Risk based evidence profile 2018 - Cornwall Council elections · Produced by Sophie Coles and...

Resilient Cornwall Incorporating the Fire and Rescue, Community Safety and Localism Services

Risk Based Evidence Profile 2018

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Acknowledgements

Produced by Sophie Coles and Vanessa Bailey with special thanks to the following people and teams for providing data and advice to help produce this document:

Business Systems and Assurance Team

Amethyst Community Safety Intelligence Team

Sarah Noakes, Customer Access and Digital Services

Resilience and Emergency Management Team

Mike Cartwright, Traffic Monitoring Engineer, Cormac

Helen Galligan, Senior Highway Design Technician, Cormac

Donald Greig, Performance and Analysis Support Officer, Devon and Cornwall Police

Marie Woltman, Road Safety Data Analysis and Performance Officer, Devon County Council

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Contents Acknowledgements 1

Contents 3

Introduction 5

Executive summary 8

Our prevention priorities 10

Incident infographics 11

Injury road traffic collisions 15 Injury collisions and casualties 15

Fatal collisions and casualties 17

Serious collisions and casualties 18

Slight collisions and casualties 19

Road safety prevention priorities 20

Collision causes 21

Contributory factors 21

Enforcement 22

Driving behaviour 23

Where did collisions happen? 25

Priority Road User Groups 27

Motorcyclists and pedal cyclists 28

Older drivers 32

Young car drivers and passengers 35

Pedestrians 38

Accidental dwelling fires 40 Fatal fires in Cornwall 41

Factors that make someone more vulnerable to fire 42

Emollient creams 43

Who is most likely to have an accidental dwelling fire? 45

Who is most likely to be injured in accidental dwelling fires in Cornwall? 45

What is the cause of most accidental dwelling fires? 48

Threats and opportunities 50 Broadening health and well-being agenda 50

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Grenfell tower 50

Fire sector reform: the three pillars of reform 51

Efficiency and collaboration 511

Cornwall community profile 53

Appendix 58 Appendix 1. Data tables for incidents 588

Road traffic collisions and casualties: Department for Transport severity definitions 58

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Introduction

The information in the Risk Based Evidence Profile (RBEP) has been provided to support managers within Resilient Cornwall who are responsible for tackling a range of issues.

Resilient Cornwall is a service of Cornwall Council which focuses on ‘our place’, delivering services to develop and maintain our spaces and places so they are clean and sustainable, with safe, active and resilient communities. It incorporates the former Fire and Rescue, Community Safety and Localism services.

This report provides information about fires, road traffic collisions and other types of incidents which are dealt with by the service so that we can better understand how we can address these issues. This analysis is based on the most current data available to the service. All fire and rescue data is based on the period 1st April 2016 to 31st March 2017 and all road traffic collision data is from 1st January 2016 to 31st December 20161.

The document enables us to identify what the biggest risks are for fire, rescue and road safety, where and when they occur and who is most affected or vulnerable to them. It also provides information about future threats and opportunities which are likely to affect the service over the next few years.

This information plays a key role in the development of our Service Plan (incorporating our Integrated Risk Management Plan2) and ensures we follow an evidence led approach to managing our activities and resources. All fire and rescue authorities have a statutory responsibility to produce an Integrated Risk Management Plan that sets out how it will address locally identified risks and this document forms the first part of this process.

This document is one of two needs assessments produced within Resilient Cornwall which informs our Service Plan/ Integrated Risk Management Plan. The other is the Safer Cornwall Strategic Assessment which can be accessed through the Safer Cornwall website - safercornwall.co.uk. The Strategic Assessment provides a profile of crime, substance use and anti-social behaviour in Cornwall and highlights the priorities for the Safer Cornwall Partnership.

In addition to our RBEP we also produce a Prevention Tool which highlights those at greatest risk of accidental dwelling fires; a Protection Matrix which highlights high-risk businesses and Risk Profiles for each community fire station. All of

1 Information accurate as of 1st August 2017: some subsequent changes are possible as further incident information becomes available such Coroner’s findings. 2 Cornwall Fire and Rescue’s IRMP is integrated within the Resilient Cornwall Service Plan.

http://safercornwall.co.uk/crime-in-your-area/

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these tools and products inform the service’s Integrated Risk Management Plan, team plans, initiatives and various campaigns.

As a service we assess our priorities for prevention activity using our ‘Prioritisation Matrix’ tool. This allows us to assess the extent of and impact on the community and our service of all fire, rescue and road safety incidents. We refresh this tool each year to determine our prevention priorities and to ensure our resources are targeted at the greatest risk. These incidents are then given a priority category of: very high, high, medium or standard risk.

The diagram on the next page shows where the Prioritisation Matrix and Risk Based Evidence Profile fit within the service’s evidence profile and how it is used across the service.

Executive summary

The top two priorities for prevention activity are road traffic collisions and accidental dwelling fires. These incident types have a high frequency and are associated with the highest rates of deaths and serious injuries of all fire, rescue and road safety incidents. Road traffic collisions resulting in injury (commonly referred to as ‘injury collisions’) have significantly decreased3 over the past five years despite an increase in traffic. Last year 22 people died in road traffic collisions in Cornwall and serious injuries appear to have continued to increase since 2009, however the way incidents are recorded has changed and this may be influencing some of this change. In 2016 the Police started recording collisions using a new system called CRASH. The Department for Transport has stated that collisions in 2016 have been correctly recorded and are working to re-classify historical data. It is unclear whether the shift to this new system has influenced some of the increase in serious collisions and we will not understand the full extent until all data has been re-classified. Accidental dwelling fires have decreased over the past five years but these changes are not statistically significant. Last year there were 256 accidental dwelling fires, three people died and one person was seriously injured in dwelling fires in Cornwall. Although, we have seen a reduction in the number of these fires over recent years, the number accidental of people killed or seriously injured has remained relatively unchanged over the past eight years.

Although the priorities for prevention activity are broadly the same as last year there have been some changes within the medium and standard risk rankings. Other human rescues have moved up to medium risk; this category has a high frequency and involved two deaths and 18 serious injuries over the last three years. Carbon monoxide has also moved up to medium risk, although this incident type has a low frequency there were six serious injuries within this category last year. Deliberate primary fires have dropped down to standard risk; there have been no deaths over the past three years due and two serious injuries in this category.

New analysis using the customer profiling tool, Acorn, has provided a better understanding of the types of households that experience an accidental dwelling fire in Cornwall. We know that deprived households, elderly people and people living in social housing experience the highest rates of house fires in Cornwall. People living in social housing in Cornwall have double the rate of 3 *Significance and expected limits are based on a Poisson test, as advised by The Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents (ROSPA) for incidents of this nature.

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accidental dwelling fires. It has also highlighted that some of our most serious fires, deaths and injuries have occurred in affluent elderly, rural pensioner and greenbelt family households. Although this is based on a small number of fires it has shown that households that do not fall within our expected definition of high risk can also experience very serious and fatal house fires. New research4 from Kent Fire and Rescue Service has shown that people do not behave as we expect them to when they experience a fire in their home. This has raised questions about the best way to advise the public on dealing with a house fire. An estimated 70% of fires are extinguished by people in their homes and are not reported to the fire and rescue service. Evidence shows that people do not panic and they behave rationally. The vast majority of those that were injured tackling a fire in their home would do the same again. Analysis of fire data in Cornwall has highlighted some gaps in the information collected regarding human factors in accidental dwelling fires. Two thirds of accidental dwelling fires in Cornwall logged in our Incident Recording System (IRS) have no human factors attributed to them which needs further work to understand why. There have been a number of political and social changes over the past year impacting on the service at a local and national level. Recent legislation introduced by the government will change the way fire and rescue services in England are governed and operate. There are three main pillars of reform which these changes come under, these are: workforce reform, efficiency and collaboration and accountability and transparency. Following the recent tragedy at Grenfell the service has experienced an increase in requests from the public, partners and central government about fire safety and building regulations. The growing public and political awareness of this issue is likely to lead to further work over the next few years particularly regarding social housing. Over recent years the impact the fire and rescue service has on health and well-being has been widely recognised. As part of this role the service is now expanding the remit of the work it carries out in peoples’ homes. These visits will be known as ‘safe and well visits’ and will encompass a range of health advice as well as fire safety. As the population of Cornwall increases the proportion of older people is also growing. This change in demographics is likely to place an increasing demand on services, such as our ‘safe and well visits’, as older people are supported to remain in their own homes. 4 Why human behaviour really matters: Kent Fire and Rescue Service, National Fire Chief Council Conference, October 2017

Our prevention priorities

Very high priority - Injury road traffic collisions

All figures quoted are based on Stats 19 data and includes injury collisions that have been recorded by Devon & Cornwall Police from 1st January to 31st December 2016 except ‘resources’ section which only includes incidents attended by fire and rescue personnel between 01/04/2016 and 31/03/17. Does not

include damage-only collisions or collisions not recorded by the police

Co

llisi

on

s in

20

16

277 people seriously injured

1203 injury road traffic collisions

22 people died

Pri

ori

ty g

rou

ps

Tren

d &

cau

se

Res

ou

rces

4079 firefighter attendances

487 appliance call outs

1986 hours

In 2016/17 we needed…

…to attend to these incidents

24 per week

(Total firefighter & officer hours spent actively attending incident)

Incident infographics

Average number of injury collisions

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2010 2014 2017

These fires in Cornwall are reducing

High priority – accidental dwelling fires

All figures quoted are based on incidents attended by fire and rescue personnel between 01/04/2016 and 31/03/17 and are taken from our Incident Recording System (IRS). Does

not include incidents not reported or attended.

Inci

den

ts 1

6/

17

1 person seriously injured

256 fires

3 people died

Hu

man

fac

tors

Tr

end

& c

ause

R

eso

urc

es


Only 2% classified ‘high’ severity


3614 hours

In 2016/17 we needed…

…to attend to these incidents (Total firefighter & officer hours

spent actively attending incident)

5 per week

Average number of accidental dwelling fires

Where known:

Distraction (14%) Sleep not drugs/ alcohol (4%) Other medical (4%) Disabled (1%) Excessive/ dangerous storage (1%)

Two thirds of accidental

dwelling fires have no human

factors attributed to them

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There has been no change to other human rescues

There has been no change to carbon monoxide incidents

Other accidental fires have reduced over the past year

Medium priority incidents

All figures refer to 2016/17 and based on incidents attended by fire and rescue personnel between 01/04/2016 and 31/03/17 from our Incident Recording System (IRS).

Inci

den

ts 1

6/

17

301 other human rescues*

Imp

act

Tren

d

Res

ou

rces



1779 hours

691 other accidental fires** 26 carbon

monoxide incidents

*All rescues including lift release, effecting entry and hazardous material incidents

** Includes wildfires, chimney & vehicle fires

14 other accidental fires

6 other human rescues

1 carbon monoxide per week

Other human rescues

Other accidental fires

Carbon monoxide

6 seriously injured

6 seriously injured

0 seriously injured

Other human rescues

Other accidental fires

Carbon monoxide


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There has been no change to

deliberate primary fires & automatic

fire alarms

Flooding & water rescues and

accidental non-domestic fires have

reduced

Deliberate secondary fires

have reduced over the past year

Standard priority incidents

All figures refer from 1st April 2016 to 31st March 2017 and based on incidents attended by fire and rescue personnel between 01/04/2016 and 31/03/17 from our

Incident Recording System (IRS).

Inci

den

ts

Imp

act

Tren

d

Res

ou

rces



3927 hours

112 accidental non domestic fires

2 flooding & water rescues

2 accidental non domestic fires

9 automatic fire alarms

Deliberate primary fires

Flooding & water rescues

Accidental non-domestic fires

Deliberate secondary fires

231 deliberate secondary fires

114 deliberate primary fires

96 flooding & water rescues

82 animal assistances

1 seriously injured


507 automatic fire alarms

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Injury road traffic collisions Injury collisions and casualties

In Great Britain in 2016, 136,621 injury collisions were recorded by the police, of which 1,695 resulted in at least one fatality5. In Cornwall, the police recorded 1203 injury collisions, of which 22 resulted in at least one fatality6.

There has been a 38% decrease in the number of injury collisions and a 21% increase in the number of KSI collisions7 on roads in Cornwall since 2006, while traffic has increased by 11%

The Department for Transport (DfT) has calculated the average societal cost of a road traffic collision taking into account various factors. Using 2016 figures, it estimates that the average value of preventing a fatal collision is £1.8 million, a serious collision is £210,000, and a slight casualty is £16,000. Based on these figures, the

5 https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/reported-road-casualties-great-britain-annual-report-2016 6 Data tables and severity classification definitions can be seen in Appendix 1 7 It is common practice to combine the fatal and serious collisions and casualties into what’s known as ‘killed and seriously injured’, or KSIs – see severity definitions in Appendix 1 for detailed descriptions of each classification.

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average value of preventing injury collisions in Cornwall in 2016 is approximately £130 million.

Cornwall Fire and Rescue Service (CFRS) does not attend all road traffic collisions (RTCs), but the service is responsible for education, training, and publicity (ETP) for preventing collisions as part of its wider community safety activities. ETP forms one third of the ‘three Es’, all jointly responsible for road safety and prevention work: the three Es are:

• Engineering in the form of Highways England and Cormac; • Enforcement in the form of Devon and Cornwall Police; and • ETP (Education, training and publicity) as delivered by Resilient Cornwall,

including CFRS

CFRS attended just 14% of injury collisions in 2016. The visual below show that the service attends a higher proportion of higher severity collisions:

21%

11% 10 of 22

All police-recorded injury collisions

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Fatal collisions and casualties In Cornwall, there were 22 fatal collisions and 22 people fatally injured on roads in 2016. Last year we reported 8 fatal collisions and 9 people fatally injured for the calendar year 2015, which was an unusually low number of fatalities.

The change in fatal collisions shows a marked decrease when plotted against a traffic growth index starting from 2006.

National Nationally, 1,792 people were killed in reported road traffic accidents in 2016, 4% higher than 2015, but this change is not statistically significant: the trend in road deaths has been broadly flat since 2010 and reduced by 44% since 2006.

Benchmarking8 Cornwall ranks9 9th out of 21 shire authorities10 and 110th out of 152 local authorities across Great Britain.

8 Takes into account population, traffic volume, and road length 9 First rank represents the lowest rate of collisions 10 Shire authorities included are: West Sussex, Somerset, Warwickshire, Shropshire, Wiltshire, Oxfordshire, County Durham, Suffolk, Cumbria, and Lincolnshire

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Serious collisions and casualties In Cornwall, there were 247 serious collisions and 277 people seriously injured on the roads in 2016. This compares to 186 serious collisions and 219 people seriously injured in 2015.

While there is evidence of a significant increase in collisions since 2009, any comparison between 2015 and 2016 should be interpreted with caution.

This is because of a change to the system used for recording collisions by around half of all police authorities, including Devon and Cornwall11.

It is thought that some serious injuries were misclassified as slight before the police force changed to the new recording system, and so the number of people seriously injured would have been underestimated as a result.

11 Changes to planned statistical releases, Road accidents and safety statistics, DfT: https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/road-accidents-and-safety-statistics#publications-2017

New recording

system

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National Nationally, 24,101 people were seriously injured in reported road traffic accidents in 2016, 9% higher than 2015.

Benchmarking12 Cornwall ranks13 16th out of 21 shire14 authorities and 108th out of 152 local authorities across Great Britain, taking into account population, traffic volume, and road length.

Slight collisions and casualties In Cornwall, there were 934 slight collisions and 1484 people with slight injuries from road traffic collisions in 2016. Last year we reported 1037 slight collisions and 1499 people with slight injuries for the calendar year 2015.

Once again, any comparison between 2016 and 2015 should be treated with caution: some serious injuries are likely to have been classified as slight injuries in collisions prior to the new recording system 2016. Additionally, not all collisions where people are slightly injured are reported to the police.

12 Takes into account population, traffic volume, and road length 13 First rank represents the lowest rate of collisions 14 Shire authorities included are: West Sussex, Somerset, Warwickshire, Shropshire, Wiltshire, Oxfordshire, County Durham, Suffolk, Cumbria, and Lincolnshire

New recording

system

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Road safety prevention priorities

The high risk driving behaviours are:

More information about these is contained in the ‘collision causes’ section.

The Priority Road User Groups (PRUGs) are:

More information about these is contained in the Priority Road User Group section.

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Collision causes

Contributory factors The high risk driving behaviours come from the top ten contributory factors recorded for collisions in Cornwall. They are shown in the bar chart below: ‘travelling too fast for conditions’ and ‘exceeding speed limit’ are combined to create a new factor: ‘speed’, which ranks third:

• Economic activity: collisions increase as economic development increases, while during economic stagnation, collisions involving high-risk groups and the riskier driving behaviours are disproportionately reduced

• Distance people travel • Mix of transport modes used • Behaviour of drivers, riders and pedestrians • Mix of groups of people using the road (for example: changes in the

number of newly qualified or older drivers) • External effects such as the weather, which can influence behaviour.

We are looking at speed during 2018: we aim to compare the proportion of KSIs that happen on roads of different speed limits, where police allocated the contributory factor exceeding speed limit.

Last year, around 60% of injury collisions in Cornwall involved people from the Priority Road User Groups (PRUGs), so further analysis has attempted to identify the common driving errors and behaviours contributing to the other 40% of collisions.

The police report that it can be difficult to find any one party to blame for a collision, so the reporting form gives space to attribute contributory factors to individuals involved. That is, a particular road user is allocated one or more contributory factors in a collision.

The police can choose up to six contributory factors from a list of 78, including one free-text factor if something happened that is not on the list. Contributory factors can be allocated to injured or uninjured driver, riders, pedestrians, and passengers.

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Contributory factors fall into various categories, such as human (for example: failing to look properly or losing control); environmental (for example: objects in the carriageway); and vehicle defects (for example: worn tyres).

Overall, the evidence suggests that collisions are less about the state of the road and more about people’s behaviour, as shown in the pie chart here: 87% of all contributory factors in collisions in Cornwall.

Enforcement The graph below shows the top ten motoring offence prosecutions in Devon and Cornwall during 2015-2016.15

All minor motoring offences where the offender indicates a guilty plea are dealt with at the Bodmin court. This is the majority of these offences. 15 Note: it is not possible to identify rtc-related offences; this is only prosecutions – fixed penalty notices are dealt with separately and the police don't have data for that. Data source: Force prosecution recording system – NSPIS Case Data processing: Qlikview Court Cases report Case created date between 1st April 2014 and 31st March 2016 Home office offence codes 170, 802 to 825 Data limitations: In 2016 a new Force prosecution data system went live. Data extraction from this system is still under development. The latest prosecution data we have available is given. There is no way of identifying where the offence occurred from the data available to us, so figures are given for the Force area only.

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Driving behaviour Research16 conducted by the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE) in partnership examines how, as road users, we can all sometimes engage in ‘combative driving’, and at other times we can co-operate with other drivers in ‘considerate driving’. Focus groups discussed driving behaviour, using helmet-mounted camera footage in structured interviews, and the researchers used the results to shape the surveys of nearly 9,000 people from 15 European countries.

The LSE lists seven driving personalities, which “emerge in different situations when drivers interact with others on the road”. They are, as quoted directly from the LSE17:

• The Teacher: needs to make sure other drivers know what they have done wrong and expects recognition of his/her efforts to teach others.

• The Know-it-all: thinks he/she is surrounded by incompetent fools and contents themselves with shouting condescendingly at other drivers while being protected in their own car.

• The Competitor: needs to get ahead of all other drivers and is annoyed when someone gets in the way of that. He/she might accelerate when someone tries to overtake them or close a gap to prevent anyone from getting in front of them.

• The Punisher: wants to punish other drivers for any perceived misbehaviour. Might end up getting out of his/her car or approaching other drivers directly.

• The Philosopher: accepts misbehaviour easily and tries to rationally explain it. Manages to control his/her feelings in the car.

• The Avoider: treats misbehaving other drivers impersonally, dismisses them as a hazard.

• The Escapee: listens to music or talks on the phone to insulate him/herself. Escapees distract themselves with selected social relationships so that they do not have to relate to any of the other drivers on the road. It’s also a strategy for not getting frustrated in the first place.

Rather than personality types that we embody permanently, these are ‘scripts’ that we can adopt for a short time, for example to negotiate a roundabout, or could be our general orientation at the start of the journey.

16 The Ripple Effect of Drivers’ Behaviour on the Road: A Study on Drivers’ Behaviour Executive Summary, http://www.goodyear.eu/corporate_emea/images/3.12.2015%20-%20Executive%20Summary%20-%20FINAL_tcm2447-180821.pdf. 17 You Auto Know: Which Driving Personality are You?, London School of Economics, http://www.lse.ac.uk/newsAndMedia/news/archives/2015/09/YouAutoKnowWhichDrivingPersonalityAreYou.aspx, 1st September 2016.

http://www.goodyear.eu/corporate_emea/images/3.12.2015%20-%20Executive%20Summary%20-%20FINAL_tcm2447-180821.pdf

http://www.goodyear.eu/corporate_emea/images/3.12.2015%20-%20Executive%20Summary%20-%20FINAL_tcm2447-180821.pdf

http://www.lse.ac.uk/website-archive/newsAndMedia/news/archives/2015/09/YouAutoKnowWhichDrivingPersonalityAreYou.aspx

http://www.lse.ac.uk/website-archive/newsAndMedia/news/archives/2015/09/YouAutoKnowWhichDrivingPersonalityAreYou.aspx

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The authors conclude that there is a need for initiatives to be tested to ‘encourage greater awareness of the perspectives of the other drivers we interact with. Drivers themselves create the very environments they often find stressful and to which they can respond combatively’ and ‘Just as combative driving can generate a chain of indirectly reciprocal provocations between drivers, considerate driving can create a ripple effect of safer journeys.’

Top 10 roads

A30

A39

A390

A38

A388

A389

A3047

A3058

B3254

A394

Where did collisions happen? The map here shows where collisions occurred during 2016.

We counted the number of collisions that occurred on each road and ranked them in descending order. This list shows the top ten:

The DfT: ‘although all accidents have a cause and that cause is often someone making a mistake or exhibiting dangerous or thoughtless road behaviour, when and where fatalities occur is essentially random’18.

Cormac’s Engineering Design Group have analysed the A and B Roads for the local authority in terms of their collision history and produced the following top ten. The majority of the A30 and A38 are trunk roads and are maintained by Highways England and therefore were not included in the analysis. 19

18 https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/533293/rrcgb-main-results-2015.pdf 19 Information provided by Helen Galligan from Cormac’s Engineering Design Group, who notes the following: “A ranking was based on a combination of accident numbers and accident rate to avoid bias towards very high flow or very low flow roads. The Local Authority roads have been ranked using collision data over a six year period (1 October 2008 to 30 September 2014). It should be noted that this list is not a perfect measure for ranking of roads as there is always an element of skew, that is, accidents are relatively random events and have the tendency to fluctuate over time through simple random variation; this will particularly be evident on relatively short stretches of road.”

Rank Road section description

1 A388 (part) Carkeel to Viverdon Down

2 A3073 Bude

3 B3271 Saltash

4 B3277 Chiverton Cross to St Agnes

5 A3059 St Columb to Newquay

6 A3075 Chiverton Cross to Newquay

7 B3298 Scorrier

8 A390 (part) Chiverton Cross Roundabout A30/A390 junction to Truro A39 Arch Hill roundabout

9 A3082 St Blazey

10 A3047 Redruth and Camborne

Priority Road User Groups

The Priority Road User Groups (PRUGs) are motorcyclists, pedal cyclists, younger and older drivers, and pedestrians. These are determined using police recorded injury collisions data, STATS19.

The service also adopts national campaigns and initiatives, for example road users using mobile phones, wearing seatbelts, and workplace driving. Evidence for these campaigns is driven by national research.

Information for targeting education, training and publicity initiatives The following pages summarise the results of analysis police records of collisions in Cornwall.

Notes:

• It is common practice to combine the fatal and serious collisions and casualties into what’s known as ‘killed and seriously injured’, or KSIs: information refers to all injury collisions, unless marked as KSIs.

• Each table of information has two sets of contributory factors listed. These are: on average, how many contributory factors were allocated to the PRUG; and how many were allocated to others involved? For example for every ten contributory factors allocated to road users involved in a collision with an pedal cyclist, an average of four contributory factors were allocated to the pedal cyclist and six were allocated to other road users involved.

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• To help us understand who we should be focusing our prevention activities on we have also used the Acorn customer segmentation toolkit. This software allows us to identify a customer type based on the road user’s postcode. By classifying road users in this way we are able to understand more about behaviour and lifestyles which provides valuable information about how to develop our prevention activities. Detailed descriptions for each group can be found in the Appendix.

Motorcyclists and pedal cyclists

• Motorcycles make up less than 1% of traffic, but are involved in more than 15% of injury collisions and almost 30% of KSI collisions.

• Pedal cycles make up less than 0.5% of traffic, but are involved in almost 6% of injury collisions and more than 7.5% of KSI collisions.

This means that not only are they more likely to be involved in collisions than any other road user, when they are involved they are more likely to be injured.

Within the motorcycling community, there are two distinct groups: smaller and larger bikes, which differ in characteristics.

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Who should be targeted?

Age: 16-28

Acorn groups:Owner occupiers in small towns and villagesLabouring semi-rural estatesLarger families in rural areas

Contributory factors (CFs)

Top 5 allocated to this group: Top 5 allocated to others involved:Inexperienced or learner driver/rider Failed to look properlyCareless/Reckless/In a hurry Failed to judge other persons path or speedTravelling too fast for conditions Following too closeNot displaying lights at night or in poor visibility Travelling too fast for conditionsSlippery road (due to weather) Poor turn or manoeuvre

Circumstances Road

Average of 2 vehicles involved

Weather: fine without high windsT & staggered junction

Manoeuvre: going straight ahead or turning rightJunction type: Not within 20 metres of a junction

Motorcycles up to125cc2016 Comparison with 5 year average (2012-2016)

KSI collisions Injury collisions

Police allocated 6 in every 10 CFs to this group in injury collisions

Dry or wet/damp30mph60mph

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Acorn groups:Owner occupiers in small towns and villagesFading owner occupied terracesSemi-skilled workers in traditional neighbourhoodsLarger families in rural areas


Top 5 allocated to this group: Top 5 allocated to others involved:Careless/Reckless/In a hurry Failed to look properlyTravelling too fast for conditions Poor turn or manoeuvreLoss of control Careless/Reckless/In a hurryFailed to judge other persons path or speed Distraction in vehicleExceeding speed limit Failed to judge other persons path or speed

Circumstances Road



Manoeuvre: going straight ahead or turning rightJunction type: Not within 20 metres of a junction


Age: 18-65

Police allocated 6 in every 10 CFs to this group in injury collisions (7/10 in KSI collisions)

Motorcycles over 125cc2016 Comparison with 5 year average (2012-2016)

30mph60mph

Dry or wet/damp

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Age: 6-65 with peaks around 11-20 and 36-50

Acorn groups:Owner occupiers in small towns and villagesLarger families in rural areasSemi-skilled workers in traditional neighbourhoodsRetired and empty nestersFading owner occupied terracesLow income large families in social rented semis


Top 5 allocated to this group: Top 5 allocated to others involved:Failed to look properly Failed to look properlyLoss of control Failed to judge other persons path or speedFailed to judge other persons path or speed Careless/Reckless/In a hurryCyclist entering road from pavement Poor turn or manoeuvreCareless/Reckless/In a hurry Too close to cyclist, horse or pedestrian

Circumstances Road

Average of 2 vehicles involvedManoeuvre: going straight ahead or turning rightJunction type: Not within 20 metres of a junction




Pedal cyclists2016 Comparison with 5 year average (2012-2016)


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Older drivers Older drivers are often identified as a priority road user because old age can bring about an increased likelihood of experiencing a collision, as well as an increased risk of death or more serious injuries when collisions do occur.

National figures show that casualties aged over the age of 60 have increased while fatalities overall have remained stable over the past three years. The DfT notes that a population increase in this age group may partly explain the slight upturn in fatalities seen in this age group in the past few years.

In Cornwall, the risk of injury increases with age in this group, so drivers aged over 75 should be prioritised for prevention activity over those aged between 61 and 75.

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Acorn groups:Farms and cottagesRetired and empty nestersOwner occupiers in small towns and villagesSemi-skilled workers in traditional neighbourhoodsLarger families in rural areas


Top 5 allocated to this group: Top 5 allocated to others involved:Illness or disability, mental or physical Travelling too fast for conditionsLoss of control Loss of controlFatigue Slippery road (due to weather)Poor turn or manoeuvre Exceeding speed limitDistraction in vehicle Road layout (eg bend, hill, narrow road)

Circumstances Road


Weather: fine without high winds

Junction type: Not within 20 metres of a junction

Manoeuvre: going straight ahead or turning right

2016 Comparison with 5 year average (2012-2016)



Drivers aged 61-75


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Acorn groups:Retired and empty nesters Owner occupiers in small towns and villages Farms and cottages


Top 5 allocated to this group: Top 5 allocated to others involved:Illness or disability, mental or physical Failed to look properlyFailed to look properly Careless/Reckless/In a hurryFailed to judge other persons path or speed Failed to judge other persons path or speedLoss of control Poor turn or manoeuvrePoor turn or manoeuvre Slippery road (due to weather)

Circumstances Road



Manoeuvre: going straight ahead or turning rightJunction type: Not within 20 metres of a junctionT & staggered junction

2016 Comparison with 5 year average (2012-2016)



Drivers aged 76+


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Young car drivers and passengers Young car drivers and passengers are a particularly important road user group as they are significantly over-represented in road traffic collisions and the most likely age group to experience a collision20.

Nationally, the number of fatalities and casualties involving young car drivers is seeing a long-term downward trend with 2013 seeing the lowest number on record. Despite young car drivers constituting only 7% of all UK licence-holders, they were involved in 20% of all fatal collisions nationally.

Nationally, there has also been a decline in the number of young adults (aged 17-20) holding driving licences. It has been suggested that this is part of a wider, global social trend of lower licence-holding amongst young people, and may explain why risks for this age-group have extended to around age 30 in Cornwall.

National initiatives for younger car drivers and passengers are targeted to those aged 17 to 24, but in Cornwall the age group extends from 17 to 30. For prevention purposes, a need has been expressed to break this group into two groups for easier targeting, so infographics are produced for 17 to 19 year olds who are likely to still be in education, and those aged 20 to 30.

20 Facts On Young Car Drivers, Department for Transport, (2015).

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Acorn groups:Owner occupiers in small towns and villages Farms and cottages Semi-skilled workers in traditional neighbourhoods Larger families in rural areas Retired and empty nesters


Top 5 allocated to this group: Top 5 allocated to others involved:Careless/Reckless/In a hurry Failed to look properlyExceeding speed limit Failed to judge other persons path or speedLoss of control Careless/Reckless/In a hurrySlippery road (due to weather) Travelling too fast for conditionsTravelling too fast for conditions Loss of control

Circumstances Road




Manoeuvre: going straight aheadJunction type: Not within 20 metres of a junction

Young car drivers and passengers aged 17-192016 Comparison with 5 year average (2012-2016)



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Acorn groups:Owner occupiers in small towns and villages Farms and cottages Semi-skilled workers in traditional neighbourhoods


Top 5 allocated to this group: Top 5 allocated to others involved:Loss of control Aggressive drivingCareless/Reckless/In a hurry Failed to look properlyPoor turn or manoeuvre Careless/Reckless/In a hurryImpaired by drugs (illicit or medicinal) Poor turn or manoeuvreTravelling too fast for conditions Slippery road (due to weather)

Circumstances Road



Manoeuvre: going straight aheadJunction type: Not within 20 metres of a junction

Young car drivers and passengers aged 20-302016 Comparison with 5 year average (2012-2016)




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Pedestrians In 2014, pedestrian casualties had the largest rise of any of the road user groups in Great Britain, but this dropped in 2015 only to return to 2014 levels in 2016. In Cornwall, there has been a steady decrease in the number of pedestrian casualties overall, but pedestrian casualties killed or seriously injured did not change significantly over the same period.

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Age: 11-16 and 71+

Acorn groups:Owner occupiers in small towns and villagesRetired and empty nestersSemi-skilled workers in traditional neighbourhoodsLabouring semi-rural estatesPoorer families, many children, terraced housing


Top 5 allocated to this group: Top 5 allocated to others involved:Failed to look properly Failed to look properlyPedestrian wearing dark clothing at night Careless/Reckless/In a hurryDangerous action in carriageway (eg playing) OtherFailed to judge vehicles path or speed Dazzling sunCareless/Reckless/In a hurry Impaired by alcohol

Circumstances Road

Average of 1 vehicle involvedJunction type:




Not within 20 metres of a junction

Pedestrians2016 Comparison with 5 year average (2012-2016)

Dry or wet/damp30mph

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Accidental dwelling fires Nationally, accidental dwelling fires have continued to follow a downward trend and the latest figures for Cornwall show that the number of accidental dwelling fires reduced by 17 incidents on the previous year. Last year there were 256 accidental dwelling fires during which three people died, one person was seriously injured, 28 people were injured slightly and five people were rescued. Although, the 2016/17 figure is lower than the average for the past five years, statistically it is not significantly lower. Cornwall currently has the second lowest rate of house fires in the South West region21.

New evidence suggests that the proportion of incidents reported to the fire and rescue service each year is actually substantially lower than the number that are occurring in people’s homes. National evidence22 shows that 70% of fires are extinguished by people in their homes and are not reported to the fire and rescue service. This new research has raised questions about the best way to advise the public on dealing with a house fire.

While the number of accidental dwelling fires has declined the number of people killed or seriously injured in house fires in Cornwall has remained relatively unchanged over the past eight years. However, it should be noted that these numbers are very low and therefore can fluctuate year-on-year. New figures from the Home Office show that while the number of fires has fallen nationally the number of people aged 65 and over killed in a fire has risen by 22% between 2014/15 and 2016/1723.

21 Ranked second out of five fire authorities in the South West. 22 Why human behaviour really matters: Kent Fire and Rescue Service, National Fire Chief Council Conference, October 2017 23 Fire and rescue service funding needs to address increased elderly risk factor, Local Government Association, October 2017

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Fatal fires in Cornwall National and local fire data confirms that it is often the most vulnerable, elderly and those in poor health that are at greatest risk of dying in a house fire. Over the past five years, 11 people have died and 13 people have been seriously injured in accidental dwelling fires in Cornwall.

The most common cause of fatal fires in Cornwall is ‘careless handling’, followed by ‘cooking – chip pan/ deep fat fryer’ and ‘person too clost to heat source’. Prevention activities to prevent deaths from fires in the home should focus on improving residents’ behaviour in these areas.

We also know that six out of the eleven people that died had smoke alarm systems fitted in their homes. Although, it is unknown if all of these alarms were in good working order. We do know that at one fatal incident alarms were sounding but that neighbours reported that the occupant did not leave the

Utility

House– single occupancy

Bungalow – single occupancy

Caravan/ mobile home

Flat/ maisonette

Not known/ none

Self-contained sheltered housing

Disabled

Falling asleep/

asleep (not drugs/ alcohol)

Other medical

condition Living room

Kitchen

Bathroom

Bedroom

Fire start location

Human factors

Property type

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property. Two thirds of homes where accidental dwelling fires have occurred had smoke alarm systems fitted.

New research carried out by Derbyshire Fire and Rescue Service has also highlighted that many children are not woken by the sound of a smoke alarm. The study24 found that 80% of children aged 2 to 13 did not respond to a traditional smoke alarm sounding.

Factors that make someone more vulnerable to fire In 2014 a study25

was published which examined all fire deaths in the South West of England to try to identify any contributory factors. This report was based on 88 fire deaths that occurred between 2008 and 2013. It found that there were seven common factors (see diagram below) that were identified. The most common factor, living alone, was identified in 53% of cases.

24 ‘Most children sleep through smoke alarms’, The Guardian, February 2017 25 Fatal fires in the South West: A collaborative review. (2014). South West UK Fire & Rescue Services

Common factors in fire deaths in the

South West

Poor house-keeping

Living alone

Older people

Limited mobility

Mental health

Alcohol

Drugs

https://www.fire-magazine.com/south-west-services-find-seven-fatal-fire-factors

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Emollient creams

Paraffin based emollient creams have been highlighted as a potential fire risk, particularly for vulnerable patients. The government has advised patients against smoking or using naked flames near to medical dressings or bedding that has been in contact with emollient creams. The advice comes after a number of vulnerable people have died who were using emollient creams. Investigations have shown that the emollient creams acted as an accelerant to the fire and were a likely contributory factor in these deaths.

https://www.gov.uk/drug-safety-update/paraffin-based-skin-emollients-on-dressings-or-clothing-fire-risk

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Age: 60+ (very high risk: 85+)

Acorn groups: Key risk factors:Pensioners in social rented flats Living alonePoorer social renting families Limited mobilityYounger social renting adversity SmokingStruggling owner occupier families AlcoholOlder people in social rented estates HoardingStruggling social renting families Mental healthYoung renters in flats Drugs* Deprived younger families *prescription and illegalElderly in terraced estatesRetired couples in social rented estates

Contributory factors – factors with fatalities in bold

CookingFaulty equipmentFaulty electrical suppliesCarelessness/negligence/loss of controlToo close to heat source

Main sourceCooking appliance

DistractionFalling asleep/ asleepOther medical condition

Human factors (where known)

Accidental dwelling fires2016 Comparison with 5 year average (2012/13 - 2016/17)

KSI casualties All accidental dwelling fires

Cause

Accidental dwelling fires (ADF)

ADF with fatal/serious injury

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Who is most likely to have an accidental dwelling fire? To help us understand who we should be focussing our prevention activities on we have used the Acorn customer segmentation toolkit. This software allows us to identify which households are at greatest risk of fires in Cornwall. This is based on a classification system that puts each household into one of 62 different household types. By classifying households in this way we are able to understand more about similar patterns in behaviour and lifestyles which provides valuable information when developing our prevention activities. The following information is based on analysis of accidental dwelling fires that have occurred in Cornwall over the past five years26. For more information about these household types, how best to reach them and how Acorn works please read the Acorn User Guide. Analysis of accidental dwelling fires in Cornwall shows that older people, those living in social housing, young renters in flats and those that are most financially stretched have experienced the highest rates of accidental dwelling fires in Cornwall. Evidence shows that people that live in social housing are twice as likely to experience an accidental dwelling fire in comparison with the Cornwall average.

Who is most likely to be injured in accidental dwelling fires in Cornwall? Further analysis has been carried out to understand who is most likely to be killed or injured in an accidental dwelling fire in Cornwall. This has shown that households that do not fall within our expected definition of high risk can also experience very serious and fatal house fires. Although deprived households, elderly people and people living in social housing experience the highest rates of house fires, we have experienced a number of deaths and serious injuries in homes that do not fall into these categories. Although only a small sample size, evidence shows that affluent elderly households rank highest for injuries due to accidental dwelling fires in Cornwall over the last five years. Who has experienced the most serious accidental dwelling fires?

Over recent years, fire and rescue services have developed a better way of recording fire severity in order to understand more about serious fires and how to tackle them. Within the South West we classify all accidental dwelling fires as

26 Analysis based on 1377 accidental dwelling fires in Cornwall where a unique property reference number (UPRN) could be obtained. 11% of these incidents had no UPRN listed so could not be included in the results. Where very low numbers of fires have occurred (less than 5 over 5 years) these types have been excluded.

https://acorn.caci.co.uk/

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high, medium or low severity. This helps us to understand more about differences between the most serious and least serious fires and how to prevent them. The majority of fires last year were classified as low (56%) or medium severity (42%). A small number of fires last year were deemed to be of high severity (2%) and this picture has been consistent over the past five years. This analysis shows that although it is typically people in social housing, older people and poorer families at greatest risk, affluent elderly households and young families have also experienced some of the most serious accidental dwelling fires in Cornwall.

The following table shows the Acorn household types that experience the highest rates of accidental dwelling fires, the most serious injuries and the most serious fires in Cornwall. More detailed descriptions about these household types can be found in Acorn User Guide.

https://acorn.caci.co.uk/downloads/Acorn-User-guide.pdf

Table - Acorn groups at greatest risk of accidental dwelling fires

Acorn type Households in Cornwall

Fires (5 years)

Fatalities (5 years)

Fire liklihood (1 most likely)

Injury severity (1 most likely)

Fire severity ranking (1 most likely)

Pensioners in social rented flats 4,644 64 1 1 4 7Poorer social renting families 4,138 51 0 2 9Younger social renting adversity 1,475 18 0 3Struggling owner occupier families 2,261 26 0 4Older people in social rented estates 1,588 18 0 5Struggling social renting families 6,320 63 0 6Young renters in flats 2,272 21 0 7Deprived younger families 2,881 24 0 8Elderly in terraced estates 3,600 29 0 9Retired couples in social rented estates 1,260 10 0 10Affluent elderly 17,096 56 3 1 5Rural pensioners 23,748 80 2 2 1Green-belt families 24,486 87 2 3 2Post industrial pensioners 7,830 36 0 5 8Younger privately rented adversity 4,318 27 0 6Contented elderly 1,274 9 1 7Young professionals 5,866 21 0 8Young families in terraces 17,954 81 0 9 3Conventional middle-agers 6,407 27 0 10Renting young families 12,013 80 0 4Struggling social renting families 6,320 63 0 6Asset-rich retirees 11,615 34 0 10

What is the cause of most accidental dwelling fires? The majority of accidental dwelling fires in Cornwall start in the kitchen, followed by the living room and then the bedroom. Three quarters of all kitchen fires in Cornwall are started by cooking appliances. In the living room heating equipment is the most commonly identified ignition source followed by smoking and then electricity supply. Within the bedroom domestic style appliances are listed as the most common ignition source followed by smoking and then heating equipment.

Just over two-thirds of accidental dwelling fires have no human factors attributed to them in Incident Recording System (IRS). Where factors have been identified distraction has been the biggest cause of these fires, followed by sleeping (not drugs or alcohol) and other medical conditions. Further work needs to be undertaken to determine if these cannot be determined by the officer in charge or whether they are not being recorded after further investigation has taken place.

Human factors listed in accidental dwelling fires

Household type and make-up can present its own individual risks in terms of means of escape and exposure to potential fire risks. The majority (70%) of accidental dwelling fires in Cornwall occur in single occupancy homes. Over the past five years the service has also attended 37 fires in caravans/

None/ not known

Known

Two thirds of accidental dwelling

fires have no human factors

attributed to them

Distraction (14%) Sleep not drugs or alcohol (4%) Other medical condition (4%) Disabled (1%) Excessive/ dangerous storage (1%)

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mobile homes used as permanent dwellings. Over the same period there have been 29 accidental dwelling fires in properties of 4 more storeys high and two of in buildings 10 or more storeys high. Just under two-thirds of our accidental dwelling fires were attended by the service within 10 minutes and one quarter between 10-15 minutes. There appears to be no clear link between response times provided by the service and severity of injury or incident in accidental dwelling fires. Analysis of our fatal and serious injuries shows that the majority of incidents where a fatal or serious injury occurred were attended by the service within a 10 minute response time. We also know that the majority of our high severity fires were attended by the service within 10 minutes. Where should we be targeting?

To help us prioritise the households at greatest risk of a fire we have created our Prevention Tool. The tool uses a range of data and information about high risk factors for accidental dwelling fires to help identify the homes most likely to experience a fire. This information is used by operational staff to direct and prioritise our living safe and well visits and ensures we focus our resources on the most vulnerable households.

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Threats and opportunities

Broadening health and well-being agenda Over recent years the impact the fire and rescue service has on health and well-being has been widely recognised and our remit has broadened. To acknowledge this change the ‘home fire safety check’ visits we carry out in thousands of homes across Cornwall are now being called ‘safe and well’ visits and will cover a much wider range of issues than fire safety. In Cornwall we have identified five behaviours that lead to five health conditions (cardiovascular disease, cancer, mental illness, lung disease and musculoskeletal problems) that cause the majority of deaths and disability in Cornwall and 20% of NHS costs are associated with these behaviours27. These are: smoking, physical inactivity, unhealthy diets, excess alcohol, and lack of social connections. All of these behaviours will be addressed as part of our new safe and well visits.

A recent review found that fire and rescue services response to medical/ co-responder incidents not only helped to save lives but also helped public services to save money. Firefighters co-responding to critical incidents do not only improve survival probability and life expectancy. An evaluation of a number of fire and rescue services in the UK found that for every £1 invested in co-responding the return on investment is between £5.67 and £14.4028.

Grenfell tower Following the devastating fire at Grenfell Tower where at least 80 people are believed to have died there has been a growing pressure on councils to assure residents and social housing tenants that they are safe. Following this tragedy, 27 Vision for Cornwall Evidence Base, 2017, Cornwall Council 28 Broadening Responsibilities, National Joint Council, January 2017

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there has been a growing public awareness of fire safety, building regulations and the importance of fire protection which presents both opportunities and challenges for the service. A public judge-led inquiry will be established to ascertain the causes of the Grenfell Tower fire and ensure that the appropriate lessons are learnt. The government has announced an independent review of the England and Wales building regulations and fire safety. This will look at current building regulations and fire safety with a particular focus on high rise residential buildings29. There could be further implications for fire and rescue services and housing providers following these enquiries.

The National Fire Chief’s Council have been supporting the Home Office and the Department of Communities and Local Government (DCLG) with regular briefings to provide a coordinated response to the Grenfell fire. All buildings over 18 metres (both residential and non-domestic) need to be identified and checked to confirm whether Aluminium Composite Material (ACM) has been used to clad the building. The NFCC have set up a two-way communication with all UK FRS’s, via critical control, to ensure that all this information is recorded and acted upon. In response to this advice fire and rescue staff within Resilient Cornwall have been proactive in identifying and checking any buildings of concern in partnership with Local Building Control Officers. Operational crews have also been undertaking visits to high rise premises within their local areas. Since this tragedy the service has experienced a significant increase in enquiries and requests for information from the public about fire safety in both non-domestic and residential buildings.

Fire sector reform: the three pillars of reform

The government has introduced new legislation which will change the way fire and rescue services in England are governed and operate. There are three main pillars of reform which these changes come under.

Efficiency and collaboration

The Police and Crime Act 201730 which came into force in January 2017 sets out the drive for fire sector transformation and greater collaboration between blue light services. The Act places a new duty on police, fire and rescue and emergency ambulance services to collaborate where it is in the interests of their efficiency or effectiveness. It also enables police and crime commissioners (PCCs) to take on responsibility for the governance of fire and rescue services where a local case is made. Within Cornwall, our Police and Crime Commissioner has stated that existing governance arrangements for fire and rescue service should remain with Cornwall Council. Procurement has been identified as one

29 The Institute of Fire Engineers special update, July

2017 30 Police and Crime Act, January 2017

https://www.gov.uk/government/news/policing-and-crime-bill-receives-royal-assent

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area where collaboration and greater efficiencies could be made. Improving joint working and commissioning will allow greater savings to be made. Accountability and transparency

A new inspectorate has been created for the fire and rescue service with a focus on efficiency and effectiveness. In particular, this new inspectorate will be looking at diversity, collaboration and flexible deployment. The inspectorate is built around the current system in place for police and is called Her Majesty’s Inspectorate of Constabulary and Fire and Rescue Services (HMICFRS). A dedicated team will carry out all fire and rescue inspections which will include expertise drawn from the fire and rescue sector. All of the 45 fire and rescue services in England will be inspected over a two year period with the first inspection results being published in 2018. Inspectors will be looking at how effective each service is at preventing and responding to incidents; whether the service provides value for money; whether the service understands its current demands and where the future risks lie. In addition, the new inspectorate will be able to commission thematic inspections on individual issues if required. In February 2017 the former Minister for policing and fire and rescue services, Brandon Lewis31, set out the need for greater transparency and accountability amongst these services. This included a drive to publish data which helps the public to assess the performance of their local service as well as information about chief officer pay, expenditure, accounts, efficiency plans and workforce composition. Workforce reform

A new professional standards body will be created for everyone in fire and rescue which will build a professional framework of standards for the service. There will be consistent standards for the fire sector around leadership, workforce development, equality and diversity and sharing effective practise. The standards body will work with all the organisations that are currently devising standards to develop and test new ones and to consider the effectiveness of the ones which already exist. The new inspectorate and professional body will inform each-other by helping to shape these standards and ensuring that they are being met.

In his speech outlining the proposals for reform, Brandon Lewis, also identified the need for cultural change within the fire sector. In particular, he set out the need to improve diversity within our workforce which has shown little change nationally over the last decade.

31 Brandon Lewis’ vision for fire sector reform speech, February 2017

https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/fire-ministers-speech-to-reform

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Cornwall community profile The following information provides a more detailed profile of our community and some of the protected characteristics that particularly shape the work of Resilient Cornwall.

Older people Approximately a quarter of the population in Cornwall are 65 or older32. Older people have been identified as particularly vulnerable to fire and are a road casualty risk for a number of reasons, including specific age related physical and cognitive impairments, isolation and social factors.

Older people, particularly those living alone, are at an increased risk of experiencing a dwelling fire in Cornwall, with people aged over 80 years five times more likely to be killed in a house fire33.

Older people often have a dependency on portable heating devices and overloading electrical sockets, putting them at further risk of fire34.

People aged over 65 years are also identified as being particularly vulnerable from carbon monoxide poisoning35.

Hoarding is a mental health issue closely linked with increased risk of fire and increased fire severity. It is estimated that 1% of the population have complex hoarding issues, equating to around 700 households in Cornwall, however, there are likely to be more hidden cases. People with hoarding issues tend to be over 75 and living alone and are more likely to be living in deprived areas.36 The service is unable to identify all households with hoarding issues, however, a Council-wide working group has been set up to help identify the extent of the issues and will require a multi-agency approach. Young people A fifth of the population of Cornwall are under 1837. Cornwall has fewer younger people than the UK average but this is changing. Historically, Cornwall has experienced high levels of outward migration of those between the ages of 16-

32 Mid Year Statistics, Cornwall: a brief description 2015, Cornwall Council. 33 Accidental exposure to fire or flame - External causes of morbidity and mortality, Office for National Statistics (2009). 34 http://www.electricalsafetyfirst.org.uk/news-and-campaigns/press-releases/2015/09/thousands-of-older-adults-risk-death-every-year-from-electrical-fires-at-home/, 5th September 2016. 35 Knowing Our Communities, Cornwall Fire and Rescue Service, (2014). 36 Cornwall Council Safeguarding Adults Board, (2014). 37 Mid Year Statistics, Cornwall: a brief description 2015, Cornwall Council.

https://www.electricalsafetyfirst.org.uk/media-centre/press-releases/2015/09/thousands-of-older-adults-risk-death-every-year-from-electrical-fires-at-home/

https://www.electricalsafetyfirst.org.uk/media-centre/press-releases/2015/09/thousands-of-older-adults-risk-death-every-year-from-electrical-fires-at-home/

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29, however, the expansion in the higher education infrastructure and better employment prospects, has led to a reduction in this trend.

Like many people their age, young people in Cornwall may be vulnerable to a number of fire and community safety risks, including violent crime, anti-social behaviour and road traffic collisions.

Young car drivers and passengers are a particularly important road user group as they are significantly over-represented in road traffic collisions and the most likely age group to experience a collision38. Young people have been a priority road user group in Cornwall for a number of years.

Disability

Health inequalities continue in areas of deprivation in Cornwall – higher rates of obesity, teenage pregnancy and levels of sickness and disability benefits claimants are clearly linked to areas where there is known inequality39. By 2030, it is estimated that there will be more than 85,000 people in Cornwall living with a disability40.

Rural isolation and poverty

Depression, stroke, falls and dementia are projected to grow by between 50% and 60% in rural areas, compared to increases of between 34% and 42% in urban areas.41

Deprivation is a persistent problem – Cornwall as a whole is not deprived but there are areas where there are very high levels of deprivation and this has not changed for some years. In addition, people living in rural areas may experience higher degrees of isolation, due to a lack of access to a car or poor public transport, subsequently increasing their vulnerability. Much of Cornwall can be described as highly rural, with farmed land accounting for 80% of the total land area. The most common household types are residents of isolated rural communities (23%) and residents of small and mid-sized towns with strong local roots (21%)42.

There are a number of higher costs for the average household in Cornwall compared to the national average or to other parts of the UK – this includes

38 Facts On Young Car Drivers, Department for Transport, (2015). 39 Mid Year Population Estimates, https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestim ates/bulletins/annualmidyearpopulationestimates/latest, 1st September 2016. 40 Cornwall Fire and Rescue Service Narrative Report, Fire and Rescue Service Equality Framework, 1st September 2016.

41 Knowing Our Communities. 42 Knowing Our Communities.

https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/bulletins/annualmidyearpopulationestimates/latest

https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/bulletins/annualmidyearpopulationestimates/latest

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water and sewerage charges, costs of energy and transport fuels, and mortgages.

Race and faith Although around 98% of Cornwall’s population describe themselves as ‘white’, the number of people within the local population stating they are from a non-white ethnic group has grown in recent years.

Low representation of minority ethnic groups within communities may mean individuals experience more acute feelings of isolation and vulnerability, potentially lacking access to support networks and a strong local voice. Problems associated with houses of multiple occupation, including overcrowding, sub-standard conditions, poor maintenance and inadequate fire precautions have been particularly highlighted as potential fire safety risks for migrant workers living in local communities.

Sex and sexual orientation Age, social isolation, poor mental health and alcohol consumption are some of the factors we consider in determining how vulnerable a person may be to fires, road traffic collisions and other community safety issues. Research shows that people from the Lesbian Gay Bisexual and Transgender (LGBT) community can be more at risk when compared to the population as a whole for some of these risk factors.

41% of LGBT older people live alone compared to 28% of heterosexual older people. LGBT people are more likely to be single, more likely to live alone, less likely to have children and less likely to be in regular touch with their family.

45% of LGBT people drink alcohol at least three or four days a week compared to 31% of heterosexual people. One out of every 11 LGBT people have taken drugs compared to one in 50 heterosexual older people.

Significant numbers of disabled lesbian, gay and bisexual people also report that they have not accessed the health, mental health and social care services in the last year that they felt they needed.

Appendix Appendix 1 - Data tables for incidents

Road traffic collisions and casualties: Department for Transport severity definitions Please note that although the DfT does not receive details of accidents classified as ‘damage only’, we do receive them, but they are not considered a reliable record of that type of collision because so few are recorded. Therefore, we do not include them in our analyses.

Injury collision: Involves personal injury occurring on the public highway (including footways) in which at least one road vehicle or a vehicle in collision with a pedestrian is involved and which becomes known to the police within 30 days of its occurrence. Damage-only accidents, with no human casualties or accidents on private roads or car parks are not included. The data are collected by police at the scene of an accident or in some cases reported by a member of the public at a police station. The DfT does not receive details of such accidents, and cannot give any figures for them.

Each accident is classified according to the severity of the injury to the most seriously injured person involved in the accident. An injured casualty is coded as killed or as seriously or slightly injured by the police on the basis of information available within a short time of the accident. Generally this will not include the results of a medical examination, but may include the fact of being detained in hospital, the reasons for which may vary from area to area. In deciding on the severity of a casualty:

Casualty: A person killed or injured in an accident. Casualties are sub-divided into killed, seriously injured and slightly injured

Fatal accident: An accident in which at least one person is killed; other casualties (if any) may have serious or slightly injuries.

Killed: Human casualties who sustained injuries which caused death less than 30 days (before 1954, about two months) after the accident. Confirmed suicides are excluded.

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Serious accident: One in which at least one person is seriously injured but no person (other than a confirmed suicide) is killed.

Serious injury: An injury for which a person is detained in hospital as an “in-patient”, or any of the following injuries whether or not they are detained in hospital: fractures, concussion, internal injuries, crushings, burns (excluding friction burns), severe cuts, severe general shock requiring medical treatment and injuries causing death 30 or more days after the accident. An injured casualty is recorded as seriously or slightly injured by the police on the basis of information available within a short time of the accident. This generally will not reflect the results of a medical examination, but may be influenced according to whether the casualty is hospitalised or not. Hospitalisation procedures will vary regionally.

Slight accident: One in which at least one person is slightly injured but no person is killed or seriously injured.

Slight injury: An injury of a minor character such as a sprain (including neck whiplash injury), bruise or cut which are not judged to be severe, or slight shock requiring roadside attention. This definition includes injuries not requiring medical treatment.

The guide also mentions the following:

As long as all drivers exchange details, there is no legal obligation to report a road traffic collision even if someone is injured. This leads to the problem of underreporting of personal-injury accidents. There is more detail on this later in the document.

The section entitled ‘Underreporting of road casualties’ on page 9 of the guide gives more detail - https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/259012/rrcgb-quality-statement.pdf

https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/259012/rrcgb-quality-statement.pdf

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Injury road traffic collision data from STATS 19 data:

Injury collisions 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

All injury collisions 1301 1285 1309 1231 1203 Fatal 24 23 24 8 22 Serious 166 178 200 186 247 Slight 1111 1084 1085 1037 934

Casualties 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

All Casualties 1830 1805 1907 1727 1783 Fatal 24 27 25 9 22 Serious 189 194 228 219 277 Slight 1617 1584 1654 1499 1484

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Injury collisions involving PRUGs 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Motorcycles less than 125cc 91 86 117 102 86 Fatal 1 2 1 1 2 Serious 18 14 29 25 25 Slight 72 70 87 76 59 Motorcycles over 125cc 77 102 84 85 98 Fatal 4 3 5 1 3 Serious 26 28 36 34 41 Slight 47 71 43 50 54 Pedal cycles 82 100 81 67 67 Fatal 4 1 Serious 11 20 11 21 20 Slight 67 79 70 46 47 Older drivers aged 61-75 116 110 105 92 121 Fatal 1 2 5 2 Serious 10 18 20 16 29 Slight 105 90 80 76 90

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Injury collisions involving PRUGSs 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Older drivers aged 71+ 40 55 62 47 60 Fatal 3 3 2 1 1 Serious 8 13 12 11 19 Slight 29 39 48 35 40 Young drivers and passengers aged 17-19 122 112 101 78 96 Fatal 1 1 3 Serious 9 8 20 10 14 Slight 112 103 81 68 79 Young drivers and passengers aged 20-30 311 278 296 288 255 Fatal 5 8 6 3 2 Serious 41 30 35 31 30 Slight 265 240 255 254 223 Pedestrians 178 183 165 155 147 Fatal 6 4 2 2 4 Serious 35 37 29 25 36 Slight 137 142 134 128 107

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Contributory factor 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Failed to look properly 542 527 585 532 533 Fatal 6 5 2 5 8 Serious 77 87 87 86 112 Slight 459 435 496 441 413 Failed to judge other persons path or speed 269 255 313 261 293 Fatal 3 5 1 1 3 Serious 29 33 36 35 47 Slight 237 217 276 225 243 Careless/Reckless/In a hurry 217 235 230 241 252 Fatal 3 2 6 3 7 Serious 35 27 37 39 55 Slight 179 206 187 199 190 Loss of control 246 218 226 188 203 Fatal 10 7 6 2 7 Serious 40 31 55 39 46 Slight 196 180 165 147 150

64

Contributory factor 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Speed (aggregate of below) 234 273 268 241 214 Fatal 4 11 9 3 7 Serious 38 40 60 35 53 Slight 192 222 199 203 154 Travelling too fast for conditions 168 182 169 156 135 Fatal 3 4 5 3 3 Serious 21 24 32 20 33 Slight 144 154 132 133 99 Exceeding speed limit 66 91 99 85 79 Fatal 1 7 4 4 Serious 17 16 28 15 20 Slight 48 68 67 70 55

: Enforcement data from Devon and Cornwall Police All motor offence prosecutions in the Force area for the financial years 2014/15 and 2015/16.

Offence group 2014/15 2015/16

Speed limit offences 4334 6130Miscellaneous offences (including trailer offences) 1930 2705Vehicle insurance offences 1649 1784Driving etc. after consuming alcohol or taking drugs 1407 1606Driving licence related offences 1072 1224Careless driving 629 620Accident offences 316 360Vehicle test offences 265 304Neglect of traffic directions 319 241Vehicles or parts in dangerous or defective condition 222 220Dangerous driving 66 71Vehicle registration and excise licence offences 32 38Load offences 34 30Lighting offences 38 25Obstruction, waiting and parking offences 6 16Neglect of pedestrian rights 19 15Noise offences 12 11Offences peculiar to motor cycles 14 8Work record or employment offences 2 2Operator's licence offences 4 0Total offences 12370 15410

Fire and rescue incident data from Incident Recording System:

Incident type 2012/13 2013/14 2014/15 2015/16 2016/17

Fires 1484 1463 1398 1302 1295 Accidental dwelling fires 293 288 267 273 256 Accidental non-domestic fires 156 134 144 126 130 Accidental vehicle fires 151 164 164 170 175 Chimney fires 274 241 206 122 155 Other accidenta fire rural 102 146 126 132 139 Other accidental fire urban 217 207 194 173 169 Wild fires 43 79 69 63 53 Special service calls 1941 1933 1635 2073 2081

Road traffic collions (attended by FRS only) 340 359 391 381 362 Flooding 309 204 56 117 88 Rescue or evacuation from water 25 15 3 13 8 Medical incident - co-responder 675 636 631 949 819 Medical incident - first responder 18 50 Animal assistance incidents 95 109 90 84 82 Carbon monoxide 34 45 22 34 26 Other human rescues 294 261 298 287 301 Hazardous materials incident 32 29 32 42 28

False alarms 2164 2209 1754 1679 1778

Malicious false alarms 44 54 36 54 51

If you would like this information in another format or language please contact:

Cornwall Council, County Hall, Treyew Road, Truro TR1 3AY

Telephone: 0300 1234 100

Email: [email protected] www.cornwall.gov.uk

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