RIZAL COURSE

JOSE ESTRADA

LECTURER

THE RIZAL LAW REPUBLIC ACT 1425 (R.A. 1425)

H.B. 5561

S.B.438 (RECTO BILL)

PASSED ON JUNE 12, 1956

IT IS AN ACT “TO INCLUDE IN THE CURRICULA OF ALL PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SCHOOLS, COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES COURSES ON THE LIFE, WORKS AND WRITINGS OF JOSE RIZAL, PARTICULARLY HIS NOVELS NOLI ME TANGERE AND EL FILIBUSTERISMO. AUTHORIZING THE PRINTING AND DISTRIBUTION THEREOF, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES”.

RECTO BILL THIS BILL ALMOST DID NOT PASS TO BECOME LAW

REASONS:

1. CATHOLIC HIERARCHY FOUND 170 PASSAGES IN NOLI AND 50 PASSAGES IN FILI OFFENSIVE TO CATHOLIC FAITH

2. CATHOLIC SCHOOLS THREATENED TO CLOSE IF RIZAL BILL WAS PASSED

3. CHURCH BIGWIGS THREATENED TO PUNISH ERRING LEGISLATORS IN FUTURE ELECTIONS

4. EXPURGATED NOVELS AS TEXTBOOK WAS PROPOSED TO BE USED AND UNEXPURGATED COPIES SHOULD BE LOCKED IN SCHOOL LIBRARY AND CAN ONLY BE USED UPON THE DISCRETION OF THE HIGHER SCHOOL OFFICIALS

WHO WAS EXEMPTED TO TAKE RIZAL COURSE?

ANY ONE THAT FEELS THAT READING RIZAL’S NOVELS WOULD DAMAGE HIS/HER FAITH

HOW CAN ONE GET EXEMPTION?

GO TO DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION

PRESENT AFFIDAVIT ATTESTING ONE’S BRITTLE FAITH

IS IT REALLY EXEMPTION FROM TAKING RIZAL COURSE?

NO…ONLY FROM READING THE NOVELS OF RIZAL

NATIONALISM & FILIPINO NATIONALISM

NATIONALISM

LOVE OF ONE’S COUNTRY

CONSCIOUSNESS, A FEELING OR

SENTIMENT OF BELONGINGNESS TO A

PARTICULAR COMMUNITY, GROUP OR RACE

AS A RESULT OF HAVING A COMMON OR

SHARED LANGUAGE, RELIGION, TRADITION,

AND HISTORY AND VALUES SYSTEM

FILIPINO NATIONALISM

PRODUCT OF SOCIAL, ECONOMIC AND

POLITICAL CHANGES DURING THE 19TH

CENTURY

BEFORE THE 19TH CENTURY THERE WAS NO

NATIONAL CONSCIOUSNESS HENCE, NO

FILIPINO NATIONALISM

ALTHOUGH UNITED AS UNITED AS ONE

GEOGRAPHICAL UNIT CALLED LAS ISLAS

FILIPINAS DURING THE SPANISH COLONIAL

RULE, THE PEOPLE CALLED FILIPINOS

APPLIED ONLY TO THE SPANIARDS BORN

IN THE PHILIPPINES (INSULARES), AND THE

INDIGENTS WERE DEROGATORILY CALLED

INDIOS. THE INDIOS WERE NOT UNITED IN

WORDS AND IN DEEDS, AS THE SPANISH

CHURCH AND STATE OFFICIALS, MAINLY

THE FRIARS, DIVIDED AND RULED THE

NATIVES. THUS, THE “INDIOS”, BECAME

“FILIPINO” ONLY DURING THE LAST YEARS

OF SPANISH REGIME (AGONCILLO,1990)

FORMS OF FILIPINO NATIONALISM IN

19TH CENTURY

A. ILLUSTRADO OR THE MIDDLE CLASS

ASKED FOR REFORMS

B. MASSES

AIMED FOR FREEDOM AND INDEPENDENCE

THROUGH ARMED REVOLUTION

EVENTS THAT LEAD TO EMERGENCE OF

FILIPINO NATIONALISM

1. OPENING OF THE PHILIPPINES IN THE

WORLD TRADE

THE OPENING OF THE PORT OF MANILA TO

THE INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN 1834

RESULTED TO TREMENDOUS SOCIO-

ECONOMIC CHANGES ON THE PHILIPPINES

AFTER DECADES OF ECONOMIC

STAGNATION BROUGHT ABOUT BY SPANISH

MONOPOLISTIC POLICIES

DESPITE ECONOMIC RESTRICTIONS,

FOREIGN INVESTORS FLOCKED THE

PHILIPPINES RESULTING TO THE BOOMING

OF DIFFERENT ECONOMIC

ESTABLISHMENTS AND INSTITUTIONS

THE OPENING OF THE PHILIPPINES TO THE

WORLD TRADE GENERATED A GREAT

DEMAND FOR EXPORT GOODS SUCH AS

RICE, SUGAR, ABACA, TOBACCO AND

INDIGO. THIS GAVE FILIPINO MESTIZOS AND

CHINESE MERCHANTS HUGE PROFITS

TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATION

SYSTEM ALSO IMPROVED

1839 – MAIL SERVICE BETWEEN CAVITE AND

MANILA STARTED

1846 – THE FIRST DAILY NEWSPAPER

APPEARED

1852 – THE BANCO ESPAÑOL-FILIPINO DE

ISABEL II AND TWO BRITISH BANKS BEGAN TO

ISSUE PAPER MONEY

1880S – THE HOTEL DE ORIENTE IN BINONDO,

THE FIRST HOTEL IN THE PHILIPPINES BEGAN ITS OPERATIONS

2. THE OPENING OF THE SUEZ CANAL IN 1869

THE TRAVEL BETWEEN EUROPE AND ASIA

(SPAIN TO PHILIPPINES) WAS SHORTER,

FASTER AND SAFER WHICH LED TO THE

INFLUX OF LIBERAL IDEAS FROM EUROPE TO

THE PHILIPPINES. THE IDEAS OF LIBERTY,

EQUALITY AND FRATERNITY THAT WERE

LEGACIES OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND

THE DEMOCRATIC IDEAS FROM THE UNITED

STATES HAVE PENETRATED THE MINDS OF THE

FILIPINOS IN THE PHILIPPINES

3. LIBERAL ADMINISTRATION AND EDUCATIONAL REFORMS

AS A RESULT OF THE VICTORY OF THE LIBERALS IN THE SPANISH REVOLUTION OF 1868, CARLOS MARIA DELA TORRE WAS SENT TO THE PHILIPPINES TO SERVE AS GOVERNOR-GENERAL FROM 1869-1871. HE WAS DIFFERENT FROM HIS PREDECESSORS AND HAD IMPLEMENTED REFORMS SUCH AS THE ABROGATION OF FLOGGING AS A PUNISHMENT FOR FILIPINO DESERTERS IN THE SPANISH ARMY, ABOLISHED PRESS CENSORSHIP AND ENCOURAGED FREEDOM OF SPEECH

IN EDUCATION, A DECREE WAS PASSED IN

1863 INSTRUCTING THE ESTABLISHMENT OF

SCHOOLS IN DIFFERENT PLACES AND

ADMITTED INDIOS AND ALLOWING THEM TO

LEARN THE SPANISH LANGUAGE AS THE

NATIONAL LANGUAGE. EVENTUALLY, THIS

LED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONAL

IDENTITY WHEN INSULARES, CHINESE

MESTIZOS AND INDIOS BEGAN TO IDENTIFY THEIR SELVES AS FILIPINOS

4. RISE OF THE MIDDLE CLASS

AS A RESULT OF GREAT ECONOMIC

TRANSFORMATIONS IN THE LIFE OF THE FILIPINOS, A MIDDLE CLASS (MEDIA CLASE) OF ASIAN AND EURASIAN MESTIZOS EMERGED IN THE PHILIPPINES SOCIAL PYRAMID. THEY FORMED THE TOWN PRINCIPALIA – AN ELITE SOCIAL GROUP COMPOSED OF FORMER GOBERNADORCILLOS, MINOR NATIVE BUREAUCRATS, DECORATED PERSONEL AND SCHOOL MASTERS

•

THE WEALTH OF THE PRICIPALIA

PARTICULARLY THE INQUILINOS CAME

FROM THE PROFITS GENERATED FROM

OWNED OR RENTED LANDS

THE ILUSTRADOS („THE ENLIGHTENED‟)

EMERGED FROM THE PRINCIPALIAS OR

MIDDLE CLASS FAMILIES AND WERE

EDUCATED IN UNIVERSITIES IN THE

PHILIPPINES AND IN EUROPE. THEY

RALLIED FOR REFORMS FOR THE

PHILIPPINES

5. SECULARIZATION MOVEMENT

SECULARIZATION OF THE PARISHES WAS THE TRANSFER OF MINISTRIES ESTABLISHED AND RUN BY REGULAR CLERGY [SPANISH FRIARS] TO THE SECULAR PRIESTS [FILIPINO PRIESTS]. BY THE MIDST OF 19TH CENTURY, THE SECULARIZATION MOVEMENT WAS TRANSMUTED INTO A POLITICAL AND SEPARATIST MOVEMENT WHICH EXPLODED IN THE FILIPINIZATION OF THE CHURCH, AND CULMINATED IN THE SEPARATION OF THE CHURCH FROM ROME DURING THE PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION

The secularization was organized secretly

by Padre Mariano Gomez and Padre

Pedro Pelaez. The conflict between

regular and secular priests arose when the

regular priests (friars) attempted to seize

the control of parishes from the secular

priest and the rampant abuses and

discrimination made by the friars to the

seculars

6. THE CAVITE MUTINY IN 1872

In January 20, 1872, 200 Filipino soldiers

joined by some laborers in the arsenal of

artillery led by Sgt. La Madrid waged a revolt

because of unjust deductions in their wages,

high taxes and discrimination of Filipino

soldiers from Spanish soldiers

THE SPANISH AUTHORITIES VIEWED

THE EVENT AS AN OVERTURNING OF

THE COLONIAL RULE IN THE ISLANDS,

EVEN CONSIDERING IT AS PART OF A

GREATER NATIONAL MOVEMENT TO

LIBERATE THE PHILIPPINES FROM

SPAIN

It was abruptly abrogated or pacified

and all those who participated were

either executed or exiled. After the

„containment‟ of the mutineers, the

Spanish authorities initiated a

crackdown of those who have

connections to the mutiny which ended

up in the implication of the

GOMBURZA

7. THE EXECUTION OF GOMBURZA

FATHERS MARIANO GOMEZ, JOSE

BURGOS AND JACINTO ZAMORA WERE PROMINENT FIGURES IN THE SECULARIZATION MOVEMENT. THEY WERE IMPLICATED AS LEADERS OF THE CAVITE MUTINY. TO INSTIL FEAR AMONG FILIPINOS, THEY WERE PUBLICLY EXECUTED IN FEBRUARY 07, 1872 IN THE BAGUMBAYAN

ThEIR EXECUTION WAS WITNESSED BY MANY

FILIPINOS AND HAVE LEFT THEM A GREAT

FEELING OF INDIGNATION AND INJUSTICE

THE EXECUTION OF THE GOMBURZA HAD

ALSO INSPIRED THE PROPAGANDA

MOVEMENT AND THE PHILIPPINE

REVOLUTION

8. THE PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT (1880- 1892)

DUE TO ABUSES OF SPANISH AUTHORITIES AND CLERGIES AND THE CURTAILMENT OF FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION, FILIPINOS, SPECIFICALLY THE IIUSTRADOS CAMPAIGNED FOR THE ASSIMILATION OF THE PHILIPPINES TO SPAIN BY BECOMING A PROVINCE OF SPAIN SO THAT THE FILIPINOS AND SPANIARDS WILL BE EQUAL AND FILIPINOS WILL ENJOY THE LIBERTIES ENJOYED BY THE SPANIARDS

THE ILUSTRADOS ORGANIZED THE PROPAGANDA

MOVEMENT WHICH EXPOSED THE CONDITION OF THE

PHILIPPINES UNDER THE SPANISH RULE AND CAMPAIGNED

FOR REFORMS THAT THE COUNTRY NEEDED. THEY ALSO

CAMPAIGNED FOR REPRESENTATION TO SPANISH

CORTES (LEGISLATURE), FREEDOM OF THE PRESS,

ECONOMIC LIBERALIZATION, SECULARIZATION AND

EQUALITY BEFORE THE LAW OF FILIPINOS AND SPANIARDS

LA SOLIDARIDAD

THE OFFICIAL NEWSPAPER OF THE

MOVEMENT

LA SOLIDARIDAD

THE OFFICIAL NEWSPAPER OF THE

MOVEMENT

2. . THE PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT

ALSO SUFFERED FINANCIAL PROBLEMS

TO CONTINUE ITS PUBLICATION

3. INTERNAL CONFLICTS AROSE AMONG THE

MEMBERS OF THE PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT

CAUSED BY PETTY JEALOUSIES

THE DISBANDMENT OF JOSE RIZAL‟S

LA LIGA FILIPINA MARKED THE END

OF THE PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT.

AN UNINTENTIONAL EFFECT OF THE

FAILURE OF THE PROPAGANDA

MOVEMENT WAS FOUNDING OF THE

KATIPUNAN WHICH AIMED FOR

FREEDOM AND INDEPENDENCE

THROUGH AN ARMED STRUGGLE

IMPLICATIONS OF FILIPINO NATIONALISM

THE DEVELOPMENT OF FILIPINO

CONSCIOUSNESS AND NATIONALISM HAS

FUELLED THE STRUGGLE OF FILIPINOS FOR

FREEDOM AND EMANCIPATION FROM SPAIN.

BECAUSE OF IT PHILIPPINES BECAME THE

FIRST ASIAN COUNTRY TO WAGE A

REVOLUTION AND WON ITS FREEDOM FROM A

EUROPEAN POWER. IT HAS ALSO SHAPED

OUR NATIONAL IDENTITY AND OUR HISTORY

AS A NATION