Ritual and World Change ina Balinese Princedom

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Carolina Academic PressRitual Studies Monographs

Pamela J. Stewartand

Andrew StrathernSeries Editors

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Ritual and World Change ina Balinese Princedom

Lene PedersenCentral Washington University

Carolina Academic PressDurham, North Carolina

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Copyright © 2006Lene Pedersen

All Rights Reserved

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Pedersen, Lene.Ritual and world change in a Balinese princedom / by Lene Pedersen.

p. cm. — (Ritual studies monograph series)Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 1-59460-022-8

1. Political customs and rites—Indonesia—Bali. 2. Rites and ceremonies—In-donesia—Bali. 3. Daggers, Malay—Indonesia—Bali. 4. Bali (Indonesia)—Kings and rulers. 5. Bali (Indonesia)—Courts and courtiers. 6. Bali (Indone-sia)—Politics and government. 7. Bali (Indonesia)—Social life and customs. I.Title. II. Series: Carolina Academic Press ritual studies monographs.

GN635.I65P43 2005306.4’09598’6—dc22

2005007638

Carolina Academic Press700 Kent Street

Durham, NC 27701Telephone (919)489-7486

Fax (919)493-5668www.cap-press.com

Printed in the United States of America

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For Nicolas

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Contents

List of Figures xiAcknowledgments xiiiSeries Editors’ Preface xvii

Chapter One Introduction 3

Prelude: An Heirloom Dagger and Two Ancestral Ceremonies 3The Jero Gede Sidemen, Balinese Kingship and Princedoms 12Precolonial Kingship Debated 16

Colonial and Postcolonial Kingship 22Maligya Ritual: Symbolism, Sociogenesis, and Social Action 25

An Integrated Approach to Ritual 27Emotion and Reflection 28History and Current Events: Mediating Connections 30Ritual, Risk and Resistance 33Not Just a “Showcase” Response 38

The Perspective from the Sidemen Maligya 40Positioning of the Anthropologist 43Balinese Caste and its Terminology 46Plan of the Book 48

PA RT ON E THE PERFORMANCE OF A PRINCEDOM 53

Chapter Two A Ritual Unfolds in Historical Context:The Sidemen Maligya 55

The Maligya Ritual and Deification of the Ancestors 57The Maligya Ritual and Worldly Status 60

The Sidemen Maligya from Inceptionto Creation of Ritual Spaces 65

The Progression of the Maligya Ritual:Ancestral Time and National Politics 73

Climax in Ritual, a Princedom, and the World 90

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Photo Plates: The Sidemen Maligya 95

Chapter Three Mobilizing the Structures of a Princedom 119

Mobilizing Invisible Relationships:Setting in Motion Mandalas of Prayer and Holy Water 120

The Raja-Bagawanta Priest Relationship 128Mobilizing Connections to Followers 133Historical Connections 138Discussion of the Categories of Historical Follower Connections 143Villages with Historical Connections 145Conclusion 157

PA RT TWO RE C A S T I N G BA L I N E S E HI E RA RC H Y 1 6 1

Chapter Four Land Matters: Obligations to the Sourceand the Ancestors 163

Princes, Pacatu, and People 165Pacatu in the Sidemen Princedom 167Dutch Colonial Policy to Dismantle Pacatu 170Postindependence Land Reform 171The Jero Gede Sidemen’s Relations in this Period of the 1960s 177The Role of Population Expansion and Bartering with the Lord 181The Land Embodies a History: Ongoing Material Proof 185Ancestral Oaths and the Risks of “Forgetting” 186

Chapter Five Populist Princes: The Hard Work ofHierarchical Privilege 193

Divine Kingship Revisited 193Characteristics of the Ruler: Leadership of the Sidemen House 197Working the People: Populism and Philanthropy 202The Everyday Work of Maintaining Hierarchical Privilege 207Roles of Other Men of the House 218Women of the House 222The Role of the Jero Gede Sidemen in

Village Temples and Agriculture 225Conclusion 229

Chapter Six Circumscribed Royal Power 233

Divinely Imbued Powers of the People 234Contemporary Examples of People Power:

The Rise of Megawati and the Threat of Mob Actions 244Historical Shifts and Conscious Strategy 252

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PA RT TH R E E WORLD CHANGE 259

Chapter Seven The Keris, The Princedom, and the Nation State 261

Megawati in Sidemen: Not Politics; A Ritual Coup 262The Sidemen Heirloom: A Remarkable Claim 267Assessing the Claim to Ownership of Keris Bangawan Canggu 271Endorsement of President and Princes 273Reestablished Connection between Sidemen and Klungkung 278Counter-Government Strategy: For the Common Good 280Ritual and World Change 289

Chapter Eight Conclusion 295

Accommodations and Appropriated Discourses 296A History Object and Displaced Agency 301Ritual and Status Elevation through a Power Vacuum 304Revival and Escalation versus Reformist Trends in Ritual 306Indigenous Political Form in the Twenty-first Century 310World Renewal 316

Glossary 319References 325Index 341

Contents ix

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xi

List of Figures

Chapter 11. Map of Bali 2. Map of Bali and the Court of Majapahit within Indonesia 3. Genealogy: Core Family Members of the Jero Gede Sidemen

Chapter 24. Payadnyan Layout—Sidemen, Bali 19985. Map of The Sidemen Princedom with Global Connections

Chapter 36. Map of Prayer Trip7. Map of Holy Water Trip8. Map of Villages in the Local Princedom of Sidemen

Chapter 79. Genealogy: Rulers of Gelgel according to Klungkung Babad Dalem

10. Genealogy: Rulers of Gelgel according to Sidemen Babad Dalem

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Acknowledgments

The co u rse tow a rd this book has been long and rew a rd i n g, a ll owing me theprivi l ege of acc u mu l a ting many debts of gra ti tu de along the way. The re s e a rchfor the book, with stays in Bali in 1995, 1997-8, 2000, and 2003, was assistedby two grants from the Social Scien ce Re s e a rch Co u n c i l , an In tern a ti onal Pre -Dissertation Fellowship and an International Dissertation Field Research Fel-l ows h i p, with funds provi ded by the An d rew W. Mell on Fo u n d a ti on . I wassupported also with a dissertation grant from the University of Southern Cal-i fornia Gradu a te Sch oo l , a travel grant from Au s tralian Na ti onal Un ivers i ty,and by LIPI, the Indonesian Institute of Sciences. In 2003, an Australian Na-ti onal Un ivers i ty po s t - doctoral fell owship in So utheast Asian Studies provi dedme with the time and milieu to bring the manu s c ri pt to near com p l eti on . Th eFac u l ty Re s e a rch Fund of Cen tral Wa s h i n g ton Un ivers i ty gra n ted su pport thatallowed me to carry out revisions to the book during the summer of 2004.

In Bali, I am ever grateful to Cokorda Raka, Jero Wisma, Cok Sawitri, andCok Lilush. In Sidemen, I am deeply indebted to the entire family of the JeroG ede Si dem en who en co u ra ged me to parti c i p a te in and wri te abo ut their “ri t-ual work” and at all ti m e s , t h en and since , h ave wel com ed my family and I.For their extraordinary hospitality and generosity of spirit, I sincerely thanka ll of t h em . A special thank you to Tjokorda Gede Dangin as head of the nobl eh o u s e , and to Co korda Pem a n gk u , Dewa Ayu Al i t , Co korda May u n , JeroMe kele Wi te , and Dayu Ma s , and to all of the historical fo ll owers of the nobl ehouse and others who shared with me their time and their though t s . I am verygrateful also to Richard Berg, who contributed valuable insights, as well as tohis wife Madé and to Hugues de Montalembert and Lin Utzon.

I Wayan Alit Artha Wiguna and Ta tik In ggri a ti , D a n ker Sch a a rem a n , I Nen-gah Mangga, Memek Tusti, Ming, Ngurah, and their surrounding family, aswell as Made Ci tra , Ibu Liz, and Nyoman Su d a rs a n a , Jero Me kele Su ra tm i ,Mirah, Gipper, I Dewa Gede Catra, and I Nyoman Darma Putra all providedassistance, both practically and intellectually. Anak Agung Ketut Agung, whois since dece a s ed , gen ero u s ly discussed his knowl ed ge and pers pectives (see

xiii

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also Agung 1991). Thanks are due also to the mem bers of the banjar andsubak assoc i a ti ons that I frequ en ted , and to all of the other people who sokindly welcomed me and shared their experiences.

In Ja n et Hoskins and Steve Lansing I have had the most gi f ted and ded i c a tedte ach ers , m en tors , and fri ends one could hope for. Ja n et Ho s k i n s , who ch a i redmy dissert a ti on com m i t tee and so mu ch more , has given me unw avering intel-l ectual guidance , f ri en d s h i p, and su pport . S teve Lansing first inspired and en-co u ra ged me to work on Bali and has con ti nu ed to do so since . Both of t h emh ave re ad , c ri ti qu ed , and hel ped shape several vers i ons of the manu s c ri pt forthis boo k . I ex tend heartfelt thanks also to Nancy Lut keh a u s , G eof f Robi n s on ,G elya Fra n k , and Sylvia Brya n t , e ach of wh om made many and va lu a ble com-m ents to my dissert a ti on , with su gge s ti ons that hel ped guide my devel opm en tof the boo k . I am gra teful as well to Ka ja Mc G owan for her early en t hu s i a s mfor the approach that I was devel oping to the maligya ri tu a l , wh i ch gave me theco u ra ge in the first place to pursue this topic in dept h , and to Ca rol Green h o u s e ,whose su pportive advise on an initial interpret a ti on of the ri tual events was in-flu en tial in helping me cl a rify my em ph a s i s . I am gra teful as ever to Lydia Bl ack ,my first anthropo l ogy profe s s or, and to Met te V. Mad s en , my first co ll e a g u e .

In Au s tra l i a , I en j oyed a sti mu l a ting and co ll egial envi ron m en t . I am gra te-ful to Ben Kerk vl i et and Philip Tayl or of the Re s e a rch Sch ool of Pac i fic and As i a nS tu d i e s , who ran the fell owship progra m , to Fra n cesca Merl a n , chair of the De-p a rtm ent of Arch aeo l ogy and An t h ropo l ogy that hosted me, and to Ma r goLyon , Jen n i fer Bad s tu ebn er, and Stephan Loren zen , who grac i o u s ly hel ped myf a m i ly and I in many ways . Thank you also to the mem bers of the wri ting gro u pI was invi ted to joi n , wh i ch in ad d i ti on to Fra n cesca Merlan and Philip Tayl or,i n clu ded Ch ris Ba rn a rd , Ta m a ra Jack a , An dy Ki pn i s , Ka t hy Robi n s on , and Al a nRu m s ey. I am apprec i a tive as well of L a u ra Bell ows , Hel en Cree s e , Robert Cri bb,Pa tri ck Gu i n n e s s , Melinda Hi n k l ey, Ma r ga ret Jo lly, Ma rk Mo s ko, Th om a sReuter, and Jaap Ti m m er. E ach of a ll of the above ei t h er re ad and cri ti qu ed in-d ivi dual ch a pters of the book or listen ed and re s pon ded to its ideas in other fora .All provi ded gen erous inspira ti on and fri endship for wh i ch I am most gra tef u l .

Pa m ela Stew a rt and An d rew Stra t h ern have of fered hel pful com m ents onthe en ti re manu s c ri pt and I have gre a t ly apprec i a ted their profe s s i onalism anden co u ra gem en t . I would like also to ack n owl ed ge my co lleagues at Cen tra lWashington University for their support and collegiality and the administra-tive assistance of Pen el ope An ders on . Ka t h l een Ba rl ow has been a va lu edsounding board as the final stages toward publication drew nearer, as has mylong-time friend Audrey Eyler.

xiv Acknowledgments

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The lon gest standing debt and apprec i a ti on are owed to my family. My par-en t s , In geborg Ch ri s ten s en and Ho l ger Peders en , i n s ti ll ed in me con fiden ceand curi o s i ty, and started me out early tow a rd a life of a n t h ropo l ogy wh enthey moved our family to Tanzania. Thank you also to Valentina Pedersen forher support since joining our family. I have the deepest gratitude for my hus-band Kent Sw a n s on , who shared in porti ons of the fiel dwork , m ade fri en d sand provi ded pers pectives that I would not have en j oyed wi t h o ut him, h el pedt a ke pictu re s , gen era te figure s , and provi ded insigh tful input to the manu-script. Above all, his love and support have seen me through the years of re-s e a rch and wri ting that have gone into this work . F i n a lly it is to my son , Ni co-las Crosby, a wonderful person to whom I am grateful for everything, that Idedicate this book.

With all of the assistance and guidance that I have received, responsibilityfor the shortcomings of this book lies with me alone. I present it to the JeroGede Sidemen and their followers as my humble offering, with apologies forall of its imperfections.

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Series Editors’ Preface— Pamela J. Stewart and Andrew Strathern

We are very pleased to include Lene Pedersen’s Ritual and World Change ina Balinese Princedom in the Ritual Studies Monograph Series. The work pres-ents a lively ethnographic account of a Balinese princedom, informed by thehistorical positionality of a range of actors, e.g. the Balinese themselves andthe Dutch co l onial pers on a ge s . Th ro u gh an ex p l ora ti on of ri tual perform a-tivity the contemporary political context of the study arena is detailed in re-l a ti on to the agency and motives of the pers ons invo lved . Al s o, i m port a n tquestions of how local constructions of identity and power relations are sus-tained in conjunction with the nation-state are examined.

Peders en’s work is wri t ten in an acce s s i ble and lively manner while ad-d ressing topics of i n terest to re s e a rch ers in a ra n ge of disciplines (e.g. An-thropology, Religious and Ritual Studies, History, and Southeast Asian Stud-ies). This study exemplifies the ways that people cope with structuring theirpolitical and ritual lives at the local level while balancing influences from thenation-state and other outside forces. This approach is of particular interestin terms of the study of globalization, transnational flows of ideas and prac-tices, and glocalization (the local appropriation and transformation of glob-alizing influences and their incorporation into local sets of practices).

The processes by which people create a place with identities of a particulars ort are nu m ero u s . In our re s e a rch work in Scotland (see Stra t h ern and Stew-art 2001) and Ireland since the mid-1990s we have seen that a proliferation ofl ocal and regi onal fe s tivals that cel ebra te trad i ti on s , c ra f t s , food , d a n c i n g,recitations, and re-enactments have been taking place. These activities are allcentered on specific places where particular local identities are being empha-s i zed . The Ul s ter- S cots movem ent in Ireland that we have de s c ri bed in ourwritings is an excellent example of the local re-imagining of identities whicha re both tra n s n a ti onal and local in ch a racter (see Stew a rt and Stra t h ern 2003,2 0 0 4 a , 2 0 0 4 b, 2 0 0 0 4 c ; and Stra t h ern and Stew a rt 2003, 2 0 0 4 a , 2 0 0 5 a , 2 0 0 5 b ) .History is a vital component of these studies.

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The rel a ti onship bet ween history and anthropo l ogy is cl e a rly repre s en tedin Pedersen’s work. Her research fits neatly with the growing trend in whicha n t h ropo l ogical work has become mu ch more historical in ch a racter as re-searchers have become more aware that what they observe and discuss as cus-toms or stru ctu res are in fact el em ents in history. Everything has a history,and every wh ere custom s , practi ce s , and stru ctu res are in processes of ch a n ge ;sometimes these changes are large but sometimes they are small and gradual.A con cern with the dynamics of these ch a n ges is fundamental in re s e a rch workn ow ad ays . An t h ropo l ogists at one time argued that one could not take historyinto account where it was not known. But ethnohistory, the history of a peo-ple as they themselves recount it, is always available, since universally peopledo have their own accounts of h i s tory. And wh en we are working in the midstof peoples with long written histories and traditions of scholarship it is obvi-ous that history must be a large part of our knowl ed ge basis. Every anthro-po l ogi s t , t h en , must be to some ex tent a histori a n . We have found this tru ein our fieldwork in Scotland and Ireland. But it is equally true for our workin the Hi ghlands of Papua New Gu i n e a , wh ere mu ch can be learn ed fromstudying the people’s own ethnohistory and from taking to heart the fact thatthey do not make the distinction between history and myth in the same waythat anthropologists have tended to do.

For ex a m p l e , in the Duna area of the So ut h ern Hi ghlands Provi n ce ofPapua New Gu i n e a , s tories of the founding of groups among these people arei m portant for understanding their patterns of s ocial stru ctu re tod ay, s i n ce theydefine the structure of authorized leadership in local groups (see Stewart andS tra t h ern 2002; and Stra t h ern and Stew a rt 2004b). But these same stories havega i n ed a ren ewed import a n ce in dealing with mining companies in the laten i n eteen nineti e s , s i n ce the people have used the geogra phical basis of t h ei rstories to make claims for compensation for environmental pollution on thecompanies. The Duna also mix pre-colonial ritual practices with introducedCh ri s tian ones to rec re a te and em ph a s i ze rel a ti onships with the local envi-ronment, its fertility, and the cosmos at large.

The use of ri tual practi ces to balance the em p l aced rel a ti ons of pers on swithin their co s m o l ogical worlds is apt ly dem on s tra ted by Peders en’s stu dy.She encapsulates this by stating that “through these chapters [of the book], acombined theme of fertility and power has wound, like the snake of the keris[a long dagger], the cosmic object that embodies both male and female char-acteristics, the symbol that binds together the realm. The ritual of maligya [apost cremation ceremony to purify and deify deceased ancestors] is about therecycling of souls and regeneration at all levels of existence.”

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Pedersen’s study tackles and provides new solutions to some fundamentalproblems in the analysis of early state forms in South-East Asia, particularlythose arising from Clifford Geertz’s work on the ‘theater state’ in Bali. Whilestressing the effective roles of ritual and ceremony, she also notes the impor-t a n ce of ch a risma and vi o l en ce in maintaining the ru l er ’s powers , and the sig-n i fic a n ce attri buted to magic in the sph eres of both ri tual and ch a ri s m a : a sig-nificance well exemplified in the symbol of the keris, dagger and snake, maleand fem a l e . The keris can be seen as a tra n s form of the pyt h on sym bo l , wh i chc a rries po tent assoc i a ti ons thro u gh o ut Eastern In donesia (Stra t h ern and Stew-art 2000).

Pedersen’s work is also a valuable contribution to the theory of ritual gen-erally. She reviews the ideas of Valerio Valeri on Huaulu rituals, and of Mau-ri ce Bl och on the Merina circ u m c i s i on ri tu a l s , and con clu des that Balinese ri t-uals are complex and multi-centered, that ritual meanings change because offlexibilities in their symbolism, and that over time they become the object ofcon tests over power and re s i s t a n ce to power: a ll con clu s i ons that are para l-leled by investigations we have made into Taiwanese ritual practices centeredon Mazu, a powerful female figure who is thought to protect those who fishfor a living from shipwrecks at sea (Stew a rt and Stra t h ern 2005). Peders en’sargument thus not only illuminates her own ethnographic materials but alsoprovi des su gge s tive poi n ters in the directi on of c ro s s - c u l tu ral com p a ra tivestudies in the wider Asia-Pacific context.

References

S tew a rt , Pa m ela J. and An d rew Stra t h ern 2002. Remaking the Wo rl d . Myt h ,Mi n i n g , and Ri tual ch a n ge among the Duna of Pa pua New Gu i n e a. For theSm i t h s onian Series in Et h n ogra phic In qu i ry. Wa s h i n g ton , D. C . and Lon-don: Smithsonian Institution Press.

Stewart, Pamela J. and Andrew Strathern. 2003. Crossing Borders, DividingStates: Donegal, Ireland. The European Union Center and Center for WestEuropean Studies Newsletter, University Center for International Studies,University of Pittsburgh, April, pp. 1,7.

Stewart, Pamela J. and Andrew Strathern 2004a. Ulster-Scots: Memory, His-tory, and Imagination in the Construction of Irish Identity in the Borderareas of Ireland. Paper presented at the Institute of Ethnology, AcademiaSinica, Taipei, Taiwan for the “History, Memory, and Cultural Construc-tion” Research Group on 5th Jan. 2004.

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S tew a rt , Pa m ela J. and An d rew Stra t h ern 2004b. The Ul s ter- S co tch Movem en tin Irel a n d : The Re a s s erti on of a Mi n ori ty Iden ti ty in the Con text of t h eEuropean Union. Paper presented at the 14th Biennial Conference of Eu-ropeanists, Council for European Studies, “Europe and the World: Inte-gration, Interdependence, Exceptoinalsim?” in the panel “History, Mem-ory, and the Path to European Integration”, at the Palmer House Hilton,Chicago, March 11-13, 2004.

S tew a rt , Pa m ela J. and An d rew Stra t h ern 2004c. Na rra tives of Vi o l en ce andPerils of Peace-making in Irish Border Contexts: European Union Recog-n i ti on of Diverse Iden ti ti e s . Pa per pre s en ted at the Co ll oqu ium on Eu-rope, Dept. of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh, April 2, 2004.

Stewart, Pamela J. and Andrew Strathern 2005. Introduction to Asian RitualSystems: Syncretisms and Ruptures. Journal of Ritual Studies 19.1: i–xiv.

Strathern, Andrew and Pamela J. Stewart 2000. The Python’s Back: Pathwaysof Comparison between Indonesia and Melanesia. Westport, CT. and Lon-don: Bergin and Garvey.

S tra t h ern , An d rew and Pa m ela J. S tew a rt 2001. Mi n o ri ties and Mem o ries: Su r -vivals and Exti n ctions in Scotland and We s tern Eu rope. Du rh a m , N . C . :Carolina Academic Press.

Strathern, Andrew and Pamela J. Stewart 2003. Epilogue. In Pamela J. Stew-art and Andrew Strathern eds. Landscape, Memory, and History: Anthro -pological Perspectives. For the Anthropology, Culture, and Society Series.Sterling, Virginia and London: Pluto Press.

Strathern, Andrew and Pamela J. Stewart 2004a. Scotland and Ireland: Iden-ti ty, Di a s pora , and Di s l oc a ti on . Pa per pre s en ted to the Cen ter for We s tEuropean Studies / European Union Center, University of Pittsburgh, onMarch 30th, 2004.

S tra t h ern , An d rew and Pa m ela J. S tew a rt 2004b. Em powering the Pa s t , Co n -fronting the Future. The Duna People of Papua New Guinea. For the Con-temporary Anthropology of Religion Series. New York and London: Pal-grave Macmillan.

S tra t h ern , An d rew and Pa m ela J. S tew a rt 2005a. “The Ul s ter- S co t s” : A Cro s s -Border and Trans-national Concept. Journal of Ritual Studies 19.2: 1-24.

S tra t h ern , An d rew and Pa m ela J. S tew a rt 2005b. Na rra tives of Vi o l en ce andPerils of Pe ace - Making in Nort h - So uth Cro s s - Border Con tex t s , Irel a n d .In Andrew Strathern, Pamela J. Stewart and Neil L. Whitehead eds. Ter -

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ror and Vi ol en ce: the Im a gi n a tion and the Un i m a gi n a bl e. S terl i n g, Vi r gi n i aand London: Pluto Press.

4 November 2004

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