ritual BankRupt

8/9/2019 ritual BankRupt

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Pcot tcd dmi wkjj gd, wd ord mlt `lis tl tdjj. Lur wlrji ks tuagjkm` km tcd vlki lf strom`drs. Pljd Rlykmeo. Idotc omi tcd Ekm`s Clrsdaom

Lur wlrji wos mdvdr wrdmbcdi frla Kts trud blursd ... Kf tcot wlrji jdovds kts blursdomi saoscds lm tcd glujidrs lf `rdot vlki, wclsd wlrji wkjj `kvd us scdjtdr<

^o`d | ?

rktuoj GomeWupt`lji os burrdmby, prdbljlmkoj @lji Blostslbkdty & kidmtky8 tcd brksks lf almorbcy.

prdbljlmkoj osomtd, obbuaujotklm lf wdojtc, stlbepkjkm` `lji vko troidomi tcd brdotklm lf blostoj Osomtd/Fomtd kidmtkty, slbkdty omi djktksa8lm tcd rupturd lf osomtd bjom omi rktuoj, lm bljlmkoj kidmtkty omi slbkdty,aoimdss omi bljlmkzotklm, ortkfkbkoj pdrslms omi foux bcdfs grledrkm`

plwdr, stotdbroft omi fobkjktotkm` blrruptklm.

burotdi gy oaao gkro`lflr oao oto okills dujokjd, ikjdaao lf o `clst

"omy bopktoj km o tlwm gdjlm`s tl ojj tcd tlwmsadm."flr "almdy grkm`s ojj gjlli rdjotklms tl`dtcdr."

Osomtd prlvdrgs


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ô`d | 7

"[lu bommlt blle omi dot rlyojty5almdy ks wcot kt ks ojj oglut."Osomtd prlvdrg

'Km tcks vost blumtry, @lji ojlmd ks ekm`. Kf omy `dt tcot wdojtccd ks ekm`. Pd ord ojj frdd oglrk`kmds lf tcks blumtry.'

@ordtc Oustkm, 'Ml djidrs wdrd prdsdmt'8Blaalmdrs omi prkvotd lwmdrsckp km Osomtd, ?3>0-;6

Ycd tdstkalmy lf Akjds omi cks fdjjlw sjovdrs tl tcd dffdbt tcot Fomtd kmstktutklms wdrd os frdd omi hust os omy km tcdwlrji aoy covd gddm sdjf-sdrvkm` gut ks blm`rudmt wktc vkrtuojjy ojj ltcdr dvkidmbd. Idspktd tcks, omi idspktd tcd fobttcot tcd prkmbkpoj dblmlakb obtkvktkds km Fomtdjomi blmtkmudi tl blmskst lf subc tckm`s os sugskstdmbd o`rkbujturd omifksckm`, tcd dffdbts lf tcd Fomtd troffkb wktc tcd Durlpdoms iki pdradotd tcd wcljd lf tcdkr slbkdty. @lji gdboad oflra lf wdojtc km tcd blmfdidroby ktsdjf, (tclu`c o sdblmiory lmd obblrikm` tl Akjds), omi tcd Fomtd dblmlay

gdboad portkojjy almdtorkzdi.Oeom Blmsuaptklm ôttdrms km tcd ?00>s.@dlr`d Adtbojf, O Akbrlblsa lf wcy Ofrkboms Rlji Rjovds

Ofrkbo Omi Ycd Ofrkboms Km Ycd O`d Lf Ycd Otjomtkb Rjovd Yroid Km tcd ordo bojjdi tcd @lji Blost gy tcd Durlpdoms, tcd dapkrd lf Osomtd (Oscomtk) rlsd tl prlakmdmbd km tcd pdrklilf tcd sjovd troid. Ycd Osomtd wdrd adagdrs lf tcd Oeom pdlpjd (tcd aohlr `rlup lf alidrm @como) wcl coisdttjdi km omi orlumi Euaosk, o rd`klm lf `lji omi eljo mut prliubtklm tcot joy gdtwddm tcd blost omi tcd Couso omiAomid troikm` bdmtdrs tl tcd mlrtc. Ycdrd wdrd ot jdost 7> saojj stotds gosdi lm tcd aotrkjkmdoj bjoms tcot wdrdblaalm tl ojj tcd Oeom pdlpjds, gut tclsd lf tcd Lylel bjom prdilakmotdi. Ycdkr bllpdrotklm omi tcdkr obbdss tlfkrdoras oftdr ?64> kmktkotdi o pdrkli lf bdmtrojkzotklm omi dxpomsklm. Tmidr tcd vk`lrlus Lsdk Yutu (i. ?0?0) tcdtktjd lf osomtdcdmd wos brdotdi os suprdad bkvkj omi rdjk`klus jdoidr. Cks `ljidm stllj gdboad tcd syaglj lf omOsomtd umklm tcot wos brdotdi gy jkmekm` tcd aomy Oeom bjoms umidr tcd outclrkty lf tcd osomtdcdmd gut rdbl`mkzkm`tcd outlmlay lf suglrikmotd ordos. Om ojj-Osomtd blumbkj oivksdi tcd rujdr, omi om kidljl`y lf umkty wos wos usditl lvdrblad tcd troiktklmoj bjom ikvksklms. Pktc tcks mdw strubturd omi o sdrkds lf akjktory rdflras, blmqudst lf tcdordo gdòm. Gy ?0>> tcd Iutbc lm tcd blost rdojkzdi tcot o mdw plwdr coi dadr`di, omi tcdy gdòm tl idoj ikrdbtjy

wktc kt. Pktc blmtrlj lf tcd `lji-prliubkm` zlmds omi o blmstomt suppjy lf prkslmdrs tl gd slji os sjovds flr alrdfkrdoras, Osomtd aokmtokmdi kts plwdr umtkj tcd ?37>s os tcd ilakmomt stotd lf tcd @lji Blost. Ojtclu`c `ljiblmtkmudi tl gd o aohlr ktda lf dxplrt, gy tcd dmi lf tcd ?0tc bdmtury tcd vojud lf sjovds aoid up ojalst twl-tckrislf Osomtd's troid.Ofrkbo Omi Ycd Ofrkboms Km Ycd O`d Lf Ycd Otjomtkb Rjovd Yroid Vorklus Outclrs , Diktdi Gy8 W. O. @uksdpk

Rlbkdty flr Oadrkbom Orbcodljl`y. Dxltkb @llis omi Dvdryioy Bckdfs8Jlm`-Ikstombd Dxbcom`d omi Kmik`dmlus Rlbklpljktkboj Idvdjlpadmt km tcd Rlutc Bdmtroj Omidsôuj R. @ljistdkm

Wdbdmt tcdlrdtkboj iksbussklms lf ombkdmt suaptuory dxbcom`d mdtwlres aoygd ikbcltlakzdio jlm` o blmtkmuuafrla `jlgojkst opprlobcds, mltogjy wlrji systdas alidjs, tl o`dmby-lrkdmtdi alidjs tcot strdss kmikvkiuoj kmtdrdstsomi plwdr o``romikzdadmt ot tcd jlboj jdvdj. Ycdsd rdprdsdmt twl fumioadmtojjyi kffdrdmt pdrspdbtkvds lm dxltkbo.Il wd vkdw tcd alvdadmt lf suaptuory flrdk`m-troid `llis frla oglvd, os o plwdrfuj ilmlr slbkdty's adoms lf

prlhdbtkm` plwdr `jlgojjy< Lr il wd sdd tcd soad `llis frla gdjlw, tcrlu`c tcd dyds lf jlboj obtlrs wcl obbdptomi usd tcda sdjdbtkvdjy, os o adoms tl brdotd plwdr ot clado5 omi blapord Blidrd, ?;63,omi Bruap, ?;03) umidrstlli tl gd lf ltcdr-wlrjijy prlvdmombd5 kt idsbdmidi frla tcd sey lm elfk, Frkioy (^rdapdK, ?;>05 ^rdapd KK, m.i.). Kt wos cdji tl dagliy tcd blrplrotd dssdmbd lr 'sluj' (sumsua) lf tclsd gdkm`s wcl wdrd,ord omi wkjj gd Osomtd, omi km ikrdbt omi lgvklus blmsdqudmbd kt wos rdvdrdi os o cojjlwdi lr sobrdi lghdbt.

Yl om ojalst tltojjy dxbjuskvd dxtdmt tcd stotd blaaomidi omi adikotdi obbdss tl wdojtc5 km blmsdqudmbd, kt wos tcdstotd's sdrvomts - lffkbd cljidrs, jdssdr fumbtklmorkds, mcdmewoo lroslafl lf wcotdvdr spdbkojkst sdrvkbd `rlup- wclwdrd km dffdbt tcd oskeofl. ôrtkbkpotklm km `lvdrmadmt wos tcd prkmbkpoj omi km dffdbt tcd lmjy sdrklus rloi tl `rdotrkbcds.

Ycus, gy tcd rdk`m lf tcd Osomtdcdmd Ewoeu Iuo ômkm, omi alst dspdbkojjy fljjlwkm` tcd blaadrbkoj glla lf tcddorjy ?32>s, `rdot wdojtc wos tl gd obbuaujotdi ojalst dxbjuskvdjy tcrlu`c troid, kmvdstadmt omi tcd idpjlyadmtlf `lji km kmtdrdst-ykdjikm` jloms5 kmiddi, kt ks sk`mkfkbomt km tcks blmtdxt tcot tcd dmlralusjy wdojtcy Aomwdrdcdmdomi Lgkrlmalm Ewosk Gromtul (b. ?0;?- ?364)

Kmtdjjdbtuojjy omi km tdras lf gdjkdf, tcd ?33>s omi ?3;>s wdrd o pdrkli wcdm tcd tdmsklms dm`dmidrdi gy bl`mktkvdiksslmombd gdboad kmsupplrtogjd. Omi km tcks blmtdxt kt ks ck`cjy sk`mkfkbomt tcot tcd aohlrkty lf Osomtd wcl flr`dio mdw kmtdjjdbtuoj froadwlre omi gdjkdf strubturd flr tcdkr jkvds iki sl os rdfu`dds km tcd @lji Blost Bljlmy. Ycd

futurd km fobt joy wktc subc pdlpjd,

O sk`mkfkbomt blmsdqudmbd lf tcks idvdjlpadmt ks tcot, km rdtrlspdbt, tcd pljktkbkoms omi pljkbkds lf tcd ?33>s omidorjy ?3;>s sdda burklusjy krrdjdvomt ot gltc tcd slbkoj omi kmtdjjdbtuoj jdvdjs. Ycd 'blmsdrvotkvds' - alst mltogjy tcdOeydapdacdmd Lcdmdgo Lwusu Elel - wdrd ottdaptkm` (ujtkaotdjy omi idspdrotdjy tcrlu`c vkljdmbd) tl turm tcdbjlbe gobe tl o wlrji tcot wos fotojjy blaprlaksdi omi gdylmi rdstktutklm. Gy blmtrost, tcd 'alidrmksdrs' - mltogjytcd Dm`jksc-diubotdi Lcdmdgo Lwusu Omso omi cks twl slms - wdrd trykm` tl gukji o grovd mdw wlrji frla oDurlpdom gjudprkmt tcot, gdkm` dbjdbtkb omi aoedsckft, blaaomidi lmjy tcd alst jkaktdi umidrstomikm` omi supplrttcrlu`clut Osomtd slbkdty.

Rjlom Aoclmd, Ycd psybcljl`y lf rdgdjjklm8Bljlmkoj adikboj rdsplmsds tl ikssdmt km Grktksc Dost Ofrkbo.

tcd kaplsktklm lf 'bkvkjkzotklm' wos jdoikm` tllutgrdoes lf bljjdbtkvd psybcljl`kboj kmstogkjkty km Dost Ofrkbo tcdsd iksbkpjkmds supplrtdi om kmtdrprdtotklm lf tcd gdcovklur lf ikssdmtdrs os dvkidmbd tcot bljlmkoj lbbupotklmomi tcd kaplsktklm lf 'bkvkjkzotklm' wos jdoikm` tl lutgrdoes lf bljjdbtkvd psybcljl`kboj kmstogkjkty km Dost Ofrkbo.3 Kmtcd ydors prdbdikm` tcd Fkrst Plrji Por, bosds lf 'dpkidakb cystdrko' jked tcd lmd idsbrkgdi gy IkstrkbtBlaakssklmdr E. W. Iumios, wdrd ilbu-admtdi rdpdotdijy gy lffkbkojs omi omtcrlpljl`ksts omi wluji gd rdbojjdiomi rdblmstktutdi flr ydors tl blad os 'rdadagdrdi dvkidmbd' flr tcd vkdw tcot tcd Ofrkbom plpujotklm wos ck`cjysusbdptkgjd tl psybckb dpkidakbs hust os tcdy wdrd tl tcd dpkidakbs lf trlpkboj iksdosd tcot rlutkmdjy pjoùdi tcda.


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ô`d | 9

^sybcljl`kboj iksturgombds boad tl gd sddm kmbrdoskm`jy os gltc kmfdbtklus omi dpkidakb omi os subc tcdy bluji gddxpdbtdi tl sprdoi ropkijy kf mlt almktlrdi bordfujjy omi blmtrljjdi wcdm mdbdssory. Ycd dtcmljl`kst @drcoriJkmigjla, wlrekm` km tcd Eoago rd`klm km ?;?? omi ?;?7, ojsl wktmdssdi tcd Aobcoels 'lutgrdoe' wckbc cdilbuadmtdi km cks ?;7> alml`ropc, wrktkm` 'tkad oftdr tkad rdaoreogjd psybckboj iksturgombds lf o rdjk`klusbcorobtdr poss jked dpkidakbs lvdr tcd Eoago blumtry, lmjy tl iksoppdor os suiidmjy os tcdy boad'.' Jkmigjlaidsbrkgdi tcdsd syaptlas os kmfdbtklus cystdrko omi bjokadi tcot tcd ottobes wdrd trk``drdi gy tcd sk`ct lf oDurlpdom wdorkm` o pktc cdjadt. Jkmigjla idsbrkgdi tcd blmvujsklms os8 Ycd offjkbtdi lmd fdjj tl tcd `rlumi,wrktckm` os kf suffdrkm` frla vkljdmt broap, alomkm` omi `rlomkm`. Ycd motkvds km tcd mdk`cglurclli lf Aobcoelstrkdi tl ovlki tcd ottobes - wcdm tcdy sow o Durlpdom km tcd ikstombd - gy wroppkm` tcdkr gjomedts lvdr tcdkr fobds tkjjcd coi `lmd gy.

Bljlmkoj Dmblumtdrs, Durlpdom Edttjds, omi tcd Ao`kb lf Akadsks km tcd Jotd Rkxtddmtc omi DorjyRdvdmtddmtc Bdmtury Kmik`dmlus Mlrtcdost omi @rdot JoedsAd`com B. J. ClwdyCkstlrkoms Pkjes omi AbBosekd covd gltc wrkttdm lm tcd bcom`km` sk`mkfk-bombd lf tcd Osomtd @ljidm Rtllj omi tcd@ljidm Djdpcomt Yokj lvdr tkad. Pkjes (?6?) fljjlws cks idtokjdi omojysks lf Osomtd pljktkboj ckstlry (?6>) gy mltkm`tcd idortc lf rdfdrdmbds tl almdy km Osomtd dtcml`ropcy (tcks lgsdrvo-tklm bluji gd oppjkdi tl omy lf tcd bosdsiksbussdi km tcks rdvkdw), idspktd tcd muagdr lf Osomtd prlvdrgs dxprdsskm` sdmtkadmts jked "[lu bommlt blle omidot mlgkjkty5 almdy ks wcot kt ks ojj oglut" (?6?, p. 7). Cd omojyzds tcd blmbdpt lf almdy (kidmtkfkdi km port wktc`lji) omi kts rdjotklmsckp tl lffkbd omi slbkoj stotus km Osomtd tclu`ct omi probtkbd skmbd tcd ?3tc bdmtury. Idotciutkds, soki tl covd gddm kmstktutdi km bo. ?07>-?04>, wdrd tcd alst plwdrfuj adoms lf opprlprkotkm`w dojtc kmtl tcdrlyoj blffdrs omi om kaplrtomtk ssud os jotd os ?;2>. AbBosekd (?>;), km tcd fkrst lf o twl-port omojysks lf Osomtdkidos oglut wdojtc omi obbuaujotklm, dxpomis lm tcdsd tlpkbs gy orùkm` tcot tcd kidljl`y lf plwdr daglikdi km`lji aust gd omojyzdi km rdjotklm tl rdjk`klm os wdjj os pljktkbs (?>;, p. 7;). Cd orùds tcot tcd dtckb lf "obckdvdadmt

gy obbuaujotklm"d aglikdi km tcd ckdrorbckbojr djotklmsckpl f tcd @ljidm Rtllj tl tcd @ljidm DjdpcomtY okj wostromsflradikm tcd aki-? ;tcb dmturyk m portg y tcd oppdorombd lf om ojtdrmotkvd alidj lf slbkoj omi dblmlakbidvdjlpadmt. Ycks wos osslbkotdi wktc tcd Grktksc lbbupotklm lf tcd slutcdrm @lji Blost, gut wos prlgogjy sddm kmblmtdxt mlt os flrdk`m gut os omltcdr Ofrkbom vkdw covkm` rdvljutklmory blmsdqudmbds Utcd sughdbt lf tcd sdblmi osydt umpugjkscdi port lf cks omojysks5 sdd ojsl (?7)Q. Ycks ortkbjd, wckbc ks lmd lf sdvdroj tcot AbBosekd cos wrkttdm lmOsomtd slbkoj ckstlry, strlm`jy dapcoskzds tcd mddi flr kmtd`rotkm`t cd "psduil-rotklmoj"w lrji blmstrubtdig yckstlrkomsw ktc tcd "'kjjl`kboj' bujturoj idmsktkds" ilbuadmtdi gy ockstlrkboj omtcrlpljl`ksts (?>;, pp. 72-76).

Wom`dr's (?79o) dssoy lm Ofrkbo dxpjlrds tcd kidljl`y lf "Kapdrkoj Almorbcy" wktc wckbc Grktksc omi @draombljlmksts km portkbujor slu`ct tl hustkfy tcdkr rujd. Ycdsd "mdltroiktklms" sdrvdi tl grkm` Ofrkboms kmtl suglrikmotd plsktklms km bljlmkoj oiakmks-trotklms, gut ojsl sdrvdi os o adoms lf ossdrtkm` tcdkr lwm mlgjd stotus, lf rdidfkmkm`kmik`dmlus blmbdptklms lf ckdrorbcy km tcdkr fovlr, omi fkmojjy lf bcojjdm`km` Durlpdom outclrkty. Bommoikmd's(76o) omojysks lf tcd bcom`ds km rlyoj rktuojs iurkm` tcd `rlwtc omi idbjkmd lf tcd Grktksc dapkrd( bo ?37>-?;00) kskmtdmidi tl idalmstrotd tcot rktuojs aust gd omojyzdi km tcdkr ckstlrkboj blmtdxts. Ycd fkrst dffjlrdsbdmbd lf rlyojrktuoj km Grktokm iurkm` tcd ?6tc omi ?0tc bdmturkds wos osslbkotdi wktc tcd plwdr lf tcd almorbcy5 tcd sdblmidffjlrdsbdmbd lf tcd Vkbtlrkom omi Diworikom pdrklis wos osslbkotdi wktc kts wdoemdss. Oppordmtjy skakjor rktuojsikffdrdi wkidjy km tcdkr blmbdptklm omi blmsdqudmbds. Bommoikmd's obblumt lf Vkbtlrkom rlyoj bdrdalmy ak`ctoppdor tl supplrt tcd rdjotklmsckp gdtwddm tcd idbjkmd lf pljktkboj plwdr omi tcd djoglrotklm lf dapty bdrdalmkojdxplumidi km Pojtdr Go`dclt's Ycd Dm`jksc Blmstktutklm, pugjkscdi km tcks pdrkli (?364-60).Bljlmkoj Dmblumtdrs, Durlpdom Edttjds, omi tcd Ao`kb lf Akadsks km tcd Jotd Rkxtddmtc omi DorjyRdvdmtddmtc Bdmtury Kmik`dmlus Mlrtcdost omi @rdot JoedsAd`com B. J. Clwdy

Aozk Lelrl Lhkoeu,Durlpdom trkgojksa omi Ofrkbom motklmojksa

Lm tcd dvkidmbd rdfdrrdi tl cdrd, clwdvdr, tcks sddas tll umikffdrdmtkotdi o pkbturd lf stotd strubturds km brksks. Ktoppdors, tl tcd blmtrory, tcot Ofrkbom plwdr-cljidrs gdòm tl sckft flr tcdasdjvds, kmbrdoskm`jy km blapdtktklm wktctcd bdmtroj plwdrs lf tcdkr ekmìlas, flr tcd blmtkmudi blmtrlj lf aoredtogjd surpjusds. Yl slad dxtdmt, tcdrdflrd,


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ô`d | 4

tcd kmtdmskfkbotklm lf Durlpdom troid omi tcd lmsdt lf bljlmkoj rujd prlaltdi omi gdmdfktdi frla tcd rksd lf o mdwjyblmsbklus bjoss, adm wclsd borddr lpplrtumktkds coi gddm brdotdi fkrst gy bdmtrojkzotklm, tcdm gy tcd kmbrdoskm`

plwdr lf bckdfs lvdr ekm`s, omi mlw, wktc tcd `rlwkm` blaalikty troid, gy tcd lpplrtumkty tl put pugjkb plwdr tl prkvotd prlfkt. Ycd bljlmkoj pdrkli wluji mlt gy omy adoms dvdrywcdrd but tcd `rlumi frla umidr tcdkr fddt.

rktuoj GomeWupt`lji os burrdmby, prdbljlmkoj @lji Blostslbkdty & kidmtkty8 tcd brksks lf almorbcy.

prdbljlmkoj osomtd, obbuaujotklm lf wdojtc, stlbepkjkm` `lji vko troidomi tcd brdotklm lf blostoj Osomtd/Fomtd kidmtkty, slbkdty omi djktksa8lm tcd rupturd lf osomtd bjom omi rktuoj, lm bljlmkoj kidmtkty omi slbkdty,aoimdss omi bljlmkzotklm, ortkfkbkoj pdrslms omi foux bcdfs grledrkm`


Aoimdss omi Bljlmkzotklm8Wkbcori Edjjdr. ^sybckotry km tcd Grktksc omi Frdmbc Dapkrds, ?3>>-?;67

^robtktklmdrs km Mk`drko "vkdwdi Ofrkboms os rdprdsdmtotkvds lf o robd, rotcdr tcom os kmikvkiuoj potkdmts," wktc tcdrdsujt tcot tcdy idsbrkgdi Ofrkboms' "kmmotd bcorobtdr" wktclut dxoakmkm` Grktksc pljkbkds tcot prlvledi trouao gytromsflrakm` tcd slbkoj jomisbopd. 4?

Ycdsd potkdmts' ikslridrs ojjlwdi tcda tl spdoe wcot ltcdr Mk`drkoms lmjy tclu`ct. Aomy potkdmts blmfkmdi ot [ogo,

flr dxoapjd, suffdrdi frla wcot psybckotrksts bojjdi "pdrsdbutlry idjusklms," o iko`mlsks tcot Roilwsey mltds "woslvdridtdrakmdi gy tcd pdrsdbutlry moturd lf bljlmkojksa ktsdjf." Roilwsey bktds o muagdr lf bosds tl supplrt tcks plkmt, kmbjuikm` tclsd lf potkdmts wcl "rdfusdUiQ flli. ..prlvkidi gy tcd Grktksc `lvdrmadmt" omi wcl bjokadi tcotjlboj lffkbkojs coi outclrkzdi auridrs. Ycd alst kmtrkùkm` lf tcdsd ks tcd bosd lf Ksoob L., tl wckbc Roilwseyidvltds om dmtkrd bcoptdr. O mkmdtddm-ydor-lji akssklmory stuidmt ot tcd tkad lf cks fkrst blmfkmdadmt km ?;27, Ksoobbjokadi "tcot cd wluji ekjj ojj tcd Durlpdoms km Mk`drko," plsdi os o bljlmkoj lffkbkoj km lridr tl sljkbkt cdjp frlavkjjo`drs wckjd cd borrkdi jlois lm o ck`cwoy, omi bjokadi tcot cd coi "purbcosdi o altlr bor flr o akjjklm plumis."Ksoob's idjusklms irdw ottdmtklm tl cks plsktklm gdtwddm bujturds. Cks vkljdmt sdmtkadmts tlwori Durlpdomsidalmstrotdi cks rdsdmtadmt ot tcd cljjlw prlaksds lf o bljlmkoj diubotklm, wckjd cks ltcdr bjokas"opprlprkotdi" syagljs lf Grktksc ilakmombd8 akjktory plwdr, outlaltkvd tdbcmljl`y, omi bopktoj. 4>

Roilwsey's dapcosks lm tcd slbkoj ckstlry lf tcd [ogo osyjua ks tcd alst mlvdj UDmi ô`d 2?>Q ospdbt lf cks stuiy.Km ottdaptkm` tl umidrstomi clw Grktksc bljlmkojs idfkmdi aoimdss oalm` Mk`drkoms, Roilwsey poys bjlsd ottdmtklmtl tclsd wcla tcdy blmfkmdi. Alst potkdmts ot [ogo wdrd Ofrkboms, omi tcdsd potkdmts tdmidi tl gd urgom wo`djoglrdrs rotcdr tcom pdosomts. Blmtrory tl tcd Grktksc lffkbkojs wcl blmstrubtdi tcdlrkds gosdi lm subc stotkstkbs,Roilwsey ks bordfuj tl mltd tcot kmaotds' lbbupotklms "tdjj us alrd oglut tcd kmstktutklms omi wckbc jumotkbs tcdyclusdi tcom tcdy il oglut jumotkbs `dmdrojjy." Cd aoeds tcd soad lgsdrvotklm oglut sdx-stotkstkbs. Admlutmuagdrdi wladm tcrdd tl lmd km Grktksc bljlmkoj osyjuas, gut oòkm tcks ks alrd "om ortkfobt lf trdotadmt

pottdrms... tcom o rdfjdbtklm lf tcd 'trud' prdvojdmbd lf admtoj kjjmdss." Osyjuas jked [ogo clusdi "umoagkùlusbosds"--tclsd wclsd bjdorjy drrotkb gdcovklr aoid tcda pltdmtkoj pugjkb iom`drs--omi tcdy ojsl blmfkmdi tclsd wclboad kmtl bjlsdst blmtobt wktc outclrktkds. Ycdrdflrd aojd, urgom, kmsomd brkakmojs blaprksdi tcd aohlrkty lf


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potkdmts. ôtkdmts oiakttdi tl [ogo flumi kt ikffkbujt tl gd rdjdosdi frla tcd osyjua, wcdrd tcd stoff okadi otrdiubkm` potkdmts tl corajdssmdss rotcdr tcom murskm` tcda tl admtoj cdojtc. 9;

Cks kmmlvotkvd kmtdrprdtotklms lf kmsomkty's blmtdmt idalmstrotd tcd usdfujmdss lf psybckotrkb ckstlry flrumidrstomikm` bljlmkojksa's clji lvdr daltklmoj os wdjj os aotdrkoj ilaokms, omi cks dxoakmotklm lf tcdMk`drkom psybckotrkst Y. O. Joagl's rdflra prl`roas km tcd ?;4>s irow surprkskm` porojjdjs gdtwddmplstbljlmkoj tcdlrkds lf jkgdrotklm omi psybckotrkb idvdjlpadmts. Flr Roilwsey, Joagl's ropprlbcdadmt lf

psybckotry omi jlboj troiktklms grlu`ct tl admtoj potkdmts o jkgdrotklm blmblaktomt wktc Mk`drko'skmidpdmidmbd.

Roilwsey's blmbdrm wktc tcd blmtdmt lf bljlmkoj aoimdss aores omltcdr mdw ikrdbtklm flr tcd ckstlrkl`ropcy lfbljlmkoj psybckotry. Cd mltds tcot tcd Grktksc oppdor tl covd blmfkmdi potkdmts mlt gdbousd tcdkr gdcovklr wos"omlaojlus lr idvkomt" gut kmstdoi "gdbousd tcdy irdw ottdmtklm tl strubturds lf plwdr km woys wckbc idmoturojkzditclsd strubturds." Ycdsd potkdmts' ikslridrs ojjlwdi tcda tl spdoe wcot ltcdr Mk`drkoms lmjy tclu`ct. Aomy potkdmtsblmfkmdi ot [ogo, flr dxoapjd, suffdrdi frla wcot psybckotrksts bojjdi "pdrsdbutlry idjusklms," o iko`mlsks tcotRoilwsey mltds "wos lvdridtdrakmdi gy tcd pdrsdbutlry moturd lf bljlmkojksa ktsdjf." Roilwsey bktds o muagdr lfbosds tl supplrt tcks plkmt, kmbjuikm` tclsd lf potkdmts wcl "rdfusdUiQ flli...prlvkidi gy tcd Grktksc `lvdrmadmt"omi wcl bjokadi tcot jlboj lffkbkojs coi outclrkzdi auridrs. Ycd alst kmtrkùkm` lf tcdsd ks tcd bosd lf Ksoob L., tlwckbc Roilwsey idvltds om dmtkrd bcoptdr. O mkmdtddm-ydor-lji akssklmory stuidmt ot tcd tkad lf cks fkrstblmfkmdadmt km ?;27, Ksoob bjokadi "tcot cd wluji ekjj ojj tcd Durlpdoms km Mk`drko," plsdi os o bljlmkoj lffkbkoj kmlridr tl sljkbkt cdjp frla vkjjo`drs wckjd cd borrkdi jlois lm o ck`cwoy, omi bjokadi tcot cd coi "purbcosdi o altlrbor flr o akjjklm plumis." Ksoob's idjusklms irdw ottdmtklm tl cks plsktklm gdtwddm bujturds. Cks vkljdmt sdmtkadmtstlwori Durlpdoms idalmstrotdi cks rdsdmtadmt ot tcd cljjlw prlaksds lf o bljlmkoj diubotklm, wckjd cks ltcdrbjokas "opprlprkotdi" syagljs lf Grktksc ilakmombd8 akjktory plwdr, outlaltkvd tdbcmljl`y, omi bopktoj. 4>

^robtktklmdrs km Mk`drko "vkdwdi Ofrkboms os rdprdsdmtotkvds lf o robd, rotcdr tcom os kmikvkiuoj potkdmts," wktc tcdrdsujt tcot tcdy idsbrkgdi Ofrkboms' "kmmotd bcorobtdr" wktclut dxoakmkm` Grktksc pljkbkds tcot prlvledi trouao gytromsflrakm` tcd slbkoj jomisbopd. 4?

Roilwsey's bjlsd rdoikm`s lf bosd fkjds omi cks obblumt lf Mk`drkom psybckotry's tromsktklm tl kmidpdmidmbd ord Kapdrkoj Gdijoa's `rdotdst strdm`tcs. Cks kmmlvotkvd kmtdrprdtotklms lf kmsomkty's blmtdmt idalmstrotd tcd usdfujmdsslf psybckotrkb ckstlry flr umidrstomikm` bljlmkojksa's clji lvdr daltklmoj os wdjj os aotdrkoj ilaokms, omi cksdxoakmotklm lf tcd Mk`drkom psybckotrkst Y. O. Joagl's rdflra prl`roas km tcd ?;4>s irow surprkskm` porojjdjs

gdtwddm plstbljlmkoj tcdlrkds lf jkgdrotklm omi psybckotrkb idvdjlpadmts. Flr Roilwsey, Joagl's ropprlbcdadmt lf psybckotry omi jlboj troiktklms grlu`ct tl admtoj potkdmts o jkgdrotklm blmblaktomt wktc Mk`drko's kmidpdmidmbd. YcdGrktksc-trokmdi Joagl rdhdbtdi mltklms lf Durlpdom supdrklrkty gy ckrkm` rd`klmoj troiktklmoj cdojdrs ot tcd Orlclspktoj tl osskst km trdotadmt omi kmtdrprdtotklm lf admtoj kjjmdss. Joagl ojsl dstogjkscdi o blaaumkty lutrdobc

prl`roa tcot kmstojjdi rdbupdrogjd potkdmts wktc jlboj foakjkds lm o wlre dxbcom`d prl`roa. Ycks kmmlvotkvd sdrvkbdrdiubdi tcd clspktoj's cdovy bosd jloi, cdjpdi potkdmts oiopt tl dxtro-kmstktutklmoj dmvkrlmadmts, omi òvd vkjjo`drsobbdss tl clspktoj fkmombkm` flr cluskm` omi kmfrostrubturd. Ycd prl`roas wdrd sl subbdssfuj tcot tcd TM prliubdi ofkja oglut Orl, omi tcd clspktoj sdrvdi os o alidj flr ltcdr Ofrkbom admtoj cdojtc systdas. Roilwsey mltds tcdkmopprlprkotdmdss lf o Pck``ksc morrotkvd lf prl`rdss km gltc plstbljlmkoj omi psybckotrkb ckstlry, `kvdm tcd

pdrskstdmbd lf outclrktorkomksa omi plvdrty km aubc lf Ofrkbo omi tcd rdvdjotklms lf omtkpsybckotrkb jktdroturd. Gutk`mlrkm` tcd pljktkboj lrk`kms lf kmikvkiuoj bosds lf prl`rdss ks ojsl o `rovd akstoed8 tcd "Mk`drkomkzotklm lf

psybckotrkb kmstktutklms prlvkids om dxoapjd lf tcd brdotkvd dmdr`y flr wckbc kmidpdmidmbd prlvkidi `rdotdr sblpdUKQt prlvkidi alrd lpplrtumkty flr Mk`drkom pcyskbkoms tl usd tcdkr dxpdrtksd pugjkbjy UomiQ rdprdsdmtdi...o bljjopsdkm tcd goskb jl`kb lf bljlmkojksa ktsdjf." 47

. Gy ossdrtkm` tcot "bljlmkoj pljkbkds wdrd `dmdrotkm` tcd slbkoj bcom`ds wckbc wdrd ojtdrkm` dpkidakljl`kboj pottdrms" oalm` Mk`drkoms, Roilwsey `romts o bdrtokm trutc tl psybckotrksts' tcdlrkds oglut idbujturotklm, wcdrd cdbluji prlgjdaotkzd tcda. Bdrtokmjy tcd bljlmkoj dmvkrlmadmt, wcdrd "bkvkjkzkm`" rcdtlrkb roksdi dxpdbtotklms tcotrdojktkds fokjdi tl addt, omi wcdrd kmikvkiuojs sddekm` lpplrtumkty flumi tcdasdjvds ojkdmotdi frla gltc jlboj omiGrktksc blaaumktkds, prlvledi sk`mkfkbomt trouao. Gut dvdm tclu`c potkdmts' uttdrombds rdfjdbtdi bljlmkoj iymoakbs,tcdsd iymoakbs UDmi ô`d 2?7Q aoy mlt gd tcd rllt lf aoimdss. Ycks ks ojsl kmblmskstdmt wktc Roilwsey's


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orùadmt tcot kt ks "bruid tl soy tcot bljlmkojksa bousdi aoimdss," ojtclu`c "kt grlu`ct oglut spdbkfkbojjy bljlmkoj potcljl`kds." 42 Gut tcdsd fdw kssuds scluji mlt idtrobt frla o wlre tcot sdrvds os o alidj flr sbcljors lf bljlmkoj psybckotry tcrlu`c tcd rkbcmdss lf kts morrotkvd, kts gojombdi trdotadmt lf kts ckstlrkboj prlgjda, omi tcd kmmlvotklmstcot Roilwsey grkm`s tl gltc tcd ckstlry lf psybckotry omi bljlmkoj stuikds.

Aoimdss omi Bljlmkzotklm8Wkbcori Edjjdr. ^sybckotry km tcd Grktksc omi Frdmbc Dapkrds, ?3>>-?;67

@ordtc Oustkm, 'Ml djidrs wdrd prdsdmt'8Blaalmdrs omi prkvotd lwmdrsckp km Osomtd, ?3>0-;6 tcd prlbdss lf obbuaujotklm, prkmbkpojjy frla troikm`, km Osomtd gdflrd bljlmkoj rujd. Ycd fobtlrs lf mlm -`rlwtclr mlm-idvdjlpadmt covd gddm put cdrd km tdras lf blmstrokmts, omi tcdsd blmstrokmts covd gddm sddm os (o) tcd jobelf aoredts km tdras gltc lf quomtkty omi quojkty, (g) tcd jlw jdvdj lf aotdrkoj bujturd, wckbc iki mlt `dmdrotdkmbdmtkvds tl sustokmdi prliubtkvd dfflrt, omi (b), oglvd ojj, tcd fumbtklmoj idaomis lf tcd dxpomsklmkst stotd wckbcopprlprkotdi tcd guje lf tcd wdojtc lf Osomtd tl kts akjktorkstkb-dxpomsklmkst lghdbtkvds. Km tcd jost quortdr lf tcdmkmdtddmtc bdmtury, jlm`-ikstombd troidrs wcl lpdrotdi lm tcd blost omi coi lgtokmdi o ikffdrdmt vkdw lf wcot wlujitlioy gd bojjdi pljktkboj dblmlay rdhdbtdi tcd Osomtd troiktklm lf blaaumojksa, omi wdjbladi tclsd ospdbts lf

bljlmkoj rujd tcot rdalvdi tcd blmstrokmts pjobdi gy tcd Osomtd stotd lm tcd pursukt lf wdojtc.

Ewoad Orckm. Kmtdrmotklmoj Ofrkbom KmstktutdYroid, Obbuaujotklm omi tcd Rtotd km Osomtd km tcd Mkmdtddmtc BdmturyBlrrdbtjy km ay vkdw, tcdy wluji rdhdbt Pkjes's vkdw tcot tcd Osomtd stotd wos kmtdrdstdi km motklmoj dblmlakbidvdjlpadmt km tcd sdmsd lf o `dmdroj sprdoi lf aotdrkoj wdjford. Pkjes cos stotdi (?;048 6;7) tcot 'kt ks bjdor tcotwktckm Osomtd kt wos mlt lmjy plsskgjd flr tcd kmikvkiuoj tl obqukrd wdojtc gut flr cka tl il sl wos umkvdrsojjyblaadmidi'. Kt sddas tl ad tcot tcd stotdadmt ks trud lmjy lf tcd prdsdmt bdmtury. tcd idvdjlpadmtoj kidljl`kdslf tcd Osomtd ekm`s omi Ewoad Meruaoc ... Gltc rdstrkbtdi tcd obbuaujotklm lf prkvotd bopktoj. Gut tcd kidljl`kbojumidrpkmmkm`s lf tcd rdstrkbtklms ikffdrdi. Ycd Osomtd ekm`s wdrd blmbdrmdi wktc tcd aokmtdmombd lf o akjktorkstkb-

pljktkboj lridr lf pdraomdmt kmdquojkty. Ewoad Meruaoc prlfdssdi slbkoj-ksa, omi cks pljkbkds wdrd okadi otovlkikm` tcd brystojjksotklm lf o bjoss systda km wckbc o wdojtcy akiijd bjoss wluji bopturd pljktkboj plwdr. Ycdopprlprkotd blaporkslm ks tcot gdtwddm tcd pljktkboj dblmlakds lf tcd Pdst Ofrkbom dxpomsklmkst stotds lf tcdmkmdtddmtc bdmtury omi tcd akjktory/lmd-porty rd`kads lf blmtdaplrory Ofrkbo. Ycdy ord ojj potrkalmkoj typds lfoutclrktkds wktc potrkalmkoj fkmombkoj systdas tcot tdmi tl kapdid tcd `dmdroj sprdoi lf wdojtc .

@ordtc Oustkm, 'Ml djidrs wdrd prdsdmt'8Blaalmdrs omi prkvotd lwmdrsckp km Osomtd, ?3>0-;6 Pkjes sclwdi tcot km tcd jost idboid lf Osomtd kmidpdmidmbd, o `rlup lf wdojtcy Osomtd dxkjds gosdi ot BopdBlost trkdi tl pdrsuoid tcd Grktksc oiakmkstrotklm tl kmtdrvdmd km Osomtd tl idplsd tcd mdw Osomtdcdmd O`ydaom^rdapd K omi dstogjksc Grktksc lvdrrujd. Ycks, tcdy gdjkdvdi, wluji prlvkid o jkgdroj tox rd`kad prdsdmtkm` mllgstobjd tl tcd prkvotd obbuaujotklm lf wdojtc. Km pdtktklms tl tcd `lvdrmlr lf tcd @lji Blost km ?3;9 tcdy tlle wcotak`ct km Frdmbc Wdvljutklm tdras gd idsbrkgdi os o glur`dlks os lpplsdi tl om orkstlbrotkb stombd8 'Km tcks vostblumtry, @lji ojlmd ks ekm`. Kf omy `dt tcot wdojtc cd ks ekm`. Pd ord ojj frdd oglrk`kmds lf tcks blumtry.'

Aozk Lelrl Lhkoeu, Durlpdom trkgojksa omi Ofrkbom motklmojksaOmi, wckjd tcd jdoidrs lf dorjkdr motklmojksa wdrd tcd ekm`s, bckdfs, wor-jlris lr djidrs, wcl blmtrljjdi aubc plwdromi outclrkty km tcd ruroj ordos, tcd Kgl lr [lrugo motklmojksa lf o jotdr tkad, wos ilakmotdi gy tcd wdstdrm-diubotdi, wclsd aohlr tcdotrd lf obtklm wos prkaorkjy tcd bktkds, omi lmjy sdblmiorkjy tcd ruroj ordos. Ycus,Durlpdom bljlmkzotklm omi tcd rdsujtomt dxplsurd lf cktcdrtl ksljotdi `rlups tl o jor`dr wlrji tcrlu`c troid omidiubotklm, scorpdmdi dvdry `rlup's owordmdss lf gltc ktsdjf omi ltcdrs, portkbujorjy km tcd urgom bdmtdrs wcdrd tcdblmtobt gdtwddm ikffdrdmt motklmojkty djdadmts gdboad alst kmtdmsd. Yroiktklmoj motklmojksa rdoikjy rdordi up ktscdoi cdrd km o mdw flra8 tcd mdw lròmkzotklms, osslbkotklms lr umklms wktc adagdrsckp irowm lm dxbjuskvdjy frla


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tcd motklmojkty `rlup. Km alst bosds, o aohlr lghdbtkvd lf tcdsd lròmkzotklms wos tl prltdbt tcd kmtdrdst lf ktsadagdrs, tl dmsurd tcd prdsdrvotklm lf tcdkr bujturd omi vojuds, omi tl prlaltd tcd slbkl-dblmlakb gdttdradmt lftcd adagdrs cladjomi.

ORKEOFL. @LJI OMI PDOJYC OBBTATJOYKLM,RLBKOJ WDR^LMIRGKJKY[ OMI KYR ROBWDI OMI BLAATMOJ OR^DBYR

"Rkeo pdrdiwom io eurla o dwl oaomsom"omy bopktoj km o tlwm gdjlm`s tl ojj tcd tlwmsadm,

" Rkeo frd aal`yo" ..."almdy grkm`s ojj gjlli rdjotklms tl`dtcdr."

OR^DBYR LF ^WDBLJLMKOJ OEOM DBLMLA[E. [. Iooeu

Ycus, ot kts alst fumioadmtoj, tcd obbuaujotklm lf wdojtc wos goskbojjy ogluttcd oapjkfkbotklm lf bujturoj spobd lvdr ckstlrkboj tkad. Omi, ot tcd jdvdj lf tcd stotd's rdkfkbotklmlf tcks wlrji vkdw, tcd rotklmojksotklms omi adbcomksas kmvljvdi ord dxtdmskvdjy ilbuadmtdi

@kvdm tcd Oeom blmbdptklm tcot o aom's trud `rdotmdss jkds mlt km tcd obquksktklm gut tcd iksgursdadmt lf wdojtc,jomidi orkstlbroby wktc lgjkòtklms tl om dxtdmidi foakjy aoy mlt covd kmvdstdi tcdkr bopktoj km guskmdss. ^drcopstcd fokjurd lf slad Ofrkbom slbkdtkds5 tl obbdpt kmikvkiuojkstkb omi obquksktkvd bopktojkstkb mlras jkds km wcot LsdkGlmsu idsbrkgdi km tcd ?37>s os " wcot ks rk`ct" - tcd clmlr lf gdkm` blmskidrdi `dmdrlus . O plpujor Oeom

prlvdrg soys, Rkeo pdrdiwom io eurla o dwl oaomsom, "omy bopktoj km o tlwm gdjlm`s tl ojj tcd tlwmsadm," flr Rkeofrd aal`yo, "almdy grkm`s ojj gjlli rdjotklms tl`dtcdr."

Obbuaujotklm, Pdojtc omi Gdjkdf

km Osomtd Ckstlry tl tcd Bjlsd lf tcd Mkmdtddmtc Bdmtury.Y. B. AbBosekd

Ycus, ot kts alst fumioadmtoj, tcd obbuaujotklm lf wdojtc wos goskbojjy oglut tcd oapjkfkbotklm lf bujturoj spobdlvdr ckstlrkboj tkad. Omi, ot tcd jdvdj lf tcd stotd's rdkfkbotklm lf tcks wlrji vkdw, tcd rotklmojksotklms omiadbcomksas kmvljvdi ord dxtdmskvdjy ilbuadmtdi

km tcd pdrkli umidr kaadikotd rdvkdw (soy, gdtwddm ?0>> omi ? 34>) tcks botd`lrkboj ikstkmbtklm wosfumioadmtojjy om kjjusklm. Yl om ojalst tltojjy dxbjuskvd dxtdmt tcd stotd blaaomidi omi adikotdi obbdss tl wdojtc5km blmsdqudmbd, kt wos tcd stotd's sdrvomts - lffkbd cljidrs, jdssdr fumbtklmorkds, mcdmewoo lroslafl lf wcotdvdrspdbkojkst sdrvkbd `rlup- wcl wdrd km dffdbt tcd oskeofl. ôrtkbkpotklm km `lvdrmadmt wos tcd prkmbkpoj omi km dffdbttcd lmjy sdrklus rloi tl `rdot rkbcds. Flr kts lwm purplsds, omi lm kts lwm tdras, tcd stotd sdiujlusjy dmbluro`di,strubturdi omi rdworidi tcd pursukt lf tcd prkaory omi fumioadmtojjy km`rokmdi slbkoj dtckb lf obckdvdadmt tcrlu`cobbuaujotklm.

Pktckm tcd flrd`lkm` kmtdjjdbtuojkst froadwlre, tcd ujtkaotd adomkm` lf obbuaujotklm omi lf wdojtc wos blmstrudios gdkm` slbkoj rotcdr tcom kmikvkiuoj. Ycot ks, ojj obbuaujotklm blmstktutdi om obt lf slbkdtoj rotcdr tcom kmikvkiuojkmbrdosd - om lgjkòtlry o``romiksdadmt lr dmjor`dadmt lf tcd stlbe lf cuaom (Osomtd) bopktoj, umidrtoedm kmblmsbklus iksbcor`d lf iutkds tlworis tcd obckdvdadmt lf tcd ombdstlrs omi lf rdsplmskgkjktkds tlworis tcd 'ckstlrkb'futurd rdprdsdmtdi gy tcd umglrm. Ycus, ot kts alst fumioadmtoj, tcd obbuaujotklm lf wdojtc wos goskbojjy oglut tcdoapjkfkbotklm lf bujturoj spobd lvdr ckstlrkboj tkad. Omi, ot tcd jdvdj lf tcd stotd's rdkfkbotklm lf tcks wlrji vkdw, tcdrotklmojksotklms omi adbcomksas kmvljvdi ord dxtdmskvdjy ilbuadmtdi, omi tcd `dmdroj lpdrotklmoj prkmbkpjds ord

gdblakm` umidrstlli.


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Aozk Lelrl Lhkoeu,Durlpdom trkgojksa omi Ofrkbom motklmojksa

Yl tcd id`rdd tcot cd daglikds gltc tcdsd vorykm` mlras, cd wlres wktckm twl sdts lf syagljs ot tcd soadtkad, wktc rdsujtomt ikscoralmy omi kmblmskstdmby km cks slbkoj pdrslmojkty. Ycks ojsl jdois tl frdqudmtblmfjkbt gdtwddm pdrslms5 lmd's gdcovklur ks qukbejy sddm gy ltcdrs os idvkomt.

Pcot ks portkbujorjy umkqud oglut tcd slbkdty km `dmdroj omi tcd bkty km portkbujor, ks tcd fobt tcot tcd kmikvkiuoj gdorswktckm ckasdjf twl tltojjy ikffdrdmt omi kmvorkogjy kmblapotkgjd vojuds omi gdjkdfs 8 Os o adagdr lf tcd troiktklmojslbkdty cd gdors wktc cka tcd mlras omi vojuds lf cks slbkdty5 os lmd ojsl dxplsdi tl tcd vojuds lf tcd Pdst, cdborrkds tcd gurdoubrotkb vojuds dapcoskzdi gy tcd bljlmksdr. Yl tcd id`rdd tcot cd daglikds gltc tcdsd vorykm`mlras, cd wlres wktckm twl sdts lf syagljs ot tcd soad tkad, wktc rdsujtomt ikscoralmy omi kmblmskstdmby km cksslbkoj pdrslmojkty. Ycks ojsl jdois tl frdqudmt blmfjkbt gdtwddm pdrslms5 lmd's gdcovklur ks qukbejy sddm gy ltcdrs osidvkomt. Os wktc tcd kmikvkiuoj sl wktc tcd bkty, wckbc gdbousd kt blmtokms gltc tcd troiktklmoj os wdjj os wdstdrmstomioris lf vojud omi probtkbd, ojsl daglikds blmfjkbt omi ikscoralmy. Ycks blmfjkbt aomkfdsts ktsdjf tlioy kmtroiktklmoj motklmojksa, os rdfjdbtdi km tcd flraotklm lf tcd vorklus ekmis lf lròmkzotklms wktc o strlm` tkm`d lf

troiktklmojksa, km tcd mdw urgom bdmtdrs.Oport frla tcd strdm`tc lf tcd lgjkòtklms lf tcd troiktklmoj slbkdty, tcd `dmdroj bcorobtdr lf Ofrkbom urgom bdmtdrs -

gdkm` prkaorkjy blaadrbkoj omi lmjy sdblmiorkjy kmiustrkoj bdmtdrs - wos mlt subc os tl blapdj pdlpjd flradrjyrdjotkvdjy stotklmory km tcdkr offkjkotklms, tl alrd rdoikjy flra mdw `rlupkm`s. Ycks obblumts km port flr tcd rdjotkvdwdoemdss lr poubkty lf spdbkoj-purplsd lròmkzotklms km tcdsd bdmtdrs.

o aohlr lghdbtkvd lf tcdsd lròmkzotklms wos tl prltdbt tcd kmtdrdst lf kts adagdrs,tl dmsurd tcd prdsdrvotklm lf tcdkr bujturd omi vojuds, omi tl prlaltd tcd slbkl-dblmlakb gdttdradmt

lf tcd adagdrs cladjomi.

Mlt surprkskm`jy jlyojty tromsbdmikm` ekmsckp adagdrsckp omi

motklmojkty offkjkotklms lmjy idvdjlpdi quktd sjlwjy5 km aomy bosds kt wos rdtoridi .

Ycd alidrm urgom bdmtdr km Ofrkbo, brdotdi gy tcd autuoj kmtdrpdmdtrotklm lf tcd Ofrkbom omi Durlpdom vojudsystdas ks bcorobtdrkzdi gy o mdw slbkoj systda dagliykm` ikvdrsd omi blmfjkbtkm` djdadmts. Pcot ks portkbujorjyumkqud oglut tcd slbkdty km `dmdroj omi tcd bkty km portkbujor, ks tcd fobt tcot tcd kmikvkiuoj gdors wktckm ckasdjf twltltojjy ikffdrdmt omi kmvorkogjy kmblapotkgjd vojuds omi gdjkdfs8 Os o adagdr lf tcd troiktklmoj slbkdty cd gdorswktc cka tcd mlras omi vojuds lf cks slbkdty5 os lmd ojsl dxplsdi tl tcd vojuds lf tcd Pdst, cd borrkds tcd

gurdoubrotkb vojuds dapcoskzdi gy tcd bljlmksdr. Yl tcd id`rdd tcot cd daglikds gltc tcdsd vorykm` mlras, cdwlres wktckm twl sdts lf syagljs ot tcd soad tkad, wktc rdsujtomt ikscoralmy omi kmblmskstdmby km cks slbkoj

pdrslmojkty. Ycks ojsl jdois tl frdqudmt blmfjkbt gdtwddm pdrslms5 lmd's gdcovklur ks qukbejy sddm gy ltcdrs osidvkomt. Os wktc tcd kmikvkiuoj sl wktc tcd bkty, wckbc gdbousd kt blmtokms gltc tcd troiktklmoj os wdjj os wdstdrmstomioris lf vojud omi probtkbd, ojsl daglikds blmfjkbt omi ikscoralmy. Ycks blmfjkbt aomkfdsts ktsdjf tlioy kmtroiktklmoj motklmojksa, os rdfjdbtdi km tcd flraotklm lf tcd vorklus ekmis lf lròmkzotklms wktc o strlm` tkm`d lftroiktklmojksa, km tcd mdw urgom bdmtdrs.

Oport frla tcd strdm`tc lf tcd lgjkòtklms lf tcd troiktklmoj slbkdty, tcd `dmdroj bcorobtdr lf Ofrkbom urgom bdmtdrs - gdkm` prkaorkjy blaadrbkoj omi lmjy sdblmiorkjy kmiustrkoj bdmtdrs - wos mlt subc os tl blapdj pdlpjd flradrjyrdjotkvdjy stotklmory km tcdkr offkjkotklms, tl alrd rdoikjy flra mdw `rlupkm`s. Ycks obblumts km port flr tcd rdjotkvdwdoemdss lr poubkty lf spdbkoj-purplsd lròmkzotklms km tcdsd bdmtdrs. Yroid umklms, prlfdssklmoj osslbkotklms omitcd jked, wdrd fdw omi wdoe. Mlt surprkskm`jy jlyojty tromsbdmikm` ekmsckp adagdrsckp omi motklmojkty offkjkotklmslmjy idvdjlpdi quktd sjlwjy5 km aomy bosds kt wos rdtoridi. Tmidr tcks blmiktklm, osslbkotklms ikffusd km fumbtklmomi wktc o adagdrsckp gosdi lm prkalrikoj ottobcadmts fjlurkscdi, tl prltdbt kmikvkiuojs omi `rlups rdbdmtjy sclrm


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lf tcdkr troiktklmoj tkds km tcd bktkds. Km tkad tcdy joki tcd flumiotklm flr tcd spdbkoj-purplsd osslbkotklms - tcd pljktkboj portkds omi tcd troid umklms, tcot dadr`di jotdr km rdsplmsd tl "alidrm" motklmojksa.

Alrd blmbrdtdjy, tcdrd ks ojj tcd dvkidmbd frla Pdst Ofrkbo lf wcot lmd ak`ct bojj o brksks lf almorbcy. Ycdrd wdrdtcd Osomtd lffkbkoj troidrs wcl aoid prkvotd idojs wktc Durlpdoms, wcl rdskstdi tcd poyadmt lf idotc iutkds (Pkjes,?;0;)5 tcd troikm` bckdfs lf [lrugojomi, wclsd oradi blmfjkbts fkjjdi tcd vobuua jdft gy tcd fojj lf Lyl (Owd,?;02)5 tcd adrbcomts lf Ioclady, wcl lutaomduvdrdi tcd ekm` km sdjjkm` poja prliubts lvdrsdos (Jow, ?;00g)5omi, ojj lvdr Rdmdòagko, tcd ausjka troidrs wcl tlle tcd port lf pdosomts oòkmst tcd bckdfs omi tcdkr sjovd orakds(Ejdkm, ?;07). Ycks pdrkli cos gddm bojjdi o "brksks lf orkstlbroby" (Clpekms, ?;028 bc. 9), lm tcd cypltcdsks tcot tcd

gk` dmtrdprdmdurs, ekm`s omi ltcdr adagdrs lf tcd pljktkboj bjoss, bluji gd lutslji gy pdosomts lmbd tcd dxplrtstopjd turmdi frla sjovds tl vd`dtogjds. Lm tcd dvkidmbd rdfdrrdi tl cdrd, clwdvdr, tcks sddas tll umikffdrdmtkotdi o

pkbturd lf stotd strubturds km brksks. Kt oppdors, t l tcd blmtrory, tcot Ofrkbom plwdr-cljidrs gdòm tl sckft flrtcdasdjvds, kmbrdoskm`jy km blapdtktklm wktc tcd bdmtroj plwdrs lf tcdkr ekmìlas, flr tcd blmtkmudi blmtrlj lfaoredtogjd surpjusds. Yl slad dxtdmt, tcdrdflrd, tcd kmtdmskfkbotklm lf Durlpdom troid omi tcd lmsdt lf bljlmkoj rujd

prlaltdi omi gdmdfktdi frla tcd rksd lf o mdwjy blmsbklus bjoss, adm wclsd borddr lpplrtumktkds coi gddm brdotdifkrst gy bdmtrojkzotklm, tcdm gy tcd kmbrdoskm` plwdr lf bckdfs lvdr ekm`s, omi mlw, wktc tcd `rlwkm` blaaliktytroid, gy tcd lpplrtumkty tl put pugjkb plwdr tl prkvotd prlfkt. Ycd bljlmkoj pdrkli wluji mlt gy omy adomsdvdrywcdrd but tcd `rlumi frla umidr tcdkr fddt.

rktuoj GomeWupt`lji os burrdmby, prdbljlmkoj @lji Blostslbkdty & kidmtkty8 tcd brksks lf almorbcy .

prdbljlmkoj osomtd, obbuaujotklm lf wdojtc, stlbepkjkm` `lji vko troidomi tcd brdotklm lf blostoj Osomtd/fomtd djktksa8 lm tcd rupturd lf rktuoj omi bjomlm bljlmkoj kidmtkty omi slbkdty, aoimdss omi bljlmkzotklm,ortkfkbkoj pdrslms, omi dvdryioy bckdfs grledrkm`


Oalm` tcd alst bdjdgrotdi rd`klms km tcd ckstlry lf Pdst Ofrkbo ks Oscomtk,wclsd gdjjk`drdmt gdcovklur km tcd dk`ctddmtc omi mkmdtddmtc bdmturkds, mlt lmjy dmogjdi kt tl ilakmotd kts

mdk`cglurs, gut ojsl tl prdvdmt tcd Grktksc frla bljlmkzkm` kt flr ydors. Kts kmik`dmlus ck`cbujturd cos aoid kt vdry foalus km tcd omtcrlpljl`kboj wlrji.

Ycd Robrdi Rtlljs lf Oscomtk. ^dtdr Ewosk Rorplm`

Obbuaujotklm, Pdojtc omi Gdjkdfkm Osomtd Ckstlry tl tcd Bjlsd lf tcd Mkmdtddmtc Bdmtury.

Y. B. AbBosekd

Ycd systdakb almdtory rdkfkbotklm lf `lji os sugstombd (Pkjes, ?;045 AbBosekd, ?;3>o5 omi blapord Blidrd, ?;63,omi Bruap, ?;03) umidrstlli tl gd lf ltcdr-wlrjijy prlvdmombd5 kt idsbdmidi frla tcd sey lm elfk, Frkioy (^rdapdK, ?;>05 ^rdapd KK, m.i.). Kt wos cdji tl dagliy tcd blrplrotd dssdmbd lr 'sluj' (sumsua) lf tclsd gdkm`s wcl wdrd,ord omi wkjj gd Osomtd, omi km ikrdbt omi lgvklus blmsdqudmbd kt wos rdvdrdi os o cojjlwdi lr sobrdi lghdbt. Km tcksospdbt lr alid tcd @ljidm Rtllj wos o blmstrubt tcot froadi kmikvkiuoj omi bljjdbtkvd kidmtkty, omi tcot adikotdi -tcrlu`c kts skmùjorkty, kts umkqudmdss- tcd goskb rdfdrdmts lf bujturoj iksblursd. Kt iki tcks gy furmksckm` om ur-vlbogujory, gy idfkmkm` dssdmtkoj lmtljl`kds5 tcd ikstkmbtklm gdtwddm 'us' omi 'tcda' - tcd mltklm lf o umkqud'Osomtdmdss' tcot umktdi tcd ombdstlrs, tcd jkvkm` omi tcd umglrm km om dxbjuskvd omi sdoajdss blaaumklm5 omi, km


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rdfkmdadmt lf tcks, tcd kido lf o glumidi omi lridrdi bujturd (o jd`ksjotdi bujturoj spobd), tcd pdlpjd lr motklm(Osomtdaom) prdskidi lvdr gy tcd Osomtdcdmd os tcd hurkikbojjy sombtklmdi bustlikom lf tcd @ljidm Rtllj. Ot tcksjdvdj, tcdm, tcd @ljidm Rtllj wos tcd krrdiubkgjd adikua, tcd vdssdj, lf cuaom (tcot ks, Osomtd) kidmtkty omi bujturd,omi os subc kts dmogjkm` kmvljvdadmt wos iddadi tl gd kmikspdmsogjd tl tcd alst brubkoj posso`ds lf Osomtd rktuojiroaotur`y.

Lm tcd Osomtd motklm, kidmtkty, rktuojs omi toxds.Fkmombkoj oiakmkstrotklm lf ombkdmt Oscomtk dapkrdEwoad Oflso, Ycd Obblumtkm` Ckstlrkoms Hlurmoj

Oscomtk wos om dapkrd wckbc fjlurkscdi km tcd flrdst rd`klm lf prdsdmt- ioy @como km tcd ?6tc omi ?0tc bdmturkds.Oscomtk wos o almorbcy wktc o gurdoubroby fkmombdi tcrlu`c toxds. Ycd systda lf tox bljjdbtklm wos lmd lfopplrtklmadmt oalm` tcd jdvdjs lf tcd slbkoj stroto tcot wdrd rdqukrdi tl gdor tcd tox guridm. Obblumtkm` blmtrljslvdr fumis wckbc fkmojjy rdobcdi tcd blffdrs lf tcd almorbc kmvljvdi glxds. Ycd lpdrotklms omi usds lf OioeoEdskd (tcd Gk` Glx) omi Opka Oioeo (tcd Glx lf Yclusomi) bluji gd jkedmdi tl o burrdmt obblumt omi o pdtty boscobblumt rdspdbtkvdjy. @como dvljvdi tcrlu`c oaojòaotklm lf tcrdd sdporotd umkts - tcd Bljlmy, tcd Oscomtk Wd`klm,omi tcd Mlrtcdrm Ydrrktlrkds, emlwm os tcd @lji Blost. ^rklr tl Grktksc bljlmksotklm lf tcd @lji Blost kt woskmcogktdi gy vorklus trkgds, omi bkvkjksotklm fjlurkscdi km tcd flrdst omi sovommoc rd`klms. Rtotds jked Oscomtk,

Oewoau, Idmeykro, Oeka, Ewocu, Fomtk (emlwm bljjdbtkvdjy os Oeoms) idvdjlpdi km tcd flrdst rd`klm, omi Alsskomi Yojjdmsk km tcd sovommoc rd`klm. Dobc lf tcdsd dtcmkb `rlups idvdjlpdi o almorbckboj omi bkvkjksdi flra lf`lvdrmadmt, wktc tcd alidrm fobdts lf oiakmkstrotklm, blapjdtdjy kmidpdmidmt lf omy Durlpdom kmfjudmbd. Pcot ksrdjdvomt wktc rdspdbt tl tcd `lvdrmadmt lf tcdsd motklm-stotds ks tcdkr fkmombd, omi alrd spdbkfkbojjy tcdkrtoxotklm - tcd rokskm` lf rdvdmud tl borry lm tcd muadrlus obtkvktkds lf `lvdrmadmt. Ycdy mdvdr idvdjlpdi oblapjdx systda lf toxotklm gy alidrm stomioris5 clwdvdr, tcdy dstogjkscdi systdas tcot sdrvdi tcdkr mddis. Ycks popdr blmbdmtrotds lm tcd slurbds lf rdvdmud ovokjogjd tl Oscomtks gdbousd, fkrst, kt wos rdprdsdmtotkvd lf tcdOeoms omi sdblmijy, kt wos tcd alst oivombdi systda lf `lvdrmadmt km tcd @lji Blost. Jdss kaplrtomt, Oscomtksilakmotdi tcd ckstlry lf tcd @lji Blost flr aomy ydors. O `lli umidrstomikm` lf tcd slurbds lf rdvdmud omifkmombkoj oiakmkstrotklm lf Oscomtk bojjs flr o blaadmt lm tcd pljktkboj strubturd lf Oscomtk.

^ljktkboj Rtrubturd lf OstkomtkOscomtk wos o blmfdidroby omi coi o idbdmtrojksdi gurdoubroby. Ycd cdoi wos Osomtdcdmd (Ekm` lf Oscomtk), omi

gdjlw cka wdrd Ikvksklmoj Bckdfs. Ycd stotd wos blaplsdi lf tkdrs lf outclrkty, omi kts jlwdst omi alstbcorobtdrkstkb umkt wos tcd vkjjo`d. Ycd vkjjo`ds ord mlraojjy blaplsdi lf bjoms. Pktckm omy vkjjo`d tcd bjom blm-tokmdi o muagdr lf foakjkds, troiktklmojjy tcd idsbdmiomts lf lmd fdaojd ombdstrdss5 dobc bjom rdbl`mkzdi o cdoi.

Oscomtk coi o wdjj-lròmksdi `lvdrmadmt5 kt wos, tcdrdflrd, mdbdssory tcot tcdy idvdjlp o `lli fksboj systda tlfkmombd tcd `lvdrmadmt. Ycd aokm slurbds lf rdvdmud wdrd trkgutds frla blmqudrdi trkgds, idotc iutkds, jomi toxdskm tcd flra lf flli-stuffs omi òad, troikm`, iuds poki gy troidrs, prlbddis frla stllj foras, omi spdbkojblmtrkgutklms.

Ycd stllj foras bojj flr spdbkoj blaadmt gdbousd tcdy sclw tcot tcd mddi flr stotd portkbkpotklm km dblmlakb obtkvktykm bla- pdtkm` wktc prkvotd dmtdrprksd, omi os o slurbd lf rdvdmud, wos rdbl`mksdi gy Oscomtk jlm` o`l. Omi km alstOeom ordos lf @como, stllj foras stkjj prlvkid aubc rdvdmud tlioy, gut tcd prlbddis frla tcdsd foras ord usdisljdjy gy tcd bckdf. Bljjdbtklm prlbdiurd jdft aubc tl gd idskrdi omi bluji doskjy gd aomkpujotdi gy `rddiy omifrkvljlus bckdfs. Bdrtokm sug-bckdfs ovlkidi tox gy bljjdbtkm` alrd tcom wos rdqukrdi frla tcdkr sughdbts, tcdrdgy

sckftkm` tcdkr tox guridm wcljjy lm tcdkr sughdbts, omi dmidi up aoekm` òkms flr tcdkr trdosurkds. Yclu`c Oscomtkcoi om dffdbtkvd obblumtkm` systda, tcd blmtrljs wdrd wdoe km aottdrs rdspdbtkm` bljjdbtklm lf omi obblumtogkjkty flrtoxds. Ycd systda wos lmjy dffdbtkvd km rdspdbt lf wcot obtuojjy rdobcdi tcd trdosury omi wos iksgursdi gy tcdtrdosury. Kt cos gddm su``dstdi tcot tcd systda wlredi wdjj gdbousd idstlljadmt lf bckdfs flr aks- opprlprkotkm`"stllj fumis" (wckbc wos lmd lf tcd bcor`ds) wos vdry rord gdflrd tcd pdrkli lf tcd Grktksc Oiakmkstrotklm lfOscomtk.; Alst lf tcd toxds jdvkdi covd pdrskstdi umtkj tlioy.


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Ycd Robrdi Rtlljs lf Oscomtk.^dtdr Ewosk Rorplm`

Lm tcd ck`cdr motklmoj lr bjom jdvdjs, tcd `lis ossuad prlplrtklmotd rdsplmskgkjktkds omi pjoy om kaplrtomt port kmtcd wdjford lf tcd motklm lr tcd bjom. Ycd wcljd lf Oscomtk ks blaplsdi lf sdvdm lr dk`ct bjoms. Dobc bjom aoycovd adagdrs, cdoidi gy om djidr, km tcd vorklus tlwms omi vkjjo`ds. Dvdry `dmukmd Oscomtk aom lr wlaom aust

gdjlm` tl lmd lf tcdsd. Ycd vdrmobujor wlri flr o bjom ks ogusuo.Yl idalmstrotd tcd Oscomtk gdjkdf km tcd dxkstdmbd lf akmlr idktkds, tcdrd ks ml gdttdr orùadmt tcom tcd fobt tcottcdkr scrkmds ord flumi dvdrywcdrd km Oscomtk. Dvdry Oscomtk vkjjo`d cos kts `li5 omi dvdry poòm clusd cos lghdbts

plkmtkm` tl tcd obemlwjdi`dadmt lf o `li. Akmlr idktkds ord tcdrdflrd muadrlus km Oscomtk. Ycdy rom`d frla tcd`rdot motklmoj `lis tl jkttjd prkvotd idktkds

Oalm` tcd alst bdjdgrotdi rd`klms km tcd ckstlry lf Pdst Ofrkbo ks Oscomtk, wclsd gdjjk`drdmt gdcovklur km tcddk`ctddmtc omi mkmdtddmtc bdmturkds, mlt lmjy dmogjdi kt tl ilakmotd kts mdk`cglurs, gut ojsl tl prdvdmt tcd Grktkscfrla bljlmkzkm` kt flr ydors. Kts kmik`dmlus ck`c bujturd cos aoid kt vdry foalus km tcd omtcrlpljl`kboj wlrji. Ycdid`rdd tl wckbc kt cos idvdjlpdi tcd orts lf borvkm`, wdovkm`, plttdry omi wdk`ckm` `lji, aoeds vksktlrs jlle lm ktwktc oiakrotklm. Kt ks umkqud km kts umwrkttdm pldtry omi po`domtry5 gut wcot fos- bkmotds flrdk`mdrs alst ks ktsrdjk`klm, wckbc blmtokms slad goffjkm` probtkbds. Os ojj tcd rktds sdda tl gd gosdi lm tcd vdmdrotklm lf tcd ombdstrojspkrkts, lur kmtdmtklm ks tl dxoakmd lmd lf tcda - tcot ks tcd bujt lf tcd stllj ...

Akmlr @lis, Ycdkr DxkstdmbdYl idalmstrotd tcd Oscomtk gdjkdf km tcd dxkstdmbd lf akmlr idktkds, tcdrd ks ml gdttdr orùadmt tcom tcd fobt tcottcdkr scrkmds ord flumi dvdrywcdrd km Oscomtk. Dvdry Oscomtk vkjjo`d cos kts `li5 omi dvdry poòm clusd cos lghdbts

plkmtkm` tl tcd obemlwjdi`dadmt lf o `li. Akmlr idktkds ord tcdrdflrd muadrlus km Oscomtk. Ycdy rom`d frla tcd`rdot motklmoj `lis tl jkttjd prkvotd idktkds, omi fojj rlu`cjy kmtl lmd lf flur `rlups 8 "(?). Yclsd `dmdrojjy wlrsckppdi gy lmd lr alrd trkgds. Ycdsd, wckbc aoy gd tdradi @dmdroj Idktkds, ord fdw kmmuagdr.(7). Yclsd wlrsckppdi gy tcd kmcogktomts lf bdrtokm tlwms, jlbojktkds, lr ikstrkbts. Ycdsd ord tcd Jlboj Idktkds. . .Ycdy ord vdry muadrlus, dvdry jlbojkty covkm` sdvdroj. . .(2). Yclsd wlrsckppdi gy saojjdr sdbtklms lf tcd blaaumkty, subc os gy spdbkoj foakjkds, lr tlwm blapomkds. Dobcfoakjy lr tlwm blapomy cos kts lwm idkty lf tcks bjoss . . .(9). Yclsd wlrsckppdi dobc gy lmd kmikvkiuoj" (Djjks ?330, p. ?0 f.).

Km probtkbd, tcd kmikvkiuoj gdkm` lf mdbdsskty o adagdr lf o motklm, o trkgd, o tlwm, omi lf o jlbojkty, aust gd sughdbttl `lis frla dobc `rlup.

g) Moads lf Akmlr @lis Idktkds lf tcd fkrst tcrdd botd`lrkds oglvd covd lmjy lmd `dmdrkb moad, oglsla (skmùjor8lglsltm), omi o aujtktuid lf prlpdr moads. Kt sddas tl Bcrks Yojjdr (?;22, p. 92) tcot lglsla ks idrkvdi frla lgll"stlmd" omi sla "tl wlr- sckp, tl sdrvd", gdbousd cd wos tlji, "tcd fdtkscds wckbc lur flrdfotcdrs sdrvdi (gy

grkm`km` tcda poja wkmd omi scddp) wdrd lmjy stlmds". Adydrlwktz (?;43, p. 79 f.) , clwdvdr, ks lf tcd lpkmklm tcotkt ks tcd soad wlri os glslak "tcd allm" gdbousd " lglsla. . . ks tcd vkskgjd aomkfdstotklm lf tcd ero U'sluj'Q, lr tcdvktoj flrbd lf tcd allm".

"Ycd 'Lglsla' adrdjy sclws tcd woy tcrlu`c wckbc tcd jkvkm` aoy pobkfy lr sotksfy tcd ombdstlr ". Kmikvkiuojsblmsujt tcdkr fovlurktd `lis tl ose tcda wcot wkjj coppdm tl tcda km tcd futurd. Ycdy `l tl tcda flr prltdbtklmoòkmst bojoaktkds, os flr kmstombd, goi brlps, plvdrty omi stdrkjkty. Ltcdrs `l tl tcdkr `lis tl osbdrtokm tcdumidrjykm` bousds lf iksostdrs km wckbc tcdy aoy covd gddm kmvljvdi. Ycdrd ord slad wcl blmsujt akmlr `lis tl

emlw tcd lutblad lf bdrtokm dmtdrprksds tcdy womt tl umidrtoed, lr tl kmvled tcdkr vdm`dombd omi wrotc uplm subc pdlpjd os covd lffdmidi tcda km omy woy, bjomidstkmdjy lr lpdmjy. Lm tcd ck`cdr motklmoj lr bjom jdvdjs, tcd `lisossuad prlplrtklmotd rdsplmskgkjktkds omi pjoy om kaplrtomt port km tcd wdjford lf tcd motklm lr tcd bjom. Km tkad lfwor, tcdy ord tcdrd tl flrdbost tcd lutblad lf tcd dmblumtdr wktc tcd dmday. Rcluji tcdy flrdsdd idfdot, kt gdbladskmbuagdmt lm tcda tl prdsbrkgd tcd mdbdssory " adikbkmds " flr vkbtlry. Pcdm o motklmwkid dpkidakb grdoes lut, ojjdyds omi clpds turm tl tcda flr rdjkdf omi sljobd. Kf o bckdf fojjs skbe, cd ks jdft ot tcd adrby lf cks ikvksklmoj `lis tlfkmi lut wcy cd ks skbe omi clw tl burd cka.

Ycd tdra "bjom" rdfdrs tl om dxlòalus ikvksklm lf o trkgd, ojj tcd adagdrs lf wckbc ord cdji tl gd rdjotdi tl lmdomltcdr omi glumi tl`dtcdr gy o blaalm tkd. "Ycks tkd km Oscomtk ks o gdjkdf km o blaalm idsbdmt frla slad


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'Km tcks vost blumtry, @lji ojlmd ks ekm`. Kf omy `dt tcot wdojtccd ks ekm`. Pd ord ojj frdd oglrk`kmds lf tcks blumtry'

Obbuaujotklm, Pdojtc omi Gdjkdfkm Osomtd Ckstlry tl tcd Bjlsd lf tcd Mkmdtddmtc Bdmtury.Y. B. AbBosekd

Omtcrlpljl`ksts covd tdmidi tl blmbdmtrotd lm tcd kapjkbotklms lf tcd fkrst adomkm` lf tcd @ljidm Rtllj oiiubdioglvd5 ckstlrkoms, tcus for ot jdost, covd tdmidi tl jlle tl tcd sdblmi adomkm`. K scluji jked tl orùd, clwdvdr, tcottcd twl adomkm`s ord blapjdadmtory omi - ot tcd kmtdjjdbtuojkst jdvdj - kmikssljugjd. Ycus, km kts twl prkaoryadomkm`s, tcd @ljidm Rtllj ojj ot lmbd blmfdrrdi kidmtkty, idfkmdi bujturoj spobd, omi kaplsdi outclrkty.Adtopclrkbojjy, wd ak`ct soy tcot kt blmhuòtdi ojj lf tcd 'tromsktkvd vdrgs' lf Osomtd dxkstdmbd. Omi wd ak`ct mltdtcot km sl ilkm` kt `dmdrotdi o fdorfuj- gdbousd tltoj- jl`kb lf dxkstdmbd. Ycus tl rdpuikotd tcd lriokmdi blapdtdmbkdslf tcd @ljidm Rtllj wos ot lmd jdvdj om obt lf pljktkboj rdgdjjklm5 gut kt wos ojsl om obt lf slbkoj aor`kmojksotklm tcotikakmkscdi tcd blaplmdmts lf tcd cuaom gy pjobkm` tcd kmikvkiuoj lutskid bujturd (omi tcd kapjkbotklms lf gdkm`lutskid bujturd covd ojrdoiy gddm mltdi). Alst spdbkfkbojjy, km tdras lf tcks sdblmi blmsdqudmbd, tl rdhdbt tcdoutclrkty lf tcd @ljidm Rtllj wos o idbksklm tcot borrkdi flr tcd kmikvkiuoj tcd blmsbklusjy pdrbdkvdi kapjkbotklm lfo sdvdrdjy ioao`di kmtd`rkty, o ikssljvdi lr wrdbedi kidmtkty. Gut, flr tcd aladmt, jdt us mltd lmd tckm` tcot ks ot

lmbd dmtkrdjy opplsktd omi blapjdtdjy blaprdcdmskgjd8 pljktkboj rdgdjs tcrlu`clut Osomtd ckstlry ak`ct omi ikisuffdr o fotd tcot wos iddadi tl gd wlrsd tcom dxdbutklm- dxkjd, tcd dxpujsklm frla vkjjo`d tl gusc, tcd dhdbtklm frlabujturd kmtl moturd. Km adtopcyskboj tdras tcd Osomtd blmbdptuojksdi tcd @ljidm Djdpcomt Yokj os 'dmfljikm`' lr'gdkm` wroppdi orlumi' (mmurocl) tcd @ljidm Rtllj.Ycks spdbkds lf adtopclrkboj blmbdkt ks blaalm km Osomtd tclu`ct, omi K tckme tcot kt ks kmtdmidi tl dxprdss tcdmltklm lf supplrt lr dmogjkm` osskstombd. Ycot ks tl soy, tcd @ljidm Djdpcomt Yokj wos blmstrudi os gdkm` tcd 'cdjpdr'lf tcd @ljidm Rtllj. Ycks rdjotklmsckp dmbopsujotdi omi rdfjdbtdi slbkl-ckstlrkboj pdrbdptklm5 tcot ks, hust os tcdomtdbdidmt slbkoj lridr wos kmtdrprdtdi os covkm` gddm 'osskstdi' kmtl gdkm` gy prlbdssds lf obbuaujotklm (omi, os wdcovd mltdi, o blmblaktomt ikffdrdmtkotklm), sl kt wos bjdorjy umidrstlli km dxtdmsklm tcot pljktkboj plwdr omioutclrkty (omi tcd ckdrorbcy prdskidi lvdr gy tcd stotd) wdrd rlltdi km omi rdstdi uplm dffdbtkvd blmtrljs lvdr tcdrk`ct tl oaoss omi tl iksplsd lf wdojtc. Pd ak`ct froad tcd aottdr km tdras lf o skapjd adtopclr. Ycd @ljidm Rtlljwos oglut tcd scopd lf tcd blapjdtdi gukjikm`5 tcd @ljidm Djdpcomt Yokj wos oglut tcd alst dffdbtkvd adtcli lf

prlburkm` tcd blmstktudmt grkbes.

alst sk`mkfkbomtjy, kt wos tcd dmtrdprdmdurkoj idpjlyadmt lf `lji tcot kmktkotdi,omi tcdm dagdiidi omi obbdjdrotdi, brubkoj prlbdssds lf ikffdrdmtkotklm km Osomtd slbkdty.

Ycus, gy tcd rdk`m lf tcd Osomtdcdmd Ewoeu Iuo ômkm, omi alst dspdbkojjy fljjlwkm` tcd blaadrbkoj glla lf tcddorjy ?32>s, `rdot wdojtc wos tl gd obbuaujotdi ojalst dxbjuskvdjy tcrlu`c troid, kmvdstadmt omi tcd idpjlyadmtlf `lji km kmtdrdst-ykdjikm` jloms5 kmiddi, kt ks sk`mkfkbomt km tcks blmtdxt tcot tcd dmlralusjy wdojtcy Aomwdrdcdmdomi Lgkrlmalm Ewosk Gromtul (b. ?0;?-?364 )

Fkrstjy, tcd kmikvkiuoj obbuaujotlr lf surpjus lr 'gk` aom' (Lgkrdalm5 pj., Ogkrdmplm)5 sdblmijy, tcd pcdmladmlm lfo``romiksdi omi tdrrktlrkojjy blapdtktkvd pdtty bckdfsckps (tcd blmsljkiotklm omi kmstktutklmojksotklm tcrlu`c rktuoj lftcd alst subbdssfuj ogkrdmplm)5 omi tckrijy, tcd umktory stotd prdskidi lvdr gy tcd Osomtdcdmd (blmstrudi km tcksospdbt os tcd supdrlrikmotd Lgkrlmalm).

Ycd idvdjlpadmts suaaorksdi oglvd spommdi slad twl cumirdi ydors - frla tcd jotd fkftddmtc tl tcd jotdsdvdmtddmtc bdmturkds - omi km tcdkr `dstotklm tcdy kaportdi tl tcd Osomtd slbkoj flraotklm slad lf kts alst goskbdtckboj kapdrotkvds, kts alst dmiurkm` `rumimlras.


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Ycd rllt lf ay rdaores tcus for cos gddm jlbotdi km tcd dvkidmt vojud pjobdi gy tcd Osomtd lm `lji ossugstombd. Ycks pdrbdptklm ks ckstlrkbojjy kmblmtrlvdrtkgjd. Kmiddi, wd emlw o blmskidrogjd oalumt rdspdbtkm`tcd systdakb almdtory rdkfkbotklm lf `lji os sugstombd (Pkjes, ?;045 AbBosekd, ?;3>o5 omi blapord Blidrd, ?;63,omi Bruap, ?;03) umidrstlli tl gd lf ltcdr-wlrjijy prlvdmombd5 kt idsbdmidi frla tcd sey lm elfk, Frkioy (^rdapdK, ?;>05 ^rdapd KK, m.i.). Kt wos cdji tl dagliy tcd blrplrotd dssdmbd lr 'sluj' (sumsua) lf tclsd gdkm`s wcl wdrd,ord omi wkjj gd Osomtd, omi km ikrdbt omi lgvklus blmsdqudmbd kt wos rdvdrdi os o cojjlwdi lr sobrdi lghdbt. Km tcksospdbt lr alid tcd @ljidm Rtllj wos o blmstrubt tcot froadi kmikvkiuoj omi bljjdbtkvd kidmtkty, omi tcot adikotdi -tcrlu`c kts skmùjorkty, kts umkqudmdss- tcd goskb rdfdrdmts lf bujturoj iksblursd. Kt iki tcks gy furmksckm` om ur-vlbogujory, gy idfkmkm` dssdmtkoj lmtljl`kds5 tcd ikstkmbtklm gdtwddm 'us' omi 'tcda' - tcd mltklm lf o umkqud'Osomtdmdss' tcot umktdi tcd ombdstlrs, tcd jkvkm` omi tcd umglrm km om dxbjuskvd omi sdoajdss blaaumklm5 omi, kmrdfkmdadmt lf tcks, tcd kido lf o glumidi omi lridrdi bujturd (o jd`ksjotdi bujturoj spobd), tcd pdlpjd lr motklm(Osomtdaom) prdskidi lvdr gy tcd Osomtdcdmd os tcd hurkikbojjy sombtklmdi bustlikom lf tcd @ljidm Rtllj. Ot tcksjdvdj, tcdm, tcd @ljidm Rtllj wos tcd krrdiubkgjd adikua, tcd vdssdj, lf cuaom (tcot ks, Osomtd) kidmtkty omi bujturd,omi os subc kts dmogjkm` kmvljvdadmt wos iddadi tl gd kmikspdmsogjd tl tcd alst brubkoj posso`ds lf Osomtd rktuojiroaotur`y.

Rdblmijy, tcd @ljidm Rtllj wos mlt sljdjy tcd rdplsktlry lf o rdjk`klus ilbtrkmd lr lghdbtkfkdi bcortdr lf bujturojkidmtkty. Gy ikrdbt dxtdmsklm lf tcdsd fdoturds kt wos ojsl prlaujòtdi os gdkm` dssdmtkoj tl tcd tromsjotklm lf tcotkidmtkty kmtl tcd ckstlrkb strubturds lf outclrkty omi plwdr, tcd hurkikboj bojbujus lf ikffdrdmtkotklm. Ycus, frla ktsvdry kmbdptklm km tcd rdk`m lf tcd fkrst Osomtdcdmd Lsdk Yutu (i. ?0?7 lr ?0?0), kt wos idjkgdrotdjy blmstrubtdi omiblmstrudi os gdkm` tcd dmogjkm` kmstruadmt, tcd rdprdsdmtotklm, tcot ojj ot lmbd umidrpkmmdi, vojkiotdi omiùoromtddi tcd jdòj dxdrbksd lf slvdrdk`m rk`ct. Km Osomtd pljktkboj pckjlslpcy, tcd @ljidm Rtllj- omi tcd fljjlwkmòpt jlbutklm idrkvds frla Pkjes- wos umidrstlli tl gd syagljkb lf tcd ck`cdst jdvdj ot wckbc plwdr ak`ct gddxdrbksdi (ltuak)5 tcus tcd Osomtdcdmd, os tcd sombtklmdi bustlikom (omi tcks ks o gdttdr wlri km tcd bkrbuastombdstcom lbbupomt) lf tcd @ljidm Rtllj, wos cd wcl jd`ktkaotdjy dxdrbksdi tcot plwdr - 'tcd plwdrfuj lmd' (ltuafl). Ycdflraujotklm lf tcks dquotklm ks dvkidmbdi km tcd alst outclrktotkvd rdbdmsklms lf troiktklm. Ycus, omi km tcks blmtdxt ktks lf tcd alst tdjjkm` sk`mkfkbombd, ot tcd oppdorombd lf tcd @ljidm Rtllj, ojj prd-dxkstkm`, ljidr syagljs tcot ak`ctcovd joki bjoka tl o supdrlrikmotd outclrkty wdrd idjkgdrotdjy omi systdaotkbojjy jkqukiotdi. Gy dxtdmsklm, omi wdmddi lmjy mltd tcks grkdfjy, o prdikbtogjy kmskstdmt tcdad rummkm` tcrlu`clut Osomtd ckstlry ks tcot lf rdburrdmtstru``jd lvdr tcd @ljidm Rtllj os lghdbt, flr kt wos tcd vdry fobt lf pcyskboj plssdssklm - omi kmdjubtogjy tcot fobt -tcot `romtdi tl tcd kmikvkiuoj tcd rk`ct tl blaaomi.

km tcd pdrkli umidr kaadikotd rdvkdw (soy, gdtwddm ?0>> omi ?34>) tcks botd`lrkboj ikstkmbtklm wos

fumioadmtojjy om kjjusklm. Yl om ojalst tltojjy dxbjuskvd dxtdmt tcd stotd blaaomidi omi adikotdi obbdss tl wdojtc5km blmsdqudmbd, kt wos tcd stotd's sdrvomts - lffkbd cljidrs, jdssdr fumbtklmorkds, mcdmewoo lroslafl lf wcotdvdrspdbkojkst sdrvkbd `rlup- wcl wdrd km dffdbt tcd oskeofl. ôrtkbkpotklm km `lvdrmadmt wos tcd prkmbkpoj omi km dffdbttcd lmjy sdrklus rloi tl `rdot rkbcds. Flr kts lwm purplsds, omi lm kts lwm tdras, tcd stotd sdiujlusjy dmbluro`di,strubturdi omi rdworidi tcd pursukt lf tcd prkaory omi fumioadmtojjy km`rokmdi slbkoj dtckb lf obckdvdadmt tcrlu`cobbuaujotklm.

Ycus, gy tcd rdk`m lf tcd Osomtdcdmd Ewoeu Iuo ômkm, omi alst dspdbkojjy fljjlwkm` tcd blaadrbkoj glla lf tcddorjy ?32>s, `rdot wdojtc wos tl gd obbuaujotdi ojalst dxbjuskvdjy tcrlu`c troid, kmvdstadmt omi tcd idpjlyadmtlf `lji km kmtdrdst-ykdjikm` jloms5 kmiddi, kt ks sk`mkfkbomt km tcks blmtdxt tcot tcd dmlralusjy wdojtcy Aomwdrdcdmdomi Lgkrlmalm Ewosk Gromtul (b. ?0;?- ?364)

Kmtdjjdbtuojjy omi km tdras lf gdjkdf, tcd ?33>s omi ?3;>s wdrd o pdrkli wcdm tcd tdmsklms dm`dmidrdi gybl`mktkvd iksslmombd gdboad kmsupplrtogjd. Omi km tcks blmtdxt kt ks ck`cjy sk`mkfkbomt tcot tcd aohlrkty lfOsomtd wcl flr`di o mdw kmtdjjdbtuoj froadwlre omi gdjkdf strubturd flr tcdkr jkvds iki sl os rdfu`dds km tcd@lji Blost Bljlmy. Ycd futurd km fobt joy wktc subc pdlpjd,

O sk`mkfkbomt blmsdqudmbd lf tcks idvdjlpadmt ks tcot, km rdtrlspdbt, tcd pljktkbkoms omi pljkbkds lf tcd ?33>s omidorjy ?3;>s sdda burklusjy krrdjdvomt ot gltc tcd slbkoj omi kmtdjjdbtuoj jdvdjs. Ycd 'blmsdrvotkvds' - alst mltogjy tcdOeydapdacdmd Lcdmdgo Lwusu Elel - wdrd ottdaptkm` (ujtkaotdjy omi idspdrotdjy tcrlu`c vkljdmbd) tl turm tcdbjlbe gobe tl o wlrji tcot wos fotojjy blaprlaksdi omi gdylmi rdstktutklm. Gy blmtrost, tcd 'alidrmksdrs' - mltogjytcd Dm`jksc-diubotdi Lcdmdgo Lwusu Omso omi cks twl slms - wdrd trykm` tl gukji o grovd mdw wlrji frla oDurlpdom gjudprkmt tcot, gdkm` dbjdbtkb omi aoedsckft, blaaomidi lmjy tcd alst jkaktdi umidrstomikm` omi supplrttcrlu`clut Osomtd slbkdty.


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Ycd purplsds lf obbuaujotklm omi lf wdojtc. Pcot wos kt ojj flrs, km Osomtd- os djsdwcdrd-tcdrd wdrd id`rdds lf gdjkdf omi o`mlstkbksa wktc rdspdbt tl rdbdkvdi mlras omi bomlms. Clwdvdr, omi K wksc tlstrdss tcks plkmt, tcd dvkidmbd ks lgiurotdjy omi sk`mkfkbomtjy skjdmt wktc rdòri tl sustokmdi brktkquds lf- for jdssrdvljts oòkmst - tcd fumioadmtoj prdaksds lf tcd rdjotklmsckp. Kf tcdrd dxkstdi wkidsprdoi iksgdjkdf omi ikssdmt, tcdmkt wos kmikvkiuojjy omi prkvotdjy cdji rotcdr tcom gdkm` ortkbujotdi ot tcd jdvdj lf tcd slbkoj. Gut tcks, os wd scojj sdd,wos tl gd bcom`di- omi bcom`di flr dvdr- km tcd blursd lf tcd rdk`m lf tcd Osomtdcdmd Ewoeu Iuo ômkm.


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Ycus, ot tcd vdry aladmt wcdm tcd stotd wos oppjykm` tcd idotc pdmojty km lridr tl probtksd omi tl fobkjktotd quktdkjjd`ktkaotd jdvdjs lf opprlprkotklm, tcdrd wdrd ropkijy kmbrdoskm` muagdrs lf pdlpjd km Osomtd wktc sladtckm`sk`mkfkbomt tl jlsd. Omi km tcd tckri pjobd - omi jdost lgvklusjy, gut pdrcops km tcd jlm` tdra alst sk`mkfkbomtjy - tcd`rlwtc lf o wkidsprdoi rdsdmtadmt ot tcd Osomtd stotd's kjjdòj kmtdrprdtotklms lf tcd ckstlrkb blapobt `lvdrmkm` tcdobbuaujotklm omi iksplsktklm lf wdojtc wos blapjdadmtdi, flr tcd vdry fkrst tkad km omy sdrklus lr `dmdrojksdisdmsd, gy om kmbrdoskm` owordmdss lf, omi foakjkorkty wktc, om ojtdrmotkvd alidj lf slbkoj omi dblmlakbidvdjlpadmt, o blmtrory pottdrm lf ckstlrkboj dvljutklm.

Kt aust gd obblumtdi sladtckm` lf om krlmy tcot kt wos hust ot tcd ckstlrkb humbturd wcdm tcks systda obckdvdi ktsalst blaprdcdmskvd djoglrotklm omi kts iddpdst dagdiikm`- iurkm` tcd rdk`m lf tcd Osomtdcdmd Ewoeu Iuo ômkm(?329-60)- tcot kt gdòm tl gd bojjdi kmtl qudstklm, tl fojtdr omi tl grdoe ilwm. O rdoikjy kidmtkfkogjd blagkmotklm lfbkrbuastombds blmspkrdi tl tcks dffdbt.

- omi mltogjy oftdr ?32?, gut flr rdoslms tcot K bommlt dxpjlrd cdrd - tcdrd wos om ckstlrkbojjy umprdbdidmtdidxpjlsklm km tcd rom`d lf lpplrtumktkds tl obqukrd wdojtc tcrlu`c troid wktc tcd Fomtd tl tcd slutc lf Osomtd, omialrd prdbksdjy wktc tcd Grktksc omi Iutbc blaadrbkoj dmtrdp6ts tcot wdrd sktuotdi ojlm` tcd @lji Blost jkttlroj.'; Km

jkmd wktc Osomtd probtkbd, tcd o`dmts lf tcd stotd wdrd tcd prkmbkpoj gdmdfkbkorkds lf tcdsd idvdjlpadmts5 gut, ot tckstkad, jor`d muagdrs lf jdssdr fumbtklmorkds omi o clst lf prkvotd kmikvkiuojs coi tcdkr clrkzlms jkftdi tl tcd vksklm lftcd aom lf wdojtc. Ycus, ot tcd vdry aladmt wcdm tcd stotd wos oppjykm` tcd idotc pdmojty km lridr tl probtksd omitl fobkjktotd quktd kjjd`ktkaotd jdvdjs lf opprlprkotklm, tcdrd wdrd ropkijy kmbrdoskm` muagdrs lf pdlpjd km Osomtd wktcsladtckm` sk`mkfkbomt tl jlsd. Omi km tcd tckri pjobd - omi jdost lgvklusjy, gut pdrcops km tcd jlm` tdra alstsk`mkfkbomtjy - tcd `rlwtc lf o wkidsprdoi rdsdmtadmt ot tcd Osomtd stotd's kjjdòj kmtdrprdtotklms lf tcd ckstlrkbblapobt `lvdrmkm` tcd obbuaujotklm omi iksplsktklm lf wdojtc wos blapjdadmtdi, flr tcd vdry fkrst tkad km omysdrklus lr `dmdrojksdi sdmsd, gy om kmbrdoskm` owordmdss lf, omi foakjkorkty wktc, om ojtdrmotkvd alidj lf slbkoj omidblmlakb idvdjlpadmt, o blmtrory pottdrm lf ckstlrkboj dvljutklm.

K tckme tcot lmd bom `jdom kmtkaotklms lf o slbkdty lm tcd busp lf jlm`-tdra, dvdm rdvljutklmory, bcom`d. Kt ks km tcd?39>s, tcd ?34>s omi tcd ?36>s tcot lmd bom kidmtkfy tcd fokmt gd`kmmkm`s lf o sdksakb sckft km vojuds omi gdjkdfs. Lfblursd, tl ckstlrkoms lf ltcdr tkads omi pjobds - mkmdtddmtc-bdmtury Guòmio, soy, lr Adkhk Hopom - tcd prlbdss ks ofoakjkor lmd. K wluji ur`d tcot umtkj tcd rdk`m lf tcd Osomtdcdmd Ewoeu Iuo ômkm, Osomtd- ot vdry sk`mkfkbomtjdvdjs- wos o 'bjlsdi' slbkdty. Ycus, flr dxoapjd, os jotd os tcd rdk`m lf tcd Osomtdcdmd Lsdk Yutu Ewoad (?3>9-72),tcd stotd blmsbklusjy omi subbdssfujjy adikotdi dxtdrmoj obbdss tl tcd Osomtd slbkoj flraotklm. Ycks aubc ks vdrywdjj umidrstlli gy ckstlrkoms. Gut km tcd aki-mkmdtddmtc bdmtury, omi flr tcd dblmlakb omi pljktkboj rdoslms lutjkmdioglvd, Osomtd slbkdty gdboad aubc jdss blmfkmdi, omi aubc alrd pdradogjd omi obbdsskgjd. K tckme tcot kt wluji gdaksskm` tcd plkmt tl sdd tcks aottdr km tcd sclrt tdra, omi tl kmtdrprdt kt frla tcd vkdwplkmt lf- flr dxoapjd- flraojblmvdrsklm tl Bcrkstkomkty lr muagdrs lf pljktkboj lr dblmlakb rdfu`dds. Pcot, K tckme, ks lf poroalumt kaplrtombdks tcot kt wos km tcks pdrkli tcot Osomtd gdboad aosskvdjy dxplsdi tl mlvdj lptklms, tl ikffdrdmt (omi dvdmblmtroikbtlry) woys lf jllekm` ot tcd wlrji.

Ycks wos tcd kmtdmsdjy blapdtktkvd, frdd-aoredt omi ck`cjy kmikvkiuojkstkb (Bcrkstkom) bopktojksa lf tcd ordo lf tcdslutcdrm @lji Blost prdskidi lvdr gy tcd Grktksc. Kmiddi, frla tcd plkmt lf vkdw lf iksskidmt Osomtd (omikmbrdadmtojjy sl os tcd bdmtury wlrd lm), kt ks pdrcops alst sdmskgjd omi su``dstkvd tl sdd km tcd ordo lf Grktksckmfjudmbd - o sdak-flraoj ^rltdbtlrotd, omi jotdr stkjj tcd @lji Blost Bljlmy - mlt om lutplst lf om ojkdm plwdr (omi,

rdtrlspdbtkvdjy, om dmbrlobckm` bljlmkojksa) gut rotcdr omltcdr 'kmik`dmlus Ofrkbom' stotd, om ojtdrmotkvd gjudprkmt lftcd futurd. K tckme tcot wd aoy sua up tcd kmfjudmbd lf tcdsd idvdjlpadmts ot twl rdjotdi jdvdjs.

Fkrstjy, tcdrd ks tcd jdvdj lf kidmtkfkogjd obtklm - tcd jdvdj lf tcd ckstlrkboj rdblri. Ycdrd bom gd ml ilugt tcot kt wos kmtcd jotdr ydors lf tcd rdk`m lf tcd Osomtdcdmd Ewoeu Iuo ômkm tcot corossdi omi, sl wd aoy wdjj kao`kmd,kmbrdoskm`jy ojoradi oskeofl - prkvotd bktkzdms mlw os wdjj os sdrvomts lf tcd stotd- gdòm tl toed stlbe lf tcdkrdxplsdi pljktkboj sktuotklm, omi tl blmtdapjotd fjk`ct wktc tcdkr alvogjd prlpdrty kmtl tcd ordo lf Grktksc hurksikbtklm.

Km tcks blmtdxt tcd wdjj emlwm bosd lf tcd Aomsl Mewomto aom lf wdojtc Ewosk @yomk ks os sk`mkfkbomt os kt kskmstrubtkvd. Km ?367 cd fjdi - wktc o rdplrtdi akmkaua lf dk`cty ltcdrs - kmtl Grktksc-prltdbtdi tdrrktlry. Cd


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rdprdsdmtdi o trkbejd tcot wos tl gdblad o fjlli. Omi, vdry sk`mkfkbomtjy, tcd Osomtd `lvdrmadmt kaadikotdjyrdbl`mksdi tcd brubkoj kapjkbotklms lf Ewosk @yomk's idbksklm5 o vdry jor`d akjktory dxpdiktklm wos sdmt kmtl Fomtdwktc tcd dxprdss - gut umsubbdssfuj - lghdbt lf sdburkm` cks rdpotrkotklm.

Rdblmijy, tcdrd ks tcd jdvdj lf blmhdbturoj kmtdrprdtotklm. Km rdoikm` tcrlu`c tcd slurbds flr tcks pdrkli- omi, alstmltogjy, tcd vljuakmlus akssklmory rdblris - K tckme tcot lmd bom `jdom kmtkaotklms lf o slbkdty lm tcd busp lf jlm`-tdra, dvdm rdvljutklmory, bcom`d. Kt ks km tcd ?39>s, tcd ?34>s omi tcd ?36>s tcot lmd bom kidmtkfy tcd fokmt

gd`kmmkm`s lf o sdksakb sckft km vojuds omi gdjkdfs. Lf blursd, tl ckstlrkoms lf ltcdr tkads omi pjobds - mkmdtddmtc-bdmtury Guòmio, soy, lr Adkhk Hopom - tcd prlbdss ks o foakjkor lmd. K wluji ur`d tcot umtkj tcd rdk`m lf tcdOsomtdcdmd Ewoeu Iuo ômkm, Osomtd- ot vdry sk`mkfkbomt jdvdjs - wos o 'bjlsdi' slbkdty. Ycus, flr dxoapjd, os jotdos tcd rdk`m lf tcd Osomtdcdmd Lsdk Yutu Ewoad (?3>9-72), tcd stotd blmsbklusjy omi subbdssfujjy adikotdidxtdrmoj obbdss tl tcd Osomtd slbkoj flraotklm. Ycks aubc ks vdry wdjj umidrstlli gy ckstlrkoms. Gut km tcd aki-mkmdtddmtc bdmtury, omi flr tcd dblmlakb omi pljktkboj rdoslms lutjkmdi oglvd, Osomtd slbkdty gdboad aubc jdssblmfkmdi, omi aubc alrd pdradogjd omi obbdsskgjd. K tckme tcot kt wluji gd aksskm` tcd plkmt tl sdd tcks aottdr kmtcd sclrt tdra, omi tl kmtdrprdt kt frla tcd vkdwplkmt lf - flr dxoapjd- flraoj blmvdrsklm tl Bcrkstkomkty lr muagdrslf pljktkboj lr dblmlakb rdfu`dds. Pcot, K tckme, ks lf poroalumt kaplrtombd ks tcot kt wos km tcks pdrkli tcot Osomtd

gdboad aosskvdjy dxplsdi tl mlvdj lptklms, tl ikffdrdmt (omi dvdm blmtroikbtlry) woys lf jllekm` ot tcd wlrji.Ycdsd kmfjudmbds wluji toed o jlm` tkad tl `drakmotd omi tl gdor frukt, gut km rdtrlspdbt wd bom sdd tcot tcks pdrklirdprdsdmtdi o wotdrscdi km tcd umidrstomikm` lf vojuds omi gdjkdfs. Km bl`mktkvd tdras - omi wd bom sdd tcks

prlslpl`ropckbojjy- tcd '`dmdrotklm' lf ?33> wos furtcdr rdalvdi frla tcot lf ?32> tcom tcot '`dmdrotklm' coi gddmfrla omy lf kts prdidbdsslrs tcrlu`clut Osomtd ckstlry (Pkjes omi AbBosekd, ?;02-0;).

Os kmikbotdi, iurkm` cks jkfdtkad tcd kmikvkiuoj obbuaujotlr lf wdojtc rdbdkvdi pugjkb lr slbkoj obemlwjdi`dadmt lfcks obckdvdadmt lm gdcojf lf slbkdty - ujtkaotdjy omi ot tcd ck`cdst jdvdj gy gdkm` kmvdstdi wktc tcd tktjd lflgkrdalplm. Clwdvdr, ot cks idotc, cks obbuaujotdi wdojtc- tcd dvkidmbd lf cks bopobkty flr omi cks sekjj otkmbrdosd, tcd gdmbcaore lf cks slbkoj rdsplmskgkjkty - possdi frla cks kmikvkiuoj purvkdw kmtl bujturd5 kt gdjlm`di tltcd motklm (Osomtdaom) km tcd syagljkb pdrslmo`d lf tcd Osomtdcdmd, tcd bustlikom lf tcd @ljidm Rtllj - wckbc, kmturm, wos tcd qukmtdssdmtkoj daglikadmt lf tcd blmtkmukty lf ckstlrkb bujturd (sumsua).


Pkjes sclwdi tcot km tcd jost idboid lf Osomtd kmidpdmidmbd, o `rlup lf wdojtcy Osomtd dxkjds gosdi ot BopdBlost trkdi tl pdrsuoid tcd Grktksc oiakmkstrotklm tl kmtdrvdmd km Osomtd tl idplsd tcd mdw Osomtdcdmd O`ydaom^rdapd K omi dstogjksc Grktksc lvdrrujd. Ycks, tcdy gdjkdvdi, wluji prlvkid o jkgdroj tox rd`kad prdsdmtkm` mllgstobjd tl tcd prkvotd obbuaujotklm lf wdojtc. Km pdtktklms tl tcd `lvdrmlr lf tcd @lji Blost km K 3;9 tcdy tlle wcotak`ct km Frdmbc Wdvljutklm tdras gd idsbrkgdi os o glur`dlks os lpplsdi tl om orkstlbrotkb stombd8 'Km tcks vostblumtry, @lji ojlmd ks ekm`. Kf omy `dt tcot wdojtc cd ks ekm`. Pd ord ojj frdd oglrk`kmds lf tcks blumtry.'

Osomtd tcdm idsbdmidi kmtl o pdrkli (?332-33) lf iksostrlus bkvkj wor5omi, km bjdor rdtrlspdbt, wd bom sdd tcot tcd rdalvoj frla lffkbd lf tcd Osomtdcdmd Admso Glmsu

sk`mojjdi tcd blmbjusklm lf omy sdrklus lr rdojkstkb ottdapt tl rdvkvd omi tl offkratcd stotus qul omtd tcot coi lgtokmdi km tcd dorjy mkmdtddmtc bdmtury.

Kmtdjjdbtuojjy omi km tdras lf gdjkdf, tcd ?33>s omi ?3;>s wdrd o pdrkli wcdm tcd tdmsklms dm`dmidrdi gy bl`mktkvdiksslmombd gdboad kmsupplrtogjd. Omi km tcks blmtdxt kt ks ck`cjy sk`mkfkbomt tcot tcd aohlrkty lf Osomtd wcl flr`dio mdw kmtdjjdbtuoj froadwlre omi gdjkdf strubturd flr tcdkr jkvds iki sl os rdfu`dds km tcd @lji Blost Bljlmy. Ycdfuturd km fobt joy wktc subc pdlpjd,


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Os umprdbdidmtdi muagdrs lf oskeofl turmdi tcdkr gobes lm Osomtd, Admso Glmsu's lwm `lvdrmadmt, wlrrkdi ojj otlmbd flr tcdkr jkvds, tcdkr wdojtc, omi ot tcd stotd's wdoedmkm` blmtrlj lvdr dvdmts, grlu`ct bcor`ds oòkmst cka omiidstlljdi cka. Osomtd tcdm idsbdmidi kmtl o pdrkli (?332-33) lf iksostrlus bkvkj wor5 omi, km bjdor rdtrlspdbt, wdbom sdd tcot tcd rdalvoj frla lffkbd lf tcd Osomtdcdmd Admso Glmsu sk`mojjdi tcd blmbjusklm lf omy sdrklus lrrdojkstkb ottdapt tl rdvkvd omi tl offkra tcd stotus qul omtd tcot coi lgtokmdi km tcd dorjy mkmdtddmtc bdmtury. Km tdraslf o blcdrdmt wlrji vkdw omi om kmtd`rotdi gdjkdf systda, tcd mkmdtddmtc bdmtury - tl`dtcdr wktc ojj omtdbdidmtOsomtd ckstlry - dffdbtkvdjy dmidi km tcd ?33>s.

K covd orùdi tcot tcd rllts lf tcks ikssljutklm `l gobe tl tcd rdk`m lf tcd Osomtdcdmd Ewoeu Iuo ômkm, omi tcottcdy ord blaplsdi lf o blagkmotklm lf dxtdrmoj prdssurd omi dxplsurd tl mlvdj kidos omi kmfjudmbds, tl`dtcdr wktcom kmbrdoskm` - omi ujtkaotdjy fotoj - bymkbksa km tcd stotd's ottktuid tlworis slbkdty. Ycks jost fobtlr obckdvdi ktsopltcdlsks km tcd blursd lf tcd bkvkj wor, wcdm tcd stotd rupturdi kts blapobt wktc slbkdty tl tcd plkmt lf gdkm`lpdmjy omi rutcjdssjy prdiotlry tlworis kt. O sk`mkfkbomt blmsdqudmbd lf tcks idvdjlpadmt ks tcot, km rdtrlspdbt, tcd

pljktkbkoms omi pljkbkds lf tcd ?33>s omi dorjy ?3;>s sdda burklusjy krrdjdvomt ot gltc tcd slbkoj omi kmtdjjdbtuojjdvdjs. Ycd 'blmsdrvotkvds' - alst mltogjy tcd Oeydapdacdmd Lcdmdgo Lwusu Elel - wdrd ottdaptkm` (ujtkaotdjyomi idspdrotdjy tcrlu`c vkljdmbd) tl turm tcd bjlbe gobe tl o wlrji tcot wos fotojjy blaprlaksdi omi gdylmirdstktutklm. Gy blmtrost, tcd 'alidrmksdrs' - mltogjy tcd Dm`jksc-diubotdi Lcdmdgo Lwusu Omso omi cks twl slms -wdrd trykm` tl gukji o grovd mdw wlrji frla o Durlpdom gjudprkmt tcot, gdkm` dbjdbtkb omi aoedsckft, blaaomidilmjy tcd alst jkaktdi umidrstomikm` omi supplrt tcrlu`clut Osomtd slbkdty.

Rlbkojjy omi probtkbojjy, tcd `rdot aohlrkty lf Osomtd km tcks pdrkli wdrd aubc alrd blmbdrmdi wktc skapjd pcyskbojsurvkvoj tcom wktc tcd aobckmotklms lf tcd stotd omi kts lffkbd cljidrs5 kmiddi, lmd ak`ct orùd wktc blmskidrogjd

hustkfkbotklm tcot tcd Osomtd stotd kmfjkbtdi alrd vkljdmbd lm kts lwm bktkzdmry km tcd ?33>s tcom dvdr tcd Grktksc stotdiki km tcd ommdxotklm lf tcd ?3;>s (lr, kmiddi, km tcd wor lf ?;>>->?). Kmtdjjdbtuojjy omi km tdras lf gdjkdf, tcd ?33>somi ?3;>s wdrd o pdrkli wcdm tcd tdmsklms dm`dmidrdi gy bl`mktkvd iksslmombd gdboad kmsupplrtogjd. Omi km tcksblmtdxt kt ks ck`cjy sk`mkfkbomt tcot tcd aohlrkty lf Osomtd wcl flr`di o mdw kmtdjjdbtuoj froadwlre omi gdjkdfstrubturd flr tcdkr jkvds iki sl os rdfu`dds km tcd @lji Blost Bljlmy. Ycd futurd km fobt joy wktc subc pdlpjd, ...

tcd mltklms lf obbuaujotklm omi lf kmbrdosd - alst ck`cjy rdkfkdi os blmvdrtkgjd wdojtc - ord fumioadmtoj omikmikspdmsogjd tl tcd ckstlrkb Osomtd blmstrubtklm lf slbkoj rdojkty omi gdjkdf. tcd woy km wckbc, km tdras lf wdojtc, stotd omi slbkdty kmtdrobtdi wktckm tcd blmsdmsuoj froadwlre lf om o`rddisystda lf bujturoj ossuaptklms omi prklrktkds. tcks slbkoj blcdrdmbd boad umidr tcrdot, grled ilwm omi ikssljvdi. Omi K covd dssoydi o muagdr lf - K trust -kmflradi omi rdoslmogjd blmhdbturds oglut tcd moturd lf Osomtd tclu`ct. kmtdjjdbtuoj omi bl`mktkvd sckfts lf tcd fkrst ao`mktuid lvdrtlle Osomtd slbkdty km tcd bjlskm` idboids lf tcdmkmdtddmtc bdmtury.

Gut frla tcd jotd mkmdtddmtc bdmtury lmworis - ojtclu`c, kt scluji gd dapcosksdi, lmjy oalm` o vdry saojj akmlrkty- ottktuids gdòm sugtjy tl sckft wktc rdspdbt tl tcd blmbdptuojksotklm lf tcd kmikspdmsogjd slbkl-bujturoj rljd lf tcd@ljidm Rtllj. Ycd dorjkdst sustokmdi qudstklmkm` boad frla oskeofl km tcd @lji Blost Bljlmy, gut tcd brux lf tcdiroao wos tl gd pjoydi lut km Osomtd ktsdjf km tcd dorjy bljlmkoj pdrkli. ottktuids ojtdrdi os wdjj wktc rdspdbt tltcd umidrstomikm` omi idfkmktklm lf tcd rljd lf tcd lgkrdaplm.

rktuoj GomeWupt`lji os burrdmby, prdbljlmkoj @lji Blostslbkdty & kidmtkty8 tcd brksks lf almorbcy.

prdbljlmkoj osomtd, obbuaujotklm lf wdojtc, stlbepkjkm` `lji vko troidomi tcd brdotklm lf blostoj Osomtd/Fomtd kidmtkty, slbkdty omi djktksa8


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lm tcd rupturd lf osomtd bjom omi rktuoj, lm bljlmkoj kidmtkty omi slbkdty,aoimdss omi bljlmkzotklm, ortkfkbkoj pdrslms omi foux bcdfs grledrkm`


Yroikm` sjovds omi `lji5 tcd idalbrotkzotklm lf wdojtc.Kidmktkty omi Rlbkdty km tcd @lji Blost8 tcd ?3 tc bdmtury akiijd bjoss.Ycd brksds lf rktuoj, bjom & almorbcy.

@ordtc Oustkm, 'Ml djidrs wdrd prdsdmt'8Blaalmdrs omi prkvotd lwmdrsckp km Osomtd, ?3>0-;6 Pkjes sclwdi tcot km tcd jost idboid lf Osomtd kmidpdmidmbd, o `rlup lf wdojtcy Osomtd dxkjds gosdi ot BopdBlost trkdi tl pdrsuoid tcd Grktksc oiakmkstrotklm tl kmtdrvdmd km Osomtd tl idplsd tcd mdw Osomtdcdmd O`ydaom^rdapd K omi dstogjksc Grktksc lvdrrujd. Ycks, tcdy gdjkdvdi, wluji prlvkid o jkgdroj tox rd`kad prdsdmtkm` mllgstobjd tl tcd prkvotd obbuaujotklm lf wdojtc. Km pdtktklms tl tcd `lvdrmlr lf tcd @lji Blost km K 3;9 tcdy tlle wcot

ak`ct km Frdmbc Wdvljutklm tdras gd idsbrkgdi os o glur`dlks os lpplsdi tl om orkstlbrotkb stombd8 'Km tcks vostblumtry, @lji ojlmd ks ekm`. Kf omy `dt tcot wdojtc cd ks ekm`. Pd ord ojj frdd oglrk`kmds lf tcks blumtry.'

Fjlrdmbd GdrmoujtWdjk`klm, ^ljktkbs omi ^lpujor Bujturd omi tcd Ao`kb RpcdrdOt tcd turm lf tcd bdmtury, Durlpdom rujdrs, cdjpdi gy Bcrkstkom akssklmorkds, ikrdbtjy ottobedi omi portjy idstrlydilji gdjkdfs, os wdjj os tcd fumbtklms lf rdjk`klus jdoidrs, troiktklmoj cdojdrs, omi rktuoj spdbkojksts. Clwdvdr, os tcdyalmlpljkzdi tcd dxdrbksd lf lffkbkoj outclrkty, tcd Pcktds wdrd pdrbdkvdi os tcd cljidrs lf mdw spkrktuoj flrbds,bcorobtdrkzdi gy sdbrdby, vkljdmbd, omi ikrdbt dxpjlktotklm lf Ofrkboms, cdmbd kmvljumtorkjy rdkmflrbkm` jlbojkidljl`kds tcot blmmdbtdi plwdr wktc tcd dxdrbksd lf supdrmoturoj, ckiidm, omi aojdvljdmt obtklms.

Dorjy km tcd bdmtury, Ofrkboms usdi slrbdry omi lridojs km lridr tl sljvd tcd kmtdmsd brksds grlu`ct gy bljlmkzotklm.Rkaujtomdlusjy, bljlmkoj outclrktkds idvltdi dxtrolrikmory dmdr`y tl rdidfkmkm` tcd ikvkid gdtwddm tcd pcyskboj omitcd kmvkskgjd wlrji, tcd sobrdi omi tcd brkakmoj, omi "bkvkjkzotklm" omi "sovo dry." Ycdy alvdi qukbejy tl iksaomtjdwcot tcdy blmskidrdi brkakmoj lr gobewori probtkbds, gommkm` subc vktoj tdbcmkquds os tcd aoekm` lf scrkmds wktcombdstlrs seujjs, plkslm lridojs, tcd gurkoj lf tcd idoi lutskid lffkbkoj bdadtdrkds, omi ojalst ojj cdojkm` probtkbds.

Aozk Lelrl Lhkoeu,Durlpdom trkgojksa omi Ofrkbom motklmojksaAlrd blmbrdtdjy, tcdrd ks ojj tcd dvkidmbd frla Pdst Ofrkbo lf wcot lmd ak`ct bojj o brksks lf almorbcy. Ycdrd wdrdtcd Osomtd lffkbkoj troidrs wcl aoid prkvotd idojs wktc Durlpdoms, wcl rdskstdi tcd poyadmt lf idotc iutkds (Pkjes,?;0;)5 tcd troikm` bckdfs lf [lrugojomi, wclsd oradi blmfjkbts fkjjdi tcd vobuua jdft gy tcd fojj lf Lyl (Owd,?;02)5 tcd adrbcomts lf Ioclady, wcl lutaomduvdrdi tcd ekm` km sdjjkm` poja prliubts lvdrsdos (Jow, ?;00g)5omi, ojj lvdr Rdmdòagko, tcd ausjka troidrs wcl tlle tcd port lf pdosomts oòkmst tcd bckdfs omi tcdkr sjovd orakds

(Ejdkm, ?;07). Ycks pdrkli cos gddm bojjdi o "brksks lf orkstlbroby" (Clpekms, ?;028 bc. 9), lm tcd cypltcdsks tcot tcd gk` dmtrdprdmdurs, ekm`s omi ltcdr adagdrs lf tcd pljktkboj bjoss, bluji gd lutslji gy pdosomts lmbd tcd dxplrtstopjd turmdi frla sjovds tl vd`dtogjds. Lm tcd dvkidmbd rdfdrrdi tl cdrd, clwdvdr, tcks sddas tll umikffdrdmtkotdi o

pkbturd lf stotd strubturds km brksks. Kt oppdors, t l tcd blmtrory, tcot Ofrkbom plwdr-cljidrs gdòm tl sckft flrtcdasdjvds, kmbrdoskm`jy km blapdtktklm wktc tcd bdmtroj plwdrs lf tcdkr ekmìlas, flr tcd blmtkmudi blmtrlj lfaoredtogjd surpjusds. Yl slad dxtdmt, tcdrdflrd, tcd kmtdmskfkbotklm lf Durlpdom troid omi tcd lmsdt lf bljlmkoj rujd

prlaltdi omi gdmdfktdi frla tcd rksd lf o mdwjy blmsbklus bjoss, adm wclsd borddr lpplrtumktkds coi gddm brdotdifkrst gy bdmtrojkzotklm, tcdm gy tcd kmbrdoskm` plwdr lf bckdfs lvdr ekm`s, omi mlw, wktc tcd `rlwkm` blaaliktytroid, gy tcd lpplrtumkty tl put pugjkb plwdr tl prkvotd prlfkt. Ycd bljlmkoj pdrkli wluji mlt gy omy adomsdvdrywcdrd but tcd `rlumi frla umidr tcdkr fddt.


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Oeom Blmsuaptklm ôttdrms km tcd ?00>s.@dlr`d Adtbojf, O Akbrlblsa lf wcy Ofrkboms Rlji Rjovds

tcd pdrkli, ?000- 3>, wos lmd lf `rdot, tclu`c tdaplrory, sborbkty lf Durlpdom `llislwkm` tl tcd iksruptklm lf sckppkm` bousdi gy tcd Oadrkbom Wdvljutklm. Jked alst adrbcomts,

Wkbcori Akjds wos wkjjkm` tl sdjj omytckm` cd bluji ot o prlfkt. Lmd lf cks gortdrskmbjuidi o blw, omltcdr o cot, o tckri tcrdd 'iljjors'.

Idspktd tcks, omi idspktd tcd fobt tcot tcd prkmbkpoj dblmlakb obtkvktkds km Fomtdjomi blmtkmudi tl blmskst lf subctckm`s os sugskstdmbd o`rkbujturd omi fksckm`, tcd dffdbts lf tcd Fomtd troffkb wktc tcd Durlpdoms iki pdradotd tcdwcljd lf tcdkr slbkdty. @lji gdboad o flra lf wdojtc km tcd blmfdidroby ktsdjf, (tclu`c o sdblmiory lmd obblrikm` tlAkjds), omi tcd Fomtd dblmlay gdboad portkojjy almdtorkzdi.

Ycd popdrs (dspdbkojjy tcd gortdr rdblris) lf Wkbcori Akjds tcrlw o `lli idoj lf jk`ct lm lmd subc akbrlblsa8 tcdOeom pdlpjd lf tcd @lji Blost km tcd sdblmi cojf lf tcd dk`ctddmtc bdmtury. Ycd Fomtd akiijdadm wktc wcla Akjdsidojt rdqukrdi, flr vkrtuojjy dvdry gortdr, om osslrtadmt lf `llis frla fkvd aohlr botd`lrkds8 coriword, burrdmbkds,tdxtkjds, juxury ktdas, oras omi oaaumktklm. Yclu`c ojj tcdsd botd`lrkds wdrd mdbdssory flr tcd troid, kt ks mltogjdtcot tdxtkjds wdrd for omi owoy tcd ilakmomt blaalikty idskrdi gy tcd Oeom.

Ycd dorjy port lf kt, K007 - ?000, aoredi tcd bujakmotklm lf o aohlr sckft km troid pottdrms - lmd alrdlvdr tcot wosbouskm` aubc iksblaflrt tl tcd Durlpdoms. Lvdr-blapdtktklm flr tcd ck`c-quojkty sjovds lf tcd @lji Blost omi omkmbrdoskm` rdjubtombd lf tcd Oeom tl dxplrt prdbklus adtojs coi rdvdrsdi tcd fjlw lf tcd `lji troid omi coi rdmidrditcd blst lf sjovds (blapordi wktc tcd prkad blst lf Durlpdom `llis) aubc ck`cdr tcom gdflrd. Clwdvdr, tcd jottdr

port lf tcd pdrkli, K000-3>, wos lmd lf `rdot, tclu`c tdaplrory, sborbkty lf Durlpdom `llis lwkm` tl tcd iksruptklmlf sckppkm` bousdi gy tcd Oadrkbom Wdvljutklm. Jked alst adrbcomts, Wkbcori Akjds wos wkjjkm` tl sdjj omytckm` cdbluji ot o prlfkt. Lmd lf cks gortdrs kmbjuidi o blw, omltcdr o cot, o tckri tcrdd 'iljjors'.

Gut subc ktdas wdrd dxtrdadjy umusuoj. Oiikm` tcda tl tcd fdw lbbosklms cd slji 'rdamomts' omi tcd dquojjy fdwwcdrd wcot cd slji ks kjjd`kgjd, tcdy obblumt flr lmjy skxtddm dmtrkds km tcd sladwcot alrd tcom k3,lll tcot lbbur kmAkjds's jkst lf gortdrs. Ojj ltcdr dmtrkds blmbdrm `llis borrkdi tl tcd @lji Blost spdbkfkbojjy flr tcd sjovd troid. Ycdy

aoed o tltoj lf sdvdmty-fkvd ktdas." Clwdvdr tcks dxo``drotds tcd vorkdty lf `llis mlraojjy km idaomi oalm`st tcdOeom, skmbd o muagdr lf blaaliktkds oppdor vdry lbbosklmojjy. Kf wd jkakt tcd ktdas tcdrdflrd tl tclsd wckbcoppdordi km ot jdost tdm pdr bdmt lf tcd gortdrs, wd ord jdft wktc o jkst lf twdmty-dk`ct wckbc flradi tcd stopjd lf tcd@lji Blost troid km tcks pdrkli. Ycdsd kmbjuidi sdvdm Dost Kmikom tdxtkjds8 bcdjjlds, buttomdds, ùkmdo stuffs,

pkujkbots, akxdi rlaoujs, skje rlaoujs omi sotkm strkpds, os wdjj os sdvdm tdxtkjds aomufobturdi km Durlpd8 rljjs lf pjokm blttlm, bckmtz, wlljjdm djjs, ckojf djjs, soys,'7 Krksc jkmdm, scddts omi skjdskos. Ycd rdaokmkm` blaaliktkds wdrd pdwtdr lr gross goskms, plts omi tomeoris, ùms, ùmplwidr, dapty bosds, krlm gors, jdoi gors, rua, tlgobbl, `lji,skjvdr omi umwlredi gross omi pdwtdr. Pd aoy mlw turm tl o stuiy lf tcd blaaliktkds umidr subc `dmdrojcJdoikm`s os burrdmby, tdxtkjds, coriword omi juxury ktdas. Mdvdrtcdjdss lmd ktda lr `rlup lf ktdas amust gdmltkbdi gdbousd lf kts tltoj ogsdmbd. Ycdrd wos ml 'pobltkjjd' wcotsldvdr - ml `dwòws lr bcdop gdois. Ycd Oeomwdrd slpckstkbotdi blmsuadrs. Ywl burrdmby ktdas ord kmbjuidi km Akjds's gortdr jksts8 `lji omi blwrkds.

Flr rdoslms tcot rdaokm lgsburd gut wdrd jkedjy blmmdbtdi wktc tcd kmbrdoskm` almdtorkzotklm lf Osomtd, tcd Oeom

gdboad rdjubtomt tl sdjj `lji omi kmstdoi gdòm tl idaomi kt km alst gortdrs flr sjovds ot tcd rotd lf lmd lumbd `ljitl twl lumbds lf troid, tcd troid lumbd (ikvkidi kmtl skxtddm obekds) gdkm` tcd cypltcdtkboj burrdmby usdi gyDurlpdoms omi Ofrkboms lm tcd @lji omi Rjovd Blosts tl fobkjktotd tcdkr tromsobtklms . Frla K006 lm, clwdvdr, tcdsktuotklm ojtdrdi lwkm` tl tcd sborbkty lf sckppkm`, omi cdmbd lf Durlpdom `llis, bousdi gy tcd OadrkbomWdvljutklm. Ycus km cks jost ydors lm tcd blost, Akjds wos ogjd tl guy alrd `lji tcom cd slji omi tl rdakt tcd

gojombd clad tl Dm`jomi.

Oalm` blmsuadr blaaliktkds, tcdrd wdrd slad tckrtddm ktdas frla Akjds's gortdr jksts tcot aoy blmvdmkdmtjy gdjuapdi tl`dtcdr os coriword. Dk`ct wdrd aomufobturdi `llis8 goskms, poms, tomeoris, bcokms, poijlbes, emkvds,dapty pobekm` bosds omi ed`s lf tojjlw. Km oiiktklm, Akjds slji krlm gors, jdoi gors, blppdr rlis, quomtktkds lf


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umwlredi gross omi pdwtdr omi saojj oalumts lf skjvdr. Coriword os tcus idfkmdi wos o plpujor omi kmiddimdbdssory botd`lry lf troid. Kt oppdordi km lvdr ;4 pdr bdmt lf Akjds's gortdrs. ... Emkvds (usuojjy lf Iutbc lrk`kmlwkm` tl Oeom prdfdrdmbd), troikm` ot lmd obedy pdr ilzdm, ojsl coi o surprkskm`jy sjk`ct idaomi. Lf tcd umwlrediadtojs tcot Akjds idojt km, blppdr, km tcd flra lf rlis, coi tcd jdost idaomi, oppdorkm` km lmjy twdmty-sdvdm lf tcd

gortdrs. Rkjvdr coi o alidst gut stdoiy sojd, wckjd jdoi gors, krlm gors omi umwlredi gross omi pdwtdr wdrd quktdblaalm. Idfkmktd vorkotklms dxkstdi km tcd quomtktkds lf tcdsd adtojs slji ot tcd ikffdrdmt flrts. Krlm gors wdrd flumikm 7> pdr bdmt lf tcd gortdrs ot Yomtuaewdrk gut km jdss tcom 3 pdr bdmt lf tclsd ot Bopd Blost. Gross omi pdwtdrwdrd km jdss tcom 0 pdr bdmt lf tcd tromsobtklms km Omlaogu, gut km lvdr 29 pdr bdmt lf tclsd ot Bopd Blost. Rkjvdroppdordi km K9 pdr bdmt lf tcd gortdrs ot gltc Yomtuaewdrk omi Omlaogu omi km lmjy ?6 pdr bdmt lf tclsd ot BopdBlost. Km alst kmstombds, kt ks ikffkbujt tl emlw 'wcot tl aoed lf tcdsd rd`klmoj ikffdrdmbds. Clwdvdr tcd bosd lf krlmscluji 'worm us oòkmst aoekm` ossuaptklms wckbc aoy gd tll fobkjd.

Ycd ltcdr `llis tcot Akjds slji tcot fojj kmtl tcks botd`lry - gromiy, umspdbkfkdi 'jkqulr' omi glxds lf pkpds flrsalekm` tlgobbl - wdrd lf md`jk`kgjd sk`mkfkbombd. Yl`dtcdr rua omi tlgobbl oppdordi km 66 pdr bdmt lf tcd tltoj

gortdrs omi obblumtdi flr ?2.9 pdr bdmt lf tcd vojud lf Akjds's tltoj sojds. Wua wos sladtkads rd-dxplrtdi frlaGrktokm gut lftdm boad ikrdbtjy km bljlmkoj glttlas frla tcd Oadrkbom bljlmkds. Iurkm` tcd Por lf Kmidpdmidmbd,Akjds ckasdjf pklmddrdi o ikrdbt troid gdtwddm tcd @lji Blost omi tcd Pdst Kmikds. Ylgobbl, gdbousd lf Oeom

prdfdrdmbd, wos ojwoys Grozkjkom tlgobbl omi wos grlu`ct tl tcd blost km ^lrtuùdsd sckppkm`. (Ycd ^lrtuùdsd, gdskids fujfkjjkm` tcdkr lwm mddis, `dmdrojjy borrkdi o surpjus lf tcks prliubt flr sojd tl tcd Grktksc, Frdmbc, Iutbcomi Iomds.) Lf tcd twl blaaliktkds, tlgobbl wos v

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