RISK-COPING ARRANGEMENTS IN AGRICULTURE Risk in rural areas is high due to multidimensional reasons:...
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Transcript of RISK-COPING ARRANGEMENTS IN AGRICULTURE Risk in rural areas is high due to multidimensional reasons:...
RISK-COPING ARRANGEMENTS IN AGRICULTURE
Risk in rural areas is high due to multidimensional reasons:
• Drastic changes in weather conditions
• High incidence of infectious diseases
• Credit market imperfections
How do poor peasants cope with risk in rural areas?
Main focus in today’s class: “sharecropping”
Sharecropping:
A contract where output is divided between a landlord and a tenant according to a pre-determined rule (i.e., 50 – 50)
Marshallian inefficiency
A. Marshall argued that relative to fixed – rent contracts sharecropping is “inefficient”
Why?
Incentives:
Unlike fixed – rent contracts where the tenant retains 100% of the additional output produced, under sharecropping, part of the output goes to the landlord and therefore tenants will undersupply effort
Labor
OutputCosts
Production, cost, and economic surplus
Labor
OutputCosts
Sharecropping
Labor
OutputCosts
Fixed rent
So, why is sharecropping so widespread?
Tenant is risk – averse
Other arguments:
a) Risk – neutral tenants and landlords supply effortb) Input costs are shared between landlords and tenantsc) Limited liabilityd) Screeninge) Limited liability and non-verifiable effort
→WDR (2005), and DR Chapter 5: History, Expectations & Development. Please consult the updated version of your syllabus (course web site).