River Dynasties in China Ch. 2, Sec. 4 (pp. 50 - 55)
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Transcript of River Dynasties in China Ch. 2, Sec. 4 (pp. 50 - 55)
River Dynasties in China
Ch. 2, Sec. 4 (pp. 50 - 55)
Geographic Features• Many natural barriers
– Pacific Ocean & Yellow Sea to east– Himalaya Mountains to west– Gobi Desert to north
• River Systems– Huang He (Yellow River)
• Gets name from loess deposits
– Chiang Jiang (Yangtze River)
The Yellow River
Environmental Challenges• Unpredictable devastating floods
– Known as “China’s Sorrow”
• Isolation meant no trade• Natural borders didn’t always protect
from outsiders• Only 10% of China is suitable for
farming– Known as “China’s Heartland”
China’s Heartland
Settlements• Shang Dynasty (~1700 B.C. to 1027
B.C.) were first people to leave written records
• Anyang was a capital of Shang Dynasty– Made mostly of wood– Surrounded by giant earth wall
Anyang Ancient City Walls
Social Classes• Society was sharply divided b/t nobles
& peasants– King’s ruled (highest class)– Warrior-nobles owned land, paid tribute &
helped govern (middle class)– Villagers labored in the fields (lower class)
Role of Family• Family was central to society
• Men made familial decisions & owned property– Women were treated as inferior
• Respect for one’s parents was crucial
Filial Piety
Religious beliefs• Families paid respect to ancestors
• Shang kings consulted gods using scratched animal bones (oracle bones)
An Oracle Bone
Writing System• All Chinese writing was the same, where as
Chinese spoke different languages in different regions– Think of it as: English, French & Spanish people
can all understand when they read “2 + 2 = 4” whereas only English speakers can understand when they hear “two plus two equals four”
• There is an enormous amount of characters (more than 10,000)
Technological advances• Developed bronze tools/weapons
• Used war-chariots
• Silk textiles
Model of Shang Chariot
Artistry• Bronze jars, pottery & plaques
The Zhou Dynasty• Around 1027 B.C., the Zhou overthrew
the Shang & established their own dynasty
• To justify their conquest, Zhou leaders said that the Shang king had been a poor king, so the gods had taken away his right to rule and given it to the Zhou– Known as the Mandate of Heaven (the
fact that god gives the ruler power to rule)
The Mandate of Heaven
The Chinese Dynastic CycleRise > Decline > Replacement
Feudalism• Nobles (lords) were granted the use of
the king’s land
• In return, nobles (lords) had to give loyalty & military service to the king
Confucianism on Chinese Culture…Confucius says…
• Confucius believed that social order, harmony, & good govt could be restored in China if society were organized around 5 relationships.– 1. ruler & subject– 2. father & son– 3. husband & wife– 4. older brother & younger brother – 5. Friend & friend
(3 of these 5 based on family)
Confucianism on Chinese Culture…Confucius says…
• Confucius & the examination system
Confucius said that education could transform a humbly (poor) person into a gentlemen.
Before the Confucian Examination System, state officials were selected based on recommendations by prominent aristocrats or state officials. Theoretically, a person from any economical or social background had a chance to become a state official by passing the exam. The exam was used up until 1905 (fall of Qing dynasty), spanning over a course of 1300 years.
The Warring States Period• Zhou ruled a relatively stable empire from
1027 B.C. to ~500 B.C.• By 771 B.C., Zhou kings began to lose their
power to nomads & regional leaders• China entered a major period of Civil War
known as the “Warring States Period” in which Chinese warlords constantly fought for control of territory