Risk Factors and Cardiovascular DiseaseRisk Factors and Cardiovascular Disease

Plaque formation leading to high blood pressure and heart attacks

TOTAL CHOLESTEROLTOTAL CHOLESTEROL

200 mg/dl200 mg/dl DesirableDesirable

200-239200-239 Borderline HighBorderline High

240 mg/dl or more240 mg/dl or more Too HighToo High

HDLHDL

Less than 40mg/dlLess than 40mg/dl Too lowToo low

More than 40 mg/dlMore than 40 mg/dl Beneficial; Beneficial; especially above 60 especially above 60 mg/dlmg/dl

LDL ( if you are 20 years or older and have LDL ( if you are 20 years or older and have no heart no heart diseasedisease))

Less than 100 mg/dl Desirable(especially if you have heart disease)

100-129 mg/dl Near or above optimal

130-159 mg/dl Borderline High

160-189 mg/dl High

190 mg/dl Very High

SmokingSmoking Increases blood clottingIncreases blood clotting

Increases vascular constrictionIncreases vascular constriction

Increases build up of plaqueIncreases build up of plaque

ObesityObesity Increased work for the heartIncreased work for the heart

Blood must be pumped to Blood must be pumped to adipose tissueadipose tissue

Increased resistance to blood Increased resistance to blood flowflow

DiabetesDiabetes Increase blood glucoseIncrease blood glucose

Increase rigid blood vesselsIncrease rigid blood vessels

Decrease circulation to tissuesDecrease circulation to tissues

How does blood from your How does blood from your extremities get back to heart?extremities get back to heart?

Varicose Vein DisordersVaricose Vein Disorders

Spider VeinsDr. Berman

Warning SignsWarning Signs

MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION

Pressure or pain in center of your chestPressure or pain in center of your chest

Persists several minutesPersists several minutes

Pain spreading to your shoulder, neck or armsPain spreading to your shoulder, neck or arms

LightheadednessLightheadedness

SweatingSweating

NauseaNausea

Shortness of breathShortness of breath

StrokeStrokeIschemic Stroke Hemorrhagic Stroke

Treatments for Cardiovascular Treatments for Cardiovascular DiseaseDisease

range from non-invasive to very invasiverange from non-invasive to very invasive

Treatment & detection of cardiac and Treatment & detection of cardiac and cardiovascular problems may include:cardiovascular problems may include:

By-Pass Surgery: By-Pass Surgery: http://www.heartpoint.com/bypass.htmlhttp://www.heartpoint.com/bypass.html

Angioplasty (we’ll look at next slide)Angioplasty (we’ll look at next slide)

pacemakerpacemaker

Clot “dissolvers”Clot “dissolvers”

EchocardiogramsEchocardiograms

Measurement of blood pressureMeasurement of blood pressure

Measurement of electrocardiogramMeasurement of electrocardiogramTo be discussed

Coronary By-Pass SurgeryCoronary By-Pass Surgery

AngioplastyAngioplasty

Artifical PacemakerArtifical Pacemaker

Battery operated

ECHOCARDIOGRAMECHOCARDIOGRAMSound imaging of the heartSound imaging of the heart

Tumor observed in left atrium

Examples of Medications Examples of Medications

Dissolving plaque: “clot busters”Dissolving plaque: “clot busters”

Decrease blood pressureDecrease blood pressure

Decrease cholesterol levelsDecrease cholesterol levels

Tissue plasminogen activator

Examples of mechanisms of Examples of mechanisms of decrease blood pressuredecrease blood pressure

http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/hbp/treat/bpd_type.htmhttp://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/hbp/treat/bpd_type.htm

Diuretics (e.g. Lasix; furosemide )Diuretics (e.g. Lasix; furosemide )

Beta-blockersBeta-blockers

Alpha-blockersAlpha-blockers

Calcium channel blockersCalcium channel blockers

Enzyme blockers (will be mentioned with kidney discussion)Enzyme blockers (will be mentioned with kidney discussion)

Exercise, weight loss and diet (may reduce or eliminate Exercise, weight loss and diet (may reduce or eliminate need for mediation!) need for mediation!)

http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/high-blood-pressure/HI00027

FYI: Links related to various medications, lifestyle choices FYI: Links related to various medications, lifestyle choices

and mechanisms of blood pressure controland mechanisms of blood pressure control

http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=159http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=159

http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/hbp/treat/bpd_type.htmhttp://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/hbp/treat/bpd_type.htm

http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/high-blood-pressure/HI00027

PreventionPrevention

Increase ExerciseIncrease Exercise

No SmokingNo Smoking

Low fat dietsLow fat diets

Weight controlWeight control

Regular check upsRegular check ups

Onto electrocardiogram and blood pressure discussion and lab