg². cMENktYGbSraBak;sñab;édenAedImédTaMgBIrxag. - Rbdab;éd tYGgÁr)aMk,ac;buraNEx μrmanBak;Rbdab;édcMnYnR)aMExSKW ExSTI 1 Bak;kgra:k; ExSTI2

nig ExS TI 3 Bak;k®nþúM ExSTI4Bak;kgj½r b¤ Rkvil nigExSTI5Bak;snøwk.

56

eRkABIRbdab;édTaMg5RbePTxagelIenH tYGgÁeTBGbSrÉk eRcInniymBak;kRmg páamøiHCalMGEfmeTotedIm,ICYybEnßmsRms;[kan;EtRss;s¥atmYykMriteTot.

- Rbdab;eCIg Rbdab;eCIgéntYGgÁr)aMk,ac;buraNEx μrmanBIrKW kgTgQUk nig kgj½r b¤ Rkvil.

- sgVarB½n§ enAelIxøÜntYGgÁr)aMk,ac;buraNmanBak;ExSsgVarB½n§ k,ac;ragCaRKab;GgáaMedatbnþKña. - páamas

páamasGaccat;cUleTAkñúgeRKOgtubEtglMGkay éntYGgÁr)aMk,ac;buraNExμreyIg pgEdr BIeRBaHfaCYnkaleKesotenAnwgcegáH CYnkaleKkan;raMCalMG. páamasenHeFVIGMBI s<an;RkabEdlmanPaBrs; nig esþIgGackat;eFVICapáa b¤ snøwk)anehIyj½r)anl¥.

- karlabmux nig labxøÜnR)aN r)aMGbSra)anekItkñúgsm½ykal EdlGñkr)aMburaN)anEkERbkarlabmuxmktamEbb

sm½yTMenIbehIy. eyIgsegáteXIjfa GñkraMr)aMenHeRcInKUrcieBa©ImRkas;bnþic nig esÞIrRtg; KW minekagxVg;dUcdgFñÚeT.

edayELkkarlabxøÜnR)aN KWeKeRbIeRbgRkGUb CaeRbgemSAEdllayCamYyTwk dmbu)öanana EdleKebHmkfμ I²BIkñúgsYnRBHbrmraCvaMg bu:Enþbc©úb,nñpáaEdleKebHeRcInyk mkBIRbPBepSg². bnÞab;mkeKykemSABN’RkhmeFVIGMBIxøwmcnÞn_mklabln)atéd nig )ateCIgnag.

57

- karsitsk; fVIt,itEtk,alBak;máúdEmnBit EteKsegáteXIjGñkraMriHrkesaPNPaBedaysitsk;

EjkTmøak;mkxagmuxbnþicenaH)anbgðajnUvlkçN³mYyl¥smsYn. rIÉsk;EdlTmøak;xag eRkayenaHeKcgpáacMbuIrIkmYy²CalMGeBjépÞsk;. ebIsintYGgÁGbSrmansk;Evg sk;nag RtUvRkg nigbYgCapñÜg EdlrMelcedaypáacMbuIs elOg nig kRmgpáamøiH.

- máúd máúdmanBIrEpñkKW máúdmanlkçN³l¥EbøkBIr)aMnana KWCaplitkmμbegáItfμI Etyktam

bBaØajaNcas;enAsm½yGgÁr edayeyagtamcmøak;énR)asaTburaNEx μr. enAsm½ysgÁm ra®sþniym máúdeFVIGMBImassuT§daMt,ÚgeBRCd¾mantémø BiessKWmáúdÉkTaMgsRmab;tYnag nig tYnayerag46.l.

máúdsRmab;bMBak;[tYÉkmankMBUlR)aMehIymanBIrfñak;. ÉsRmab;tYrgbYn b¤R)aMmYy nak;eTotmankMBUlEtbIehIymanEtmYyfñak;. kñúgmáúdTaMgGs;enHmanRkgsk;dak;beBaäat Rbkbedayk,Úrk,ac;tubEtgP¢ab;KñaCaeRcInEtmin)aneFVI[manGarmμN_eyIgsaMjaMeT. pÞúy eTAvijKWeFVI[eyIges¶IcsresIrcMeBaHGñkbegáIt nigekatsJb;EsJgcMeBaHGñkraMEdlGacRTRTg; Bak;sEmþgkñúgry³eBlrab;em:ag)an.

máúd RtUv)anbMBak;[dl;tYGgÁGbSraenAdMNak;kalcugeRkayeKbg¥s; eBalKWenAeRkay eBlEdltYGgÁGbSra)antubEtgkaynigbMBak;eRKOgGlgáarepSg²rYcral;ehIy. karbMBak; máúdenHKWRKUr)aMCaGñkbMBak; eday[Gñkr)aMlutCgÁg;ehIyBak;dak;eTAelIk,alnagy:agfñm² bMput. enAelImáúdmankMBUlmYyx<s;CageK CatMNag sYKa’ eBalKWCazansYK’elakiyrbs; RBH\®nÞEdlsßitenAelIkMBUlPñMRBHsuemru.

46 eBRC TuMRkviul/ r)aMExμr Khmer Dances/ 2001/TMB½r 43.

58

tamelakRBwT§acarü su‘M saém )anmanRbsasn_fa cMeBaHkarKitKUreFVIeRKOgRbdab; Glgáar BiessmáúdenaHmanelakRKUrbs;Kat;eQ μaH eTog enA Føab;eFVICaGñkdwknaM. - l,ak;páasMyug l,ak;páasMyugsRmab;cgnwgmáúdTmøak;mkxagsþaM ¬cMeBaHtYnay erag¦ nigTmøak;mkxageqVg ¬cMeBaHtYnag¦ EdlmanTgpáasMyug nig kBa©úMpáaxagcug.

karRkgTgExSsMyug KW eKykGMe)aHmkedat[)anRbEvgRbEhl 10 s>m> . páa sRmab;edatmanpáalðúgeQμaledayerIsykEtpáaRkBuM²EtebIBi)akrkGacykpáar½kSk¾)an. bnÞab;mkeKykGMe)aHbI b¤ bYnsréscgbnþTukRbEvgRbEhl5s>m> ehIyedatpáaRKb; srésTaMgGs;. páakBa©úMxagcugedatP¢ab;nwgTgExSTaMgGs;eKeRbIpáacMbuI. páacMbuIenHebIeKyk páaminTan;rIkGs;KWenARkBuMbnþicenaHmanlkçN³l¥CagpáarIk BIeRBaHfa vaenAsMyugRsbtam beNþayTRmg;muxehIymancaMgBN’RkhmeRBOg².

¬rUbelx47¦³ semøókbMBak;énr)aMk,ac;buraNExμr ¬rUbelx48¦³ r)aMgénr)aMk,ac;buraN

¬rUbelx49¦³ eRKOgtubEtglMGénr)aMk,ac;buraNExμr ¬rUbelx 50¦³ máúdéntYGgÁr)aMk,ac;buraN

59

ry:apáaemÞs sur:gk ¬rUbelx51-52¦

¬rUbelx53¦³ cmøak;GbSrenAelICBa¢aMgR)asaTGgÁrvtþ.

¬rUbelx54¦³ tYGgÁhnuman ¬rUbelx55¦³ Rbdab;éd ¬manBak;cieBa©ónRkg¦

sñab;éd

Rbdab;éd

máúdGbSraÉk

ExSRkvat;

sMBt;

Rbdab;eCIg

ExSRkvat;

sgVarB½n§

60

karsikSaGMBIr)aMk,ac;buraNEx μr EdlmanbnSl;Tukmkdl;sBVéf¶enH eyIgGacTajnUv esckþIsnñidæanmYy)anCak;lak; nigR)akdfa semøókbMBak; nig eRKOgtubEtglMGelItYGgÁ r)aMk,ac;buraNEx μr KW BitCamanrebobesøókBak; nigtubEtgkaymYymanlkçN³EbbsuRkit EdlExμr)anécñRbDitecjmkeday yktamlMnaMcmøak;Edlmanqøak;enAelIR)asaTburaNExμr.

semøókbMBak;énelçank,ac;buraNEx μrKWCasemøókbMBak;rbs;BBYkeTvtazansYK’ Edl P¢ab;CamYy nig nagnaKCaGm,ÚrBUCsasn_ExμreTAtamTsSn³énCnCatiEx μr Edlmann½yfa CnCatiEx μrCaCnCatiRsemIRsémécñRbDiteRcIn. tamBiterOgenHEx μrKWCnCatiBUEkRsémKit dl;karbegáItCarUbPaBzansYK’ b¤ zanepSg²kñúgGarmμN_rbs;xøÜn nig BUEkecHeFVI[rUbPaB RsémTaMgenaHekIteLIgCak;EsþgenAelITwkdIxøÜnya:gBitR)akd.

tamkarsegáteTAelIrebobesøókBak; nig eRKOgGlgáarénr)aMk,ac;buraNExμr eXIj mankarcmøgykeTAeRbIR)as;sRmab;eFVIkarécñRbDit[tYGgÁeTvta CYnkaleXIjmanenAkñúg rUbcmøak; nig rUbKMnUrepSg² EdltMNag[rUbeTvta)acpáapþl;C½ymgÁlsirIsYsþI kñúg»kas BiFIbuNüRbéBNICatiNamYy dUcCaBiFITTYleTvtaqñaMfIμEdlRBHGgÁyagcuHmkRKb;RKgTwk dICaedIm. ehIykareFVI EbbenH eKeRcInyktamlMnaMtYGgÁ nayerag tMNag[tYGgÁRbus b¤ eTvtaRbus nigtYnagtMNag[ tYGgÁRsI b¤ eTvtaRsI EdlCaTRmg;sil,³r)aMk,ac;buraNExμr enHÉg.

tamkarRsavRCaveyIgeXIjfa semøókbMBak; nigeRKOgGlgáarEdlsRmab;tubEtg lMGtYGgÁr)aMk,ac;buraNEx μrmanlkçN³vivtþn_EbøkbEnßmeToteTAtamsm½ykaledayrebob esøókBak; nigmankartubEtglMGelIragkaykan;Etsm,ÚrEbbnigkan;Etl¥.

edaysarKMnitécñRbDitRbkbedayeTBekaslüx<s;éndUntaEx μrtaMgBIsm½ymunGgÁr bnþrhUtmkdl;sm½yGgÁrEdlmanrUbcmøak;GbSr nig erOgelçank,ac;buraNCaeRcInqøak;enA elIpÞaMgsilaR)asaTmanPaBrs;revIkhak;manRBlwgBit²CaskçIPaBRsab;.

61

tamry³r)aMk,ac;buraNpgEdrk¾)anbgðajGMBI ]tþmPaBd¾Gs©arüénsgÁmEx μrnasm½y enaH eBalKWkarksagcMeNHdwg nigbBaØajaNrbs;dUntaEx μr.

VII . rUbPaB nigxøwmsarénr)aMk,ac;buraNEx μr ral;karkekIténvtßústVelakTaMgLayKWGaRs½yeday ehtu nig bc©½y. kalNa

ehtusmRsbbc©½yRKb;RKan;plnwgekItmkedayÉkÉg. enHCaRkwtüRkmFmμCati CarUbmnþ ehtuplEdl)ankMNt;cab;taMgBIeBlkekItTwkdI mnusS stV mkem:øH. edayELkmnusS Exμrk¾sßitkñúgRkwtüRkmenaHEdr )ann½yfaExμrminGacrs;edayR)ascakrUbmnþehtupl nig bc©½y)aneLIy. EtsgÁmEx μrRtUv)ankMNt;edayBN’sm,úr crit nigTMenomTmøab;eday ELkrbs;xøÜn EdlsgÁmvb,Fm’eKniymehAfa GtþsBaØaNvb,Fm’ bJu GtþsBaØaNCati.

sgÁmmnusSGacrkSaPaBsßitesßr nig GtþPaBrbs;xøÜnrhUtsBVéf¶)anKWGaRs½yeday ehtu nig bc©½yrYmdUc²KñaKWRtUvqøgkat;Blkmμ karbnþBUC karGPivDÆsmtßPaBpÞal;xøÜnBImYy CMnan;eTAmYyCMnan; edIm,IGacRbQmTb;Tl;CamYyFm μCati nigbriyakasCuMvijxøÜn. b:uEnþebI clnaCIvitecHEtekItsacuHsaeLIgdEdl²y:agdUecñH CIvitR)akdCanwgRtUveRtomsøab;eTA vij. GaRs½yedayclnaRcMEdlrbs;xøÜnenaHÉg eRBaHfaral;vtßúFatuenAelIelakenHEtg eFVIclnaERbRbYlpøas;bþÚrfμ I nigGPivDÆCanic© ¬kñúgRkbxNÐ ehtu nigbc©½ysmRsb¦ man Etkarpøas;bþÚreTEdlminecHERbRbYlenaH ¬il n’y a que le changement qui ne change

pas¦. ehtuenHedIm,IjúaMg[CIvitGacKg;vgSsßitesßrteTA)an luHNaEteyIgecHEkécñél bEnßmnUveRKOgel,ayEdlCaeRbgrMGil CacMNIGarm μN_ CasRms;CIvit eFVI[karrs;enA kan;Etmann½y kan;EtmankþIsgÇwm kan;EtKYr[cg;rs; eFVI[mnusSh‘ankarBar h‘anBlI nigh‘anbþÚrCIvitedIm,Iman «CIvit » maneTAeTot.

CIvitmnusSExμrcab;BIeBlekItrhUteBlsøab; nig eRkayeBlsøab;BuMEmnecHEtbeNþay xøÜn[ekIt rs; nigsøab;eTAvijedaykþIkeNþackENþgcEm,gcitþenaHeT. edIm,IeFVI[CIvitkan;

62

EtRss;bMRBg nigkan;EtmansgÇwm mnusSEx μr)anP¢ab;dMNak;kalTaMgbIenHCamYyt®nþI ceRmog nigr)aMCab;CaRbcaMrab;taMgBITmøab;énkarbMeBkUnkñúgGRgwg EdlCaceRmogRbCaRbiy d¾samBaØbMputK μanTaMgePøgkMdrpg. eBjmYyCIvitrbs;ExμrEtgEtmanP¢ab;nUvBiFIepSg²tam TMenomTmøab;RbéBNIburaNGmedayt®nþIceRmog nig r)aMEdlCaRkwtüxñatrbs;sgÁmCakar niymrbs;shKmn_Ex μr nigCael,ayjaMugCIvit[RbRBwtþeTARbkbedayPaBRbRktI nig l¥ RtkalKYrcg;rs;enACabnþeTot.

GaRs½yedayt®nþIceRmog nig r)aMCasar³minGacpþac;ecjBICIvitExμr dUecñHehIyeTIb t®nþIceRmog nig r)aM)anpSarP¢ab;CamYysgÁmExμrrhUtbc©úb,nñ nig teTAGnaKt. enHKWCa tfPaBénsar³ nig kMeNIt. sar³ EtgekItmanmunkMeNIt bJuniyaytamEbbm:üageTotfa xøwmsarekItmunrUbPaB ¬L’Essence précède la naissance¦ )ann½yfaluHNaEtxøwmsar enaHmansar³eTIbrUbPaBkekItecjmkCaeRkay KW ekItmksRmab;EtbeRmI[xøwmsar BuMEmn ekItmkedIm,Ik,t;xøwmsarenaHeLIy. xøwmsar nig rUbPaBRtUveFVIdMeNIrTnÞwmKña bJu RsbKñaBI ekItrhUtdl;søab; bJu BIcab;epþImrhUtdl;TIbBa©b;. ebIrUbPaBk,t;xøwmsar bJu xøwmsarminbeRmI [rUbPaB PaBpÞúyKñarvagxøwmsar nigrUbPaBnwg eFVI[sil,³enaHRtUvvinassabsUnüeTA.

enATIenHeyIgsUmelIkykEtEpñkmYyénsil,³CIvitrbs;Ex μrmkbriyay nig sUmeFVI GtßaFib,ayviPaKEtGMBIrUbPaB nig xøwmsarénr)aMburaNEx μrb:ueNÑaH47 ¬1¦ rIÉviFankarsikSa RsavRCavk¾samBaØEdrKWeFVIkarsikSanigviPaKtamry³karGanÉksarepSg² nig tamry³ karsmÖasCamYyelakRKUGñkRKUcas;²EdlCaRBwT§acarüxagvis½ysil,³vb,Fm’ edIm,IpþúMKMnit TsSn³nigEsVgrkGMNHGMNagsmRsbCaTLðIkrN_.

47

¬1 + 2¦ sil,³Ex μrmaneRcInTRmg; ³ sil,³elIqakmanCag20TRmg;-ePøgEx μrmanCag1000bT kMNaBüExμrman50Ebb edayELkr)aMburaNExμrmanPasak,ac; bJ k,ac;)at4500k,ac;. eKalTsSn³FM² cMeBaHvb,Fm’Ex μr nigkarGPivDÆ-RBwT§acarü eqg pun e)aHBum<edaymCÄmNÐlvb,Fm’ nigvibsSnaqñaM2000.

63

Gacniyay)anfa r)aMk,ac;buraNExμr Camt’kd¾éføføarbs;buBVbursExμr )anbnSl;Tuk mkCar)aMtnþI ¬La danse classique¦ EdlKuNPaBrbs;vaQandl;lkçN³suRkwt\tex©aH TaMgrUbPaBTaMgxøwmsarmin GaceFVIkarEkTRmg;bJuécñRbDitbegáItf μ IelIsBIenHeTot)aneLIy.

rUbPaBrbs;vaCaRbePTrUbPaBburaNEdlmanPasar)aM bJ k,ac;)atrhUtdl; 4500 k,ac; ¬2¦ GmedayceRmognigt®nþIkMdrEdl]bkrN_ePøgCa]bkrN_brmburaNmankMeNIt eRcInCagmYyBan;qñaM dUcmanqøak;Cab;enAelICBa¢aMgR)asaTGgÁrRsab;48.

¬rUbelx56¦³ r)aMk,ac;buraNExμr bJu r)aMRBHraCRTBü ¬rUbelx57¦³

r)aMk,ac;mNIemxla

¬rUbelx58¦³ QutmYyénelçanexal EdlehAfaelçank,ac;buraNExμr bJu elçanRBHraCRTBü

48

Le Ballet Royal 2003 - (les origines du Ballet, page 21).

64

GaRs½yedayrUbPaBrbs;vamanlkçN³buraN dUecñHehIyeTIbr)aMenHminGacsEmþg bJu bkRsaynUvral;xøwmsarTaMgLayNaEdlBuMmanlkçN³rUbPaBburaN)aneLIy. r)aM buraNExμrCaRbePTr)aMskáar³ Car)aMeTv³sRmab;raMfVay bJu raM]TÞissuMesckþIsux nig PaBrug erOg ¬r)aMeTB menarmü¦ CaGñkBaMnaMnUvBakü]TÞisbYgsYgrvagzankNþalnigzanelI. rIÉ Gñkr)aMeTotesatk¾BuMEmnCamnusSbfuC¢n bJ samBaØCnenaHeLIy KWCaeTBGbSr kinñrI Ca tYGgÁBak;kNþalmnusS Bak;kNþaleTvta CaGñknaMsarBIzanmnusSeTAzaneTvta nigBI zaneTvtaRtLb;mkvij.

sUm,IrUbcmøak;GbSraenAelIR)agÁR)asaTGgÁr k¾RtUv)anqøak;enAtamTItaMgd¾smrmü gayemIl bJu x<s;Cagcmøak;déTEdr.

r)aMburaNExμrGacraM bJ sEmþg)anEtBIrTRmg;b:ueNÑaHehIyCaTRmg;r)aMburaNeTot pg. kalNasEmþgCaRTg;RTayQutr)aMxøI²dUcCa r)aMmNIemxla r)aMmár r)aMeTBmenarmü r)aMCUnBr eK[eQμaHfa r)aMk,ac;buraNExμr bJ r)aMRBHraCRTBü. EtebIr)aMenHsEmþg Casac;erOgEvg bJ dkRsg;vKÁxøI²BIerOg buraNniTanNamYy dUcCa erOgRBHefagnagnaK GIuNavbusS)a erOgramekrþi_>>> eKehAfa elçank,ac;buraNExμr bJu elçanRBHraCRTBü vij49.

r)aMk,ac;buraNEx μr bJu r)aMRBHraCRTBü CaRbePTr)aMsuRkwtkRmitx<s;kan;EtemIlkan;Et l¥ kan;EteQVgyl;eRCAeTA²kan;EtelcecjnUvxøwmsar nig Gtßn½yd¾l¥RbéBBak;B½n§nwg GtþsBaØaNvb,Fm’Exμr50.

: r)aMburaNExμrmanlkçN³edayELkK μanBIr minGacP½nþRcLMCamYyr)aMepSgeTot )aneLIy :. vaBuMmanlkçN³tamEbbelatRtdagxøÜnbegðaHeTAmux[rYcputBIRkwtüRkmén

49

eBRCTuMRkviul r)aMEx μr 2001. 50

nadkr)aMburaNRtUvhVwkhat;y:agticBI7dl;10qñaM ehIymuneBleLIgraMRtUveFVIsmaFicitþ bþÚrGarm μN_BImnusS samBaØeTACaeTBGbSrCabuKÁll¥brisuT§pøÚvcitþeTIbsEmþg)anseRmc.

65

TMnajEpndIdUcr)aM)aeLbs©imRbeTsenaHeT ehIyk¾BuM)ansabeRBaHnUvlT§iénCMenOs‘b;gb;gl; dUcr)aM\NÐapgEdr.

vaBuM)anGRgYnxøÜn[lan;sñÚrxÞ½r buJ EsþgecjnUvPaBeRkveRkaFdUcr)aMénekaHCVa. sßit kñúglkçN³RbéBNIrbs;Exμr nadkar)aM)anbeBa©jkayvikarclnaBt;eBnCaExSry³tP¢ab;Kña tamk,ac;raMBImYyeTAmYy kñúgEdnlMhénRkLar)aMy:agrlUn edayBuMmanbeBa©jsUm,IEtbnþic nUvPaBrlak;eRKatRKat bJ KeRmaHKeRmIy Etk¾BuMEmn)ann½yfaxVHlkçN³xabsNþMTak;Taj enaHEdr. ral;kayvikarénk,ac;raMRtUv)ankMdry:ageTogTat;edaysñÚréncgVak;ePøg ehIyk¾ CasBaØasRmab;Tb;BnüWtral;clnaTaMgenaHvij EdlEPñkFm μtaswgEtBi)aknwgsmÁal; dwg. : ral;elIk[Et)anepþatGarm μN_TsSnavamþg² KWRtUvEtekatsresIredayxanBuM)an ehIyk¾EtgEtesaksþayvaCanic©pgEdr : enHKWCasmþIrbs;elak George Groslier

51. Pasarbs;GñkR)aCJkRmitBiPBelakenH srbBa¢ak;[eXIjfar)aMenHBitCamantémø

mYyBitR)akdrbs;xøÜnEmn Catémøénmnþesñh_Tak;Tajtamry³rUbPaBsil,³d¾suRkwt\tex©aH rbs;vabeRmI[xøwmsarGb;rM sIuCeRmARbkbedayKuNtémøCaskl. enHehIyCasñÚl Caxøwm Edlbgáb;enAeRkamrUbPaBsil,³eTv³ bJu sil,³skáar³énr)aMk,ac;buraNenHÉg. r)aMenH taMgBImunmkebIKitrhUtdl;TsvtSr_qñaM 60 RtUv)anRKb;RKgelIksÞÜÞy nig EfrkSapþac;mux edayRBHbrmraCvaMg sßiteRkamRBHraCtRmiH nigkarykRBHT½yTukdak;CaBiessrbs; semþcRBHmhakSRtiyanI sIusuvtßi kusum³ narIr½tñ sirIvDÆna nigsRmab;EterobcMsEmþg CUnfñak;ePJóvCati \sSrCnCan;x<s; nig ePJóvGnþrCatiEtb:ueNÑaH .

eRkamrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü rUbPaBr)aMk,ac;buraNEx μrRtUvlubbM)at; nig kemÞc ecalesÞIrEtTaMgRsug ehIyCMnYsvijedayr)aMQutGavex μA Es,keCIgkg;Lan EdlraMtam

51

dkRsg;BI L’Art de la danse énkRmgÉksarr)aMRBHraCRTBü Proclamation des Chefs d’Oeuvre

du Patrimoine riel de l’HumaniteOral et immate Extula qñaM 2003.

66

cgVak;edIr nig TMnukbdivtþ. enaHKWCadMNak;kalénsm½yesaknadkm μd¾exøacpSabMput sRmab;Rbvtþiénr)aMk,ac;buraNEx μr.

eRkayrbbExμrRkhmRtUvdYlrlMeTAnaéf¶TI 7 Exmkra qñaM1979 rUbPaBénr)aMk,ac; buraNExμr RtUv)anelIksÞÜy[rs;ranmanCIviteLIgvijCabeNþIr² tamlT§PaBCak;EsþgEdl man nigRtUv)anBRgIkEdnskmμPaBrbs;xøÜn minEmnsßitenARtwmEtsEmþgCUnePJóvCatiGnþrCati \sSrCnCan;x<s;b:ueNÑaHeTKWsEmþgpSBVpSayCaTUeTAsRmab;mhaCnRKb;RsTab;rhUtCnbT dac;Rsyal TINak¾)andwg)ansÁal; eTaHCav½yNak¾)anBJu )aneXIjedaypÞal;pgEdr.

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antithèse) KWCatémøénGgÁÉkPaBkñúgPaBpÞúyKña ¬dans l’unite Diversite¦ GñksikSaRsav RCavxagvis½ysil,³vb,Fm’RtUvrk[eXIjcMNucenH TaMgenHCasmþIrbs;elakRBwT§acarü eqg pun52. eyagtamGtßn½yénsmþIRbkbedayxøwmsarenH eyIgsakl,geFVIkarsikSa GMBIxøwmsarén r)aMmNIemxla Ca]TahrN_emIl etIy:agdUcemþcEdr ?.

mNIemxla KWCaRbePTr)aMk,ac;Tak;Tgnwgxül;CaFM bJ k¾Car)aMTak;TgnwgdMeNIr énkarkekItBiPBelak. FmμCatimanBIr KW Fm μCatieRkAEdlkMBugmandMeNIrvivtþ nig kekIt enAkñúgBiPBcRkvaLxageRkA nig FmμCatikñúg KWFm μCatiEdlkMBugvivtþ nigkekItenAkñúgxøÜnén buKÁlmñak;². TaMgxagkñúgnigxageRkAsuT§swgCa : GgÁrYmpSM : (Elements composés) 52 bTsmÖasCamYyRBwT§acarü eqg pun ¬GtItrdæm®nþIRksYgvb,Fm’ nigviciRtsil,³ nigCaGñkniBn§ nigdwknaMerOgelçand¾eqñIm¦ naéf¶TI 8emsa qñaM2007 enAERBkhUrtaex μA.

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xøwmsarenH)anqøúHbgðajBIpñt;KMniténkarKitKUrBicarNarbs;buBVbursExμrpSarP¢ab;rvag CIvitBit nig elçandUcEdlmCÄdæanGñksil,³EtgeBalfa : CIvitKWsil,³ sil,³KWCIvit :. y:agNamijTsSn³Exμrkñúgkarrs;enAk¾BuMXøatq¶ayBIGVIEdl)anbgáb;kñúgxøwmsarénr)aMk,ac; buraNExμrenaHEdr.

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53

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68

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: r)aMmár Car)aMeTv³Edlman emxla ramsUr nig vrQun CatYGgÁsEmþg :. smasPaBrYmpSMéntYGgÁr)aMenH KWCanimitþrUbénFatuTaMg4 KWTwk dI ePøIg xül;. már CaRbePT stVrs;enAkñúgTwk EdlmanrUbPaBtMNagedayRkLar)aM manpøwtCanimitþrUbénRska. clna pøwttMNag[xül;. clnaénFatuTaMg 4 enHmanenAkñúgcRkvaLEdlCaFmμCatieRkA bJu FmμCati FMnigenAkñúgbuKÁlmñak;² EdlCaFmμCatikñúg bJu FmμCatitUc. kalNaclnaéntulüPaB nig PaBsmrmüénFatuTaMgbYnenH shkarKña)anl¥TaMgkñúgcRkvaL nig kñúgbuKÁlmñak;²enaH sgÁmCatinigmnusSCatinwg)anrYmrs;kñúgesckþIsux nigsuPmgÁl55. TaMgenHKWCa PaBsuxdum énCIvit (Harmonie de lavie). sil,³ExμrEtgpþitecjBICIvitBit PaBsuxdumrvagTwk nig xül; KWxül;s¶b; Twks¶b; suxTaMgstVkñúgTwk suxTaMgmnusSnaMdl;CIvitsuxs¶b; enHCa RCugmYyénTsSn³CIvit rbs;mnusSExμr. 55 ÉksarGtßaFib,ayTsSnIyPaBsil,³ vb,Fm’eTv³Exμr-mCÇmNÐlvb,Fm’nigvibsSnaéf¶TI 10 emsa qñaM1999

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2> PaBévqøatrbs;buBVburseyIgsßitenARtg;elakBuM)aneRbIPaBTak;Tajénr)aMburaN Exμr tamry³ :sRms;mux : rbs;tYsEmþgeLIy eRBaHelakyl;fasRms;muxminmanGayu kalEvgeT. ehtuenHeTIbelakeRbIPaBTak;TajenHtamry³kayvikarRkLar)aM nig k,ac; raMvijbUkpSMCamYysemøokbMBak;sMeLgt®nþI nig ceRmog. cMNucenHbgðajc,as;tamry³tY sEmþgRtUveRbIk,aMgmux bJuRtUvlabmuxedayemSABN’sk,ús58 eRBaHelakmincg;[tYsEmþg RtUveRbITwkmux bJubgðajmux enAeBlEdltYenaHmanBiesaFn_dl;kMBUl EtGayukalGac Qandl;v½yEs. )ann½yfabuBVburseyIg)anrkeXIjrUbmnþsRmab;BnüarGayu[tYsEmþg. : eBlraMebInadkaeRbIEtkmøaMgkay k,ac;raMnwgxVHdegðImCIvit GñkraMmanGarm μN_ehv ht; sRms;r)aMnwgRtUv)at;bg;. GñkraMRtUvEtecHeRbIdegðImrujxül;[Rcantamk,ac;dMeNIr k,ac;nwgekInsRms; GñkraMminmanGarmμN_ehvht; eTaHbIRtUvsEmþgrab;em:agkþI. mü:ageTot esaP½Nénr)aMk,ac;buraNEx μr sßitenARtg;bec©keTsecHeRbIxül; nigecHx©Ixül; edIm,IbMEbøg k,ac;. ]TahN_dUcCaclnaRKvIk,al ¬Bak;máúd¦ GñkraMRtUvrkSasßanPaBk,al[enAnwgRtg; eTAelIEtEbrCaRtUvkeRmIksμaeTAvij edIm,I[TsSnikCnemIleXIjfaGñkraMkMBugRKvIk,al :59.

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58

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edaybuBVbursEx μr. r)aMenHRtUvsRmbxøÜntamkalevla CaBiessedIm,IPaBsßitesßrrbs;xøÜn kñúgsgÁmEx μr r)aMk,ac;buraNExμr)anGPivDÆ nig tRmwmtRmg;bnþicmþg²edayRbugRby½tñbMput elIrUbPaBdUcCasemøókbMBak; kartubEtg karlabmux nigrYmTaMgk,ac;raMxøH²pgrhUt bc©úb,nñ. GMNwHteTAedIm,IEfr)aMenH[)anl¥RbesIr nig rkSa[)annUvmUldæanedIm EdlCa GtþsBaØaNrbs;xøÜnenaH Kb,IRtUvykcitþTuk dak;elIktþasMxan;3y:agKW

1> bec©keTs KWRtUveKarBtamTRmg;nigk,ac;r)aMEdlCaPasamUldæanminGnuBaØat [bEnßm bJu kat;bnßy[xusBIxñatedIm)aneLIy. TaMgkartubEtglm¥muxmat;TaMgsemøók bMBak; TaMgkarerobcMqak nigtYsEmþgRtUvbnúSI[Rsbtamclnaénk,ac;nImYy².

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3> Garm μN_pøÚvcitþ KWCatémøCaCIvit nig CasRms;rbs;r)aMEdlnadk nadkar)aMmñak;² caM)ac;RtUveQVgyl;tamry³bTBiesaFn_kargar edIm,ICaTunsRmab;xøÜnkñúgkarEfrkSa nig pSBV pSayeTAGnaKt. enHCadMNak;kalcugeRkay EdlGñkr)aMcMa)ac;RtUvhat;bBa©ÚlrvagpøÚvcitþ nigbec©keTs.

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75

r)aMburaNExμrKYrEtRtLb;EbreRkay edIm,IEsVgrkxøwmsarEdl)at;bg;eTABIGtItkal. kal NaeyIgrkeXIjGs;nUvxøwmsaredImEdlCatémøBit ¬la valeur authentique de l´art¦ rbs;vaenaH PaBGmt³énr)aMk,ac;buraNEx μrnwgsßitenACaerogrhUtCamYy mnusS nigCIvit.

srubmk :ebInwgERbRbYl ebInwgvivtþ ebInwgGPivDÆ k¾caM)ac;RtUvsikSaxøwmsar nig rUb PaB cas;rbs;va[)anc,as;sinEdr :. QrelImUldæancas;c,as;ehIycaMsakl,gGPivDÆn_Ca eRkay. enHCadMNak;kalvivtþeTArkPaBsuRkwtTaMgpøÚvkay nig citþénr)aMk,ac;buraNExμr.

r)aMk,ac;buraNEx μrnigt®nþIBiNBaTüEx μr )anRbKMEhkMdrKñaGs;ry³kalyUrCag 1500 qñaMknøgmk. va)aneFVIdMeNIrelIkMNat;pøÚvd¾EsnEvgq¶ayEdlCYneBlxøHTTYl)aneCaK C½yd¾EsnrugerOgeBlxøHRtUveKe)aHbg;bMePøcecaly:agkeNþackENþgKYr[exøacpSaeBkéRk nwgmaneBlxøHRtUveKkemÞcecalesÞIrEtnwgvinaskSINkS½yedaysarsñaédBYkRCulniym. TIbMputsñaédsil,³d¾suRkwtEdleRbobdUcCamasTwkdb;minxøacPk;minxøacePøIgmYyenHRtUv )anelIksÞÜy[manCIvitrugerOgeLIgvij tamry³karTTYlsÁal;CapøÚvkaredayGgÁkar BiPBelak UNESCO cat;TukCasm,tþiebtikPNÐvb,Fm’GrUbIénmnusSCati naéf¶TI7 Exvicäika qñaM 2003 enARkug)a:rIsRbeTs)araMg.

bc©úb,nñr)aMk,ac;buraNEx μr minRKan;EtmanlT§PaBBRgIkxøÜnkñúgkRmitCati Rbkbeday RbCaRbiyPaB d¾TUlMTUlayTaMgkñúgRsTab;GPiCn \sSrCnrhUtdl;RsTab;mhaCnRbCaCn TYTaMgRbeTsb:ueNÑaHeT KW EfmTaMg)an :eFVIsmahrNkmμxøÜny:agrlUnenAkñúgtMbn;nigelI BiPBelaknasm½ysaklPavUbnIykmμBhuvb,Fm’enHeTotpg :. GMNwHteTA r)aMk,ac; buraNExμr bJu r)aMRBHraCRTBü KWCakmμsiT§iBit² \tEkøgkøayrbs;Ex μr nig mantémøCa sm,tþirYmTaMgrbs;Ex μr nig rbs;mnusSCatielIBiPBelakTaMgmUl.

r)aMk,ac;buraNEx μr KWCasmiT§plénstvtSedImknøgmkCag 1500 qñaM ehIyEteBl enH enAEtmanRbeyaCn_nigmantémøsRmab;stvtSf μ ITI21 nig t²eTAmuxeTot. Gac niyay)anfa enHKWCatémø sñaédGmt³rbs;buBVbursEx μréneyIg.

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VIII . Gtßn½yr)aMk,ac;buraNEx μr bJ r)aMRBHraCRTBü RKb;TRmg;sil,³TsSnIyPaBrbs;km<úCa Edlvr³CndUnta)anbnSl;TukrhUtmkdl;

sBVéf¶KWsuT§CaKMnitécñRbDitkMritx<s;eTAtamsm½ykalnImYy² EdlkUnecACMnan;eRkay)annaM Kñaykmrtkd¾mantémøminGackat;éfø)anenHmkEfrkSaenAkñúgéd CaBiessenAkñúgédRbCa Cnkm<úCa. r)aMRBHraCRTBü bJu r)aMk,ac;buraNEx μr KWCaTRmg;sil,³skáar³ ¬sil,³eTv³¦ mYyEdlmanv½ycMNas;d¾yUrlg;Nas;mkehIy enAkñúgcMeNamTRmg;sil,³skáar³ehIy k¾CaTRmg;sil,³EdlmantémøBit xagsμartI nig xagesaP½N ¬bec©keTs sil,³¦ kRmitx<s;kñúgcMeNamTRmg;sil,³TsSnIyPaBenAkm<úCa . virbuBVbursEx μreFVIGVIEtgEtman k,ÜnxñatehtudUecñHehIyeTIbtMélénTRmg;sil,³nImYy² mankRmitmYyEdleyIgGacniyay )anfaCaRBlwgnigCaGtþsBaØaNCatipgEdr .

1> Gtßn½yk,ac;r)aMRBHraCRTBü bJu r)aMk,ac;buraNExμr RbeTskm<úCamanPasaCati GkSrCati minEtb:ueNÑaHkñúgsil,³TsSnIyPaB edayELk

r)aMRBHraCRTBü bJu r)aMk,ac;buraNExμrmank,Ün manxñat manevyüakrN_ nig Pasa k,ac;raM rbs;va.

tamry³bTBiesaFn_l¥²enAkñúgCIvitsil,³rbs;vrCndUntaEx μredImEdlelak)anxitxM ts‘UBuHBarqøgkat;CMnHnUvral;PaBsμ úKs μajlM)akevTnay:agsVitsVajCaeRcInCMnan;nigkarxit xMRtiHriHKitBicarNaxagEpñkbBaØaBlkmμCameFüa)ayEdlvrCndUntaExμredImelakmanP½BV vasnaTTYl)anmkBIFmμCati.

kñúgkaredaHRsaynUvral;bBaðaepSg² vaecHEtmankarvivDÆrIkcMerIneTAmuxCalMdab;lMeday RsbeTAtamkarvivtþrbs;Rbvtþisa®sþmnusSCati. snÞúHbBaØaCabuBVsiT§iBiessEdlCaGMeNay pþac;muxrbs;Fm μCatimk[vrCnbuBVbursExμrva)anCYyCMruj[mnusSExμrsm½yedIm EdlCa raCbNÐitsil,³enACuMvijRBHmhakSRtmansmtßPaBrcnaécñbegáIt)anCaclnakayvikar

77

k,ac;raMrbs;r)aMRBHraCRTBü bJu r)aMk,ac;buraNEx μrmanesaPNPaBsuRkwtl¥\tex©aH nig man Gtßn½yCaPasak,ac;y:agc,as;las;EfmeTot. r)aMEdleRbIEtGvyv³ nig dgxøÜnmnusSmkeFVICa]bkrN_ ehIynigykclnarbs; mnusSmkeFVICameFüa)ayenaH KW CaRbePTTRmg;sil,³mYyEdlcg;bgðaj[eXIjnUvesa P½NPaBénGvyv³nigdgxøÜnrbs;mnusS KWCavtßúFatud¾sMxan;sRmab;ykmkpÁúMpSMbegáItCakay vikark,ac;raM nigmanlkçN³Caclnaénsm<½n§rbs;CIvit. eRKOgpSMénsrIr³Edlmanmuxgar sRmab;begáIt[)anCaclnakayvikark,ac;raMEdlmanclnaeyaleTAeyalmkCab;Kñaman ksRmab;k,al sμasRmab;;éd EkgédsRmab;kuMPYnéd kédsRmab;RbGb;éd RtKak sRmab;ePøA CgÁg;sRmab;sμgeCIg EPñkeKalsRmab;RbGb;eCIg nigcegáHsRmab;dgxøÜn. cMeBaHeRKOgpSMFatuTaMgGs;énrUbkaymancMENkkñúgskm μPaBsMEdgman éd eCIg k,al k nigdgxøÜn. r)aMmanPaBxusEbøkepSgBITRmg;sil,³déT edayvasßitenAeRkamkarBwgBak;eTAelI clnakayvikarrbs;mnusSeRcInCageK. nadkar)aMRBHraCRTBü bJu r)aMk,ac;buraNEx μrCatY r)aMEdlsEmþgEtkayvikark,ac; edayminniyay bJu eRcogedayxøÜnÉgeLIy. k,ac;raMmYy EdlCalMnaM\riyabf Gakb,kiriyarbs;nadkar)aMRBHraCRTBü bJu r)aMk,ac;buraNExμr rYmpSM CamYynwgsmasFatuepSg²eTotrbs;r)aMkñúgrebobCasm<½n§mYyEdlmann½ymYydUcKñanwg vaküs½BÞEdrenaHvaKWCaPasak,ac;mYyEdlmann½yBitR)akdrbs;va. cMeBaHTsSnikCnebI min)ansegátBinitüedayykcitþTukdak;eTenaHnwgGacmankaryl;RcLMfa Caclnakay vikardEdl² nig manPaBminc,as;las;CaGVIeLIy. dUecñHkarsegátBinitünUvclnakayvikar k,ac;raMnImYy² minGaceFVsRbEhs)aneLIy. CakarBitclnakayvikark,ac;raMTaMgGs; KWmineFVIedayvacaeT ehIyvaTak;TgBak;B½n§eTACamYynwgkareronsURtGMBIclnakayvikar vij KWCaekIteLIgedayKμankarniyayCas½BÞBaküsMdIGVIeLIy. b:uEnþeK)anrcnaécñpÁúMpSMbegáIt

78

clnakayvikark,ac;rMa[køayeTACaBaküsMdI KW Pasak,ac;eTAtamtRmUvkarsRmab;BRgIk nigbegáIteFVI[BisþarnUvKMnitEdlmanCab;CamYyenAkñúgnimitþrUbénclnakayvikark,ac;raM.

bec©keTsEdlCabc©½ydl;rUbkaynigviC¢abeRgonxagectnarmμN_)anpSarP¢ab;Kñay:ag CitsñiT§ EdlGacgayyl;dwg)an. dUecñHnadkasMEdgr)aMRBHraCRTBü bJu r)aMk,ac;buraNExμr RtUvmansmtßPaBeFVI[CIvitrbs;eKrlaycUleTAkñúgtYGgÁEdleKRtUvsEmþg edayecHeRbI R)as;bec©keTsclnakayvikary:agbiunRbsb; sÞat;CMnajmksMEdgbeBa©j[eKemIleXIj nUvGarmμN_menaseBa©tnaxagkñúgrbs;tYGgÁ EdleFVI[Gñkpgyl;dwg edayclnakayvikar k,ac;raM nig TwkmuxEdlbkRsayBiBN’naCaGtßn½yPasak,ac;raM. tRmÚvkarrbs;k,ac;raM RtUvkarkarBRgwgTMhM[emIleXIjFMCacaM)ac;énclnakayvikar k,ac;raM edayGnuelameTArkkareFVIclnakayvikark,ac;raM[RbRBwtþeTAtamvicarNBaØaN EdlmanlkçN³CaFm μCati vadUcCa]TahrN_clnakayvikark,ac;raM : ehA : EdlCaTmøab; FmμtaeKeRbIkarkeRmIkRbGb;éd EtebIenAkñúgclnakayvikark,ac;raMvijvanwgRtUvkarTamTar[ karCYyeFVIshkarrbs;édTaMgmUlpgEdr .

2> lkçN³smÁal;Gtßn½yPasak,ac;raM r)aMRBHraCRTBü bJu r)aMk,ac;buraNEx μrmanEbbEpnCalkçN³smÁal;Gtßn½yPasak,ac;

raMEckecj CaEbbEdlman³ 2>1> lkçN³CanimitþrUb

lkçN³nimitþrUb KW Cak,ac;raMEdlsMEdgEtBIesaPNPaBminniyaydl;rUbvtßú bJu sPaBBitNamYyeLIyedayeKGacyl;dwgGtßn½yPasak,ac;raM)anKWtamry³BaküeBcn_ TMnukceRmogCaBakükaBüEdleRcogerobrab;BiBN’nabkRsayedayRkumGñkceRmogCaBYk nigbTePøgEdlCabTkMNt;nUvmenaseBa©tnaNamYyEdlRbKMkMdredayRkumt®nþIkrénvg; ePøg :BiNBaTü :.

79

2>2> lkçN³R)akdniym lkçN³R)akdniym KWCak,ac;raMEdlrcnaécñ[eTACaeRKOglm¥ manesaPNPaB Casil,³ eFVIeTAtamEbbbTEdlCaclnakayvikarmanenAkñúgCIvitrs;enAehIyEdleyIg emIleTAeXIjGacgayyl;tamry³clnakayvikark,ac;raM nigpSMCamYynwgGarm μN_ mena seBa©tnarbs;tYsMEdg.

2>3> k,ac;raMsuT§ bJu k,ac;Lk clnakayvikark,ac;raMenHKμanGtßn½yGVIeT eRBaHvaKWCaclnakayvikark,ac;raMeTAtam

bTePøg nig cgVak;ePøg EdlsRmab;beRmIesaP½Nk,ac;raMrbs;nadkar)aMRBHraCRTBü bJu r)aMk,ac;buraNExμrb:ueNaÑH.

2>4> k,ac;Gnþr³ bJu k,ac;cenøaHsRmab;ERbRbYlBIsPaBmYyeTAmYy KWCak,ac;raMsRmab;eFVI[k,ac;raMmYyCab;RbTak;KñaeTAk,ac;mYyeTot .

1> k,ac;la ¬søwk¦ 2> k,ac;CIb ¬páa¦ 3> k,ac;xYg ¬Epø¦ 4> k,ac;cg¥úl ¬Bnøk¦

¬rUbelx71¦³ k,ac;RbGb;éd KW

80

¬rUbelx 72-73¦ ³ lMhat; Bt;éd-Bt;eCIg

k,ac;nageGon-nayerag k,ac;yM k,ac;]TÞisbYgsYgsEmþgbJT§i

k,ac;Epøgsr k,ac;nag nignayeragehaH k,ac;hnumanehaH

¬rUbelx 74-79¦³ karbgðajGMBIkayvikark,ac;nImYy²

81

3> karbgðajGMBIGtßn½yénk,ac;rbs;r)aMk,ac;buraNExμr enAéf¶TI 25 Exmifuna qñaM2007 elak eRBOg eQog saklviTüaFikarrg énskl

viTüal½y PUminÞviciRtsil,³rYmTaMgsil,karinIcMnYn 04 rUbEdlmantYnayerag tYnag tYykç nig tYsVa Casar³ Edl)antubEtglm¥sm¥itsm¥agkaybMBak;eRKOgGlgáarrYcsEmþgCa kayvikareTAtamGtßn½yk,ac;nimYy²mandUcxageRkam

¬rUbelx80¦³ Ék]tþm hwum Eqm ¬rUbelx81¦³cMNab;Garm μN_rbs;elak rdæm®nþIsþITI EføgsunÞrkfaebIkBiFI Blaise Kilian (UNESCO)

bgðajGtßn½yénk,ac;r)aMEx μr. kñúg BiFIbBa©b;karbgðajGMBIk,ac;r)aMExμr.

1> k,ac;esIc 2> k,ac;yM 3> k,ac;bgðajxøÜn 4> k,ac;emIl 5>k,ac;eXIj 6>k,ac;RsLaj; 7> k,ac;xwg 8> k,ac;ehAmk 9> k,ac;eTAcuH 10>k,ac;P½yxøac 11>k,ac;KUesñhapSMpÁMMú 12>k,ac;cg¥úlTIenH 13>k,ac;cg¥úlTIenaH 14>k,ac;cg¥úlTIq¶ay 15>k,ac;cg¥úlxwg 16>k,ac;mYyéf¶Éka 17> k,ac;EpøeQI 18>k,ac;efIbpáa bJ hitkøin 19> k,ac;cgéd 20> k,ac;BYn 21> k,ac;EvkemIl 22> k,ac;efakdUc)ateCIg 23> k,ac;rabsa 24>k,ac;Rkgpáa

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25> k,ac;páanimitþ 26> k,ac;das;eLIg 27>k,ac;RbelamEccg; 28>k,ac;eGonburaN 29> k,ac;Epøgsr 30> k,ac;suM 31>k,ac;eTmin[ 32>k,ac;Gs;rlIg 33>k,ac;EhlTwkduHEk¥l 34> k,ac;sresr 35> k,ac;BJusMeLgGVI 36>k,ac;QWk,al 37>k,ac;RKWtcg;cab; 38>k,ac;hYscitþ 39>k,ac;GaNitQWpSa 40>k,ac;Bak;nigedaHcieB©aón 41> k,ac;cab;e)aH)ac 42> k,ac;CUtTwkEPñkfñm² 43> k,ac;rIksussay 44>k,ac;beNþIrKña 45> k,ac;edatpáa 46> k,ac;rab;éf¶ 47>k,ac;ERskbeBa©jsMeLg 48> k,ac;ehaH 49> k,ac;ERbkaLa ¬Ebøg¦ 50> k,ac;sMBHGñkFM 51> k,ac;sßitenA 52> k,ac;R)ab;Ég[dwg 53> k,ac;Rbhar 54> k,ac;RkeBI 55>k,ac;GBa¢lIsMBHrebobsil,³ nig 56> k,ac;esotpáa.

¬rUbelx82¦³ elaksaRsþacarü eRBOg eQog ¬rUbelx83¦³ fñak;dwknaMRksYg nigm®nþIraCkarcUlrYm bgðajGtßn½yénk,ac;r)aMEx μr kñúgBiFIbBa©b;karbgðajGMBIk,ac;r)aMExμr

bBa¢ak ;³ - tYmYyman56k,ac; dUcenHtYGgÁman4tYes μ Inwg 56 x 4 = 224k,ac;. -kñúgerOgelçanr)aMmYyrEmgmantYGgÁsEmþgeRcIncab;BItYbeRmIrhUtdl;tYÉkman

brimaNeRcIn. dUcenHbrimaNk,ac;sEmþgk¾ekIneTAtamenaHEdrEdlbc©úb,nñtamkarRsav RCav KWmandl;eTA 4500k,ac;.

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IX . t®nþI nig ceRmogsRmab;kMdrr)aM 1> t®nþI 1>2> ]bkrN_ePøgBiNBaTüénr)aMk,ac;buraNEx μr elaksa®sþacarü h‘un sarin GtItRBwT§bursmhaviTüal½ytUrüt®nþI bc©úb,nñCaRbFan

naykdæanesovePAnigkarGan )aneFVI)azkfabgðajBI]bkrN_ePøgBiNBaTü nig RbePTvg; ePøg enHKW vg;tUcman 5nak; vg;mFümman 10nak; nigvg;FMman16nak;.

1>2> RbPBkMeNItePøgBiNBaTü RbPBkMeNItePøgBiNBaTüecjBIsm½ynKrPñM KW]bkrN_BiN nig]bkrN_KgBaTü.

¬rUbelx84-85¦³ elak h‘un sarin )aneFVI)azkfabgðajBI]bkrN_ePøgBiNBaTü nigRbePTvg;ePøg

¬rUbelx86¦³ elak h‘un sarin )aneFVI)azkfabgðajBI]bkrN_ePøgBiNBaTü nigRbePTvg;ePøg

eRkaymkePøgBiNRtUvGs;\T§iBlminGacbnþsMEdg)ank¾ekIteLIgnUvRbePTePøgmYy vg;eTotenAsm½ynKrPñMKWpÁMú]bkrN_ePøgBiN nig ]bkrN_KgBaTürYcEdl)anRbsiT§inamfa :ePøgBiNBaTü : ehIyk¾rkSa eQ μaHePøgenHCaePøgBiNBaTüExμrrhUtmkdl;eBlenH.

84

elak h‘un sarin bBa¢ak;fa bTePøgBiNBaTümancMnYn256bTkñúgbTePøgenHman 33bTsRmab;RbKuMeBlsMBHRKUFM nig 16bTsRmab;RbKMueBlsMBHRKUtUc. ehIyelak h‘un sarin )anelIkykbTePøgcMnYn4bT RbKMuCUnePJóvCatinigGñktMNagGgÁkar UNESCO KW ¬1¦ bTsaFukar ¬2¦ bTeRkvéN ¬3¦ bTy:anI nig ¬4¦ bTeCIteCIn.

¬rUbelx87¦³ karRbKuMbgðajBIbTePøgsaFukar bTeRkvéN bTya:nI nigbTeCIteCIn

)azkfabriyaylm¥itGnßn½yrbs;t®nþIBiNBaTüman BiNBaTüKWCakMNb;rbs;t®nþIKWmanminecHcb;. dUecñHeTIb)anCalT§PaBTaMgLay

rbs; BiNBaTüekItmanminecHGs;taMgBIGtItkalrhUtdl;bc©úb,nñ nigeTAGnaKt. BiNBaTüKWCat®nþId¾man\T§iBlxøaMgkøabMputelIst®nþIsMxan;²TaMgLay BIeRBaHva)an

das;eyIg[KitEteFVIGMeBIl¥manfamBlxøaMg nigCat®nþIEdlrIksayxøaMgCageKbMputrbs;mnusS enAkñúgsgÁmExμr.

t®nþIBiNBaTüCaPasarbs;RBlwg CamNÐlrbs;menaseBa©tna nig GarmμN_CaGñk sEmþgenAkñúgsMeLgCIvitrbs;RBlwgCaGñkbegáItmCÄdæanrvagKMnitnig)atuPUtvaCaGnþr karI ¬intermédiaire¦ rvagRBlwgnigkarrMePIbcitþrbs;CIvit. CaGnþrkarIrvagCIviténR)aCJa s μartI nig CIvit énviBaØaN. vaCatMNag[Pasarbs;mnusSEtmYyKt;EdlmincaM)ac;RtUvkar karbkERbedayehtufavaniyayCamYyEtRBlwgeT.

85

karvivDÆrbs;t®nþIBiNBaTüRtUvpSarP¢ab;nwgkarviDÆsgÁm. karvivDÆsgÁmRtUvpSarP¢ab; nwgkarvivDÆxagpøÚvcitþrbs;mnusS. karvivDÆxagpøÚvcitþrbs;mnusSRtUvpSarP¢ab;nwgeBlevla. eBlevlafμI ekIteLIgfμI kñúgcas;énsil,³t®nþIk¾ekIteLIgEdr. TaMgfμITMagcas; TaMgf μ Ikñúg cas;suT§Et)anbgáb;nUvtfPaBénkarlUtlas;kñúgGtßn½yd¾Cak;lak;CaeRcIn EdlBi)akepÞr karBicarNaenH[)anl¥itl¥n;eTA dl;Gñksþab;TaMgLay.

eyIgminGacyl;GMBIGtßn½yt®nþIBiNBaTüenHRKb;RCugeRCay)aneLIy BIeRBaHt®nþI enH)anbgáb;nUvGaf’kM)aMgCaeRcInkñúgbTePøg kñúgPasaePøg kñúgBN’sm,úrePøg kñúgRBlwg ePøg kñúgsc©Fm’énePøg kñúgKuNFm’énePøg kñúgesaPNPaBénePøg kñúgcitþrMePIbénePøg briyakaskñúgePøg menaseBa©tnakñúgePøg nig citþKMnitkñúgePøgnigsgÁm.l. sMenogePøg BIeraHGacBJuRKb;Rtecok)an b:uEnþsMenogBIeraHenH)anqøúHbBa©aMgnUvtémøBiténKMnitEdlmin GacBJu)aneT.

ePøgBiNBaTüKWCalT§plEdlecjmkBIbBaØaBlkmμ nig htßBlkmμrbs;buBVbursExμr edaymankarerobcMRtwmRtUvsRmab;bkRsaymenaseBa©tnamnusS nigRKab;sMeLgFmμCati sRmab;beRmIkarBIeraHdl;RtecokCadMbUg EtpÞúyeTAvijt®nþIBiNBaTü)ankøayeTACaeKal karN_mYysRmab;CIvitEdlman\T§iBlkñúgsgÁmFMeFgNas;elIsIlFm’ stiGarmμN_ nig elImenaseBa©tnamnusSGacCMruj[mnusSecHerobcM\riyabf ehIyeFVIskmμPaBnanaCa kMNt;. t®nþIBiNBaTüCavis½ysil,³caM)ac;bMputsRmab;CIvPaBsgÁmxagsμartIy:agrs; revIkBIsm½ykalmYyeTAsm½ykalmYyeTotK μanTIbBa©b;. vaminEmnRKan;EtCasUrd¾BieraH b:ueNÑaHeT minEmnRKan;EtCaEl,gkmSanþeT minRtwmEtCYylm¥itcMNUlcitþ nigevTnarmμN_ rbs;mnusScMeBaHxøÜnb:ueNÑaHeT b:uEnþvaCaCnÞl;vb,Fm’mYyCaCIvitsuT§saFvapSarP¢ab;CamYy nwgfamBlxøaMgCamYykarlUtlas;énskm μPaBRbtibtþisgÁm vaqøúHbBa©aMgCIvPaBmnusS CIvPaBsgÁm kMNt;BuT§i kMNt;stiGarm μN_ CaBiesskñúglkçN³mYyénskmμPaBGb;rM vis½ysasna. elIsBIenHeTAeTot t®nþIBiNBaTüCaeRKOgskáar³kRmitx<s; CaFm’KYr

86

Rbtibtþi. bTePøgBiNBaTüPaKeRcInEtgnaMmknUvsMenogEdlmanKuNFm’x<s; KWCasMenog Edlpþl;sarsMxan;dl;CIvit dl;esckþIsgÇwm CasMenogbrisuT§ CasMenogsnþiPaBxagkñúg pøÚvcitþ rMlt;)annUvePøIgxageRkATaMgLay. bTePøgBiNBaTüCavacaénFm’EdlbnøWeLIg edIm,ICYymnusSelakbMeBjsMNUmBrrbs;mnusSelak pþl;sux[mnusS sRmalTukçmnusS CYysRmÜlFatuTwk dI ePIøg xül;rbs;mnusSRbkbedayPaBsuxdumrmna. t®nþIBiNBaTü mantYnaTIrYmcMENkelIkkm<s;kñúgkarRKb;RKgpøÚvcitþ RKb;RKgkarlUtlas;énskm μPaB RbtibtþisgÁmxags μartIy:agsMxan;bMputEdlminGacGt;)an. ebskkm μént®nþIenH KWeFVI viRkitkarxagcitþ RBlwgrbs;mnusS[manesckþIceRmInxagR)aCJadl;Gñksþab;RKb;rUb[ecHERb køayCIviteTACaEpñkmYyEdlminGacbMEbk)anBICIvitsIlFm’rbs;mnusSCati. dUecñHehIy Canic©kalt®nþIBiNBaTüRtUvQrenAkñúgCIvitcUlrYmkñúgCIvit EtebICIvitRtUveFVIdMeNIre)aHCMhan eTAmuxtamninñakarénCIvitEdlminGacRbEkk)an.

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CadMbUgvg;ePøgBiNBaTüminmaneQ μaHfaBiNBaTüeT KWmaneQ μaHfavg;ePøgBiN. vg; ePøgBiNmankMeNIttaMgBIsm½ynKrPñM. vg;ePøgenHRbKMeLIgedayman]bkrN_BiNebIk bTmun]bkrN_déT. ]bkrN_BiNCa]bkrN_ePøgEdl)anTTYl\T§iBlBIRbeTs\NÐa tam ry³karhUrcUlénsasnaRBahμN_ ¬RBhμBaØsasna¦. vg;ePøgBiNKWCavg;ePøgEdlman ]bkrN_cRmuHrvag]bkrN_ePøgmkBI\NÐa ¬BiN¦ nig ]bkrN_ePøgkñúgRsukrbs;ExμredIm manExS edov xøúy sÁr Qig. vg;ePøgBiNCavg;ePøgenACab;nwgBiFI skáar³ karsEmþgraMeRcog nigsil,³TsSnIyPaB epSg²kñúgerOg eTvkfataMgBIsm½yburaN.

enAsm½ykNþalmanvg;ePøgmYyEdleyIgniymehAfavg;ePøgKgsÁr ¬RTaMmIg¦. vg; ePøgenHBIdMbUgmansarsMxan;sRmab;beRmI[dl;karelIkkmøaMgcitþénkgT½B kñúgkareFVIswk

87

s®gÁamnasm½ykNþal. bc©úb,nñvg;ePøgenH)anbEgVrsar³rbs;xøÜnmkbeRmI[RbéBNI tmál;sBeTAvij. vg;ePøgKgsÁrman]bkrN_ePøgcRmuHeRcIn bJu ticmineTogdUcmancmøak; enAtamR)asaTnanadUcCa R)asaT)ay½n R)asaTGgÁrvtþ R)asaT)aPYn R)asaTbnÞayq μar R)asaTtaRBhμTenø)aTI.l. kñúgvg;ePøgenHCYnkalman]bkrN_KgBaTü ¬EpøsMenog8¦ s½gç xøúy sÁrFM ¬sÁrC½y¦ sÁrsemÖar Qig CYnkalman]bkrN_ Kg BaTü ¬EpøsMenog9¦ ExSedov RséL sÁrFM sÁrC½y sÁr semÖar. vg;ePøgenHRbKMueLIgedayyk]bkrN_ KgBaTü Ca]bkrN_ebIkbTmun]bkrN_ePøgdéT.

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- vg;man]bkrN_ 4 ³ xøúy 1 B’N 1 semÖar 1 Qig 1 KU. - vg;man]bkrN_ 5 ³ rnatÉk 1 Kgvg;FM 1 RséL 1 semÖar 1 sÁrFM 2.

88

- vg;man]bkrN_ 10³ rnatÉk1 rnatFug1 rnatefag1 RséLtUc1 RséLFM1 Kgvg;tUc1 Kgvg;FM1 semÖar1 sÁrFM2 nig Qig1 KU. - vg;man]bkrN_ 16³ rnatÉk1 rnatFug1 Kgvg;tUc1 Kgvg;FM1 RTExμr1

cabIuEvg1 RTGU‘1 RTeq1 xøúyrn§8 taexÉk1 taexFM1 sÁrGarkS1 sÁrfUn1 sÁrrmna1 Rkab; Qig.

- vg;man]bkrN_ 8³ rnatÉk1 rnatFug1 Kgvg;tUc1 Kgvg;FM1 RséLFM1 semÖar1 sÁrFM2 Qig1 KU.

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89

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vg;ePøgBiNBaTüCavg;ePøgskáar³sRmab;beRmI[CMenOxagsasna. vg;ePøgenHman kMeNItmYysar³BIr. sar³mYybeRmI[KtibNÐitRBhμBaØsasna nigsar³mYyeTotbeRmI[ KtibNÐitBuT§sasna. CadMbUgvg;ePøgenHminbeRmI[EtKtibNÐitRBh μBaØsasnaeT b:uEnþenA eBlEdllT§iRBh μBaØsasnaGs;\T§iBl nig)at;bg;tYnaTIBIkñúgsgÁmvg;ePøg enHk¾bEgVrsar³ sMxan;rbs;xøÜnmkbeRmI[KtibNÐitBuT§sasnaEfmeTot EdlCasasnaman\T§iBl nigman tYnaTIkñúgsgÁmbc©úb,nñ. fVIebIRBhμBaØsasna)at;tYnaTIBIkñúgsgÁmEmn b:uEnþmnsikarsgÁmenA EteKarBskáarbUCadUcEdleKeKarBBuT§sasnaEdr. dUecñHehIy)anCavg;ePøgBiNBaTü man sar³sMxan;BIrEbbrhUtmkdl;sBVéf¶enH. b:uEnþkñúgsgÁmExμrsBVéf¶)anbEnßmsar³mYyeTot KWeKeRbIR)as;ePøgBiNBaTükñúgBiFIbn;Rsn;eRkAsasna bJu BiFIEhsB.

BiNBaTüCaRbePTePøgxøaMgebIeRbobeFobeTAnwgePøgdéTeTot. vg;ePøgenHman sMenogxøaMg² eRBaHCavg;ePøgeRbIsuT§Et]bkrN_ePøgeKaHdMF¶n;²RbKMuEtbTxøaMg²sRmab; bMeBjesckþIRtUvkarEpñkhigSasRmab;ksagfamBlxøaMgfamBlQñHkñúgéRtevT manRBH RBhμ RBHsiv³ nigRBHvisÑú ¬éRtsrN³¦ dUcCabTelIkT½B bTehaHehIr bTRbyuT§ bTsMEdgriT§ kaLaxøÜn bTEpøgsr.l. eRkABIenHvg;ePøgBiNBaTüRbKMuEtbTEvg² Edlman lkçN³CabTbriyaysac;erOgeRbImenaseBa©tna beRmI[tYGgÁkñúgerOg ¬sac;ePøgsuT§¦ ]TahrN_bTeCItCWn bT)araMgEvg bTPUmaEvg bTExknuBVrI3Can;.l. suT§EtCabTFM² manry³eBlRbKMCag30naTIkñúgmYybT².

Tak;TgeTAnwgBiFIepSg²kñúgRBh μBaØsasna vg;ePøgBiNBaTüenHmantYnaTIsMxan;dUcCa BiFI ]TÞisbYgsYg BiFIsMBHRKÚ BiFIlabMNn; BiFIEsnRkugBalI BiFIbBa©úHbzmsila sg;R)asaT sg;RBHvihar bJu sg;pÞH BiFIraMeRcogepSg²kñúgeTvkfa dUcCakñúgerOgramekrþ×

90

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Tak;TgeTAnwgBiFIepSg²kñúgBuT§sasna vg;ePøgBiNBaTüenHk¾mantYnaTIsMxan;sRmab; bMeBjesckþIRtUvkar dUcCakñúgBiFIbuNükzin BiFIbuNüpáa BiFIbuNübMbYsnaK BiFIbuNüP¢úMbiNÐ BiFIbuNübc©½ybYn .l. enAeBlmanBiFIsEmþgelçanerOgTsCatk manerOgRBHevsSnþrCatk erOgsuvNÑsamCatk.l. k¾manvtþmanePøgBiNBaTüenHEdr eRkABiFIsasnaTaMgBIrvg;ePøg BiNBaTü)anRCotcUleTAbeRmIEpñksegVtvievK BiFIRbéBNIEx μrCabeNþIr²manBiFItmál;sB BiFIbUCasB bJuBiFIbBa©úHGdæiFatu.l.

tamsMNuMlkçN³CarYmrbs;vg;ePøgBiNBaTüenH )anbBa¢ak;[eXIjfaePøgBiNBaTü sRmab;qøúHbBa©aMgCIvPaBmnusSxøaMg kMNt;BuT§imnusSxøaMg kMNt;stiGarmμN_eCOnelOnxøaMg kMNt;ral;famBlxøaMgkøarbs;mnusSExμrkñúgsgÁmEx μr CaBiesskñúgsgÁmEx μrsm½ymhanKr KWxøaMgTaMgneya)ay xøaMgTaMgsgÁm xøaMgTaMgesdækic© nigxøaMgTaMgsasnanigvb,Fm’pgEdr.

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91

]bkrN_RséLenHminEmnCaGñkecH]bkrN_TUeTAeLIy ehIyk¾minEmnCaGñkdwknaMvg;ePøg pgEdreT. GñkecHelgrnatFug bJu Kgvg;FM CaGñkecH]bkrN_ePøgdéTeTotehIyeRcInCa emdwknaMvg;ePøgBiNBaTüeTotpg. ]bkrN_RséLCaKMrUsMenogsRmab;]bkrN_ePøgdéT eTot ¬rwttameFobtam¦. sm½ybc©úb,nñenH rnatÉkCaGñknaMmuxbeBa©jEbbbTmuneK bg¥s;. b:uEnþebIRbKMubTePøgFM²KWsÁrsemÖarCaGñkRtUvnaMmux bnøWsUrs½BÞmuneKmYyXøasineTIb ]bkrN_déTeTotecjtameRkay .

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92

- RséL RséLCa]bkrN_ePøg EdlmanGayueRcInBan;qñaMmkehIy KWmantaMgBImunstvtSTI 9

eTAeTot BIeRBaHenAelICBa¢aMgR)asaTEdl)anksageLIgtaMgBIstvtSTI9enaHmanqøak;rUb RséLkMBugRbKMrYmCamYynwg]bkrN_ePøgdéTeTot.

tamRBHbnÞÚlrbs;semþcRBHsgÇraCKN³mhanikay CYn Nat kñúgqñaM1965fa :]bkrN_ RséLenH ExμreyIgeFVIRtab;tam]bkrN_ePøg\NÐaeQμaH Sahnai bJu naga svaram kñúgcenøaHstvtSsUnü nig stvtSTI6 KWCasm½y\NÐamkrksIurs;enAelITwkdInKrPñM BIedIm eyIgehAtam \NÐafa Sahnai Edr b:uEnþcMeNrtmkBaküenHk¾yarkøayCaBakü saéL sBVéf¶eyIgnaMKñaehAfaRséLvij. dMbUgRséLEx μrmanrUbragdUc Sahnai \NÐa suT§saF KWCaRséLkøgqñH sBVéf¶enHÉg. b:uEnþeRkaymkEx μr)anEkrUbragmYyEbbepSgeTotxusBI RséLkøgqñH KW)anrUbragCaRséLtUc nigRséLFMeRbIsBVéf¶enH :.

RséLCa]bkrN_eRbIxül;Cab;dUcbIuGrEdr. tamTmøab;rbs;t®nþIkrExμrmineRbIxül; dac;eTkñúgeBlpøúMRbKMurYmmþg² BIeRBaHkareRbIxül;dac;GaceFVI[sMenogRséLkb;)at; bJuCan; KñanwgsMenogdac;² rbs;]bkrN_eKaHdMTaMgLay. dUcenHehIy)anCaExμrRtUveRbIxül;Cab; edIm,I[sMenogrbs;RséLelceFøaeLIgenAcenøaHsMenogdac;én]bkrN_TaMgLayenaHmü:ag eTotdMeNIrsac;bT BiesssRmab;]bkrN_RséLmanlkçN³luj RKlWt tEm¥tm¥Új min Rtg;²dUc]bkrN_eKaHdMeLIy. ]bkrN_enHmansMenogBJuxøaMgesμ InwgsMenog]bkrN_eKaHdM TaMgLay. RséLman2Ebb KWRséLtUc nig RséLFM RséLTaMgBIrEbbenHmanrebob eFVIdUcKñanwgvtßúFatuedImykmkeFVIk¾dUcKñaEdr.

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93

RséLmþg²eKEtgEtykcugGNþateTABitnwgGNþatRséLtic bJu xøaMgtamkRmitsMenog EdleKcg;)an.

- rnatÉk ]bkrN_enHmanmuxgarsMxan;kñúgvg;ePøgBiNBaTüpgkñúgvg;ePøgmeharIpg. tamTmøab;

BIbrmburaNmk)ankMNt;rnatÉkeTAtamvg;ePøgeK KWrnatÉkNaEdleRbIR)as;kñúgvg;ePøg BiNBaTü rnatÉkenaHRtUvmansMenogTabCag rnatÉkEdleRbIR)as;kñúgvg;ePøgmeharImYy sMenogedayyksMenogRtg;EpøTI1CacMNucsmÁal;Tabx<s;.

GñkRsavRCavBn§út®nþIviTüaxøHyl;faBaküfa rnat enHkøaymkBIBaküsM®sáwt raghunâ tha-vinaâ EdlmantaMgBIdMNak;kaldMbUgénRbvtþisa®sþkm<úCa .

tamRbsasn_rbs;XunGkçraBiNBaTü s‘U Gin RkumePøgRBHraCRTBüCMnan;mun)an R)ab;tmkelak]kj:a mhaFibtI mas DI RbFanRkumePøgRBHraCRTBü ehIyXun mas DI )anmanRbsasn_kñúgqñaM1965fa :dUntaeyIg[eQμaH]bkrN_enHfa rnatÉk mkBI rnatenHmanTMhMtUcmansMenogx<s;CagrnatmYyeTot ¬rnatFug¦ BakürnatenHyarmkBI Bakürknaf ¬nat¦ CaBaküsM®sáwt nig)alImann½yfa rkGFibtI rkm©as; rkecAhVaynay eKnaMKañehArknaf KWsMedAeTAelI]bkrN_rnatenHÉgEdlCa]bkrN_GFibtIelIeKCam©as; CaecAhVayelI]bkrN_déT BIeRBaHtYnaTIrbs;rnatÉkKWenAeBlRbKMmþg²]bkrN_déTRtUv EtrwtsMenogtamrnatÉkTaMgGs;yksMenogrnatCaFM CaeKal mü:ageTotebIrnatÉkmin cab;epþImecjbTmuneKeT]bkrN_déTminh‘anepþImbTeLIy ebIrnatÉkmin[sBaØaQb;eT ]bkrN_déTk¾minhanQb;tamcitþEdr. ]bkrN_TaMgGs;nUvEteKarBsþab;bBa¢arnatÉk dac;xat. karelIkdMekIgrnatÉkCaGFibtIkñúgvg;ePøgnimYy²KWmantaMgbrmburaNmkemø:H sUm,IEtGñkEdlRtUvelgrnatk¾CaGñkEdlRtUvecHeRcInCageK Caemvg;ePøg CaGñkseRmc kic©karFM²kñúgvg;CaGñkEdlRtUveKeKarBeFVItam :.

94

tamGñkRsavRCavxøHyl;fa rnatÉkeFVItamTUkEdleRbIR)as;kñúgTenøedayeKsMGagfa sñÚkdUcTUkkñúgTenøsuT§saF. GñkxøHeTotyl;faeFVIRtab;tamstVek¶akedaysMGagfa exal rnatxagmanragdUcknÞúyek¶akBg;. b:uEnþtamTsSn³rbs;t®nþIburaNEx μryl;fa rnatÉk rbs;Ex μrmanragRtab;tamstVnaK KWRtg;eCIgBanRTsñÚkCaknÞúynaKBIrEdlruMB½T§KñaRtg;sñÚk KWCatYnaKBIrgakecjBIKña Rtg;exalsgxagKWCak,alnaKBIrEdlkMBugEtebIkBBa rIÉEpø rnatKWCaRskanaK.

tamRbsasn_rbs;elak]kj:amhaFibtI mas DI niyayfa³ :CItarbs;Kat;niyay faBYkrnatenHeyIgmineFVIRtab;tameKeT KWeyIgbegáItedayxøÜnÉgtaMgBIbrmburaNmk CadM bUgExμreyIgykbnÞHrnabbJsSIsRmab;eFVIpÞHmkkat;xøI²dak;elIePøATaMgBIr ehIyeKaHelgCa FmμtaeRkaymkeTIbykExScgrnabbnþKñalatsn§wgBIbegÁalmYyeTAbegÁalmYyeTot Gs; kald¾yUrlg;mk eTIbeKykkRmgrnabenaHeTAcgelIxñgrUbnaKEdlqøak;GMBIeQI luHeRkay mkeToteTIbExμreyIgeFVIdUcsñÚksBVéf¶enHKWenAEtCarUbnaKdEdl. Ex μrcUlcitþniymnimitþrUb stVnaK BIeRBaHstVnaKCastVRbkan;sc©Fm’ CastVes μaHRtg; Ex μrcg;bBa¢ak;fakñúgsgÁmExμr CasgÁmmnusSRbkan;sc©Fm’ CasgÁmmnusSesμaHRtg;Canic© ]bkrN_rnatÉkenH)ancUl elgCamYy]bkrN_BiNtaMgBICMnan;manBiNcUlmkRsukEx μremø:H :.

- rnatFug tamTmøab;FmμtaeKGacehAeQμaH)anBIry:ag KWeKehAfarnatFugk¾)an b¤ rnatFMk¾)an.

rnatFugmanmuxgarsMxan;kñúgvg;ePøgBiNBaTünigkñúgvg;ePøgmeharI b:uEnþrnatFugNaEdlyk mkeRbIR)as;kñúgvg;ePøgmeharI rnatFugenaHRtUvEtmanEpøsMenogx<s;CagmYysMenogelIs rnatFugEdleRbIkñúgvg;ePøgBiNBaTücab;BIEpøTI1rhUtmk.

tamTsSn³rbs;t®nþIkrburaNExμr)an[nimitþrUbeTAelIrnatFugdUcrnatÉkEdr KWrnatÉk tMNagnaKjI ÉrnatFugtMNagnaKeQμal ehIynaKTaMgBIrenHRtUvEtenAEk,rKñaCanic©.

95

rnatFugmandMeNIrsac;bT eXøgeXøag pþk;BImux pþk;BIeRkay ]bkrN_déTCYnkal eRbIsMenogRtYtxøHEdredIm,IeFVIya:gNa[sMenogrbs;xøÜnelceFøaeLIgkñúgcenøaHsMenogeKÉg.

- rnatefag rnatefag bJrnatEdkKWCarnatEdlmanEpøsMenog21dUcKña sñÚkmanragdUcKñasuT§saF

EpøsMenognImYy²k¾mansUrdUcKñaEdr. b:uEnþeKehAfarnatefagmkBIrnatenHmanEpøsMenog eFVIBIlgðinmanBN’Rkhmq¥ineq¥ARsedognwgBN’mas rIÉrnatEdkvijKWCarnatEdlmanEpø sMenogeFVIGMBIEdksuT§manBN’ex μARsGab;.

tamdwgt²Kñamkfa kalBIsm½yedImmanEtrnatefagmYyEbbeTEdleRbIR)as;Ca TUeTA. b:uEnþeRkaymkedaysarkareFVIEpørnatefagBi)akeBkeKk¾bþÚrEpøsMenogBIlgðinmk EpøsMenogeFVIGMBIEdkEdlgayrkgayeFVICag. rnatTaMgBIrenHeRbImYyNak¾)an b:uEnþeKmin EdlykTaMgBIreTAeRbIenAeBlCamYyKñaenaHeLIy. tamFmμtaeKeRcIneXIjrnatefageRbI R)as;enAkñúgvg;ePøgRBHraCRTBü rIÉrnatEdkeRcInEteRbIR)as;enAkñúgvg;ePøgBiNBaTüeRkA RBHbrmraCvaMg bJu tamvtþGaramnana.

rnatEbbenHmansñÚkRtg;mingdUcsñÚkrnatÉkeLIy EpøsMenogTaMg21minbiTduMRbmr sRmab;rwtsMenogeLIy KWeK)ansøcak;FMEp[RtUvcMsMenogénEpønImYy²enaHeRscEtmþg. Epø rnatenHminecaHrn§s‘kExSeT KweKykEpøTaMgenaHeTAtMrabtamlMdab;lMedayénEpøCaCYrtam beNþaysñÚk b:uEnþenAeBlNaEdleKQb;elgeKerIEpøTaMgenaHecjy:agRsYlTukdak;eTAkñúg sñÚk bJukñúgRbGb;fg;NamYyvij. EpøsMenogrbs;rnatenHmansMenogxøaMg ehIyeyal)an q¶ayRsedogKñaeTAnwgEpøsMenogKgvg;Edr.

enAeBlelgmþg²eKykGnøÚgmanemlMrwgeFVIedayEs,kRkbI bJ Es,kdMrImkeKaH. rebobeRbIGnøÚgTaMgBIrk¾dUcKñanwgrebobeRbIGnøÚgrbs;rnatÉksuT§saFEdr KWeKaHesμ I²KñaeTA elIsMenogKU².

96

rnatefag bJu rnatEdkmandMeNIrsac;bTdUcrnatÉksuT§saF. GñkEdlBUEkelg rnatÉkk¾CaGñkBUEkelgrnatefag bJu rnatEdkEdr.

]bkrN_rnatefagmancMNas;eRcInstvtSmkehIy. ebItamRbsasn_ Xun mas DI kñúgqñaM 1965 elakniyayfa :CItarbs;elak)anR)ab;fa rnatefageyIgenHeFVIRtab;tam rnat\NÐÚeNsIu enAhSav:a eQ μaH Gendèr taMgBIEx μreyIg)anTTYl\T§iBlvb,Fm’rbs;hSav:a ¬Java¦ kñúgrC¢kalRBH)aTC½yvrμ ½nTI2 enAcugstvtSTI8kñúgeBlEdlesþc)annireTseTA Java ehIy)anRtLb;mkesayraCüenARsukExμrvij edaynaMmkCamYynUvvb,Fm’ Java mYy cMnYndUcEdlmanqøak;eTAelICBa¢aMgR)asaTGgÁrmank,ÜnEhrbs;t®nþIeRcInRkumrYmCamYynwg ]bkrN_rbs;xøÜn b:uEnþrnatefag Ex μr)anécñrUbragxusBIlMnaMedIm Gendèr ehIy :.

- Kgvg; ]bkrN_Kgvg;manBIr KWKgvg;tUc nigKgvg;FM. Kgvg;TaMgBIrenHeRbIR)as;enAkñúg

vg;ePøgBiNBaTübc©úb,nñ. mansNæanragerAdUcKña manrebobeFVIk¾dUcKña manEpøsMenog16 EpødUcKña GnøÚgsMrab;eKaHEpøsMenogk¾dUcKñaEdr b:uEnþsMKal;faFM bJutUc sMedAeTAelIrgVg;KgFM bJutUc nigsMedAeTAelIEpø sMenogFM bJu tUcb:ueNÑaH BiesseTAeTotKWKgvg;tUcmandMeNIr sac;bTrarabsaedIrpøÚvsac;bTcM² rIÉKgvg;FMmandMeNIr sac;bTeXøgeXøagrebobbeBa¢Ic pþk;BImux BIeRkay bJueRbIsMenogRtYt eFVIy:agNa[sMenogrbs;xøÜnelceFøaeLIgRtg;cenøaH eKÉg. Kgvg;tUc nigKgvg;FM KWCaKgvg;EdlmanGayueRcInstvtSNas;mkehIy ehIy vamansar³sMxan;kñúgvg;ePøgBiNBaTüEdlCavg;ePøgsRmab;beRmI[RBhμBaØsasnakalBI sm½yedIm.

kñúgqñaM1965 semþcRBHsgÇraC CYn Nat )anmanbnÞÚlfa :Kgvg;TaMgBIrEbbenH ExμreyIgbMEbkecjBIKgBak;kNþalvg;manEpøsMenog 8 nig 9 dMbUgbMEbkecj)an Kgvg;FM muneK bnÞab;mkeTIbbMEbkecjCaKgvg;tUceTot kñúgcenøaHstvtSTI9 nigTI12 rIÉKgBak; kNþalvg;Ex μrmantaMgBIsm½ymunGgÁr :.

97

- sÁrsemÖar sÁrsemÖarenHCasÁrmYyRbePTEdlmanmuxBIrGgÁúyTHeday)atéd bJ Rmaméd.

sÁrenHeRbIR)as;)anEtkñúgvg;ePøgBiNBaTümYyKt;ehIymanrebobTHEt3EbbKWEbbeCIgsÁr 1Can; 2Can; 3Can;. sÁrenHsMxan;CageKbMputkñúgcMeNam]bkrN_TaMgLaykñúgvg;ePøg BiNBaTü. kñúgeBlRbKMbTsMxan;sRmab;BiFIFM²RtUvsÁrsemÖarcab;epþImehAbTmuneKmYyXøa b¤JuBIrXøasineTIb]bkrN_déTecjtameRkay. muneBlRbKuMePøgBiNBaTümþg²eKEtgeFVIBiFI skáarbUCaGuCeTonFUbenAnwgsÁrsemÖarEdltMNag[]bkrN_TaMgGs;kñúgvg;ePøgBiNBaTü.

sÁrsemÖarExμrmanGayurab;Ban;qñaMmkehIy KWmantaMgBImunExμryksÁrenHmkqøak;Cab; nwgCBa¢aMgR)asaTGgÁrkñúgstvtSTI9eTAeTot. GñkRsIbNÐit eBA savrs Edl)anmk eFVIbzkfakalBIExkumÖ³ qñaM1994 enAsaklviTüal½yPUminÞviciRtsil,³)anmanRbsasn_fa :tamsilacarik ExμrecHeFVIeRKOg ePøgtaMgBIstvtSTI6 KWecHeFVIBiN cabIu nig sÁrRKb;Ebb :.

)aysemÖareFVIeday)aykinlaynwgepH[h μt; bc©úb,nñenHxøHeKyknMb½uglaynwgTwk [esImRc)ac;[h μt;mkbiTk¾)anEdr. elak Alain Danielou (2P.31) fasÁrsemÖardUcKña nwgsÁr maddalam \NÐa. elak David morton (4 P.68) )anelIkyksmþIrbs; Dhanit

Yupho Edl)ansresrkñúgesovePArbs;Kat;GMBI]bkrN_t®nþIéfLg;fa kñúgesovePAcas;² )anelIkkMBs;[tMél]bkrN_mYyehAfa Saphon EdlRsedog bJu dUcKñanwg Taphon ¬semÖar¦ vamantYdUcCa Muthing,Marithang bJu Mattala \NÐaEdr.

tamkarsnñidæan sÁrsemÖarenHmanmunstvtSTI 6 eTAeTot BIeRBaHCasÁrEdlsßitenA kñúgvg;ePøgBiNBaTüCavg;ePøgbeRmI[RBhμBaØsasna Edl)annaMcUlmkRsukEx μreday CnCatikøwgÁtaMgBIstvtSTI1énRKwsþskraC.

98

- sÁrFM sÁrFMmancMnYn2RbcaMkñúgvg;ePøgBiNBaTünimYy². sÁrTaMgBIrenHmansMenogmindUcKña

eT ebImYyBJusUrTUg² mYyeTotRtUvBJusUrTIg². sÁrFMnimYy²manmuxBasedayEs,kTaMgsgxagnigmanRbEvgrgVg;muxb:unKña b:uEnþman

sMenogmindUcKñaeT. sÁrenHmanCaRbcaMkñúgvg;ePøgBiNBaTü b:uEnþmineRbIR)as;RKb;EtbT ePøgenaHeTmanbTxøHmincaM)ac;vaysÁrFMeLIy manbTePøgxøHeTotRtUvvaysÁrFMBIedImbT rhUtdl;cb;bT. sÁrFMTaMgBIrenHmansMenogxøaMgeRCAmanrwT§anuPaBCagsÁrnanakñúgvg;ePøg.

Tamkarsnñidæan sÁrFMenHmanGayurab;Ban;qñaMdUcsÁrsemÖarEdrBIeRBaHsÁrenH)ansßit esßrtaMgBIkMeNItvg;ePøgBiNBaTümkemø:H ehIyCasÁrédKUnwgsÁrsemÖarkñúgkar[cgVak;nig[ sMenogeqøIyqøgKñaeTAvijeTAmky:agrNþMminGacGt;)ankñúgvg;ePøgBiNBaTüenH.mü:ageTotsÁrFMenHk¾manqøak;rUbCab;nwgCBa¢aMgR)asaTGgÁrvtþsRmab;bBa¢ak;famanmunsm½yGgÁrehIy sMxan;sRmab;sgÁmmnusSkalBIrab;Ban;qñaMknøgmkenaH.

- Qig Qig KW Ca]bkrN_eKaHCacgVak;Edlmanrab;Ban;qñaMmkehIyKWmantaMgmunsm½yGgÁr

mkemø:H. dUntaeyIg)anyk]bkrN_QigenHeTAqøak;Cab;nwgCBa¢aMgR)asaTGgÁrvtþ edIm,ITuk CaekrdMENlR)ab; dl;kUnecACan;eRkay.

]bkrN_enHmanEtBIrsMenogeT KWqub nig qWg. QigmanmuxgarsMxan;kñúgvg;ePøgnana KWsRmab;EteRbIeKaHCacgVak;ePøgb:ueNÑaH. kñúgvg;ePøgEx μrCaTUeTAsMenogqubsßitenAcgVak;TI1 rIÉsMenogqWgsßitenAcgVak;TI2 b:uEnþebIKitCacgVak;4rbs;GWrubqubenARtg;cgVak;TI1 qWgenA Rtg;cgVak;TI3 BIeRBaHcgVak;4rbs;GWrubEx μrbMRBYjmkenAEtBIrcgVak;EbbEx μrvij sMenogqub KWeKaHQigTaMgBIrpÞb;muxKña rIÉsMenogqWg KWeKaHbegðIrRtg;EKmQigTaMgBIr.

99

Qig manragdUcedaHRsIRkmuM eFVIGMBIsMriT§ bJu lgðinsuT§ bJu layKñak¾)anmanTTwgmat; RbEhl 0/08 m. enAcMkNþalQignimYy²manecaHrn§mYysRmab;s‘kExSP¢ab;Kña edIm,I[ gaykan;TgÁicpg nigkuM[)at;KUvapg.

QigEbbeyIgenHCnCatikULaenAtMbn;éb:lin extþ)at;dMbgehAfaEsg eFVIedaysMriT§ ragsMEb:tCagQigrbs;eyIgbnþic.

2> ceRmogsRmab;kMdrr)aM 1>1> bTsaFukar

bTsaFukar KWCaeQ μaHdMeNIrePøgBiNBaTümYy. bTsaFukar mkBIBaküsaFu ¬sM>)a¦ Ku> l¥RbéBRtwmRtUvEdl[seRmcpl bJu seRmcRbeyaCn_. CabTePøgEdlRtUvRbKMumuneK bg¥s;kñúgBiFIsMBHRKUFMCabTsRmab;eFVIBiFIsμ wgs μaFRbmUlGarmμN_[)anmUlRKb;²Kña edIm,I skáarrMlwkKuNRKU)aFüaybYgsYgdl;)armIénGMNacTaMgLaykñúgelakEdlCavtßús½kþisiTi§ eTaHmanrUbkþI\trUbkþIsUmyagGeBa¢IjmkCYyeRCamERCg[BiFIsMBHRKURbRBwtþeTARbkbeday eCaKC½y.

- BiFIeFVIskáarbUCarbs;RkumePøg tamTMenomTmøab;RbéBNIBIdUntarbs;eyIgtaMgBIyUryarNas;mkehIyenaHelakEtg

EteFVIBiFIskáar³bYgsYgCanic©muneBlRbKMePøgmþg². BiFIskáar³bYgsYgmanCadMbUg erobRBH BisÑúkar GuCeTonFUb rYcRbKMePøgmYybTEdlCabTrMlwkKuNRbcaMtamTRmg;ePøgnimYy². kareFVIBiFIskáar³bYgsYgenHKWedIm,I ÷

- eFVIskáar³bYgsYgcMeBaHbuBVbursEx μrEdl)aneRbIGs;kmøaMgkaycitþR)aCJasμartI eTB ekaslürbs;xøÜnkñúgkarbegáIt]bkrN_ePøgRKb;RbePT nigniBn§bTePøgnanay:agsn§wksn§ab; TuksRmab;esckþIRtUvkarrbs;kUnecACMnan;eRkay.

- eFVIskáar³bYgsYgnwkdl;KuNRKU)aFüayEdl)anbgðat;beRgonBYkeKRKb;²Kña[man cMeNHdwgxagbTePøgTaMgenH.

100

- eFVIskáar³bYgsYgbn;Rsn;cMeBaHGMNacTaMgLayEdlCavtßús½kþisiT§i eTaHmanrUbkþI \trUbkþI sUmyagGeBa¢IjmkCYyRTRTg;karRbKuMePøgrbs;eK[RbRBwtþeTARbkbedayeCaKC½y.

- kareFVIskáar³bYgsYgbn;Rsn;mþg²muneBlRbKuMePøgenaH eRkABIsar³sMxan;TaMgbIxag elIKWCaBiFImü:agsMxan;bMputkñúgkarsμwgs μaFRbmUlGarm μN_[)anmUlkñúgeBlRbKMuecosvag Garm μN_Cab;CMBak;nwgbBaðasμ úKsμajxageRkAEdlCaehtueFVI[mankarePøcPøaMgdl;karRbKM.

- kareFVIskáar³bUCaEdlmanGuCeTonFUbedayGñkePøgyl;faBnøWeTonEdlGuCenATI enaHCaBnøWR)aCJasUm[R)aCJarbs;eKPøWciBa©acdUcePøIgeTon km©at;)annUvPaBggwt dUcCakm©at; )annUvPaBePøcPøaMgPan;RcLMkñúgkarRbKMubTePøgEdr. rIÉEpSgFUb KWCaExSQamEdlrt;tam srésQamkñúgsrIragÁkayTMagmUledaysuvtßiPaBeFVI[ragkayTaMgmUlmansuxPaBbribUrN_ mankmøaMgxøaMgkøakñúgkarRbKMePøg.

- enAkñúgsil,³t®nþIBiNBaTüTaMgmUl)anbgáb;nUvTsSn³bIKWkñúgTsSn³RBhμniymEdl ¬1¦ GVI²RtÚvedaHRsayedayhwgSaTaMgGs; ¬2¦ kñúgTsSnBuT§niym KWGVI²RtÚvedaHRsay edayGhwgSa nig ¬3¦ kñúgTsSn³exmrniymKWGVI²RtÚvedaHRsayedayR)akdniym.

1>2> bTeRkvéN ¬bTeRkAéN¦ eRkvéN CaBaküEx μrmYym:at; BaküesommYym:at;rYmKñamann½yfa³ sn§wkeh‘akñúg. eRkv ³ ]> sUrERsk sUrh‘aBJuRsYc ERskeh‘a BJueRkv . éN ¬s>fa :kñúg :¦ . nk ³ Ku ¬s> n©k G>f> n:k :eRkA :¦ bTenHeRbIsRmab;karelIkT½BcUléRB bJ ecjdMeNIreTAc,aMg CabTsRmab;GMeBI

hwgSatamTsSn³RBhμBaØ sasna .

101

1>3> bTya:nI bTenHeRbIsRmab;rMgab;xagpøÚvcitþ eFVI[tNðaesþIg kielstic teRmkfycuH CabTqøúH

bBa©aMgGMBITsSn³ BuT§niym EdlkarRbRBwtþeTAsuT§EtGhigSa.

1>4> bTeCIteCIn ¬CaRbePTbTEvg¦ bTenHCabTEdlmanlkçN³dUcCaerOgelçanenAkñúgbTePøgenH. bTenHsRmab;

bkRsayGMBIdMeNIrcin. : eCIt : mann½yfa³ dMeNIrnig : Cin : mann½yfa³ cin. enHCa bTqøúHbBa©aMgGMBITsSn³exmrniym EdlGVI²RtUvedaHRsayedayR)akdniym.

102

- bTePøgsRmab;beRmIkñúgelçanburaNEdlsßitkñúg256bT

1 bTRtak;FM 28 ePøgRsg; ¬Lúgsug ¦ 2 ePøgpøik 29 EsnLav ¬EsneRBn ¦ 3 BjaedIr ¬BüadWn¦ 30 R)aylaC ¬RbUyexAtk¦ 4 ePøghk; 31 nagnaK ¬evóneFón¦ 5 bTxøMú 32 eCItCUnRKU ¬eCItsugÁ¦ 6 eraT_PBpat 33 eRkAraM ¬ePøgQb;¦ 7 dMbgkan; 34 Rtak;tUc 8 kmμnþ 35 sμ Wr 9 mhab££T§i ¬riT§i¦ 36 cMNan

10 eraT_samla ¬eraT_Gs;mniÞÞl¦ 37 dMeNIreRkA 11 sμ ilxNÐsmuRT 38 mny:Undab 12 eCItqan 39 Exkmn 13 sn§wkkñúg ¬eRkAéN¦ 40 swgðmas 14 RBH)asKÁnI 41 tuktak; 15 eraT_PIrab;r:g 42 )araMgxYg 16 Exkvreqt ¬¬Exkbrextþ¦ 43 sarika 17 eCIt 44 xñikxñk; 18 eCItQwg 45 GUqaRKI 19 )aFM 46 GUt 20 rukrn§ 47 cugXwm 21 eCItRbcab; ¬RséL¦ 48 saém: 22 mhaC½y 49 nagNay 23 saFukar 50 esksarika 24 EperO ¬GMuTUk¦ 51 CIn)a:k;kYy 25 bTela 52 eTacyM 26 Bøúktn;m:ay 53 GUy:anI 27 RBah μN_kibEv:n ¬RBhμN_Bak;cieBa¢ón ¦ 54 kVan;Gn

103

55 dMrIelgPøúk 83 CInlMpat; 56 sysun 84 GaeL 57 cugkabk 85 ela 58 ePøgGUttUc 86 XMuevon 59 ePøgGUtFM 87 emlwm 60 Ex μrtm,aj 88 )avlut 61 GUBilab 89 sarak;bUr:ug 62 taLÚgb:Ug 90 ePøgqa 63 ExμreLIgRBHBnøa 91 bBa©úH 64 nYnRsI 92 la 65 páaRkg 93 sysun 66 xøgeyal 94 bu)aöelakIy_ 67 saLÚm:a 95 eqamsaLat; 68 GURKYn 96 yakn 69 eCItQwg 97 ePøgela 70 Cinebwutm:aj 98 lIgLÚt 71 CinkVan;Gn 99 swgøtU 72 saLabdk 100 sIunYn 73 Cin)a:gLag 101 cugXwm 74 dMeNIrExμr 102 edImQwg 75 ehmLa 103 ecAdk 76 mncuHTUk ¬cinerO¦ 104 narIlEgVk 77 esog):ak;kYy 105 mntak; 78 Cin):ak;kYy 106 xül;bk;eCIgPñM 79 edtriT§ 107 páaRkg 80 Rty:yYn 108 )alwmsy 81 CInqa 109 GULav 82 Cintay:

104

bTceRmogsIunYn I- eyIgsUm eGIgGWy rYbrYm GwgeGIysamKÁI TaMgGs; GWgGWyCaTI GwGWGW RbeyaCn_

CaticeRmInrugerOg GWgGWyCaRkumjati sakleRBagRBat GwGWgGW edayBnøW . ePøg 1

II- r)aMGWgGWy)acpáa GwGW GwgGWy CUnsirI sYsþI GwgGWydl;elak GwGwyRKb;GgÁa sUm)anplmgÁl GwGWsmesaPa sBVTinTiva GwgGWGWy \tXøatGWy .

ePøg1 III- r)aMGwgGWy)acpáa GwGW GwgGWy CUnsirI sYsþI GwgGWydl;elak GWGWyRKb;GgÁa

sUm)anplmgÁl GWGWsmesaPa sBVTinTiva GwgGWy \tXøat GWy .

105

bTcugXwm

106

bTeCIt

107

bTsaFukar

109

CMBUk2

sißtir)aM b¤ elçank,ac;buraNExμr bJ r)aMRBHraCRTBü

I . bBa¢Ir)aM nig elçank,ac;buraNExμr bJ r)aMRBHraCRTBü sil,³r)aMk,ac;buraNExμrmanCIvPaBminxusBIRbCaCnExμrb:unμaneLIy vamanTMenomTmøab;

GriyFm’ nig manevyükrN_k,ac;CamUldæanBisidærbs;va. y:agNamiuj karsikSar)aMk,ac;buraNExμr karEsVgyl;[kan;EtsIuCeRmAEfmeTotenaH

eyIgRtUvEsVgrkeQμaHr)aMk,ac;buraNExμrCacaM)ac;bMput BIeRBaHfar)aMk,ac;buraNExμr)annigkMBug R)aRs½yTak;TgKñaerogral;éf¶CamYynig elak³ Pav³ sux³ rbs;sgÁmEx μreyIgEdlCamUl dæanRKwHpSarP¢ab;nUvlkçN³ citþKMnitmenaseBa¢tna nigmann½yBiessedayELkEbøkBIr)aM nanaEdlmanenAkñúgelakenH.

1> eQVgyl;GMBIr)aMk,ac;buraNEx μr r)aMk,ac;buraNEx μrmank,ac;mUldæan 4500 k,ac;. k,ac;TaMgenaHburaNacarübMEbk

ecjCaeRcInTRmg;eTot b¤ k¾GacbRgYmmkvijy:agENnhab; nig s¥itrmYtBYtpSMCamYynwg evyüakrN_k,ac;GgÁúlIhtßcat;eTAtamlMdab;epSg²eTot edayminrvatXøatcakBImUldæan esaP½N nig tulüPaBCIviteLIy. eRBaHfa CIvitRtUvEtmanesaP½N : esaP½N KW kþIsgÄwm nigtulüPaBrvagFm μCati buKÁl nigsgÁm rvagkaycitþ nigbBaØa.

y:agNamuij TsSn³FMcMeBaHr)aMk,ac;buraNEx μr KWCamUldæanCIvitd¾c,as;las;CaTIbMput enaHehAfa³ { CIvitelakFatu } KWkar { ekIt cas; QW søab; }. Etmunnwgsøab; mnusS caM)ac;RtUvbMeBjtYnaTIFmμCatiepSg²eTot ehAfa³ : CIviTayaeTa : EdlminGacxVH)anenaH KWkarbnþevn ¬BUC ¦ .

110

dUecñHehIy eTIbkñúgr)aMk,ac;buraNExμr mank,ac;édCamUldæan eday)anEp¥kelITsSn³ énelakFatuenHÉg ehIynigsEmþgecjCa {søwk RtYy páa Epø } eBlEpøcas;k¾pÞúH EbkecjCaRKab;Føak;cuH rYccab;epþImduH )anCa{søwk RtYy páa Epø } CabnþbnÞab;eTAeTot.

¬rUbelx88¦³ karbgðajk,ac;éd

2> n½yBakü

k> eTvta enAelICBa¢aMgR)asaTGgÁrvtþEk,rRckTaVrecjcUl b¤ enAtamRCugnimYy²énCBa¢aMg eK

RbTHeXIjmanrUbcmøak;RsIþek μg²CaeRcInEdleKqøak;CaeTalEtmñak;Ég b¤ qaøk;CaRkumman Kñaticb¤eRcInRbkbedaysMBt;l¥RbNIttubEtgkayedayeRKOgGlgáaEbøk²ya:geqItqay bMput. eKmin)andwgfaetIrUbnag²TaMgenaHCaGIVBitR)akdeT. xøHfaBYknagCaGñkr)aM eRBaH manRTg;eRKOgxøHfaCaBYknarIbeRmIenAtamR)asaTsRmab;erobdgVayRBHxøHeTotfaCaBBYk RsIþenAzansYK’sßaneTvelak. eTaHCaBYknag²CaGIVk¾edayehIymantYnaTICaGIVk¾eday k¾ elakRsI sapU m:arsal; ¬Sapho Marchal¦ )anehArUbcmøak;nag²TaMgenaHfa :eTvta : (Devatã )Edr 61.

61

SAPHO MARCHAL, Costumes et Parures Khmers (D'après les devatã d'Angkor Vat), L'Harmattan, 1997.

111

elakRsI)anniBn§esovePAmYymancMNgeCIgfa " Costumes et Parures Khmèrs

d'après les devatâ d'Angkor Vat " ERbmkfa : semøókbMBak; nigeRKOgtak;Etgkay rbs;Ex μr : ¬tamry³rUbcmøak;eTvta énR)asaTGgÁrvtþ ¦.

x> eTBGbSr vcnanuRkmExμrrbs;semþcRBHsgÇraCKN³mhanikay CYn Nat eCatBaaØeNa

PaKTI1-TI2 rbs;BuT§sasnbNÐitüe)aHBum<enAPMñeBj ¬B>s> 2511-K>s>1967-1968 ¦ Rtg;TMB½r 1653 )an[dwgfa³ GbSr ¬G½b-bS ¦Canam. ¬sM®swát=GbSrs )alI=Gcära mann½yfa : RsIþmansm,úrføaRss;pUrpg; b¤ RsIþmanmuxfaøRss;bMRBg :¦ RsIþsYK’ RsIGbSr RsIeTBGbSr nagGbSr. tamesckIþtMNalkñúgKm<IrRBah μN_fa RsIþsYK’mYyBYkEdlpus eLIgGMBITwkkñúgkalEdlkUrTwkGRmwt ¬bu:EnþtamkarBitminEmndUecañHeTEdlehAfa GbSr b¤ GbSraenaHedayesckIþfa :RsIþsYK’mansm,úrPWøføapUrpg; b¤ RsIsYK’eqIteqam¦ :. Exμr eRbIkøayCaGkSrk¾manRsIGkSr³ RsIeTBGbSrbvrkBaØa ¬KYrelIkElgeRbIRtUveRbIGbSr b¤GbSra Gcära vij¦. GbSradUcKañnwgGcära RsIGbSra .

vcnanuRkmxagelIdEdlRtg;TMB½r1582 )an[dwgfa³ : eTBGbSr : Canam ¬sM-eTv÷GbSr >)a> eTv ÷ Gcära¦ mann½yfa RsIþeTBta RsIsYK’ KWRsIeTBGbSr ¬ehARsIeTB GbSrk¾)aneRbIkøayCaeTBGbSrk¾man.

kar[niymn½yelIBakü eTBGbSr b¤GbSramankarEbøkKañNas;. vcnanuRkmPasa sM®swát-Gg;eKøs rbs;elak M. Monier Williams Rtg;TMB½rTI59 [n½yfa GbSra CaeTvtaRsI b¤ eKehAfa " Nymph " 62. BYkenHrs;enAsaßnsYK’ CYneKcuHmkelgkmSanþ enAÉEpndIEdr BYkeKGacpaøs;bþÚrrUbragkay)antamcitþeKcg; eKTaMgenaHCaPriyarbs;BYk Kn§BV. BaküKn§BV CaBakü)alIÉsMRsáwtehAKn§vV³ " Gandharva " ERbfaBYkGñkelgePøg 62

M. Monier WILLIAMS, A Sanscrit - English Dictionnary, Delhi, 1999.

112

b¤ t®nþIkrenAsaßnsYK’. ÉBakü " Nymph " Pasa)araMgehAfa " Nymphe " EdlERb fa : GrukçeTvI eTvta CaGñkrkSabwg Tenø nigéRBPMñ >kBaaØl¥eqItqayragerovKYrCaTIKyKn; :. enHebItamvcnaFib,ay )araMg-Exμr rbs;GñkniBn§ sm faMg63.

K> GkSrsil,_ ÉksarxøH)an[dwgfaBBYkeTBGbSrTaMgenHekIteLIgmkBIkarkUrsmuRTTwkedaH edIm,I

EsVgrkTwkGRmwt KWTwkfaMñkarBarkMu[manesckIþsøab;. karkUrsmuRTTwkedaHenH)anRbRBwtþ eTArvagBYk sur³ ¬KWBYkeTvta ¦ nigBYk Gsur³ ¬KWBYkykS¦ Gs;ry³eBlrab;Ban;qañM ¬ÉksarxøHbBaa¢k;faBIrBan;qñaM¦.

kalenaHBYkykSnwgBYkeTvta)anÉkPaBKñaykBs;naKeQμaH va:suKI eFVICaRB½RtB½T§ CMuvijPMñ mnÞr³ EdleKykeFVICasñÚlsMrab;karkUr. eyagtamcmaøk;CaeRcInBiesscmøak;enA elICBaa¢MgR)asaTGgÁrvtþ Rtg;PaKxagt,ÚgTisxagekIt)anbgðaj[eXIjBYkykSTajxag k,al ÉBYkeTvtaTajxagknÞúynaK va:suKI.

elIpaÞMgcmøak;dEdlenaHsißtxagelI BYkykSnwgBYkeTvta eKeXIjBYk nageTBGbSr rab;ryerraMya:gEsnsb,ayrIkrayRbkbedayPaBmenarmünigsuPmgÁl. Rtg;enHehIy EdleKeCOfa GbSr ekItecjBIkarkUrsmuRTTwkedaH.

CMenOnigsasnaman\Ti§BlxaMøgkaøNas;enAkñúgsgÁmCatiEx μr eRBaHfaCMenOnigkar eKarBsasna)ancak;bJsya:gmaMkñúgCIvPaBrs;enARbéBNITMenomTmøab; nigenAkñúgsil,³ vb,Fm’Ex μr. TRmg;sil,³ExμrPaKeRcInBak;B½n§eTAnwgeTvkfa KWCMenOsasnamanRBahμBaØ sasna BuT§sasna nig GFiFmμCati EdlCnCatiEx μrFaøb;eKarBbUCa.

tamkarsikSaRsavRCavR)asaTGgÁvtþ RtUv)ansageLIgkñúgraCüRBH)aTsUrüvrμ ½nTI2 EdlCakSRteKarBbUCaRBhμBaØsasnaedayyknikayvisÑúCaFM. BIeRBaHmancmøak;erOgra:v CaeRcInbnSl;Tuk[eyIgeXIjmanenAelIcmøak;EpþrehaCagb¤elICBaa¢MgmYycMnYnsuT§swg 63 sm faMg vcnaFib,ay )araMg-Exμr bNÑaKar KIm KI B>s> 2509 K>s> 1966 TMB½r879.

113

EtmankarBak;B½n§eTAnwgerOgra:vrbs;RBHvisÑú b¤ y:agehacNas;k_Tak;TgeTAnwgGgÁGvtar rbs;RBHvisÑúEdrdUcya:gRBHRkwsÑ³ RBHram CaedIm. enAelICBa¢aMgEfvTI3TisxageCIg eyIg eXIjmanrUbcmøak;tMNag[RBHRkwsÑ³ ehIyÉksarxøHbBa¢ak;faRBHRkwsÑ³GgÁenHCaGvtar rbs;RBHvisÑúmanmehsIdl;eTAmYymuWnR)aMmYyBan;nak; ¬16000 nak;¦ ÉeNaH. cuHrUbnag² EdlGñkRsI sapUma:rsal; rab;eXIj 1737 enaHCatMNagmehsITaMgenaHEdrb¤eT ?.

ebIeFVIkarBinitü[)anhμt;ct;eTAelIrUbcmøak;narIek μg²TaMgenaH eyIgGacvaytémø)an fanag²TaMgenaHminEmnCaRsþIFm μtaenaHeT. sMBt;EdlesøokminEmnCaRkNat;sRmab;narI samBaØeLIy KWsuT§Etsac;RkNat;Funl¥esþIgmanlm¥edaypáaKWCaRkNat;Edlmantémøx<s; sRmab;EtGñkEdlmanGMNac manbuNüs½kiþx<g;x<s; ehIysißtenAkñúgRtkUlx<g;x<s;pgEdr enH ebItamkarsresrrbs;GñkkarTUtbreTsmñak;64 Edl)anmkTsSnaGgÁrkñúgstvtSTI13.

rUbragmantUcmanCMeTIrsuT§swg)anbgðajcMBImuxmanxøHEdrEtRtUv)anqaøk;bgðajEbb BIcMehog3PaK4 ¬3¼4¦ edayviciRtkrEdlmaneTBekaslüx<s;. ÉeRKOgGlgáartak; Etgkayvij BiessKWm:Udsk;mantaMgBIsk;sitFm μtaK μaneRKOglm¥sk;KYcCakMe)a:yCaCuk TITuyrhUtdl;manBak;máúdEdll¥RbNItEfmeTotpg.

máúdEdlCaeRKOglm¥TaMgenHmanlaypáaehIyEbøk² eRcInEbbeRcInm:UdEdleyIgeCO c,as;fasuT§EtCarbs;EmnETnminEmnCarbs;kaéLeT ehIyGñknagTaMgenaHk¾minmanvNÑ³ efakTabEdr. rUbPaBnarIekμg²TaMgenaHmanekokédKña ekokcegáH rUbxøHekoks μa édkan;páa b¤rbs;epSg²eTaHCaesøókdUcKañ b¤manBak;máúddUcKñaxøHk¾edayk¾eyIgsegáteXIjminman PaBRcMEdl² b¤manrUbNadUcKañ b¤sÞÜnKñaeLIy.

cMnYnenHKWrab;EtrUbQreTalb¤CaRkumb:ueNaÑH minrab;bBa©ÚlrUbEdlraMkñúgcmøak;pÞaMgkUr smuRTTwkedaHeT. edayeXIjmaneRKOgtak;Etgkayd¾sm,ÚrN_EbbRbkbedaysMBt;d¾l¥ RbNIt nigkayvikarEbøk²rbs;BYknagGbSraTaMgenaH. 64

Pelliot Paul, Mémoires sur les coutumes du Cambodge de Tcheou Ta Kouan, Paris, 1961.

114

X> silacarwk R)asaT)ay½n nigR)asaTmYycMnYneTotEdlsagkñúgraCüRBH)aTC½yvrμ ½nTI7suT§swg

CaR)asaTEdleK)an]TÞisfVaycMeBaHRBHBuT§sasna b¤ RBHBuT§raCEdlRBHmhakSRtCa tMNagRBHsm μasm<úT§. eKeXIjmanrUbcmøak;narIraMehIyk¾manrUbnarIb¤RsIsYK’ b¤eTvtaQr enAkñúgs‘ummanPaBRsKt;RsKM KYr[RsLaj;enAtamCBa¢aMgR)asaTTaMgenaHpgEdr.

xøHfaCaGñkbeRmIRBH xøHfaCaqμaM xøHfaCaGñkerobdgVayRBH b¤GaTieTB. silacarwk sm½yenaH )an bBa¢ak;fa

- silacarwkR)asaTRBHx½n ³ :GñkbeRmIRbus GñkdaMsø nwgeFVIkargarepSg² cMnYn 4606 nak; GñkbeRmIRsI man 2298 nak;kñúgenaH 1 000 nak;CanarIr)aM :.

- silacarwkR)asaTtaRBh μ )an[dwgfa :RBHsgÄCaGacarüCan;x<s;cMnYn 18 GgÁ GñkerobcMBiFIepSg² 2740 nak; CMnYykar2232nak; kñúgenaHmannarIr)aM 615 nak; mnusS Rbus nigRsI 66625 nak;beRmIkargarnwg erobcMdgVayRBH >>> : .

tamkarRsavRCavBIÉksarmYycMnYn)anbgðajfa r)aMGbSr b¤ GbSraRtUv)ancmøgecj BIrUbcmøak;enACBa¢aMgR)asaTburaNEx μrBiessKWcmøgBIrUbcmøak;enAtamCBa¢aMgR)asaTGgÁrvtþ Etmþg. tamkarsresrcgRkgTukCaÉksarrbs;RksYgvb,Fm’ nig viciRtsil,³ Ék]tþm eBRC TMuRkviul )an[dwgfa r)aMeTBGbSr b¤GbSra CaTsSnIyPaBEdleyIg)aneXIjenA elIqaksBVéf¶enH KWCakarcmøgecjBIrUbcmøak;GbSraenAelICBa¢aMgR)asaTGgÁrvtþ karcmøg ykrUbcmøak;GbSraBICBa¢aMgR)asaTGgÁrvtþ[køayCaTsSnIyPaBr)aMd¾rs;revIkenH KWCakar eFVI[rUbcmøak;GbSraTaMgLayenAelICBa¢aMgfμR)asaTrs;eLIgvij hak;dUcCamanCIvitenAcMeBaH muxTsSnikCnya:gdUecñaHenaHKWCaRBHraCtMriH rbs;semþc RBHmhakSRtiyanI sIusuvtßi kusum³ narIr½tñ sirIvDÆna ¬RBHmataénGtItRBHmhakSRt neratþm sIhnu¦ kñúgeKalbMNgeFVI[ GtItkalmanRbeyaCn_cMeBaHbc©úb,nñ nigGnaKt.

115

GñkRKU Ekv NarMu nigGñkRKU RBM sIusapanæa knøgmkk¾)ancgRkgnUvesovePAmYyman cMNgeCIgfa r)aMGbSra (Apsara Dance) ehIye)aHBum<pSayBIEx sIha qñaM 2003.

BBYkeTBGbSr b¤ eTBGbSr bvrkBaØa EdlsBVéf¶niymehAfa : GbSra : KWCaGñk r)aMénsßansYK’. BYkeTBGbSrTaMgenHmantYnaTIsMxan;Nas; KWEfrkSaelakenH[manbriya kassb,ayrIkraysuxmenarmünigsuPmgÁl TMenomTmøab;RbéBNIEx μr)anRbkan;ykrbb mataFibetyü ehIyEtgmanCMenOfa RsþIKWCaGñknaMmknUvsirIsYsþI nig suPmgÁl. nageTB GbSrsuT§EtCaRsIþbrisuT§ nagCaGñktMNagsaßnsYK’ sMukIþeR)asRbNI BIGaTieTB b¤ vtßúskþisiT§i ehIyBaMnaMmkBIsaßnsYK’vijnUvBrsBVsaFukar esckIþsuxcMerInPaBekSmkSanþmkCUnRbCaraRsþ nigRbeTsCati.

3> eQ μaHr)aM erOgelçççank,ac;buraN eyIg)andwgehIy GMBIRbvtiþsegçbénkarkekItr)aMk,ac;buraNEx μr b¤ r)aMRBHraCRTBü

manxøwmsar nig Gtßn½yy:agRCaleRCAenAkñúgsgÁmCatiCaTRmg;sil,³skáar³ ¬sil,³eTv³¦ mYyEdlmanv½ycMNas; ehIyk¾CaTRmg;sil,³EdlmantémøBitxagsμartI nigxagbec©keTs kRmitx<s;kñúgcMeNamTRmg;sil,³TsSnIyPaBenAkm<úCa. BiessCagenHeTAeTotenaH cMNgeCIg b¤ eQ μaHr)aMTaMgenaH)anekþabnUvxøwmsarrYmrbs;r)aM b¤ erOgelçank,ac;buraNTaMg enaHTaMgGtßn½y GtßrUb Gtßrs rbs;r)aM b¤ erOgnimYy²edaypÞal;. minRtwmEtb:ueNÑaHenA )anpþl;CUnTsSnikCnGaceQVgyl;)anCamunkñúgcinþarm μN_rbs;xøÜnfahak;bIdUcCamanRbti PasCamYyelak³mYyd¾Gs©arüpgEdr.

TaMgnimitþrU)armμN_pSMeTAedayseBa©tna eq<aHeTArkdMeNIrkarsMEdgr)aMk,ac;buraNkIþ erOgelçank,ac;buraNkþIsuT§Et)anpþl;CUnTsSnikCnnUvebtiesamnsSCamunmYYyPaKFMpg tamry³esati®nÞiyarmμN_muneBlEdl)anTsSnanUvkarsEmþgpÞaMgTsSnIyPaBTaMgenaH.

edaysareQ μaHr)aMeQ μaHerOgelçanr)aMk,ac;buraNmanTMnak;TMngeTAnwgeTvkfaburaN pgRbvtiþkalnanatamry³GkSrsil,_man\Ti§Blya:gxaøMgeTAnwgxwømsarsEmþgRBmTaMg

116

)anpþl;CYnTsSniknUvGVIEdlCasar³rbs;r)aMb¤erOgelçanEfmeTotmuneBlEdl)aneXIjkar sEmþgCak;EsþgehIybnþeTAenHKWCabNþacMNgeCIgerOgmYycMnYnEdl)anbnSl;Tuk.

¬rUbelx87¦³ cmøak;eTBGbSrenAelICBa¢aMgR)asaTburaNExμr

117

4> bBa¢Ir)aMk,ac;buraN b¤ r)aMRBHraCRTBüEdlrs;eLIgvijtamlMdab;GkçrRkm k> bBa¢IeQ μaHr)aM 65

l>r eQ μaHr)aM kalbriecäT sEmþg

kalbriecäT énkarrs;eLIgvij

GñktemøIg

1 r)aMkinñr 2 kEnSg 3 k,ac;)atykS 4 k,ac;)atsVa ¬)a:FM¦ 5 éklas RBHmhakSRtiyanIkusum³narIr½tñ

m:mÉmdkBay - neratþm bu)aöeTvI 6 kRmgpáa 1986 elakRKUeRBOgeQog -GñkRKUsutsMGun

lI yuT§Lwg 7 xøMú ¬egaH ¦ ? 8 EKn ? m:m xat; 9 RKuD

10 -cuHRsg; ? GñkRKUmøiH Rkg 11 cm,:amaseTs b¤ GbSra semþcRBHknñidæars μIesaP½N

-Xun ]sa- m:mÉm dkBay GñkRKU Ca samI - GñkRKU Ém Fay

12 qabBa©úH tYnag nayerag 13 q μar GñkRKU dkBr 14 CUnBr ? m:mÉmdkBay 15 CUnBrTahancas ; ?

65

bBa¢IsareBIPNÐ ebtikPNÐvb,Fm’GrUbIkm<úCa Inventory of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Cambodi , Ministry of Culture And Fines Arts And UNESCO /2004.

- dkRsg;ecjBIesovePA ³ Earth in Flower. a Historical an Descriptive Study of theClassical

Dance Drama of Cambodia rbs;elak CRAVATH, Paul Ruesel,University of Hawai, Phd.

1985. nig RBwT§acarür)aMmYycMnYnman GñkRKU suT§ sMGun/ Ém Fay/ rs; Kg;/ swum mnßa/ miuj kusnI/ eRBOg eQog

118

16 QUyqayqμa 1941 17 QUyqaybYgsYg 1949 18 QUyqayykS ? Xun-mit 19 QUyqayCMTg; 20 r)aMdav 1957 21 taEy: m:mRKU qavrI - m:m Ém dkBay 22 taxwg : r)aMRkma : ? 23 RtYtBl 24 fVayRBHBr 1999 semþcracbuRtIRBHeromneratþm bu)aöeTvI

elakRKU eRBOg eQog GñkRKU sut sMGun GñkRKU rs; Kg; GñkRKU Eb:n suxXYn/GñkRKU Ém Fay GñkRKU sut sumalI

25 TivaRbéB GñkRKU Ca samI 26 eTevt 1941 27 eTvkBaØa 28 eTBkBaaØka 29 eTBnikr 30 eTBmenarmü ? semþcRBHmhakSRtiyanIkusum³narIr½tñ

m:m ywmy:an 31 Tahancas;¬dav¦ 1958 m:m ywmya:n; 32 narICaCYr ? 33 narIExμrEtgxøÜn semþcRBHkniñdæa rs μIesaP½N

m:m Ém dkBay 34 nagEbøg ? 35 r)aM )acpáa 36 bYgsYgFM 37 bYgsYgRBahμN_ ? 38 e)A lwm 1931 39 e)A lut 1931 40 bu)aöelakIy_ ? semþcRBHkniñdæa rs μIesaP½N

GñkRKU Ca xan; - GñkRKUCa samI

119

GñkRKU Ém Fay 41 páamas páaR)ak; 1931 1979-2002 42 pøit 1938 GñkRKU Eqm nig m:m Ém dkBay 43 RBabsnþiPaB GñkRKU Ca samI - GñkRKU sut sMGun

GñkRKU rs; Kg; 44 RBabs 45 RBHefag 1931 46 RBahμN_ 1943 47 RBahμN_tU 48 RBHnarayN_EbgPaK 49 BUefA {PUma} elakRKU b‘unr:ug 50 -r)aMRBHRtas; ? 51 PYgnarI 1950 m:m ywmy:an; 52 mNIemxlanigram\sUr 53 mNIemxla rkSasmuRT 54 menaseBa©tna ? 55 mitþPaB 56 r)aMman; 1956 57 már 1933 GñkRKU Eqm - Xun mit 58 emGMe)A b¤ Bs; 59 menaseBa©tna 60 ya:kn ? 61 la 62 lav 63 vrQunnigmNIemxla 1933 64 vaeyapaypat;

{GULMPMupat;}

65 esksarika GñkRKU dkBr 66 sara:k; )ar:ug 1931 67 suvNÑmcäa 1932 68 sVaRbcab ; 1939 69 hnumansuvNÑmcäa ? GñkRKUdkBr

120

¬eRcog¦ 70 71 GbSra 1962 RBHmhakSRtiyanI suIsuvtßi kusum³

narIr½tñ sirIvDÆna- m:mqavrI- m:m Ém dkBay- semþcRBHeromneratþm bu)aöeTvI - elakhgS Fn; hak;

72 ÉkraCüCajC½y b¤ páa RBHmhakSRtiyanI suIsuvtßi kusum³ narIr½tñ sirIvDÆna m:m sysgVan - GñkRKU Ca-xan;

x> bBa¢Ir)aMk,ac;buraN bJ r)aMRBHraCRTBü Edl)an)at;bg; 73 kanIqa 74 Rkma 1943 75 r)aMkSRt 1950 76 r)aMek¶ak 1952 77 kMNaBübYgsYgnigr)aM 78 cab;r)aM 79 ecAyIgdada 1939 80 eqamkaLabus,a 81 qaynIs dU 82 CVa 83 dMeNIrk,ÜnGñkr)aM 84 r)aMnaK 85 b‘un LÚy¬raMrebobtøúk¦ 1938 86 )aeLLav 1942 87 )aeLkm<úCa 88 bYgsYgfVayeTvta 1946 89 r)aMpáa 1951 90 m©as;kSRtIbuTum 91 mitþPaBEx μr-Gaemrik 1959 92 mitþPaBEx μr-cin 1960 93 r)aMykS

121

94 r)aMrMlwkfVayRBHviBaØaNkç½n§ RBHmhakSRt munIvgS

1941?

95 r)aMviLan;da 1948 96 r)aMsaLam:a b¤ saLÚma: 97 r)aMsIunYn ? 98 r)aMsVaKmn_ 1941 99 r)aMhVINal; 10

0 hukRksat? 1947

101

r)aMhgSas 1956

102

Gaeb:sasn_{ \NÐacuHsMeBA }

?

K> bB¢aIerOgelçank,ac;buraN b¤ elçanRBHraCRTBüEdlrs;eLIgvij 1 kakI ? 2 éRkefag 1933 3 RBHcnÞeKarB 1945 4 RBHCinvgS 5 QutGnurutedjkinñr ? 6 QutsuPl½kç ¬erOgGnurut¦

?

7 RBHefag nagnaK 1965 semþcRBHmhakSRtiyanIkusm³narIr½tñ Xun may - m:mÉm dkBay/ GñkRKUmøiHRkg GñkRKU RBg Gñkmñager:t elakRKU ex μA elakRKU hgS Fn;hak;

8 TiBVsgVa 9 ramekr×þ

91 Qutcm,aMgRkugraBN_ 92 QutedjeRbIsmas

122

93 QutRBHramRtYtBl 94 QutRkugraBN_qk;nagsita 95 QutsuvNÑmcäa 96 QutsitaluyePøIg

1995 neratþm bu)aöeTvI- elak eRBOg eQog

GñkRKU Ém Fay- GñkRKU sut sMGun GñkRKU sut sumalI-GñkRKUEb:n suxhYn

97 Qutcgs<an

1996 neratþm bu)aöeTvI -elakeRBOg eQog GñkRKUÉm Fay-GñkRKU sut sMGun

98 Qutsita{dgTwk}kñúgéRB

1997 GñkRKUÉm Fay-GñkRKU miuj kusnI elakRKU eRBOg eQog

99 QutramlkμSN_-Cb;lk μSN_

? m:m-ywmy:an;

910 QutRBHramcUlekadæ 10 RBHlkSiNvgS ? 11 RBHevsSnþr 1957 12 RBHs½gç 1941 ? 13 RBHsamut 1936 14 sUriyavgS 15 RBHGnuruTÞ 1939 16 \sIdac;Qan 1963 semþcRBHmhakSRtiyanIkusum³narIr½tñ

Xun may-m:mÉm dkBay elak m:Yt- GñkRKU møiHRkg

17 GIuNav 1958

X> bBa¢IerOgelçank,ac;buraN b¤ elçanRBHraCRTBüEdl)at;bg; 18 eknvILar:a 1948 19 éklas 20 cRkavgS 21 RBHecAdMrIs 1947 22 ecAsuris½kiþ 23 C½yT½t 1950

123

24 RBHC½yEsn 1956 25 RBH)aTC½yeCt 1944 26 edvkBaØa b¤ edvkanIka 1958 29 RBHbtßamasan;)a:FI 1952 27 p©aj;mar 28 RBHektumala 29 RBHeXabuRt 30 nagcm,:aefag 31 RBHnarayN_EbgPaK 32 RBH)aTFmμasmμaeBaFi 33 RBHbuTumsuriya 34 RBHlinefag 35 RBHs½gçh‘un 36 RBHsuT§INacRkriT§I 37 RBHsuTi§vgS 38 RBHsuTi§bJT§i 39 RBHsuTi§vgS 40 m:ak;fWg 41 BgSsuvNÑcnÞsaer:t 42 vgSsuvNÑ 1941 43 suFincRk 1933 44 suvNÑBgS ? 45 suvNÑhgS? 1939 46 suvNÑhug 1946 47 RBHsuFn-Ekvmenah¾ra ?

124

5> briyaysegçbGMBIr)aMk,ac;buraNExμr bJ r)aMRBHraCRTBü r)aMk,ac;buraNEx μr KW CanimitþrUbénGarüFm’d¾rugerOgrbs;Ex μr Edl)annaMmknUvxwømsar

d¾eRcIn\tKNnasMrab;kulbuRtkulFItaCMnan;eRkay)aneXIjRbtükStamkal³eTs³d¾sm Rsb EdlminmanCatisasn_NaGaceRbobRbdUc)aneLIy.

k> r)aMkinñr kinñrCaeQμaHbkSImYyRbePT EdlmanrUbCamnusSehIy

mansøabGacehaHehIr)an kinñrmanniyayEtenAkñúgerOgeRBgExμr Etb:ueNÑaH. r)aMkinñrmansRms;EbøkRtg;kayvikark,ac;Edlman lkçN³dUcstVehaHehIr nigCak,ac;sMxan;enAkñúgcMeNamk,ac; ÉeTot²énr)aMk,ac;buraNEx μr .

x> r)aMkRmgpáa r)aMkRmgpáa Car)aMsVaKmn_GbGrsarTrEdlsil,karinIr)aMraMkan;kRmgpáa CanimitþrUb

énmitþPaB. eKniymsEmþgr)aMenHenAeBlebIkBiFIFM² b¤semÖaFsmiT§iplsMxan;epSg². K> r)aMkSRt

eyIgeXIjmanenAEtkñúgRkaMgsMEdgr)aMk,ac;buraNEx μr { kSRt } Car)aMk,ac;buraNmYy EdlsBVéf¶eKBMuEdleXIjsEmþgeT. r)aMenH)anbgðajGMBIsRms;d¾Rss;pUrpg;énGgÁkSRt RKb;GgÁEdlRTg;Rbdab;RBHkayRbkbedayeRKOgGlgáarPøWepøkdUcEdlmanEcgenAkñúgGtßbT ceRmogburaNxageRkamenH.

125

RKb;GgÁRTg;Rsg; CRmHR)aN suKn§arsaylab kaypUrpg;. sñab;]rUsgVa PUsaRTg; qøgGgÁlm¥ Rss;eqItqay. kgkan;suvNÑ elcrs μI TRmg;eBRCRBay qøúHenRta. RTg;máúdesotRkws b¤T§Ikøa yaRtacUlKal; RBHeCosC½y.

X> r)aMcm,:amaseTs ÉksarmYycMnYn)an[dwgfa r)aMcm,a:maseTsenHRtUv)aneKbegáIteLIgmunr)aMGbSra

eTAeTot ehIyRtUv)ansEmþgedayRBHGgÁm©as;kSRtI neratþm suCati CadMbUgbg¥s;. eRkay mkr)aMenHRtUv)ansEmþgeLIgedayRBHGgÁm©as;kSRtI neratþm vCra. r)aMcm,:amaseTs EdlsEmþgenAeBlenHKWCasñaédénGñkRKU Ém Fay eday)anrkSax¢ab;x¢ÜnnUvGtßn½y nig k,ac;edIménr)aM.

g> qabB©úaH enAkñúglkçN³Gb;rMsuRkwtmYy sisSr)aMExμrcab;epþIm hat;hVwkhVWn cab;taMg BIekμg

Gayu5 b¤ 6 qñaM . Caerogral;éf¶ eKeronBt;éd Bt;eCIg edIm,I[ragkay nigGvyv³manPaB Tn;Pøn;EdlCaesaPNPaB niglkçN³tRmUvsMxan;mYyenAkñúgr)aMk,ac;buraNExμr . qabB©úaH rYmbBa©ÚlnUvk,ac;)atmYycMnYnEdlsisSr)aMRKb;rUbRtUvecHmunnwgeTAeronr)aMepSgeTot.

126

c> r)aMqμa r)aMqμaCar)aMsRmab;nadkakumartUc²sEmþgfVayRBHBrC½y nigekatsresIrBIRBHkitüa

nuPaBrbs;RBHmhakSRt.

q> r)aMCUnBr r)aMCUnBrCaRbePTr)aMskáar³sEmþgsRmab;]TÞisfVayGaTieTBnigvtßús½kþisiTi§ edIm,IsuM

esckþIsux[cUlmandl;RBHmhakSRt RbCaCn nig RbeTsCati .

C> r)aMQUyqay r)aMQUyqay )anbegáIteLIgedaysemþcRBHneratþm suFars edaymanGtßbT

erobrab;GMBIsRms;d¾l¥nigRBHsUresogd¾BIeraHrbs;m©as;kSRtiymYyRBHGgÁ. eyIgsegát eXIjfar)aMQUyqayenHmankarbkRsayeRcInEbbmanr)aMQUyqayCMTg; r)aMQUyqayq μa nig r)aMQUyqayGgÁrpgEdr.

127

Q> r)aMtaEy: r)aMtaEy: Car)aMeTv³EdlmanGtßn½ybrisuT§x<g;x<s;y:agRCaleRCACaTIbMput. Gñkr)aM

raMRbkbeTAedaykaybrisuT§citþeBareBjedayvisuT§mKÁnaMnUvBrBIeTv³mkpþl;CUnmnusSelak [smRbkbeTAedaysnþiPaB vibulPaB nigsuPmgÁl.

j> r)aMdav r)aMdav ¬eKeRbIdavCa]bkrN_sMxan;enA kñúgr)aM¦eKniymsEmþgr)aMenHenAkñúgTivabMBak;s½kiþ eyaFa. Gtßn½yrbs;ceRmogerobrab;GMBIBrsBÞ saFukarfVay nig CYncMeBaHfñak;dwknaMEdlmancitþ esμaHRtg;RBmTaMgmankarebþCJacitþy:agemaHmut ts‘UkarBarCatimatuPUmi.

d> r)aMTivaRbéB r)aMTivaRbéB)anbegáIteLIgedayGñkRKU Ca samI sRmab;kumarIr)aMenAkñúg»kas

buNüxYbTivakumarnaqñaM1979. eRkABIKuNPaBTsSnIyPaBr)aMenH)anbgáb;nUvlkçN³Gb;rM BImitþPaB PatrPaB nigesñhaCatipgEdr.

f> r)aMeTBkBaØaka r)aMeTBkBaØakaRtUv)anbegáIteLIgenAqñaM 1992 edaynadka nigtRnþIkrmYyRkum eRkamkardwknaMeday sM cnÞmUlI Edl CacMENkmYyénKeRmagr)aMenA Jacob’s Pillow Dance

FestivalnashrdæGaemrik. xøwmsarénr)aMenHbkRsay GMBIsRms;rbs;R)agÁR)asaTsilaburaNExμr RBmTaMgkar ekatsresIrcMeBaHsñaédd¾eqñImrbs;sil,krEx μr enAkñúg

128

GMLúgstvtSknøgmkenH. ÉkayvikarenAkñúgr)aM KWCakarbkRsayGMBIk,ac;Edlqøak;enA elICBa¢aMgénR)asaTGgÁrvtþ.

D> r)aMeTBmenarmü r)aMeTBmenarmü EdlCar)aMmYyd¾suRkwthμt;ct;tamk,ÜnxñatRbéBNIénr)aMburaNRtUv

)anerobcMEksRmYlCafμ IedaysemþcRBHmhakSRtiyanI suIsuvtiß kusum³ narIr½tñ sirIvDÆna. nadkaCatMNag[eTv³ nigeTvtaraMBt;EBn edIm,IbYgsYgsuMesckþIsux esckþI ceRmInCUndl;RbCaBlrdæ nigRbeTsCati.

N> r)aMeTevT r)aMeTevTCaRbePTr)aMk,ac;buraNExμr. enAmunqñaM1946 eKehAr)aMenHfa³ r)aMeTvTasI

sRmab;GñkraMeTal. eRkaymkr)aMenHRtUv)anRBHmhakSRtiyanI sIusuvtßi kusum³narIr½tñ sirIvDÆna rcnaécñ[eTACar)aMraMCaRkumvijehIymanlkçN³nigesaPNPaB BiessKWRkLa r)aMceRmog nig tRnþI CaedIm.

t> r)aMnarICaCYr r)aMnarICaCYr Car)aMbegáIteLIgsRmab;kumarIedaymann½ynigxøwmsarbkRsayBIlm¥

d¾RbNItrbs;r)aMk¾dUcCavb,Fm’Ex μrpgEdr. Gtßn½ymüa:geTotrbs;r)aMnarICaCYr KWkarsMEdg nUvktþBaØÚtaFm’ cMeBaHbuBVburseyIgEdl)anxMEfrkSaTuk[)anKg;vgS nigEckbnþekrtMENl nUvmt’kd¾mantémøkat;éfømin)anenH.

f> r)aM)acpáa r)aM)acpáaCaRbePTr)aMskáar³sEmþgsRmab;]TÞisfVayGaTieTB nigvtßús½kiþsiTi§ edIm,IsuM

esckþIsux cUlmandl;RBHmhakSRt RbCaCn nigRbeTsCatiEx μr.

129

T> r)aMbu)äaelakIy_ r)aMbu)öaelakIy_ sMrab;kumarIerraMBt;eBneTAtamceRmog nigePøgBiNBaTüRbkbeday

sUresogd¾BIeraH. Gtßn½ykarsEmþgktþBaØÚtaFm’cMeBaHbuBVbursEx μrEdl)anbnSl;TuknUvekr mt’kd¾mantémøkat;éfømin)an.

Z> r)aMbYgsYgRBahμN_ tamTMenomTmøab;ExμreKsEmþgr)aMenHedIm,IbYgsYgsMuesckþIsux nig esckþIceRmInCUn

cMeBaHRbeTsCati nigRbCaCn.

n> r)aMpøit pøitCa]bkrN_sMxan;EdlRtUveRbIenAkñúgr)aMenH eKsEmþgr)aMpøitedIm,IsMusuxsnþiPaB

sirIsYsþI nig suPmgÁl fVayRBHmhakSRt GñkdwknaM nigRbCaBlrdæ.

130

b> r)aMBUefA )anCaehAr)aMenHfa {r)aMBUefA } BIeRBaHBUefACa]bkrN_sMxan;EdlRtUvnaMmkeRbIenA

kñúgr)aM. ceRmogEdlkMdredayvg;ePøgBiNBaTüerobrab;nigrMlwkkUnEx μrGMBIExμrEdlCaGñk RsLaj; sil,³ RBmTaMgjúaMg[eyIgnaMKñaEfrkSanUvsm,tþiRbéBNId¾mantémøenH[)anx¢ab; x¢ÜnnigRbkbedayemaTnPaB.

p> r)aMRBabs {RBabs} CanimitþrUbénsnþiPaB. r)aMRBabsCar)aMnimitþrUb

énesckIþs¶b;suxnwgsnþiPaBrbs;;RbCaBlrdæTUTaMgBiPBelak TaMgmUl.

B> r)aMPYgnarI eKniymsEmþgr)aMPYgnarIenAkñúgBiFIbuNüsMxan;²epSg² nig sMrab;TTYlePJóvnana.

ceRmog nig kayvikarkñúgr)aMPYgnarIenHbgðajGMBIkareRbobeFobénPaBTn;Pøn;rbs;RsþIEx μr. eTAnwgsRms;FmμCati CaBiessKWpáa.

P> r)aMmenaseBa©tna r)aMmenaseBa©tna)anbegáIteLIgenAkñúgGMLúgqñaM1980 edaykvInignadkénsakl

viTüal½yPUminÞviciRtsil,³naTIRkugPñMeBjkñúgeKalbMNgpþl;meFüa)aynig»kasdl;sisS r)aMeronsMEdgnUvmenaseBa©tnacMeBaHmuxTsSnikCn. eRkayBI)anhat;ecHsÞat;nUvk,ac;)at rYcehIysisSr)aMk¾cab;hat;eronGMBIk,ac;dgxøÜnnigsMEdgnUvmenaseBa©tnaenAkñúgr)aMBiBN’na k¾dUcCar)aMFm μtaEdr.

131

m> r)aMmitþPaB r)aMenHsEmþgeLIg edIm,IbgðajBImitþ

PaBrvagCatisasn_nana. Tg;CatitMNag RbeTsnanacUlrYmenAkñúgTivad¾mehaLarik enHbk;rvicekokkitKñaCanimitþrUbénTwkcitþ siñT§sñalmitþPaBnigsnþiPaBPaBsuxsanþén RbCaCnTUTaMgBiPBelakTaMgmUl.

y> r)aMemGMe)A r)aMemGMe)A )anbegáIteLIgedayRBHmhakSRtiyanI suIsuvtßi kusum³ narIr½tñ sirIvDÆna

enACMnan;RBH)aTsemþcRBHneratþm suraRmwt. r)aMenHGaceRbICar)aMemGMe)Ak¾)anCar)aMnaK k¾)antamEdleyIg)aneXIjenAkñúgGtßbTceRmogkMdrr)aMKWmanxøwmsarTak;TgeTAnwgstV naK.

r> r)aMmár r)aMmárCar)aMEdlmanGtßn½yBak;B½n§nwgeTBrkSa

elak nig CanimitþrUbénelakFatuTaMg bYn KW Twk dI ePøIg xül;. eKeRbIclnapøitCaclnaxül;eFVI[manclnaTwk edayTwkeFVI[manclnadI nig clnaePøIg. TaMgGs;enH CaclnaEdlmanenAkñúgcRkvaLnasßannimYy²enAkñúg FmμCatinigenAkñúgrUbénbuKÁlmñak;². eBlEdlclnaman tulüPaB esckþIsuxnwgekItmandl;buKÁlmñak;²k¾dUcCa sgÁmCati nigmnusSCatiEdr.

132

l> r)aMvrQun r)aMvrQunCaRbePTr)aMk,ac;buraNEx μr. eBlEdlvrQunenAeronmnþviC¢asil,_saRsþ

epSg²mYyqñaMmþgeBlevlamYy)ankMNt;[sisSTaMgGs;mkCYbCMuKña. luHdl;eBlevla ehIyeKk¾mkCYbCMuKñaedIm,InwgraMkmSanþ. eBlenaHk¾manmNIemxlaEdlenAEfrkSasmuRT )aneLIgmkCYbCMunwgeKedIm,IraMkmSanþpgEdr.

v> r)aMesksarika r)aMesksarikaRtUv)anbegáIt nig rcnaeLIgsRmab;kumarIr)aMCMTg; EdlmankarhVwkhVWn

nigBiesaFn_xøH²ehIy. lkçN³BiessmYyrbs;r)aMenH KWkareFVIRtab;tamGakb,kiriyarbs; mnusS nigstVsøabdUcCaedIr nig ehIrCaedIm.

s> r)aMhnumanRbcab; enAkñúgerOgramekr×þ manRbePTtYGgÁsMxan;4

KW nag nayerag ykS nig sVa. QutsVaRbcab; bgðajBIcm,aMgrvagsVa s nig sVaexμA. Ex μreyIg snñidæanfa sVa s nig sVaexμAenH CatMNagsPav³ l¥ nig sPav³ GaRkk;. dUecñHCaFmμtaeyIgEtg Et[sVasQñHsVaex μA EdlCanimitþrUbfasPav³l¥ QñHsPav³GaRkk;.

133

h> r)aMGbSra GbSra CaRsIeTBGbSrnigRsIraMsYK’a manRbPBedImBIkarkUrsmuRTTwkedaH rvag eTvta

nigykS edIm,IykTwkGRmwtEdlCa»sfGmt³.

L> r)aMÉkraCüCajC½y r)aMÉkraCüCajC½yCasñaRBhsßénRBHGgÁm©as;

kSRtI knñidæa rsμIesaP½N. eKsEmþgr)aMenHedIm,IGbGr saTrTivaÉkraCüCatiEdlExμr)anTTYlBI)araMgnaqñaM 1953 eRkamRBHraCbUCnIykic© nig RBHraCmKÁúeTÞsk_ d¾x<g;x<s;]tþúg]tþménRBHkruNaRBH)aTsemþc RBH neratþm sIhnu RBHbitaÉkraCüCatiExμr.

134

6> elçank,ac;buraN k> erOgkakI kakICaerOgmYyEdlCaRBHraCniBn§rbs;RBH)aTsemþc RBHhrir³rama \sSraFibtI

RBHGgÁDYg RBHbrmekadæ ¬1796-1860¦ enAqñaM1815 kalBIRBHGgÁmanRBHCnμ 19 RBHvsSa66enAeLIy.

erOgenH)anqøúHbBa©aMgBIlkçN³RsþIEdlCatYGgÁÉkeQ μaHnagkakI. CaerOgmYyEdl RtUv)andak;bBa©Úlkñúgkm μviFIsikSaEx μrkRmitmFümkñúgeKaledAGb;rMkUnEx μrBIPaBes μaHRtg; cMeBaHsVamIPriya.

x> erOgéklas {éklas} CaQutmYydkRsg;BIerOg RBHsuFnnagEkvmenahra EdlbkRsayfa

sm½yéf¶mYymaneTBFIta5GgÁnaMKñacuHBIsßanéklas. mkdl;RsHRsg;eTBFItanaMKñaedaH semøókbMBak;RBmTaMgkEnSgbg;kEdlCakEnSgsil,_ GaceFVI[eTBFItaTaMgenaHGacehaH ehIr)anrYcehIycuHeTARsg;KgÁakñúgRsHe)akçrNI.

eBlenaHmankSRtmYyRBHGgÁRbkbedayrUbeqamy:agRss;sgða )anlYclbemIl skmμPaBrbs;eTBFItaTaMgenaH ehIyk¾mancitþRbtiB½T§eTAelIeTBFItamYyGgÁEdls¥atCag eKbMputKWnageBA. edayR)afñacg;)annageBA kSRtGgÁenaHk¾lYcykkEnSgbg;krbs;nageBA edIm,IkMu[nagGacehaHRtLb;eTAsßanéklasvij)an.

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66 lag hab;Gan 1966³ 3-4.

135

nageBA. EtnageBA)ansþIbenÞasGgÁkSRtEdl)anRbRBwtþGMeBIBMuKYrKb,IcMeBaHrUbnag GgÁkSRt enaHk¾sasglYgelameTAnageBAfa ebInagRBmRsLaj;RBHGgÁRBHGgÁnwgRbTankEnSg bg;kenaHfVayeTAnagvij. BMu)aneqøIytbnwgsMeNIrbs;kSRtGgÁenaHeT nagk¾ykkEnSg enaHmkBak;. EttamkarBitnageBAk¾manRBHT½yRbtiB½T§cMeBaHkSRtGgÁenaHEdr.

K> erOgéRkefag erOgéRkefag CaerOgeRBgEx μrmYyEdlbkRsayfa nasm½yéf¶mYymanbuRtIrbs;

mhaesdæIBIrnak;eQ μaHnagsMeBAEkvnignagsMeBAmas)ansMuGnuBaØatbitaedIm,IeTAmuCTwkenA kñúgsÞwgmYy. GñkbeRmIRbusRsI)anhamnag sMeBAEkv nignagsMeBAmasfakMu[cuHeTAq¶ay BIRcaMgTenøeBk. min)aneFVItamkardas;etOnrbs;GñkbeRmIeTnagsMeBAmask¾RtUvRkeBImYy eQ μaHqara:va:n; BaMyk)at;eTA. dMNwgGkuslenH)anelcB¤dl;esdæI esdæIk¾RbkasrkGñk køahanedIm,IeTArMedaHyknagsMeBAmasmkvij edaysnüafanwgerobkarnagsMeBAmas[ bursGñkkøahanenaHEfmeTotpg.

esckþIRbkasenH)anB¤dl;éRkefagCaburskøahanGg;Gac nigmaneTBekaslüGac edIrelITwk)annigmuCeTAdl;)atTenø)an. éRkefagk¾R)ab;esdæIfanwgeTArMedaHyknagsMeBA masmkvij ehIysnüafanwgvilRtLb;kñúgry³eBlbIéf¶. EføgBIRkeBIqar:av:an;kalebIBaMM yknagsMeBAmaseTAkñúgrUgrbs;vaehIyk¾ERbkaLaCamnusS rYcecjmkEccg;nagsMeBAmas edayBaküEp¥mElðm. eBlEdléRkefagERCkTwkmkdl; qara:va:n;k¾yknagsMeBAmaseTA lak;rYcehIyERbkaLaCaRkeBIvij edIm,ItTl;CamYynwgéRkefag. TIbMputRkeBIqar:ava:n;RtUv éRkefagsmøab;)an. edayeXIjnagsMeBAmasK μaneRKaHfñak;GVI éRkefagk¾erobrab;R)ab; nagsMeBAmasBIkic©snüaEdlesdæI)anRbkas ehIyk¾sYreTAnagsMeBAmasfa etInagRBm RsLaj;xøÜnEdrb¤eT? nagsMeBAmaseqøIyfaRsLaj; rYcehIyGñkTaMgBIrk¾RtLb;eTACYb esdæI eBlenaHesdæIk¾erobkarGñkTaMgBIrbþIRbBn§tamsnüa.

136

X> erOgTiBVsgVa eRkayBI)aneroncb;viC¢asil,_viC¢akarCamYynwgta\sIecHcb;sBVRKb;ehIy RBHPiruNk¾

fVaybgÁMlaelaktamha\sIRtLb;eTARsukvij. enAkñúgRKaCamYyKñaenaHÉg esþcykSmYy eQ μaH Binura:t manbMNgnwgcUlsþIdNþwgnagTiBVsgVarBIm©as;kSRtiy_RBHépsum:alI[kUnRbus eQ μaH v½yr:at. bnÞab;BIdwgfa RBHépsum:alIBuMRBmelIkbuRtI TiBVsgVa [v½yr:atRBHBinur:at k¾RbkassRgÁamCamYyRBHépsum:alI. RBHépsuma:lIk¾eTArkesþcnaK[CYyesþcnaKFana fanwgCYyRBHépsum:alI nigkaLaxøÜnnagTiBVsgVar[eTAemT½Bd¾køahanmñak;. enAeBl EdlsRgÁamkMBugekIteLIgrvagRBHBinur:at nignagTiBVsgVarRBHPiruNk¾)anmkdl; ehIyCYy nagTiBVsgVa[manC½yCmñHelIT½Brbs;RBHBinur:at. TIbB©ab; RBHPiruNnignagTiBVsgVark¾man citþesñha nwgKña .

g> erOgRBHcnÞeKarB eRkayBIeroncb;viC¢asil,_saRsþehIy RBHcnÞeKarBk¾fVaybgÁMlaelaktamha\sIvil

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c> erOg RBHCinvgS eRkayBI)aneroncb;viC¢asil,_saRsþnwgmha\sIehIy RBHCinvgSk¾sUmfVaybgÁMla

mha\sIedIm,IvilRtLb;eTAnKrvij.munnwgecjmha\sIfVayRBHx½nmYyedImdl;RBHCinvgS edayGs;kmøaMgeBkRBHCinvgSk¾sRmakenAeRkamedImeQImYy. eBlenaHmansVasmYymk lYcykRBHx½nrbs;RBHCinvgS. bnÞab;mkesþcykSnam RBH)aTciRta)anCYbnwgsVas rYck¾ smøab;sVasehIyykRBHx½neTAnKrrbs;RBHGgÁeTA.

137

RBHCinvgSetIneLIg)at;RBHx½neXIjsVassøab;k¾Rbs;sVa[rs; rYcsYrrkehtuplehIy naMKñatameTArkRBHx½nmkvij. RBHCinvgSnigsVas)anmkdl;RBHraCvaMgrbs;RBH)aTciRta )aneXIjnagGBa¢an;citþ ¬GBa¢an;BiciRt¦ kMBugyagkmSanþkñúgsYnc,ar. RBHCinvgSk¾ERb kaLaCastVsVas[eTACakUnsVa ehIyrt;tRmg;eTArknagGBa¢an;citþedIm,I[nageRbI[sñM beRmIedjtamcab;kUnsVaenaH sñMbeRmITaMgGs;vegVgpøÚvelIkElgEtsñMÉkeQμaHnagmartI Edl)antamkUnsVarhUtdl;TIkEnøgEdlRBHCinvgSenArg;caM. eRkaymkGñkTaMgBIrRsLaj;Kña ehIyRBHCinvgS)ansUm[nagmartIykRBHx½nmk[vij. nagmartIsUm[kUnsVaeTACamYy nagvijRBHCinvgSk¾yl;RBm. nagmartIfVaykUnsVadl;nagGBa¢an;citþ ehIynagGBa¢an;citþ RTg;kEnSgesayesakasMuGnuBaØatBIRBHbitaedIm,ITukkUnsVa[enACamYynag. RBHCinvgS enAcaMkñúgéRBEtmñak;Ég. TIbMputkUnsVaRtLb;mkvijCamYynwgRBHx½nrYcehIyRBHCinvgSnwg sVask¾bnþdMeNIreTARBHnKreTA.

q> erOgRBHefag RBHefag CatYGgÁmYyenAkñúgerOgeRBg

Exμr CasVamIrbs;nagnaKEdlCabuRtIrbs;esþc PuCgÁnaK. maneBlmYy RBH)aTGaTitüavgS )anRtUveKTUlfa buRtc,grbs;RBHGgÁRBHnam RBHefagmanbMNgnwgrMlMraCüRBHGgÁ. RTg; RCabdUecñaHRBH)aTGaTitüavgSk¾bBa¢a[buRt eBArbs;RBHGgÁerobcMk,ÜnehIydak;RBH efagedIm,IbMe)aHbg;ecal.

RBHefagk¾TUleTARBHGnuCfaedIm,IkMu[manbBðaaRBHGgÁnwgnireTsRBHGgÁÉg. Ehhm edayBYkBlbrivarRBHefageLIgKg;elIk,ÜnehIyeFVIdMeNIrkat;mhasmuRTd¾FMeFg . TIbMput

138

RBHefag )anmkdl;ekaHmYyedaysuvtßiPaB rYcehIyRBHGgÁk¾)ansagsg;mhaR)asaT nig rs;enAedaysuxsanþ.

cMENkesþcGasuéc EdlRKgraCüenAelIekaHenaHeRkayBIRTg;RCabGMBIRBHefag)an mkdl;elIekaHrbs;RTg;dUecñaHehIyRBHGgÁk¾Rtas;bBa¢a[mRnþIm:aeLbYnrUb[ecjeTAyk kar. RBHefag)anR)ab;eTAmRnþITaMgbYnfa RBHGgÁRtUvnireTsedayRBHvrbita\LÚvRBHGgÁ )anmkdl;ekaHenHehIyRBHGgÁKμanbMNgGVIGaRkk;nwgcg;QøanBanekaHenHeLIy KWRBHGgÁ sMuEtesckþIsuxEtb:ueNÑaH.

minyUrb:unμanekr×þeQμaHl,IrnÞWrbs;RBHefagnigesckþIRsLaj;d¾elIslb;BIsMNak;RbCa raRsþ eFVI[RBH)aTGasuécRTg;manRBHT½yRcENnnwgRBHefag. RBH)aTGasuéck¾bBa¢a [kgT½BbeNþjRBHefagecjGMBIekaHenaH. edayminGacecos)anRBHefagk¾erobkgT½B ehIyecjtTl;nwgkgT½Brbs;RBH)aTGasuécmanC½yCMnHEfmTaMgnireTsRBH)aTGasuéc [cakecjGMBIekaHenaHeTotpg. cab;BIéf¶enaHmkRBHefagRKb;RKgTwkdIkm<úCarhUtmk d;l;sBVéf¶enH.

C> erOg RBHmhaevsSnþrCatk enHCaerOgcugeRkaybg¥s;énkarsnSM)armI edIm,I)anseRmcnUvsmμasem<aFiBaØaN énRBH

smNeKatþmbrmRKUéneyIg EdlmankñúgKm<IrTsCatknigCaerOgmYy Edlman\T§iBly:ag RCaleRCAeTAelIpñt;citþKMnitnigebHdUgEx μrRKb;rUb. erOgenHsgát;F¶n;eTAelIkarbMeBjTan )armIéntYGgÁRBHevsSnþr. eRkayBIRBHevsSnþr)andak;TandMrIsEdlCasm,tiþrbs;rdæmk RBHGgÁk¾RtUvRbCanuraRsþ nigRBHvrbitanireTs[eTAenAÉPñMKirIvgÁtCamYynwgRBHraCGKÁmehsI mRTI RBmTaMgbuRtaCalI nig buRtIRkwsña pg. kñúgkareFVITanenHRBHevsSnþr)anTaMgdak; Tan[eTAtaCUCknUvRBHGKÁmehsI RBmTaMgbuRtTaMgBIrpgEdr.

139

Q> erOg RBHs½gç erOgRBHs½gçlatRtdagBIRBH)aTsamlraC RTg;)anbB¢aa[raCGamatüeTARbkasrk

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j> erOgRBHsuFn nagEkvmenah_ra efμIréRBbuNÐrik)annaMRBHsuFneTAcaMemIlnageTBkBaØa 7 RBHGgÁ EdlkMBugsb,ayelg

Twkkñúge)akçrNI. eqøót»kasenaH RBHsuFnlblYcykés,nagEkvmenah_ralak;Tuk. rMeBc enaHsUrs½BÞsMeLgeX μaHlan;B¤rMBgeLIg EdlCasBaØasn μtdl;eBlevla EdlnageTBGbSr RtUvRtLb;eTAsßanéklasvij. nageTBGbSrTaMg7k¾mñImñaeLIgBIRsHerobcMxøÜnBak;és, edIm,IehaHRtLb;eTAsßanéklasvij. edayELknageBAEkvmenah_rayMesakrhUtdl; snøb;edaynagrkés,BMueXIjehIyRtUvbgehaHeTAecal)at;. )an»kasl¥RBHsuFnecj mkCYyykGasar ehIylYgelamRbelamesñh_rYcehIynaMnagEkvmenah_ramkrYmrs;kñúg RBHraCvaMgteTA.

140

éf¶mYy nKr]tþrbBa©alekItmanklyuKedaymansRtUvcUlQøanBan. RBH)aTvgSa Gnic©³CabitaRTg;)anRtas;bBa¢a[RBHsuFnerobcMBlesnaeyaFaecjc,aMgkm©at;sRtUvyk GasaRBHnKr[rYcputBIeRKaHP½y .

EføgBIRBHmataénRBHsuFn RBHnagcnÞaeTvIRTg;yl;subinnimitþeXIjehtuKYrrn§t;. ehtuEtkmμevraBICatimunbNþal[RBah μN_mancitþRbTUsþniyaybMepøIssubinnimitþEdll¥[ eTACaGaRkk;edayeBalfaebIminRbharnagEkvmenah_raeTenaHRBHnKrnwgekIteRKaHP½y céRgehIyRBHsuFnnwgRtUvkS½yRBHCnμEfmeTotpg. RBHbitaRBHmataénRBHsuFn eday mancitþsenþasRbNImin)anRbl½ynagEkvmenah_raeTRKan;Ete)aHbg;RBHnag[cakecjBI RBHnKrb:ueNÑaH. eBleFVIdMeNIrtampøÚvRBHnag)anCYbnwgmha\sImYyGgÁ ehIy)anedaH RBHTRmg;epJITukfVayRBHsuFnERkgRTg;yagtamrkRBHnag. eRkayBIRBHsuFneFVIsRgÁamman eCaKC½y RBHGgÁk¾yagcUlRBHnKrvijedayGMNrsaTrBInamWunsBVmuxmRnþInwgGaNaRbCa nuraRsþRKb;Kña. luHRTg;RCabBIehtukarN_)at;RBHmehsIRBHGgÁsøúts μartIy:agxøaMgeTIbRTg; sUmGnuBaØatBIRBHbitamatatamEsVgrknagEkvmenah_raenAsßanéklas.

enABak;kNþalpøÚv RBHsuFn)anCYbnwgmha\sI ehIy)anTTYlRBHTRmg;EdlCabeBaØI rbs;nagEkvmenah_ra. RTg;bnþdMeNIry:agEvgq¶ayedayCYbRbTHnUv]bsKÁCaeRcInrhUt )andl;sßanéklasdUcR)afña. RBHsuFnRTg;Kg;kñúgsalasMNak;Ek,rRsHRsg;mYyGs;Ca eRcInéf¶ ehIy)anTteXIjRsIsñMCaeRcInmkdgTwkkñúgRsHenaH. RTg;k¾sURtmnþGaKmKafa eFVI[k¥mTwkrbs;sñMmñak;manTm¶n;F¶n;elIkminrYc. luHRsIsñMÉeToteTAecalGs;enAEtsñMmñak; EdlelIkk¥mminrYc eTIbRBHsuFnyagecjmksaksYrCYyelIkk¥mehIyk¾)anlYcdak;RBH TRmg;enAkñúgk¥mTwkenaHpg.

edayeRBgnisS½yCaKUBIbueBV enAeBlEdlsñMcak;Twkk¥meRsacsuKn§varIfVayRBHnagEkv menah_raykRBHhsþeRCagRBHeksa. RKaenaHRBHTRmg;k¾Rsab;EtFøak;cUlCab;RmamRBH

141

hsþkSRtIy¾. eRkayBIRBHnagRTg;RCabesckþIBIRsIsñMehIy RBHnagEkvmenah_raminbg¥g; yUreLIyesþcyageTArkRBHsuFnenAÉmat;RsH.

enAeBlEdlkSRtTaMgBIrGgÁkMBugsasgedaykþInwkrB¤k RBH)aTTum<r nigRBHGKÁmehsI EdlCabitamataénRBHnagEkvmenah_ra RTg;k¾)anesþcyagmkdl;RsH ehIy)anTteXIj nigdwgnUvehtukarN_TaMgGs;rvagbuRtI nig RBHsuFn. edayRTg;yl;rUbeqaménRBHsuFn FibtImanb¤T§iecsþarugerOgsmnwgraCbuRtIRBHGgÁ RTg;sBVRBHraChbJT½yRBmTTYlGPiesk RBHsuFnCaraCsuNisa[enACasuxterogeTAehag.

d> erOgmNIem {QutmNIemxlarkSasmuRT} QutmNIemxlarkSasmuRT bgðajBItYGgÁmNIemxlanageLIgelIRBHsuvNÑBnøasßan

EdlnagmantYnaTICaGñkcaMEfrkSasmuRT. edaykþIesamnsSrIkrayBn;RbmaN nagk¾RTg; Rbdab;kayedayeRKOgEkvkgBiTUrüsUrükanþ edIm,IeFVIdMeNIreTAKal;vrQun EdlCaesþcén eTBnikr. eday\T§iBlénEkvmenahraenAkñúgédmNIemxlaehaHecjBIsßanrbs;xøÜnedIm,I eTACYbnwgvrQun.

f> erOgmNIemxla {Qutram\sUr} erOgmNIemxlaCaQutmYy dkRsg;BIRbePTelçank,ac;buraNExμr latRtdagBIkIþ

elaP³ eTas³rbs;mnusSeXareXAeTAelImitþP½kiþ nigGñksøÚtRtg; ehIyenATIbBa©b;k¾RtUv vinasGnþray. ram\sUrCamitþrbs;nagmNIemxla ehIyFøab;)ansikSaeronsURtBIRKUCa mYyKñaEtmancitþRcENnk¾tamsáat;vaydeNþImykEkvmNIBInagmNIemxla. TIbMput ram\sUrRtUvcaj;bBaØanigmhiT§ib¤T§iénEkvmNIrbs;nagmNIemxla. tamerOgniTannigCMenO rbs;Ex μr pÁr epøkbenÞar nig rnÞH CanimitþrUb énCemøaHrvagram\sUrnigmNIemxlaenaHÉg.

142

D> erOgramekr×þ erOgramekr×þCaesckþIERbénerOgramayN³ EdlCaBaküeXøagerOgcm,aMgy:agFMkñúg

RbeTs\NÐaburaN ehIyEdleK)anTukdak;faCasñaédrbs;kvIval μ ikii. BaküeXøagenHEtg CaPasasMRsáwtkñúg rvag B>s> RbmaN 750 qñaM ¬K>s>207¦.

GaRs½yedayk,ac;cmøak;enAR)asaTGgÁr nigenAR)asaTbntrn_kñúgRsukCVaenaH eyIg Gacdwg)anfa³ kalBIrvag B>s 1700 ¬K>s>1157¦ erOgramayaN³)anpSayBas eBjTUeTA. EtmankEnøgxøHCaeRcInmanbBa©ÚlesckþI nigerOgra:vsMrab;RsukmkbEnßm dUcCa enAkñúgerOgramekr×þenH edIm,I[mansPaBCaerOg sRmab;Rsuk.

]TahrN_³ dUcCaenAkñúgerOgramekr×þCaedIm kaknasUrrbs;val μ ikiikaLaxøÜnCastVEk¥k ehIyqk;yk)aymYydMu. brsuramasMRsáwtenaHkñúgesckþIEx μr eKTukfaCaykSehIyRtg; kEnøgbBa©kayenaH minmankñúgeXøagsMRsáwteLIy. ¬ramekr×þ 1964³ PaK1 TMB½r X ¦

tamkarRsavRCavrbs;GñkR)aCJkñúgRsuk\NÐa nigRsukGWr:ub eyIgdwgfaeXøagramayN³ pSaymkedayesckþIERbCarbs;Rsukbwgháal nig kñúgtMbn;\NÐaxagt,ÚgmktamRsukCVa nig m:aeLsIucUlmkdl;RsukExμrehIy)aneTABIRsukExμreTARsukesom. ¬ ramekr×þ 1964 ³PaK1 TMB½r g ¦

erOgramekr×þEdlmann½yfa³ { ekr×þeQμaHrbs;RBHram } latRtdagGMBITMnas; nig s®gÁamrvagRBHram nigRkugraBN_.

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143

- ramlk μSN_Cb;lk μSN_ - sitaluyePøIg - RBHramcUlekadiæbeBaäatnagsita.l. F> erOgs½gçsil,_C½y erOgs½gçsil,_C½y CaerOgburaN

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éf¶mYyykSkumÖ½NÐ)ancab;nag EkvsumnÞa EdlCaGnuCénRBHecARkugbB©aburI ykeTA eFVICamehsIrbs;xøÜn. RBHecARkugbBa©burImanTukçkþIeTamnsSy:agxøaMg edayRBat;R)asBI nagEkvsumnÞa. EføgBImehsIÉeTot² edayesckþIRcENnQñanIs manesckþIesamnsS CaGenkb,kar Edlnag Ekv sumnÞa RtUvykSkumÖ½NÐcab;ykeTA)at;enH. CabnÞab;mk mehsIyg;XñgTaMgenaH )ancak;rukRBHecARkugbBa©burI [bMe)aHbg;mehsImYyRBHGgÁeTot Edl)anRbsUtRBHraCbuRtbIRBHGgÁmYyGgÁCaKCsIh_ mYyGgÁeTotCaxügs½gç nigmYyGgÁ eTotCamnusSFmμta edayecaTfacéRgNas;. dUecñHehIy)anCanKrmanTurPikSmanykS mkcab;RbCaraRsþsIural;éf¶.

144

éføgBIbuRtBal4GgÁ)ancUlmkKal;RBHbita edayFanafanwgeTArMedaHRBHmatucäa RBHnag Ekv sumnÞa BIykS kumÖ½NÐ mkvij. bnÞab;mkk¾EkøgRBHraCsarykeTA[KCsIh_ xügs½gç nigs½gçsil,_C½y edayeBalBakümusafaCaRBHraCsarBIRBHbitaRBHecARkugbBa©burI bBa¢a[GñkTaMgbIeTA rMedaHRBHmatucäaBI ykSkumÖ½NÐ mkvij.

tampøÚvqøgsmuRT buRtBalTaMg4GgÁ sMu[KCsIh_enACamYyedIm,ICYyEfrkSaxøÚnÉnay smuRT. cMENkÉ s½gçsil,_C½y k¾CiHelIxñgxügs½gçqøgkat;smuRTeTAnKrkumÖ½NÐtamrkRBH matucäaEkvsumnÞa. enAnKrkumÖ½NÐbRmugnwgelIkbuRtIRBHnagsuBN’eTvI [eTAesþcPuCgÁnaK kñúgeKalbMNgcgs<anemRtIBRgwgmitþPaB. enAeBlEdlkumÖ½NÐykRBHnagsuBN’eTvIeTA fVayesþcPuCgÁnaKenaH s½gçsil,_+C½y nigxügs½gç k¾)anmkdl;nKrkumÖ½NÐ ehIy)anCYbnwg RBHnag Ekv sumnÞa kñúgRKaenaHÉg.

N> erOg suPlkçN_ suPlkçN_manrUbragBak;kNþalCamnusSRsI nigBak;kNþaleTotCaykçiNI. nagecH

sil,_viC¢akar nigCaGgÁrkSrbs;bgb¥ÚnCIdUnmYyrbs;nageQμaHnag]sSah_. éf¶mYy eTvta )annaM GnuruT§ mk[nag]sSah_ ehIydak;sil,_eFVI[GñkTaMgBIrniyayminekIt edIm,IkMu[«Buk nag]sSah_dwgerOg. eRkayBIenACamYyKña)anmYyyb;mk eTvtak¾naMyk GnuruT§ eTAvij. eBlPJak;eLIg nag]sSah_rk GnuruT§ mineXIj ekItTukçeTamnsSeRkomRkMCaGenk. nag ]sSah_k¾sMu[suPlkçN_ykkEnSg nigcieBa©ónrbs;nageTArkGnuruT§ enAÉRsukCitxagERkg maneKsÁal;. kñúgerOgenHsuPlkçN_BYnenAkñúgbnÞb;rbs; GnuruT§ rYcehIynagbk;kEnSgrbs; nag]sSah_ edIm,IbegðIrkøinkEnSgenaH[Paykøindl;eTAdl;RBHGnurT§. PJak;dwgxøÜneLIg suPlkçN_bgðajkEnSg nigcieBa©ón ehIysUmGgVr[GnurT§ [RtLb;eTACYbnwgnag ]sSah_vij. GnuruT§ yl;RBmehIyk¾RtLb;eTACYbCMuCamYynag]sSah_vij.

145

t> erOg GiuNav busS)a erOgGIuNav b¤GIuNavbusS)aCaerOgmYy EdlRBHmhakSRtExμrsBVRBHraChbJT½y

xøaMgNas; CaBiessrvagGMLúgqñaM1900 dl;qñaM1940. bc©úb,nñeKBMusUveXIjmankar sEmþgerOgenHeLIy. erOgGIuNav Edl)ansegçbenAeBlenH KWdkRsg;ykRtg;Qut y:ara:n;edjek¶akEdlmantMNalfa éf¶mYyenAkñúgéRBsIuy:aRkaCaRBHraCbuRtrbs;RBH)aT daha )aneXIjstVek¶akmYy EdleTvtabBa¢Únmk EdlenHCaRbpñÚlfaRBHGgÁnwg)anCYbCMu RKYsarEdlRBHGgÁ)anEbk Gs;ry³eBlCayUrqñaMNas;mkehIy. RBHGgÁRBmTaMgGs;BYk Blesna)anedjtamcab;stVek¶akenaHrhUtdl;RBMEdnRbeTskaLaMg. RTg;)anEkøgRBHkay Cay:ara:n;ehIyRBHGgÁ k¾)anCYbnwg]tþmesnIy_)a:n;yInigb¥ÚnRbuseQμaH sgçaemata rYc)an[eK CYynaMRBHGgÁ eTAsUmbeRmIRBHmhakSRt. kñúgRKaEd;ly:ara:n;)anenAbeRmIRBHmhakSRt enaH)anTTYlgarCamRnþICan;x<s;mñak;pgEfmeTotpg.

146

II . ePøgsMrab;bMerIkñúgelçanburaN bJ RBHraCRTBü

1 bT Rtak; FM 27 RBah μN_kibEv:n ¬RBhμN¾Bak;cieBa¢ón ¦ 2 ePøg pøik 28 ePøgRsg; ¬Lúgsug ¦ 3 BjaedIr ¬BüadWn¦ 29 Esn Lav ¬EsneRBn ¦ 4 ePøghk; 30 R)aylaC ¬RbUyexAtk¦ 5 bTxøMú 31 nagnaK ¬evón eFón¦ 6 eraT_PBpat 32 eCItCUnRKU ¬eCIt sugÁ¦ 7 tMbgkan; 33 eRkAraM ¬ePøgQb;¦ 8 kmμnþ 34 Rtak;tUc 9 mhab££T§i ¬riT§i¦ 35 s μWr

10 eraT_samla ¬eraT¾Gs;mniÞÞl¦ 36 cMNan 11 sμ ilx’½NÐsmuRT 37 dMeNIreRkA 12 eCItqan 38 mny:Undab 13 sn§wkkñúg ¬eRkAéN¦ 39 Exkmn 14 RBH)asKÁnI 40 swgðmas 15 eraT¾PIrab;r:g 41 tuktak; 16 Exkvreqt ¬¬Exkbrextþ¦ 42 )araMgxYg 17 eCIt 43 sarika 18 eCItQwg 44 xñikxñk; 19 )aFM 45 GUqaRKI 20 rukrn§ 46 GUt 21 eCItRbcab; ¬RséL¦ 47 cugXwm 22 mhaC½y 48 saém: 23 saFukar 49 nagNay 24 EperO ¬GMuTUk¦ 50 esksarika 25 bTela 51 CIn)a:k;kYy 26 Bøúktn;m:ay 52 eTacyM

147

53 GUy:anI 82 Cintay: 54 kVan;Gn 83 CInlMpat; 55 dMrIelgPøúk 84 GaeL 56 sysun 85 ela 57 cugkabk 86 XMuevon 58 ePøgGUttUc 87 emlwm 59 ePøgGUtFM 88 )avlut 60 Ex μrtm,aj 89 sarak;bUr:ug 61 GUBilab 90 ePøgqa 62 taLÚgb:Ug 91 bj©úH 63 Ex μreLIgRBHBnøa 92 la 64 nYnRsI 93 sysun 65 páaRkg 94 bu)aöelakIy_ 66 xøgeyal 95 eqamsaLat; 67 saLÚm:a 96 yakn 68 GURKYn 97 ePøgela 69 eCItQwg 98 lIgLÚt 70 Cinebwutm:aj 99 swgðtU 71 CinkVan;Gn 100 sIunYn 72 saLabdk 101 cugXwm 73 Cin)a:gLag 102 edImQwg 74 dMeNIrEx μr 103 ecAdk 75 ehmLa 104 narIlEgVk 76 mncuHTUk ¬cinerO¦ 105 mntak; 77 esog):ak;kYy 106 xül;bk;eCIgPñM 78 Cin):ak;kYy 107 páaRkg 79 edtriT§ 108 )alwmsy 80 Rty:yYn 109 GULav 81 CInqa

148

III . QutxøHkñúgerOgGuINavbusS)a

eyIg)aneFVITMnak;TMngesIubsYrRsavRCaverOg\NavbusS)a BIsMNak;RKUcas;² dUcCa GñkRKU Ém Fay GñkRKU suT§ sMGun GñkRKU saerOn )an[dwgfa³ elçanRBHraCRTBü BuM)ansEmþgerOg\NavenHtaMgBIedImrhUtdl;cb;enaHeT KWeRCIserIsykEtQutl¥b:ueNÑaH. dUecñHdMeNIrerOgk¾eyIgrkminTan;eXIjGs;.

- GñkRKUcas;² Kat;)anecHcaMEtdMeNIrerOg EdlelçanRBHraCRTBüyksEmþgEt b:ueNÑaH ¬y:ar:an; cab;ek¶ak¦. - sil,krcas;² Epñkelçan)asak;k¾CaGñkecHcaMerOgEdr b:uEnþminRKb;RCugeRCay enaHeT.

segçberOg\Nav EdleyIgdak;CUnmkenH manEtedImerOgbnþiccugerOgminTan;cb;bnþic

b:ueNÑaH. dUecñHGVI²EdlRsavRCavminTan;eXIj eyIgnwgbnþkarRsavRCavenHCabnþbnÞab;eTot eRBaHtamB½t’man EdleyIgTTYl)anKWmanEtextþkMBg;cammYyb:ueNÑaH Edlmansac;erOg enH. eyIgsgÇwmfaeBlNamYyenaH eyIgcgRkgbMeBjbEnßmsac; erOg\NavmYycb; CasßaBr.

1> RbPBerOg GIuNavbusS)a

erOg\NavbusS)a KWCaerOgeRBgniTanmYy EdleKEtgEtniTant²Kña nigsEmþgt² KñarhUtdl; ftCaPaBynþeTotpg kñúgenaHmansuT§EtCataral,I²RbcaMRbeTsdUcCa elak Kg; sMeGOn nigGñknag esamv:an; sudanI RBmTaMgtaral,I²epSg²eTotCaeRcInnak;eTot .

EbøkBIerOgeRBgniTanepSg²eTot EbøkBIerOgbBaØasCatk EbøkBIerOgTsCatk Edl mankarcgRkg nige)aHBum<pSayCaesovePAedayviTüasßanBuT§sasnbNÐitü CaGtßbTtam

149

kaEst bJu RBwtþibRt .l. eFVI[eyIgmankarcab;GarmμN_cg;dwg cg;sÁal;RbPBedIm rbs;erOgenHNas;.

cMNucEdleyIgcab;GarmμN_sMxan;²enaHKW ³ k> eQ μaHrbs;tYGgÁ cMeBaHeQμaHrbs;tYGgÁGIuNavbusS)aenH eyIgsegáteXIjfa³ suT§EteQ μaHEdlman

lkçN³ xusEbøkBIeQμaH rbs;Ex μreyIg ¬\Nav ÷ busS)a¦ dUcCa ³ - )a:n;yI ¬CaemecarEkøgedayGIuNav¦ nigb¥Ún²TaMgR)aMnak;eTot KW sgça marINa snþa

)a:ra:Nakug év:y:ada. - «Bukmarbs;\Nav RtUvCabitarbs;RBHnagbusS)aeQ μaHm:an;y:a. emecarQ μaH

mMkligÁ buRtIesþc m:an;y:a eQ μaH Cin Nar:a sIuy:aRta b¥Únrbs;nagbusS)a esþc karer:)a:n; bitarbs;\Nav elaktakaLaCabrmIEfrkSaRBHjativgS\Nav BiTUcrka enAnKrkaer: bJGaer: rIÉeQ μaHedImrbs; busS)a KW eknLúg.l. nig.l.

x> RbéBNITMenomTmøab; kñúgerOgGIuNavenH eyIgsegáteXIjtYGgÁ GIuNavnigbusS)a RtUv)anmatabitaTukdak;

eFVICaKUdNþwgtaMgBIenAtUcemø:HEdlminEdlsÁal;muxKñapg. RbéBNITMenomTmøab;enHvaRbhak; RbEhlnwgEx μreyIgEdr eRBaHkñúgerOgecARsTbeck tYGgÁTaMgBIrRtUv«BukTukdak;taMgBItUc mk. ÉerOgmYyeTotKWerOgsuvNÑsam :nukUl nig)arika : RtUv«BukmþaypÁÚpÁgtaMgBIminTan; manKP’mkemø:H.

b:uEnþRbéBNIEdleyIgcab;Garm μN_CageKenaH KWkarTak;llk. karTak;llkenH vaTak;eTAnwgceRmogmYybT kñúgTsSvtSr_qñaM 60 ExμreyIgelIkTMnuk edaydak;namGñkTak; llkenaHfa :PUmaBIrnak;edIrTak;llk :.

150

K> sasna cMeBaHsasnaEdlmanenAkñúgerOgenHeyIgGacsnñidæan)anfa Casasna\søameRBaH

eBlEdl\NavsuMesñh_nagbusS)amin)anenaH k¾RtUvrU:vCamYyb¥ÚnRbusrbs;nagbusS)afanwg cab;BRgt;nagenAeBleKfVaybgÁMRBHkñúgRBHvihar kñúg»kaseKBnøt;eTon[ggwtenaH. Rtg; enHeyIgGacsnñidæan)anfa erOgenHminEmnCaerOgEx μreyIgsuT§saFenaHeT.

X> eQ μaHnKr nKrdaha eQμaHenHBuMEmnRbDitbJunwkeXIjdak;enaHeT. dahaCaTIRkugmYyrbs;RbeTs

mYyEdlsßitenAGar:ab;ÉeNaH. RbEhlCaTIRkugkan;daharbs;RbeTsGIur:ak;sBVéf¶. GaRs½yedayeyagelIeQμaHnKrenHehIy eyIgGacsnñidæan)anfa erOg\NavenH

CaRbePTerOgmYy dUcKñanwgerOgGab‘ulkaesm bJuerOgGaLadaMgcegáógTiBVEdrEdlCaerOg rbs;Gar:ab; 1001 yb;enaH.

ehtupldUcxagelIenHehIyeyIgelIkCasMNYrenHedIm,Idas;GarmμN_ nigCaKnøwHsRmab; eyIg BicarNaeFVIkarsikSaRsavRCavelIcMNucBiess² rbs;\NavbusS)a. k> Car)aMerOg bJuCaelçank,ac;buraNEx μrmYy Edl)at;bg;eTAehIy. x> Car)aMerOgmYy bJu Caelçank,ac;buraNEx μrmYyEdltMNag[erOgdéTeTot.

eyIgGacvaytémøerOgenHfaCatMNag bJuCaKMrUdl;erOgdéTeTot KWsm¥agelIlkçN³ Biess² rbs;erOgdUcCa ³

• k,ac; eyIgdwgfa erOgenHCasñaRBHhsþénRBHmhakSRtiyanI sIusuvtßi kusm³ narIr½tñ sirIvDÆna dUecñHRBHGgÁ)anykRBHT½yTukdak;dwknaMkarsMEdgedaypÞal;RBHhsþ. kñúgcMeNam k,ac;)atCag4500k,ac; EdlmanKWRBHGgÁRTg;eRCIserIs nigcRmaj;yksuT§Etk,ac;kMBUl² l¥²ykmkdak;[sil,kr sil,karinI sEmþg.

151

• ceRmog eyIgdwgehIyr)aMerOg bJJelçanRBHraCRTBü KWCaRbePTelçanraMpgeRcogpg. dUecñHGñk

ceRmogmanPar³viessvisalkñúgkareRcogCUndMeNIrerOg. RKan;EtvKÁy:ara:n;edjcab;ek¶akenH bTceRmogmanrhUtdl;Cag 20 bT ¬25-27¦ enHminTan;KitbTePøg EdlRbKMCaeRcInsa dUcCaeCItrYTI.l. nig.l.

• menaseBa©tna tamRbsasn_rbs;elakRBwT§acarü eqg pun GtItrdæm®nþIRksYgvb,Fm’ nigviciRtsil,³

kñúgTsvtSr_qñaM80 elak)anelIkeLIgfakñúgcMeNamr)aMerOgTaMgGs;rbs;elçanRBHraCRTBü manEterOg : \Nav : mYyenHEdll¥CageKRKb;RCugeRCay BIeRBaHk,ac;RtUv)ancRmaj;yk mkdak;ceRmog RtUv)aneRCIsedayl¥itl¥n;ykeRcogCUndMeNIrerOg BiessCagenH KWmena seBa©tnaEdlrujk,ac;l¥ ceRmogl¥ nigsac;erOgkan;EtmanPaBRss;bMRBg Rbkbeday esaPNPaBd¾RtkalrujerOg[kan;EtrMePIbCk;citþ.

eyIgdwgehIyfar)aMk,ac;buraN bJur)aMRBHraCRTBüenH raMmineFVITwkmuuxeT EteRbIk,ac; CaPasa. dUecñHsil,karinI GñksEmþgtYGgÁnImYy² mantYnaTIeFVI[k,ac;enH ceRmogenH menaseBa©tnaenHRCabcUlkñúgRkeGAebHdUgGñksþab; nigTsSna)anedaymin)ac;bgçMeLIy eTaHbICaCnbreTsEdlminecHsþab;PasaExμry:agNak¾edayk¾eKemIlyl;BIr)aM bJuelçank,ac; buraNenH)anEdr.

srubesckþImkerOg\NavbusS)aenHCaerOgmYyEdll¥k,ac; l¥ceRmog l¥menaseBa©tna eRBaHskmμPaBrbs;tYGgÁ Pasarbs;tYGgÁRBmTaMgmenaseB©atnaTaMgGs;kñúgerOgsuT§Et)an cRmaj;eRCIserIsedaym:t;ct;bMput.

152

2> Rbvtþisegçbrbs;r)aMerOgGIuNavbusS)a ¬elçanRBHraCRTBü¦

tamRbsasn_rbs;GñkRKU Ém Fay nigGñkRKU suT§ sMGun )anBa¢ak;fa³ TsSnIyPaBerOg ¬elçanRBHraCRTBü¦ \NavbusS)a enHKWCasñaRBHhsþénsemþcRBH mhakSRtIyanI sIusuvtßi kusum³narIr½tñ sirIvDÆna EdlRtUvCaRBHmataénRBH mhavIrkSRtExμr RBHneratþm sIhnu nigRtUvCaRBHGyükaénRBHkruNaRBH)aTRBHbrmnaf neratþm sIhmunI RBHmhakSRt énEx μreyIgsBVéf¶. kaleNaHRbEhlCaGMLúgTsvtS qñaM40RBHGgÁRTg;)anecjRBHraCbBa¢aRbmUlRKUcas;² dUcCa³ - m:m ywm y:an; RKUbgðat;tYnayerag - m:m Ém dkBay RKUbgðat;tY nag - elakRKU m:Ut ehA x μ Út kvIniBn§kñúgRBHbrmraCvaMg

mkRbCuMeRCIserIs nig niTanerOg edaykat;kgykEtQutqakNaEdll¥² mktemøIg CapÞaMgTsSnIyPaBr)aMerOg edaydak; bnÞúk[RKUcas;²CaGñkbgðat; edayeRCIs erIsykk,ac;l¥² mkbBa©Úlkñúgsac; erOg. cMENk elak m:Ut EdlCakvI niBn§enaHmantYnaTI CaGñkcgRkgTMnuk eRcogtamRBHraCsvnIy_ énsemþcRBH mhakSRtIyanI sIusuvtßi kusum³ narIr½tñ sirIvDÆna EdlRTg;Kg;enATt Cab;CaRbcaMenaH.

GñkRKURBwT§acarü Ém Fay

153

rIÉsmasPaBtYsEmþgBiess²enaHman³

- GñkRKU Ekv yutfU sEmþgtYya:ra:nan; - GñkRKU sux suxn sEmþgtY\Nav ¬):an;yI¦ - GñkRKU Ekm b‘unNak sEmþgtY busS)a ¬eknLúg¦

eRkaymkGñksEmþgtYbnþevn KWGñkRKU swum mnßa sEmþgtYCMnYs GñkRKU Ekv yitfU ¬tYy:ar:an;¦.

sUmbBa¢ak;fa r)aMerOgGIuNavbusS)aenH BuM)ansEmþgCajwkjab;dUcCar)aMFmμtaenaH eTTal;EtmanePJóvbreTsBiess² eTIbRBHGgÁecjRBHraCbBa¢a[hat;erOgenHeLIg eday eRCIserIsykEtBIrQutl¥²Etb:ueNÑaH KWQuty:ar:an;ecjcab;ek¶ak nigEkøgeFVIecarduterag karcab;BRgt;busS)a.

BitEmnEterOg\NavbusS)a RtUv)ansEmþgecaH²edayvKÁ²k¾edayk¾erOgenH bJuelçan erOgenHmanlkçN³l¥dac;eK CatMNagénerOgTaMgLayEdlelçank,ac;buraN bJelçanRBH raCRTBüelIkykmksEmþgEdr.

2>1> segçbQuty:ar:an; edjcab;ek¶aksil,_ éf¶mYyy:ar:an; )annaMesnaecjeTARbBatéRBhIy)anCYbnwgstVek¶akmYyEdlCaek¶ak

sil,_ EdlRBH\®nÞaFiraCRTg;)annim μ itehIyecHEtehIreKcBI y:ar:an; rhUtdl;nKrRBHnag busS)a ¬eknLúg¦. cMeBléf¶enaHRBHnagbusS)a )annaMPIelogRsIsñMmkRksalsYn ehIy )anCYbKñaeBlenaHeTA.

GñkRKURBwT§acarü sIum mnßa

154

enAkñúgeragCMnuMénnKrrbs;RBH)aTkaLaMg mankarCYbCuMRBHjativgSanuvgS eBlenaH y:ar:an; nig\Nav edayminTan;sÁal;KñaCabgb¥Únk¾)aneQøaHRbEkksmþIIKña CaehtueFVI[RBH )aTkaLaMgRTaMmin)an k¾ecjmkXat;.

eRkayBI)ansYrrkehtuplTaMgsgxagnwgeRkayBI y:ar:an; )anelIkRkwsfVayeTAesþc kaLMag mkeTIbTaMg Gs;KñasÁal;KñaCakμ Üy nigCabgb¥ÚnCIdUnmYynwgKña.

2>2> segçberOg \NavbusS)a ¬vKÁ 1¦ RBHGgÁm©as; GIuNav CaraCbuRtac,ab;rbs;RBH)aTkaer:):an; RTg;manbgb¥ÚnR)aMnak;

eTot KWsgça marINa snþa )a:ra:Nakug nigGnuCRsIeBARBHnam év:y:ada. RBHGgÁm©as; GIuNav RtUv)anRBHbitaRBHmatapSMpÁMútaMgBIRBHGgÁenACaRBHraC»rsemø:H

CamYynwgRBHGnuCRsI EdlRtUvCabgb¥ÚnCIdUnmYyRBHnamfa busS)a nigCabuRtIrbs;esþc m:an;y:a. erOgehtuEdlKYr[hYscitþenaHKWkSRt TaMgBIrGgÁBuMEdlsÁal;bJuCYbRBHP½®kþmþg NaeLIy.

éf¶mYyRBHGgÁm©as;GIuNav)annaMRBHGnuCTaMgbIGgÁ RBmTaMgeBlesnaCaeRcIncUleTA RbBatéRBedIm,Ibr)aj;stV ¬Tak;llk¦ k¾)anCYbnwgBYkecarmYyRkum EdlmanemeQ μaHfa³ maMligÁ kMBug RbyuT§CamYyT½Brbs;nKrdaha.

RBHGgÁm©as;GIuNavTteXIjdUecñaH k¾ecjraCbBa¢a[BlesnacUleTACYyRbyuT§vay b®gáabBYkecarrhUt)aneCaKC½y. esþcnKrdahasb,ayRBHT½yNas; k¾naMRBHGgÁm©as; GuINav cUlRBHnKr edIm,IerobcMelogePaCnahar nig)anEføgGMNrKuNdl;m©as;k μ Üypg.

RBHnag CinNara CabuRtIrbs;esþcdaha. RBHnagmanRBHeqamelamBN’l¥Nas;. enAeBlEdl)aneXIjRBHGgÁm©as;GuINavPøam RBHnagk¾cab;citþesñhaelIRBHGgÁPøamEdr b:uEnþ RtUvRBHGgÁm©as; GIuNavbdiesF eRBaHRBHGgÁm©as;manKUdNþwgrYcehIy. RBHnagCinNar:a dwgk¾rkRKb;meFüa)ay edIm,IykRBHGgÁm©as;\Nav[)an. TIbMputRBHnag)ansMercRBHT½y

155

niyayerobrab;BIrUbragd¾GaRkk;rbs;RBHnag busS)a fVayRBHGgÁRTg;sNþab;rhUtdl;RBH GgÁm©as; GuINav eCOCak;elIsmþIrbs;RBHnag. eBlenaH GuINav k¾ERbcitþmkRsLaj;RBH nagCinNar:avij.

eRkayBI)at;buRtayUr RkyagRtLb;mknKrvijenaH RBH)aT kaer:)a:n; )aneFVIraCsar eTARBH)aT dahaCab¥Ún edIm,I[dMNwgdl;RBHGgÁm©as;GuINav qab;vilRtLb;mkRBHnKr vijedIm,IerobcMxøÜneTA nKresþcm:an;y:aeRtomerobcMGPieskCamYyRBHnagbusS)a.

eBl)aneXIjraCsarRBHnag CinNar:a xMraraMgRKb;meFüa)ayedIm,IkuM[RBHGgÁGIuNav )aneTAerobGPiesk. RBHGgÁm©as;GuINav)anepJIraCsarmYyeTAfVayesþcma:n;ya: kñúgn½ysuM pþac;BaküBIRBHnag busS)a eRBaHfaRBHGgÁBuMGacTTYlykRsIrUbGaRkk;mkeFVICamehsI )an eLIy.

luH)anTtyl; nigsNþab;BaküeBcn_rbs;RBHGgÁm©as; GIuNav ehIyRBHnag busS)a xwgxøaMgNas; RBHnagsuMRBHraCanuBaØatBIRBHbita[BYkviciRtkrKUrrUbRBHnag ehIycat;[ GñkkarTUtnaMykrUbnageTApSBVpSaydl;nKrnana faebIesþcGgÁNaeBjcitþcg;erobGPiesk CamYyRBHnagsUm[cUlmksþIdNþwgnagcuH. BYkGñknaMpÞaMgKMnUr)aneFVIdMeNIrdl;kNþaléRB edayGs;kMlaMgeBkk¾sRmaklg;lk;eRkamedImeQImYyeTA.

EføgBIelakta kaLaEdlCa)armIEfrkSaBUCBgSvgSRtkUl énRBHjativgSrbs;RBH GgÁm©as; GIuNavnigRBHnag busS)a enaH)anxwgsm,ay:agxøaMgcMeBaHRBHGgÁm©as; GIuNav EdlxVHkarKitBicarNa RBmTaMgh‘anRbmafmak;gayRBHjativgSxøÜnÉgenaH. eBlenaH elakta kaLa k¾)anxab nigpøúMbBa¢ÚnpÞaMgKMnUrrbs;RBHnag busS)aeTAdak;kñúg RBHdMNak; esþc BiTUcrkar énnKrkaer: ¬KWCaCnCatimYyEdlmansm,úrex μAeBaHkMe)a:gehAfaGaer:²¦.

enAeBl)aneXIjpÞaMgKMnUrd¾l¥s¥atrbs;RBHnagbusS)aPøam BiTUcrkark¾vegVgvgVan;sμartI eRBaHQøk;nwgsMrs;RBHnagbusS)a ehIy)aneTArMGukmatabita[cUleTAsþIdNþwgRBHnagbusS)a eFVICamehsI.

156

2>3> segçberOg GIuNavbusS)a ¬vKÁ 2¦ sßitkñúgkarRsavRCav

2>4> segçberOg GIuNavbusS)a ¬vKÁ3¦ enAeBlBiFICb;elogRtUvbB©ab; RBHjativgSxagRBHGgÁm©as;\NavRtUvyagRtLb;eTA

nKrvij EtRBHGgÁm©as; \Nav mineGIeBInwgkarvilRtLb;enHeLIy. cMENkRBHmatarbs;RBHnagbusS)a yl;citþm©as;kμ ÜyfaR)akdCalg;esñh_elI busS)a

CabuRtI rbs;xøÜn ehIyRTg;k¾eFVICaetOn\Nav [RtLb;eTAnKrvij b:uEnþRtUv\NavRbEkk ehIysuMRBHmatucäasñak;enAbnþrhUtdl;BiFIbuNüéf¶xagmuxeTot RBHmatucäak¾RTg;GnuBaØat. kñúg»kassñak;enaH ehIyEdlGIuNav)aneRbIb¥ÚnRbusrbs;busS)a [cUleTAlYcpah‘umnag ykmk[xøÜn .

BiFIbuNü)anmkdl; RBHGyüekaRBHGyükayagmkdl;. RBHmatarbs;RBHnag busS)a )ansuMyagbgRbusrbs; kaer:):an; eQ μaH BiTUcrka mkEdr nig)anyagRBHGgÁm©as; sIuy:aRt b¥Únrbs;GIuNav RBmTaMgRBHjativgSTaMgGs;mkcUlrYm. eqøóteBlenaH GIuNav )ansuMesñh_RBHnagbusS)a eday)ansarPaBnUvkMhusrbs;xøÜnb:uEnþRtUv)anRBHnag busS)a bdiesF eRBaHsMGagfanagmanKUdNþwgrYcehIy.

dwgfaxøÜnBuMGacsMuesckþIesñhaBIRBHnag)an RBHGgÁm©as;\Navk¾rYmKMnitCamYysIuy:aRta Cab¥Únfa³ enAeBlEdlRBHnagbusS)acUlfVaybgÁMRBHkñúgvihar eqøót»kaseBleKBnøt;ePøIg eTon[ggwtenaH RBHGgÁnwgcab;BRgt;RBHnag[)an. b:uEnþKeRmagkarRtUvbraC½y eRBaHRtUv )anRBHmataRBHnag busS)a dwgTan; ehIynwgeFVIkarsþIbenÞasy:agxøaMg.

RBHmatucäaRBHGgÁm©as; GIuNav EdlRtUvCamataRBHnagbusS)aRTg;xJal;xøaMgNas; nig GMeBIrbs;RBHGgÁm©as; GIuNav mü:agedaycg;RBmannigbBaÄWcitþdl;\Navpg RTg;k¾ehA BiTUcrka EdlCabgRbusrbs; kaer:)a:n; [eRtomerob cMGPieskkñúgevlaéf¶Es¥kenH.

157

eBlenaH\Navk¾)anpSMKMnitCamYyb¥ÚnRbus sIuy:aRtamþgeTotedayeRbIkll,ickuhk fanaMT½BecjeTATak;llk[)aneRcIn edIm,IykmkeFVIRBHRkyabEnßm CaelsedIm,Icab; busS)amþgeTot. luHeTAdl;éRBehIy k¾naMKñabiTmuxEkøgxøÜnCaRkumecareQ μaH ):an;yI ehIy elIkKñaeTAcab;busS)a EdlkMBugerobcMGPieskenaH. enAeBlecarcab;enaH RBHnagbusS)a )anERskehARBHnamRBHGgÁm©as; \Nav [CYycMENkmYyRkumeTot eFVICanaMT½BBIraCvaMg mkCYyvayCamYyecar. emecar):an;yI bJuGIuNavk¾eFVICacaj;rt;eKcxøÜncUléRB ehIy)anbþÚr semøókbMBak;mkCaGIuNavvij ehIyvilmkCYyvaybeNþjBYkecarrhUt)anC½yCMnH. RBHnag busS)asμanfaGuINav)anmkCYynagBitR)akdEmn k¾)anEføgGMNrRBHKuNcMeBaHRBHGgÁm©as; \NavCaBn;eBk. eBlenaH BiTUcrka )anmkdl;RBHnag busS)a )anRbEkkBuMRBmerob GPieskCamYyeLIyedayRBHnagelIkehtufaeBlmanGasnñ BiTUcrka BuM)anecjmuxmkCYy RBHnageLIy. BiTUcrkayMERskGgVrRBHnag busS)a b:uEnþRBHnagenAEtminyl;RBmdEdl. ehIyyl;RBmmkerobGPieskCamYyRBHGgÁm©as;GIuNavvij.

2>5> GtßbTerOgGuINavbusS)a qak - Quty:ar:an; edjek¶ak - bTePøg ³ sμ Wn y:Undab ¬eRcog 1 ePøg 1¦ ÷ kaleNaH y:ar:an; surivgS RTg;skþa sßitenATIETn Ekvrcna RBmTaMgBYkesnaeyaFapg. - bTePøg ³- RtavnigrayminFYn

÷ kaleNaH y:ar:an; d¾RTg;rs μ I esþcKg;sn§b;GCaenyü Rtas;év [elIkBleyaFa. - bTePøg ³ eCItrYTi_ ek¶akecj - bTePøg ³ eCIt y:ara:n; edjek¶ak

158

- bTePøg ³ pHm:aeh ¬eRcog 1 ePøg1¦ ÷ esþcTteXIjCak;myUrI rUbl¥esaPI KYresñha ÷ sy ³BYkGWy Gs;Blesna EsnesamnsSa nwgbkSaGWy ÷ RBHT½ycg;)anstVbkSa RTg;cg;yaRtaedjtamcab; sy ³ BYkGWy Gs;Blesna eLamcab;bkSa bwgkSRtaGWy. - bTePøg ³ eCItqan ¬edjcab;ek¶ak¦ - bTePøg ³ eCItcUlkñúgqakvij qak-enAnKresþc kaLaMg

- esþc kaLaMg eCItecj - bTePøg ³ kaleNaHRBH)aTkaLaMgmhakSRt

qakBIftray³ ecjcrTTYly:ar:an; RTg;skáa edayesamnsSa eBjRBHT½y. - bTePøg ³ eLIgRBHBnøa ¬eRcog 1 ePøg 1¦ ÷ kaleNaH ÷ y:ar:an;fVayxøÜn Kab;beRmI enAeRkam)armIkSRtRbesIr eTaHebIman karGVIsUmGasa . - bTePøg ³ rayminFYn - RTg;RbTan s½kþiysx<s;]tþm smRTg;RbTaneTA ):anyI[enArYmKña RBmTaMgBIr RtYtBleyaFI CaRbRktI . - )a:nyITTYlRBH»gáarRBmEfrkSay:ar:an;fVay FYn ³ karBarsRtUvpgTaMgLay eTaHbICitq¶aytambBa¢a . - bTePøg ³ sμ I esþc kaLaMgcUl - bTePøg ³ eCIt y:ar:an; nig ):anyI cUl

159

qak -enAmuxdMNak;RBHnag busS)a ¬eknLúg¦ QutecjRksalsYn - bTePøg ³ sμ W s³minefag ¬eRcog 2 ePøg1¦ - RBHnagesþc eRtcRtg; RTg;RbBat rukçCatidUcC½r l¥esaPa PiKunrIkray edayBsuFa kMNan;kñúgnaMKña erIsEtgGgÁ . - savyut BuTÁqat nigRtyg; duHsñitcitRtg; CaCYrKYrTsSna eknLúg ¬busS)a¦ RTg;ebHpáacm,:a RbTannagGrsa esoteksI . - bTePøg ³ Qwgla - bTePøg ³ mncuHTUk ¬eRcog 2 ePøg1¦ ÷ kaleNaH - y:ar:an;eRTIsRTg; BgSskþa esþcB¤sUresogelgexJóvxJaR)ab;sgçamn tam emIlRsI - bTePøg ³ eCItQwg - bTePøg ³ quMeqam ÷ Kn;RBH»sæEsnsmhak;jjwm b:RbwmsmnwgRBHnasal¥dak;kayapÞMúsméRk. - bTePøg ³ eGv)a:g bJu eso)a:k;KYy

÷Kn;GVIk¾eXIjl¥TaMgGs; segátNas;EtRbusKYrPism½y RTg;Kn;minEq¥tkñúg RBHT½y sÞúHévRT R)agPñagPirmü

- bTePøg ³ rayminFYn ÷ kaleNaH - eknLúg ¬busS)a¦ RTg;eqamknidæa FYn ³ RTg;PJak;sÞúHeRkak edaymñImña RTg;Rtas;sYrfa nrNaenH - bTePøg ³ qaRKI

160

÷ kaleNaH - ya:r:an; RTg;esam eqamm:arsIu - bTePøg ³ cincuHTUk ¬eRcog1 ePøg1¦ busS)a ³ nrNah‘anmkdl;ETnTI y:ar:an; ³ masesñh_KUCIvit KWxøÜnbg eRcog 2 ³ eBledk bgedk TaMgTwkEPñk RTUgtwgesÞIEbk segVKéRk s‘UbþÚrCIvit

\tGal½y cUréfønagsμ ½RKedayRbNI. - bTePøg ³ qaRkg ¬eRcog1 ePøg 1¦ ÷kaleNaH -eknLúg ¬busS)a¦ RTg;lkçN_GKÁnarI RBHT½yGMBl; xVl;EsnTVI RTg;

kEnSgesak BilabeBkéRk - bTePøg ³ cincuHTUk ¬eRcog 1 ePøg 1¦ -Rtas;faGRFaRtraRtIeRCA):an;yIminenAeTANabeNþay[ecarcitþemaha

lblYc klüaTaMgGMNac. - CYCatimaryaT efakGRbiy smGVICatikSRt minekatxøac )a:n;yI eCdæabJT§i

Gg;GacRTg;GMNacRbhar[kSINkS½y. ¬eRcog 1¦ = s‘UbþÚrCIvit\tGal½y cUréføRbNIedaykþIsμ ½RK - bTePøg ³ eCItcrca - bTePøg ³ v½rriecäT ¬eRcog1 ePøg 1¦

- evIuy² y:ar:an; Ghgáa Tabefaksamanü Gg;GacéRk rwgrwtEtxwg kñúg RBHT½y sÞúHév:tyuT§ edaykøahan htßsþaMcab;eRtIy ehIykeBaäg htßeFVgkEnSgCUtP®kþa.

-bTeCIg ³ kaLaMg

161

- kaLaMgRTgXat; GñkTaMgBIr kuMeFVIvrvI c,aMgKñafVI rUbrUmCamitþsñiT§emRtI samKÁIPkþICaKñaeTA ¬crca¦ kaLaMgsYr \NavcUlfVayeRkIs kaMLaMgsþI benÞas[y:ar:an; ¬bTExkLak;¦ . - y:ar:an;)anlWs½BÞvaca ekþAkñúg»raBn;eBkéRk elIkeRkIsfVayeTA RBHPUvéN kSRtéføRTg;RCabsBV kic©karehIyTUlfakSRtTaMgBIr )anCa h‘ans μ½RK edayesñha.

- bTePøg ³ crca bJu BüadWncUl

¬cb;vKÁ y:ar:an;edjcab;eRbIs¦

163

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TsSn³vis½ykñúgkarGPirkS nig GPivDÆn_sil,³

r)aMk,ac;buraNExμr bJ r)aMRBHraCRTBü

I . TsSn³vis½ykñúgkarGPirkS sil,³r)aMk,ac;buraNEx μr b¤ r)aMRBHraCRTBü67 KWCaRbePTsil,³r)aMtnþIExμrmYy EdlmanRbPBecjmkBICMenOsasna nigmanRbvtþid¾yUrlg; nigmanGayukalmunsm½y mhanKr68. R)asaTGgÁr manPaBl,Il,ajb:unNa sil,³r)aMk,ac;buraNEx μrk¾manPaBl,I l,ajb:unenaHEdr. enHKWCaesckþIGHGagrbs;GñkRKUcas;² EdlkñúgmYyCIvitrbs;elak)an bUCaTaMg RsugcMeBaHkarEfrkSanigkareFVI[rs;eLIgvijnUvsil,³r)aMk,ac;buraNEx μr.

1> témøGmt³ témøCaGmt³énsil,³r)aMk,ac;buraNEx μr KWsßitenAelIesaP½Nd¾kMBUlénbec©keTs

sEmþg nigGtßn½yGb;rMcitþKMnitd¾x<g;x<s;énr)aMenH. tamÉksarRsavRCavrbs;sakl viTüal½yPUminÞviciRtsil,³ kñúgTsvtSr_qñaM60 EdleKenAcaM)anfa esaP½Nxagbec©keTs énsil,³r)aMk,ac;buraNEx μr KWsßitenAelIPasak,ac;TaMg4500k,ac; EdlmansuRkwtPaB d¾l¥\tex©aH. tamCMenOrbs;RbCaBlrdæ Pasak,ac;TaMgenH KWCanimitþrUbénk,Ünxñatr)aM Edl manRbPBmkBItRmanadsa®sþcMnYn108k,ac;rbs;RBH\sUr Edl)ancat;TukCatRma[

67 KWCasil,³r)aM EdlRtUv)anEfrkSa edayRBHraCvgSanuvgSénRBHmhakSRtExμrtaMgBIburaNkal. 68 sil,³r)aMk,ac;buraNEx μr RbEhlCaekItenAelITwkdIkm<úCataMgBIsm½ynKrPñM ¬s>v>TI1-6¦ edayeKKas;rkeXIj rUbcmøak;RsIr)aMeFVIBIdIdutenAvtþKMnUr GgÁrburI RsukéRBkb,as extþtaEkv ¬Éksar)aMburaNEx μrRsavRCaveday eBRC TMuRkviul TMB½r 32 ¦.

164

mnusSelakhat;erontameTvbBaØtþi69. tRmanadsa®sþTaMg108k,ac; rbs;RBH\sUr KWCak,ac;r)aMd¾kMBUlmYyEdlBN’naGMBI { PaBbrisuT§xagpøÚvkaynigpøÚvcitþ } tamEbbTsSn viC¢asasna. k,ac;tRmaTaMgenHKWCakarsEmþgecjnUvGarmμN_d¾brisuT§rbs;GaTieTB. enaHKW Catémø énkarGb;rMPaBbrisuT§xagpøÚvkay nigpøÚvcitþénsil,³r)aMk,ac;buraNEx μr.

2> elakTsSn³GMBICIvit CakarN_BitNas; Pasak,ac;r)aMburaNExμr KWCatMNagénelakTsSn³GMBICivit

(Cosmos de la vie) . ebIBN’natamTsSnviC¢asakl Pasak,ac;r)aMburaNEx μr KWCakar bkRsayGMBIRkwtüRkmrbs;FmμCatiEdlEtg { kekIt - vivtþ - rIkceRmIn nigvinas sabsUnüCaFmμta } smdUcTsSnviC¢a rbs;RBHBuT§ EdlEtgniyayGMBI { Cati Cra BüaFi nig mrN³ ¬ekIt - cas; - QW - søab; ¦.

karEdlsnñidæandUecñH edayehtuplfak,ac;r)aMburaNExμrTaMgGs; tamkarRsavRCav suT§EtRbmUlpþMúeTAelI Gtßn½y 4 y:agKW ¬1¦ k,ac;cg¥úlsMedAbgðajfa {RtYy} KWCakarekIt ¬2¦ k,ac;)atéd CanimitþrUbénsøwk ¬karvivtþ¦ ¬3¦ k,ac;CIb mann½yfa { Epø } ¬karrIk FMFat;¦ nig¬4¦ k,ac;pÞat; CanimitþrUbénkar {TMu RCuH} ¬vinassabsUnü¦ EtbnÞab;mk RKab;EdlTMuRCuHenaHnwgcab;BnøkduHsaCaf μIeLIgvij tamRkwtüRkmFm μCati ekItsøab;² ekIt CabnþbnÞab;. enHKWCaGtßn½yénPasak,ac;buraNEx μr tamEbbTsSnviC¢a EdleKkRmnwg yl;)an .

69 ÉksarRsavRCavsþIBI kRmgsikSaviFIsa®sþRsavRCavGMBItémøBitrbs;sil,³r)aMk,ac;buraNExμr RksYgvb,Fm’ nigviciRtsil,³ qñaM 2007 TMB½r 55- 57.

165

3> eTvPaB PaBd¾Tn;Pøn;énr)aMk,ac;buraNExμr nigmenaseBa©tnad¾s¶b;rMgab; EdlsEmþgecjtam

ry³r)aMenH70 rYmTaMgTsSnaTanGb;rM Edlbgáb;nUvGtßn½yTsSnviC¢ad¾RCaleRCAenHeFVIeGay sil,³r)aMk,ac;buraNEx μrmantémøCasaklmYy. enaHKW { PaBCaeTv³ } énr)aMk,ac; buraNExμr. RBwT§acarü eqg pun )anmanRbsasn_fa³ enAsm½ymhanKrd¾rugerOg RsþIr)aM k,ac;buraNExμr EdleKehAfa { GbSra } RtUv)ancat;Tuk Ca { eTvTasI } b¤ { ®sþIbeRmI GaTieTB}. eTvTasI KWCaeTBFItad¾brisuT§. GaTieTB ¬eTvraCa ¦ BMuR)aRs½yTak;Tgeday pÞal;CamYymnusSelakeT KWR)aRs½yTak;TgCamYyeTvTasI ¬GbSra¦ eRBaHmnusSelak BMumancitþbrisuT§71. KWmanEtCnbrisuT§eT EdlGacniyayCamYyCnbrisuT§)an. dUecñaHehIy Gñkr)aMGbSra b¤RsIeTBGbSr KWCaGñknaMsarBImnusSelakeTAkan;eTvelaktamry³kar sEmþgrbs;eK. ral;karbn;Rsn;b¤karGgVrkr b¤karRbsiT§BrC½yrbs;mnusSelak eTAkan; BiPBsYK’ KWRtUveFVIeLIgtamry³r)aMk,ac;buraNEx μr b¤ r)aMGbSra.

PaBCaeTv³énr)aMk,ac;buraNEx μr GacqøúHbBa©aMg)antamry³karsEmþgCaeRcInenAÉ breTs. kñúgTsvtSr_qñaM60 sil,³r)aMk,ac;buraNExμr)aneTAsEmþgCUnRbFanaFibtI shrdæGaemrikTsSna. kñúgsm½yenaHtamkarR)ab;[dwgeday RBwT§acarü eqg pun EdlkaleNaHelakCaRbFanKN³RbtiPUpÞal;énRkumr)aMk,ac;buraNEx μrfa³ shrdæGaemrik kMBugeFVIs®gÁamCamYyevotNam. elak Richard Nixon RbFanaFibtIGaemrik)anTsSna karsEmþgenaH. kñúgeBlEdlsEmþgcb; manGñksarBt’manGnþrCatimñak;)ansYreTAelak

70 karsEmþgmenaseBa©tnakñúgsil,³r)aMk,ac;buraNExμr KWCakarsEmþgtamPasak,ac; BMuEmntamTwkmuxeLIy ¬kic© smÖasCamYy RBwT§acarü eqg pun RbFanmCÄmNÐlvb,Fm’ nigvibsSna kalBIéf¶TI 22 Ex emsa qñaM 2007. 71 EtgelaPln; ekgRbvB½a©n_ nig xwgeRkaFCaFmμta .

166

RbFanaFibtIfa { etIelakRbFanaFibtI)anTTYlkarsb,ayrIkraydUcemþcEdr CamYynwg r)aMk,ac;buraNEx μ?} elakRbFanaFibtIGaemrikaMgeqøIyfa³ {RKan;ebI r)aMburaNEx μr)aneFVI[ ´ePøcs®gÁamenAevotNamBIrema:g}. mtirbs;RbFanaFibtIGaemrikaMgmann½yfa³ r)aMk,ac; buraNExμrKWCar)aMs¶b; TaMgk,ac;r)aM nigmenaseBa©tna EdlsEmþgecjtamPasak,ac;enaH qøúHbBa©aMg[eXIjnUvsnþiPaBpøÚvcitþmYy. enaHehIyKwCaeTvPaBkñúgr)aMk,ac;buraNEx μreyIg.

4> ebtikPNÐvb,Fm’GrUbI sil,³r)aMk,ac;buraNEx μr)ankøayCa { sñaédÉkénebtikPNÐvb,Fm’evaharekaslü

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Oral and Intangible Cultural Heritage) TUTaMgBiPBelak)ancMnYn 90 sñaédehIy72. sñaédÉkxagevaharekaslüEdlykPasaCameFüa)aysEmþg nigCaebtikPNÐvb,Fm’GrUbI rbs;mnusSCati Edl)anRbkasrYcehIyenHmanenAkñúgbNþaRbeTscMnYn 71 EdlkñúgenaH manRbeTskm<úCaeyIgmYyEdr EdlmansñaédÉkBIrKW r)aMk,ac;buraNEx μr Edl)ancUlCa ebtikPNÐvb,Fm’GrUbIBiPBelakkñúgqñaM 2003 nig sil,³Es,kFM kñúgqñaM2005. karEdl )ancUlCaebtikPNÐvb,Fm’GrUbIénBiPBelakenH KWCaemaTnPaBd¾x<g;x<s;mYyrbs;CatieyIg EdlRbCaBlrdæeyIgRtUvTTYlsÁal; nig rkSakarBar.

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72 Éksar yUeNsáÚ ³ ITH / 07 / 1. EXT. COM / CONF . 207 / 7, Paris 15 May 2007 73

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enH KWkarGPirkSnigPaBsßitesßrKg;vgSénr)aMk,ac;buraNEx μr. CaTUeTAbnÞab; BI)ancUlCa sñaédÉkénebtikPNÐvb,Fm’GrUbIrbs;mnusSCatiehIyGgÁkar UNESCO tRmUv[samI RbeTseFVIEpnkarskmμPaBedIm,IelIksÞÜyPaBsßitesßrKg;vgS tamry³karbegáItKeRmag kmμviFICaeRcInEdlBak;B½n§dl;karsikSaRsavRCav karcgRkgrkSaTuk karEfrkSakarBar karelIktemáIg karBRgwg nigBRgIkkarGb;rMpSBVpSay nigkarepÞrcMeNHdwgsþIBIsñaédÉk TaMgenHeTACMnan;eRkay. skm μPaBTaMgenHesÞIrEtmYyPaKFMRtUv)anCYyCMruj nigKaMRTeday GgÁkarshRbCaCati edIm,IGb;rM viTüasa®sþ nigvb,Fm’ EdlehAkat;fa UNESCO enH. dUecñHehIysñaédÉkénebtikPNÐvb,Fm’GrUbIrbs;BiPBelak EtgRtUv)anBiPBelak]btßmÖ KaMRTedIm,IPaBsßitesßrKg;vgS nigvDÆnPaBebtikPNÐenHeTAGnaKt.

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enHpg. sar³ KWCa xøwmsar b¤ CaRBlwgénsil,³r)aMk,ac;buraNEx μr. tamkarsikSa RsavRCavrbs;eyIg kñúgdMNak;kal dMbUgénKeRmagkm μviFI enH)anrkeXIjfa74 sil,³r)aMk,ac;buraNExμr EdlRtUv)anGgÁkar UNESCO bBa©ÚlCa {sñaédÉk -

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176

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RbvtiþsaRsþbB¢aak;[eyIgdwgy:agc,as;fa³ ExμrCaCatisasn_mYyd¾cMNas;kñúgcMeNamCatisasn_ TaMgLayenAkñúgtMbn;GasIuGaeKñy_enH. RBmCamYynwgGayukalenH buBVbursExμr)anksageLIgnUv RKwHGarüFm’bnþBUCBgSvgSRtkUlRbmUlpþMúnUvsBVk,ÜnKm<IrdIka ]sSah_sgVat begðIbbgðaj begðIy edayRkajnenoly:agbþÚrpþac;bMputkñúgkarEfrkSaTukekrtMENlmkdl;sBVéf¶enH.

b:uEnþyuKsm½ycugeRkayedayeRKaHFm μCatipg edaycm,aMgraMgClpg )anpþl;[ExμrnUvkþI vibløasRBat;R)asRkumRKYsar vinask,ÜntRma EdlCamrtkdUntaesÞIrrlaysUnü. buBVCndUnta)an pþaMTukehIyfa : vb,Fm’rlt;Catirlay vb,Fm’BNÑrayCatiefáIgfáan :. dUecñHsßitkñúgkIþ)armÖeday sucänÞ³manbMNgcg;bNþúHnUvmnsikars μartICUndl;exmrCn[mancitþRsLaj; hYgEhgEfrkSanUv exOnvb,Fm’ GriyFm’d¾Rss;pUrpg;rbs;dUntaeyIg Edl)anbnSl;TukenH[sißtenAKg;vgSteTA GnaKt. ral;ktþaTaMgLayCasarvnþenAkñúgGtßbTteTAenH KWcg;bgðaj[kUnExμr)anyl;dwg nig sÁal;BItémøénvb,Fm’Exμr ehIyenAeBlEdleK)ansÁal;témøBitcMeBaHrbs;GVImYy ehIyeKnwgecH RsLaj;RBmTaMgCYyrkSa karBarrbs;enaH min[)at;bg;eLIy.

elak Lam:arTIn )aneBalfa : kalNa eyIg)at;rbs;CaTIesñhaéneyIgeTA GVI²enACMuvij xøÜneyIgnwgkøayeTACaTIvalrehazan eFVI[CIvit eyIgrs;enA\tn½y :. kñúgTsSnaTanenHeTIbeyIg RbmUlGs;nUvÉksarcas;-fμ I rYmpSMCamYy nwgÉk eTsCMnajpÞal;xøÜn nigmenaseBa©tnaesñhasil,³ vb,Fm’Cati)anseRmccgRkg nUvsRmaMgGtßbT :kRmgeQμaHRKUr)aMk,ac;buraNEx μr : enHeLIg.

184

1> rC¢kalRBH)aTsemþcRBHGgÁDYg ¬1840-1859 79¦

RBH)aTGgÁDYg KWCaRBHraCbuRteBAénRBH)aTsemþcRBHGgÁeGg ¬K>s>1779 dl; 1796¦ RTg;RKgraCüsm,tiþenAraCFanI]tþúgÁmanC½yBIK>s>1840-1859. RBHGgÁ)ansagnUvsmiT§iCaeRcIn sRmab;Cati kñúgenaHmanTaMgr)aMraCRTBüpgEdr. RBHGgÁRTg;CakvIniBn§d¾eqIñmTaMgpøÚvelakpøÚvFm’.

edaysar EteyIgsl;RKUr)aMrbs;eyIgxøH ² Edlrs;enAEGbGgÁRBHraCa kñúgRBHbrmraCvaMg ehIy)anrkSax¢ab; nUvTMenomTmøab;BIbrmburaN nig ecHcaMk,ac;mUldæany:agsÞat;CMnajpg eFVI[eyIg begáIt)an nigbBa©ÚlbEnßmnUvk,ac;fμ I² eTotCaeRcIn kñúgr)aMburaNExμr[rwgrwtEtmankarGPivDÆy:agRbéBéRkElg. RBH)aTsemþcRBHGgÁDYg)anbegáItsemøók bMBak;f μ I²eTot nigEkécñsemøókbMBak;cas;² [sm l¥Cagmun mandUcCa Rkma)a:k; máúd eRKOgGlgáar sRmab;tYnayerag b¤ tYnag tamRKb;lMdab;fñak; .

sil,karinI CMnan;RBH)aTGgÁDYg.

79 GñkniBn§Exμr RBH)aTGgÁDYg laghab;Gane)aHBum<elIkTImYy kñúgTsSnavdþIGkSrsaRsþqñaM1964 nigelIkTI2 edaybNÑaKar Gwug h‘un qñaM 1965.

sil,karinICMnan;RBHkruNaRBH )aTsemþcRBHGgÁDYg

185

tRnþIkarinI CMnan;RBH)aTsemþcRBHGgÁDYg.

2> rC¢kalRBH)aTsemþcRBHneratþm RBH)aTneratþm esayraCüenAqñaM 1859 elçan

k,ac;buraN)anTTYlkarrIkceRmIn lUtlas;mYyPaKFM Cagmun. kñúgRKaenaH manEtkUnmRnþIraCkarCan;x<s; b:ueNÑaH Edl)ancUleTAhat;eron enAsalar)aMkñúgRBH brmraCvaMg ehIyenAqñaMTI1 énrC¢kalenHmanEtkUUn GñkmanbNþas½kþieT Edl)ankøayeTACatYÉkenAkñúg Rkumr)aMRBHraCRTBü RkumelçanRBHbrmraCvaMg Edl høÜgneratþm)an]btßmÖy:agxøaMg manTaMgR)ak;rgVan;dl; Rkumr)aM RBmTaMgerIsRKUEdlcMNan²[mkCYybgðat; bEnßmeTot edIm,IbegáInKuNPaBsmtßPaBdl;sisS[ )anl¥RbesIreTVdg. RKUTaMgGs;enHeRcInmantYnaTICa Xun m:m b¤k¾Ca Gñkmñag ¬CaPriya høÜg¦. Xun m:m nigGñkmñag Kg; [Kab;RBHT½yRBHGgÁ k¾xMrkSasm¥itsm¥ag Rkumelçan k,ac;buraN[l¥sRmab;raMfVayTt b¤ RksalenAeBlbuNüTanepSg² sUm,IRkumelçanl¥ehIykþIk¾enA EtxitxMrkbec©keTsy:agNa[)anEbøk²BIKña.

RKaenaHmanBakübeBa©IcbeBa©Irbs;BYkcas;²enATIRkugPñMeBj ehIyEdlFøab;ecjcUlkñúgvaMg BIedIm niyaytMNalelgTal;EtcaMmat;fa³ { elçanXunfan;dUcpáaRtekot elçanQun RBHjatidUcCaRtkYn

RBH)aTsemþcRBHneratþm qñaM 1859-1904

186

elçanm:msYn dUcyYnhake)ay} eRBaHfaelakXunfan;CaTIsMNBV RBHT½yhøÜg neratþm manKMnit Qøatév ecHrcnaelçan[)anl¥dUcCapáaRtekot.

RBH)aTsemþcRBHneratþm )annaMelçanRBH sil,karinICMnan;RBH)aTsemþcRBHneratþm raCRTBü eTAsEmþgenAhugkug hVIlIBIn nigRbeTsswgðburI qñaM1872.

* eQ μaHsil,karinIr)aMRBHraCRTBü kñúgrC¢kalRBHkruNaRBH)aTsemþcRBHneratþm GñkRKUbgðat;tYnag GñkRKUbgðat;tYnayerag - Qunfan; ¬QunetambusS)a ¦ - m:mRKU sYn - m:mRKU ywmy:an; - m:mRKU PU - Qun RBHjati - m:mRKU Enb - Qun ]sSah_ - m:m RKU qavrI GñkRKU bgðat;ykS RKUbgðat;egaH - m:mRKU sMrit - m:mRKU RBHRtImrN³ - m:m RKU biuc - XunRKU Lwk

- m:mRKU RCIm

187

3> rC¢kal RBH)aTsIusuvtiß enAkñúgrC¢kalRBH)aT sIusuvtiß RBHGgÁesayraCüenA

qñaM1904 ehIyRBHGgÁmineBjRBHT½ycMeBaHkarERbRbYl énr)aMk,ac;buraNenHeT ehtuenHRBHGgÁ xitxMBuHBar erobcM elçanburaN [)anRtwmRtUvl¥eLIgvij. r)aMRBHraCRTBü k¾ manrs μIy:agrugerOg dUckalenAkñúgrC¢kalRBH)aT GgÁDYg edIm,IdwknaM[)anl¥kñúgkarcab;epþImenH RBHGgÁeBjRBHT½y yagRBHmataénRBHGgÁm©as;suFars ¬Xunfan;¦ EdlkalBI edIm CataraÉkkñúgRbvtþisaRsþelçanRBHraCRTBüeRkamnamfa {XuneqambusS)a } ¬busS)aCatYm©as;kSRtI kñúgerOgeRBg¦ EdlRBHGgÁsEmþg)anl¥\tex©aH\tKUpÞwmry³kal2qñaM EdlelakcMNaydwknaMnigbgðat;bgðajGñk r)aMeTAtamcMeNH EdlelakFøab;TTYl)anenAkñúgrC¢kalRBH)aT GgÁDYg ehIyelakk¾)anfyxøÜneTA kan;vtþGaramedIm,IbBa©b;nUvqakCIvitCacugeRkayrbs;elak.

RBH)aT sIusuvtiß qñaM1904-1927

188

tYÉk elçanRBHraCRTBü TMag6nak; kñúgrC¢kalRBH)aTsIusuvtßi

* eQ μaHsil,karinIr)aMRBHraCRTBü enAkñúgrC¢kalRBH)aTsemþcRBHsIusuvtßi mandUcxageRkam³

RBHGgÁm©as;kSRtI smðtI CaRbFan

GñkRKUbgðat;tYnag GñkRKUbgðat;tYnayerag - Gñkmñag pU - GñkrMdYl - Gñkmñag Rbim - m:mRKU PU - GñkPaEsm - XunRKU Lwk - QunknñrI knñra -Gñkva:n - m:mRKU elom - Gñkmñag nU Nm - Gñk sYn - Gñkmñag Eqm - Gñk qMu - Gñkmñag nU QWn GñkRKU bgðat;tYykS GñkRKUbgðat;tYsVa - QunRKU sMrit - Gñk mI - GñkRKU nin - QunRKU mit - Gñk G‘uy - GñkRKU p©at; - QunRKU BURKIm - Gñk Rkmag - GñkRKU PYg - XunRKU biuc - Gñk Rcy - XunRKU Rkwm - Gñk KM - Gñk sab; - Gñk dkdin - Gñk élV - Gñk GaMm©va: - Gñk Ecm - Gñk Bum - Gñk karyin

189

4> rC¢kalRBH)aTsIusuvtßi munIvgS RBH)aTsIusuvtßi munIvgSesayraCüenAqñaM1927 GaCJaFr

)araMgnigRBHbrmraCvaMg)anyl;RBmeRBog [Rkumr)aMRBHraC RTBüeTAhat;eronenAsalaviciRtsil,³. kic©RBmeRBogEdl yl;RbmedaymhakSRt KWedIm,ICameFüa)ayeRsacRsg; sil,³buraNEdlRtUvKMramkMEhgenH. edaysarEtkarRbwg ERbg nig karhat;hVwkhVWnrbs;Rkumsil,³buraN Rkumr)aM buraN mankarerIkceRmInlUtlas;xagbec©keTsy:agxøaMg. ehIyenAeBlbuNüBiBN’enARkugéRBnKrkñúgqñaM1928 )an TTYlnUvC½yCmñHy:agRtcHRtcg;.

sil,³r)aMburaN rC¢kalRBH)aTsIusuvtßimunIvgS

elak Xun maX Gñkmñag CasamIu GñkRKÚ G‘un bU

RBH)aTsIusuvtßi munIvgS 1927-1941

190

*eQ μaHsil,karinIr)aMRBHraCRTBüenAkñúgrC¢kalRBHkruNaRBH)aTsemþcRBHsIusuvtßi munIvgS ³

GñkRKU bgðat;tYnag GñkRKU bgðat;tYnayerag - m:mRKU qavrI - Gñkmñag CasamIu - elak Qun maX - m:mRKU dkBay - GñkRKU G‘unbU - m:mRKU ywm y:an; - m:mRKU dkB - GñkGgÁm©as;sIusuvtßi sIusUda - m:mRKU b:ug - Gñkmñag er:t - Gñkmñag sy sgVan - GñkRKU møiHRkg - GñkRKU xwm ENm GñkRKU bgðat;ykS elakRKU bgðat;sVa - elak Xumit - elakRKU cab - GñkRKU Eqm - GñkRKU RBg

5> rC¢kalRBHneratþmsuraRmwt nigsemþcRBHmhakSRtiyanI kusum³narIr½tñ sirIvDÆna

rC¢kalRBH)aTRBHneratþm suraRmwt RBHmhakSRtiyanI sIusuvtßi kusum³narIr½tñ

191

enAeBlsRgÁamelakelIkTI 2 )anmkdl; RbeTskm<úCa)anTTYlrgeRKaHedayesomQøanBan qñaM 1940 ehIyRtYtRtaelIextþ)at;dMbg nig mYycMENkeToténextþesomrab nig extþkMBg;FM. edaysarkarsgát;sgáind¾GkuslenH RBH)aTsIusuvtßimunIvgSk¾RtUvcUlTivgÁtenAqñaM1941. eRkaymk rC¢kalf μ I RBH)aTsemþcRBH neratþm sIhnuvvμ ½n EdlmanRBHCnμeTIbEt19RBHvsSa. kñúg»kasenaH )anTamTarParkic©sBVEbby:ag[mkExμrkan;kab;vij. EpñkelçanburaNk¾dUecñHEdrRtUvRBHGgÁm©as; kSRtIkusum³ ¬CaRBHmataRBH)aTsemþcRBHneratþm sIhnu¦ CYyykRBHT½yTukdak;]btßmÖtaMgBIsemøók bMBak; nig R)ak;ExsRmab;elçanRBHraCRTBüenHeTot. RBHGgÁ)anFanaGHGagehIyeBlenaHmanEt Rkumr)aMÉkCnrbs;Gñkmñag {sy sgVan} eTEdlkøayCar)aMburaNBitR)akd RBHGgÁ)anTamTarR)ak; ebovtSsRmab;Rkumr)aMburaN KW 600 erolkñúgmYyEx Etmin)anseRmc RBHGgÁm©as;kSRtIkusum³ )anR)ab;dMNwgdl;sil,kr. TaMgGs;KñasRmk;TwkEPñk ehIyGgVrRBHGgÁkMu[e)aHbg;ecalBYkxøÜnenA cMeBaHkarGs;sgÇwmenH RBHGgÁm©as;kSRtIseRmcRBHT½yfa eTaHCay:agNak¾edayRkumr)aMburaN minRtUvsabsUnüCadac;xat. edaycg;elIksÞÜysil,³vb,Fm’ RBHraCak¾sBVRBHhb¤T½ycUlrYm]btßmÖ edaycMNayebovtSpÞal;RBHGgÁCYydl;sil,³ Rkumr)aMRBHraCRTBüEdlsßitenAeRkamkarbgðat;bgðaj rbs;elakXunRBHnagmaymancMnYn48nak; EdlGacsEmþggCaerOgeRBgniTan.

* eQ μaHsil,karinIr)aMRBHraCRTBüenAkñúgrC¢kalRBH)aT neratþm suraRmwt ³ RKUbgðat;tYnag RKUbgðat;ceRmog - m:mRKU qavrI - GñkRKU bY rMu - m:mRKU dkBay - GñkRKU xMu - m:mRKU dkB - GñkRKU xat; - m:mRKU b:ug - GñkRKU Em: mWun - Gñkmñag Ca samIu - GñkRKU Gul - GñkRKU G‘un bU - GñkRKU edon

192

RKUbgðat;tYnayerag RKUbgðat;ePøg - elak Qun maX - elakRKU Qun DI - m:mRKU ywm y:an; - elakRKU lat; - Gñkmñagm©as; sIusuvtßi sIusUda - elakRKU eBA - Gñkmñag er:t - elakRKU G‘Uc - GñkRKU møiHRkg - GñkRKU xwm ENm RKUbgðat;tYsVa RKUbgðat;tYykS - elakRKU cab esog - elakRKU yit sarin - elakRKU mas - elak Qun mit - elakRKU b‘ut - GñkRKU RBg - elakRKU k¥at;

r)aMburaN kñúgrC¢kalRBHneratþmsuraRmwt sil,³r)aMburaNrC¢kalRBH)aTneratþm suraRmwt

tRnþIr)aMburaNkñúgrC¢kalRBH)aTneratþm suraRmwt

193

6> rC¢kalRBH)aTsemþcRBH neratþm sIhnu eRkaymk RbeTskm<úCa)anrYcBIGaNaniKmni

ym)araMgenAqñaM1953 EdlmanRBH)aTsemþcRBH neratþm sIhnu TamTarÉkraCüBI)araMg. r)aMRBHraC RTBüsßitenAeRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu rhUtdl;RBHGgÁdak;raCüfVayeTARBHmata KW semþcRBHmhakSRtiyanI kusum³narIrtñ sirIvDÆna k¾RBHGgÁxitxMbNþúHbNþalsm¥itsm¥agelçan[rwtEtl¥eTVeLIgvij. sm½yenaH GnþrCatieK)an sÁal;RbeTs km<úCa EdlCaRbeTstUcmYy edaysarRkumelçan buraN)anecjeTAsEmþgCa mitþPaB b¤ kñúgkarRbLg RbECgmehaRsBsil,³.

eBlNaEdlsil,³elçanburaNecjsEmþgeBlenaH suT§Et)anTTYlrgVan;eCaKC½yy:agFMeFg Canic©. enAqñaM1957 Rkumr)aMburaN)aneTAeFVITsSnkic©enARbeTscinCaelIkTI1enAqñaM1961 enARbeTsGar:ab;rYm. qñaM1962 eTARbeTsswgðbUrI edIm,IcUlrYmkñúgBiFImehaRsBsil,³rYcbgðÜs dMeNIreTARbeTsm:aeLsIu RbeTs\NÐa. r)aMRBHraCRTBü)ansEmþgRKb; RbeTsTaMgGasIu GWr:ub rhUtmkdl;qñaM1969. éf¶18mIna qñaM1970 manrdæRbharTmøak;semþcRBHmuxrdæ RBHneratþm sIhnu edayelakesnaRbmux ln; nl; eLIgRKb;RKgRbeTskm<úCa. Rkumr)aMRBHraCRTBü eK)anERbeQμaHfaRkumr)aMburaNExμrvij ehIyeKykeTAbBa©ÚleTAkñúgsaklviTüal½yviciRtsil,³.

* eQ μaHsil,karinIr)aMRBHraCRTBüenAkñúgrC¢kalRBH)aTneratþm sIhnu ³ RKUbgðat;tYnag

- Gñkmñag CasamIu - GñkRKU eray emOn - elakRsI yit fU - elakRsI Ekm b:unNak - GñkRKU can; fn - GñkRKU muij kusnI - elakRsI rs; Kg; - Gñk v½n saEv: - elakRsI swum mnßa - GñkRKU G‘un bU - GñkRKU s saerOn

RBHkruNa RBH)aTsemþcRBH neratþm sIhnuvrμ ½n

194

RKUbgðat;tYnayerag - elakRsI sM saxn - GñkRKU Kwm sUpn - GñkRKU Ca xan; - GñkRKU m:m suvNÑaNU - GñkRKU CMu eGOn - GñkRKU Na tun - GñkRKU xwm ENb RKUbgðat;ykS - GñkRKU sut sMGun - GñkRKU ÉmFay - GñkRKU eBj y:um - GñkRKU sIun samadwkkU RKUbgðat;sVa - elakRKU cab esog - elakRKU mas - elakRKU b‘ut - elakRKU k¥at; - elakRKU eRBOg eQog - elakRKU b:k; sux\ - elakRKU BMu b‘uncnÞrtñ - elakRKU yit sarin - elakRKU jwm s‘n

sisShat;k,ac;qabBa©úH kñúgrC¢kalsemþcRBHmhakSRtiyanI kusum³narIr½tñ GñkRKU esg RsImMu nig elakRKU eRBOg eQog elakRKU eRBOg eQogtYsVas nigelakRKU ¬kalenAv½y10qñaM¦. b‘un BuMcan;r½tñ sVaexμA

195

7> sm½y saFarNrdæRbCamanitkm<úCa enAqñaM1979 éf¶ 7 mkra EdlmanrNsirSsamKÁIseRgÁaHCatikm<úCa )anvaykm©at;BYkRBay

bisac KW b:ul Bt eGog sarI ¬Ex μrRkhm¦ EdlCarbbdac;éføRbl½yBUCsasn_vinasGs;eTA r)aMk,ac;buraNExμrk¾)anRtUvKN³bkSRbCaCnbdivtþkm<úCa sþareLIgvij RbmUlsil,³ semøókbMBak; r)aMxøHEdlcas;² nigenAtamekonekaH eRKOgGl½gáarxøHenAkñúgbnÞb; xøHkb;kñúgdIFIø EpSpSMbNþúHbNþal elçanburaN[manPaBrs;eLIgvijenAqñaM1979. sil,kr)aMburaN)aneTAsEmþgenARbeTsevotNam lavCamitþPaB. mkdl;qñaM1980 KNbkSRbCaCnbdivtþkm<úCa)anseRmc[mansalaviciRtsil,³ eLIgvij.

* saRsþacarü elakRKU GñkRKUEdlenArs;dl;sBVéf¶ mantictYcNas; RKU ykS RKUnag - GñkRKU sut sMGun - semþcraCbuRtIRBHeromneratþmbu)aöeTvI - GñkRKU Ém Fay - elakCMTav miuj kusnI - GñkRKU siun smadwktU - GñkRKU v½n saév

- GñkRKU s saerOn RKU nayerag - GñkRKU swum mnþa - GñkRKU Eb:n suxhYn - GñkRKU Kwm sUpn - GñkRKU Na tun - GñkRKU eBj y:um RKU sVa - elakRKU eRBOg eQog - elak BMu b‘uncan;rtñ½ - elakRKU yit sarin - elakRKU jwm s‘n - elakRKU b:k; sux GñkRKU eRcog - GñkRKU pn FUer:n - elakRKU CMu Kg; RKUePøgbgðat;ePøg - elak eRBOg RBYn - elakRKU Ék sun - elakRKU Ehm sux

196

ÉkeTstYnag

semþcRBHerom neratþm bu)öaeTvI

RBwT§acarü s saerOn RBwT§acarü miuj kusnI RBwT§acarü rs; Kg;

GñkRKU Tn; sav:ag GñkRKU «m yuvNÑa

197

ÉkeTsnayerag

RBwT§acarü swum mnßa GñkRKU Kwm sUpn RBwT§acarü Eb:n suxhYn GñkRKU Na tun

ÉkeTseRcog ÉkeTsk,ac;sVa

GñkRKU pn FUern RBwT§acarü ywt sarin elakRKU bu‘n BMuc½nÞr½tñ

elakRKU jwm s‘n vrsil,kr eRBOg eQog

198

ÉkeTsk,ac;ykS

RBwT§acarü Ém Fay RBwT§acarü sut sMGun RBwT§acarü Ca xan;

GñkRKU siun sma:dwkqU GñkRKU eBj y:um

ÉkeTsePøg

vrsil,kr eRBOg RBYn

elakRKU Esm sux elakRKU CMu Kg; elakRKU esog gYnlI

199

II . bBa¢IeQμaHRKUePøgburaN

l> eQ μaH elakRKUePøg kan; CMnaj]bkrN_kñúgrUbft 1 elakRKU hYt Lay kan;]bkrN_ sMePar 2 elakRKU TUc kan;]bkrN_ RséL 3 elakRKU y:a Luúg kan;]bkrN_ KgFM 4 elakRKU y:U RBwm kan;]bkrN_ KgFM 5 elakRKU eRBOg RBYn kan;]bkrN_ rnatÉk 6 elakRKU Ey:m swum kan;]bkrN_ KgtUc 7 elakRKU Ey:m dUg kan;]bkrN_ sÁrFM 8 elakRKU Gib Ca kan;]bkrN_ rnatÉk 9 elakRKU eh‘A Fuc kan;]bkrN_ rnatFug

10 elakRKU CMu Kg; kan;]bkrN rnatFug 11 elakRKU Nul mic kan;]bkrN_ RséL¬éN¦ 12 elakRKU Ekv s¶Ün kan;]bkrN_ rnatEdk 13 elakRKU em:A ePOg kan;]bkrN_ KgtUc 14 elakRKU Rkwk kan;]bkrN_ KgtUc 15 elakRKU Nav kan;]bkrN_ rnatFug

200

elaRKU Ey:m dUg elaRKU Ey:m suwm elaRKU Gib Ca kan;]bkrN_semÖar kan;]bkrN_KgFM kan;]bkrN_rnatÉk

elaRKU eh‘A Fuc elaRKU CMu Kug elaRKU em:A ePOn RKYePøgBiNBaTü kan;]bkrN_sÁrFM kan;]bkrN_rnatFM

elaRKU Nul miuc elaRKU Ekv s¶Ün elaRKU Rkwk

kan;]bkrN_RséL kan;]bkrN_rnatEdk kan;]bkrN_KgtUc

201

elaRKU Nav elaRKUTaMgGs;RbKMbTePøgsMBHRKUFM kan;]bkrN_rnatFM

elaRKU éf pat; elaRKU hYt Lay elaRKU TUc kan;]bkrN_rnatÉk RKUePøgBiNBaTü kan;]bkrN_RséL

elaRKU y:a Lúg elaRKU eRBOg RBYn

kan;]bkrN_KgFM kan;]bkrN_rnatFM

202

III . skmμPaBRsavRCav

1> skm μPaBRsavRCav)azkfa sþIBIr)aMk,ac;buraNExμr

fñak;dwknaM nigm®nþIraCkarRksYgvb,Fm’ nigviciRtsil,³Edl)ancUlrYm 2> skm μPaBRsavRCavr)aMk,ac;buraNExμrtamextþ-Rkug

elak R)ak; suNÑar:a elak DYg samut nigelak sM cnßa CaGñkRsavRCav nigGñkftvIedGU)ancuHRsavRCavr)aMk,ac;buraNenAtamextþ-Rkug. RkumRsavRCavrbs;eyIg)anrk eXIjfa³

- elakRKU GñkRKUCasil,kr sil,karinIcas;² BuMsUvmancMeNHdwgEpñkr)aMk,ac;buraNenH c,as;las;suICeRmAenaHeT mUlehtuedayRbePTr)aMk,ac;buraNExμrenH kalBIGtItkal)ansEmþg EtkñúgRBHbrmraCvaMgEtb:ueNÑaH.

- sil,³r)aMk,ac;buraNExμrBIGtItkalminRtUv)anpSBVpSayTUlaydl;RbCaBlrdæeLIy. dUecñHehIy)anCacMeNHdwgxagr)aMk,ac;buraNExμrmanya:gtictYcbMputenAtammUldæan. xag

eRkamenH KWCarUbftsþIBIskmμPaBsEmþg nigkarsmÖasCamYyelakRKU GñkRKU Casil,kr sil,karinI enAtamextþ-Rkug.

205

ÉksarBieRKaH - vcnanuRkmEx μr PaKTI1/ PaKTI2/ karpSayrbs;BuT§sasnbNÐit ¬e)aHBum<enAPñMeBj B>s> 2511- K>s> 1967¦ . TMB½r 1653-1034/ TMB½r 1582 . - GñkRKU Ekv NaruM/ GñkRKU RBM sIusapanæa/ r)aMGbSra (Apsara Dance) ExsIha 2003 - tRnIþ nigCIvitExμrGñkRKU Ekv NarMu 1995 - eBRC TuMRkvil/ r)aMExμr/ qñaM 2001 - sm faMg³ vcnaFib,ay )araMg-Exμr/ bNÑaKar KIm KI B>s 2509 - K>s 1966 - TMB½r 879 - mKÁúeTsk_nKr 1957 - lMnaMsegçbénePøgExμrRkumCMnMuTMenomTMlab;énBuT§sasnbNÐitü 1970 - GaTieTBRkugGgÁr fac; va:n;pat nig Ekv suPun sakl,gsikSaGMBIbuBVehtuEdlnaM[GriyFm’GgÁrrIdcMerIndl;kMBUlrYcFøak;dundabcuHmkvij . - km<úCsuriya qñaM TI 31 elx 3 Ex mIna RKwsþskraC 1959 - ramekrþ× , PMñeBj , BuT§sasnbNÐitü , 1937 , 1962 , PaK1-10 nig 75-80 -segçbTsCattk bNiÐtmha Qwm sumn_ saRsþacarüenABuT§ikviTüal½y RBHsuraRmwt enA PMñeBj karpSayrbs;BuT§sasnbNiÐtü -RbCMuerOgeRBgExμr , PMñeBj , BuT§sasnbNÐitü , 1967-1974 , 9PaK - erOgRBHCinvgS , PñMeBj , BuT§sasnbNÐitü , 1964 - GgÁDYg uerOgkakI , PMñeBj , BuT§sasnbNiÐtü ,1959 - erOgsgçsil,C½y , PMñeBj , BuT§sasnbNiÐtü ,1969 - erOgRBHefag nagnaK - erOgRBHsuFn , PMñeBj , BuT§sasnbNiÐtü ,1963 - sM sMGag KHMER DANCE

- Bt’manshKmn_

206

- Adhemard LECLERE. Ancien Résident de France au Cambodge.(1974). by Librairie Paul Geuthner,Paris 1914. HISTOIRE DU CAMBODGE Depuis Le 1er Siècle de notre ère. D’apès Les Inscription Lapidaires, les Annales Chinoises et Annamites et Les Documents Européens Des six derniers siècle.

- bBa¢IsareBIPNÐ ebtikPNÐvb,Fm’GrUbIkm<úCa Inventory of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Cambodia ,Ministry of Culture And Fines Arts And UNESCO /2004.

- dkRsg;ecjBIesovePA ³ Earth in Flower. a Historical and Descriptive Study of the

Classical Dance Drama of Cambodia rbs;elak ³ CRAVATH, Paul Ruesel, University of Hawaii, Phd. 1985

- RBwT§acarür)aM mYycMnYn ³ GñkRKU suT§ sMGun - Ém Fay - rs; Kg; - swum mnßa miuj kusnI - eRBOg eQog - Christophe LOVINY ³ eTBGbSrénGgÁr (The Apsara of Angkor) RKwHsßane)aHBum<pSay SIPAR/JAZZ - édition 2003 - C. M. BHANDARI: Saving Angkor (White Orchid Books - Bangkok - 1995) - Le Ballet Royal du Cambodge, Ministère de la Culture et des Beaux-Arts - 2003 - M. Monier WILLIAMS: A Sanskrit - English Dictionary, Delhi, 1999 - N. STCHOUPAK, L. NITTI et L. RENOU, Dictionnaire Sanscrit - Français, Adrien-Maisoneuve 1959, Librairie d'Amérique et d'Orient - P. Stern, Les Monuments du Style du Bayon et Jayavarman VII, Presses Universitaire de France, Paris, 1965 - SAPHO MARCHAL, Costumes et Parures Khmers (D'après les devatã d'Angkor Vat), L'Harmattan, 1997. - PAUL PELLIOT. (1997). Adrien Maisonneuve. OEUVRES POSTHUMES DE ; , Mémoire sur Les COUTUMES DU CAMBODGE DE TCHEOU TA-KOUAN. Librairie d’Amérique et D’Orient Maisonneuve. - G.GROSLIER. (1929).Paris. Le Théâtre et La Dance au Cambodge. Imprimerie National, Librairie orientaliste Paul Geuthner .13 rue Jacob

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