The Rise of Industry

• By Jack Garrity

• Book pages 436-440

• American industry grew rapidly after the Civil War, bringing revolutionary changes to American society.

• Inventors like Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas Alva Edison and mass production changed the world producing a 2nd Industrial Revolution.

The United States Industrializes • Although the Industrial Revolution began in the United States in the early

1800s, the nation was still largely an agrarian country during the Civil War.

The United States Industrializes • In 1860, only 1.3 million Americans worked in industry, but after the Civil

War millions of Americans left their farms to work in mines and factories.

The United States Industrializes • In 1860, only 1.3 million Americans worked in industry, but after the Civil

War millions of Americans left their farms to work in mines and factories.

The United States Industrializes • By the early 1900s, Americans had transformed the

United States into the world’s leading industrial nation.

The United States Industrializes • By 1914 the nation’s gross national product (GNP) had

increased 8 times.

• gross national product (GNP) the total value of all goods and services produced by a country

• How did one of the poorest countries in the world become one of the richest in such a small amount of time????

Natural Resources • The United States contained vast natural resources upon which

industry in the 1800s depended.

Natural Resources • Water, timber, coal, iron, , copper, gold, silver, and later oil.

Natural Resources • American companies could obtain them cheaply and did not have

to import them from other countries.

Natural Resources • Many of the nation’s resources were located in the mountains of

the American West.

Natural Resources • Many of the nation’s resources were located in the mountains of

the American West.

Natural Resources • Settlement quickened after the Civil War, and the country built a

transcontinental railroad, linking it to the east.

Natural Resources • Settlement quickened after the Civil War, and the country built a

transcontinental railroad, linking it to the east.

Natural Resources • Railroads brought settlers and miners West, and carried

resources back to factories in the East.

Natural Resources • Petroleum began to be exploited. It could be refined into kerosene, used in

lanterns and stoves, cleaner than whale oil or candles.

Natural Resources • In 1859 Edwin Drake drilled the first oil well near Titusville, Pennsylvania.

By 1900 oil fields from Pennsylvania to Texas had been opened.

A Large Workforce • The human resources available to American industry were as important as

natural resources in enabling the nation to industrialize rapidly.

A Large Workforce • Between 1860 and 1910, the population of the United States

almost tripled.

A Large Workforce • A large workforce not only provided workers, but also consumers.

• Consumer a person who purchases goods and services for personal use.

A Large Workforce • Population growth came from two causes— large families and a

flood of immigrants.

A Large Workforce • Poor conditions in China and eastern Europe convinced many people to

leave their nations and move to the United States in search of a better life.

A Large Workforce • Between 1870 and 1910, roughly 20 million immigrants arrived in

the United States.

Free Enterprise • Most American believed in capitalism and free trade of Adam

Smith.

Free Enterprise • In the late 1800s, many Americans embraced the idea of laissez-

faire government.

• laissez-faire government. (leh·say·FAR), literally “let do,” a French phrase meaning “let people do as they choose.” The government should not interfere in business.

Free Enterprise • Supporters of laissez-faire believe the government should not interfere in the

economy other than to protect private property rights and maintain peace.

Free Enterprise • They agreed with Adam Smith, prosperity relies on supply and demand rather than

the government to regulate prices and wages. A free market with competing companies leads to greater efficiency and creates more wealth for everyone.

Free Enterprise • Lasse faire wanted no taxes and a small government budget.

Free Enterprise • Unregulated profits motivated people of high ability and ambition

into business, American entrepreneurs.

Free Enterprise • In the late 1800s, the chance of making money in manufacturing

and transportation attracted many entrepreneurs.

• Entrepreneur a person who starts a business and is willing to risk loss in order to make money

• Which region of the USA had the most capital (money) after the Civil War?

• Which region of the USA had the most capital (money) after the Civil War?

• The North

Free Enterprise • The savings that New Englanders accumulated through trade, fishing, whaling, textile

mills, and shoe manufacturing helped build hundreds of factories and thousands of miles of railroad track.

Free Enterprise • The savings that New Englanders accumulated through trade, fishing, whaling, textile

mills, and shoe manufacturing helped build hundreds of factories and thousands of miles of railroad track.

Free Enterprise • Europeans invested money in the US (especially Great Britain) as they

could make more money investing in the USA than in their own countries.

Government’s Role in Industrialism • State and federal governments had low taxes, spending, and virtually no

regulations on industry. They did not try to control wages or prices.

Government’s Role in Industrialism • State and federal governments had low taxes, spending, and virtually no

regulations on industry. They did not try to control wages or prices.

Government’s Role in Industrialism • However, they protected US industries by increasing tariffs on

foreign goods.

• A tariff is a tax on imports or exports (an international trade tariff).

Government’s Role in Industrialism • The North won not only the Civil War, but the debate on high or

low tariffs.

Government’s Role in Industrialism • The Republican Congress quickly passed the Morrill Tariff, and

tripled tariffs by the late 1800’s.

Government’s Role in Industrialism • European counties raised tariffs on US goods in return, yet the US

economy expanded.

Government’s Role in Industrialism • Tariffs hurt American farmers selling food to Europe. Many farmers

decided to leave their farms and take jobs in the new factories.

Government’s Role in Industrialism • Also, Congress gave vast tracts of western land and nearly $65

million in loans to western railroads.

Government’s Role in Industrialism • Also, Congress gave vast tracts of western land and nearly $65

million in loans to western railroads.

Government’s Role in Industrialism • Congress sold public lands with mineral resources for much less

than their market value to big mining corporations.

Government’s Role in Industrialism • The US benefited from The Constitution, which bans states from imposing

tariffs, resulting in the largest free trade zone in the world.

Government’s Role in Industrialism • By the early 1900s, many highly competitive American industries began to push

for free trade because they believed they could compete internationally and win.

• Summarize

• What are the major factors that helped the US economy grow?

A Second Industrial Revolution• New inventions led to the founding of new corporations, which

produced new wealth and new jobs.

2nd Industrial Revolution1860-1900

Trips to Oregon Territory varied with weather, accidents, however on the average, a wagon train would expect to be "on the road" 4 and a half to 5 months.

TransportationRailroads grow and go faster as oil and diesel engines replace the 18th C steam engine wood and water

Transportation With a week's travel you could get to the eastern border of Texas, and in about four weeks you could get to

California. By the 1930’s, tiem was reduced to two days.

Alexander Graham Bell improves communication

• Alexander Graham Bell grew up in Edinburgh, Scotland with his family.

Learning From the Family

• As a child, Bell inherited a musical talent from his mother, who was a musician and also a portrait painter.

He was taught by his grandfather and father

Tuberculosis-1870

In 1870, Bell’s two brothers died of tuberculosis.

His family decided to move to Canada , a healthier environment.

Then he moved to Boston USA studying at Boston University

Hello Boston! Good-bye Canada!

He invented the harmonic telegraph, a machine that lets people send multiple telegraphs on one line.

Boston

“Mr.Watson, come here, I want you.” In 1876, he and his partner experimented on

telephones

The experiment they were working with had reeds that were thin steel. One of the reeds stuck so Watson plucked it to try to fix it.

Reeds

As he plucked, Graham heard the vibration clearly through the newly invented ‘telephone’.

Successful!

On March 7, 1876, Bell received his

patent for the telephone.

The Telephone is Patented

Patent a government authority or license conferring a right or title for a set period, especially the sole right to exclude others from making, using, or selling an invention.

The Simple Telephone

Three parts to the simple telephone. The Speaker, the Microphone and the Switch, also known as the Hook Switch.

Thomas Edison

Born February 11, 1847 Milan, Ohio USA

Thomas Edison• never went to

college

• only went to school for three months.

• His mother taught him at home.

Thomas Edison• He started the first

modern laboratory in Newark, New Jersey.

They tried anything, and patented over 1095 inventions

Thomas Edison• Including• Electric lighbulb• and electric generator

1882 Edison starts lighting up NYC with electric lights

School House Rock - Electricity2.flv

1882 Edison starts lighting up NYC with electric lights

School House Rock - Electricity2.flv

Before entertainment piano• Including• Phonograph

Thomas Edison

• Movie projectors

• starting Hollywood movies

• The Great Train Robbery (1903).flv

• The harnessing of electricity completely changed the nature of business.

• George Westinghouse contributed by working with Edison and making electricity less expensive and safer.

• By 1890, electric power ran most machines from fans and street cars to printing presses and factories.

Thomas Edison• Thomas Alva Edison died in West Orange, New Jersey on October 18, 1931.

• President Hoover turned off the White House lights for one minute on October 22, 1931.

Trains, cars, airplanes needed strong metal parts. How was steel produced in mass amount???

The Bessemer Process• Henry Bessemer

• English businessman

• William Kelly• Kentucky

businessman

• Developed new way of making steel:

Melt iron, add carbon, remove impurities

Andrew Carnegie

Andrew Carnegie

1835 – 1919

$ Scottish American businessman stole the idea

$ He monopolized the US steel industry, through horizontal and vertical integration.

• End

Andrew Carnegie$ Wealthy should act

as “trustees” for their “poorer brethren.”

$ 80% of fortune went to free education.

$ At time of death, he had given almost all of his money away

Andrew Carnegie

He built public libraries all across AmericaFree for everyone to learn

Andrew Carnegie

In NYC, he built Carnegie Hall,

Still the best concert hall in usa today

Before building max 10-15 floors

After buildings over 100 floors

Brooklyn bridge 1825m suspension bridge1883Empire State Building 102 stories 1931

Pop Music Begins!• Before Opera

• Wagner - Die Walk re The Ride of the Valkyries (Boulez).flv

• 1868 – 1917• composer and pianist known as the “king of ragtime.

• including "Maple Leaf Rag" and "The Entertainer• + In Memory 27.09.2008 + The Sting - Theme music.flv

Irving Berlin• First number one

pop song in USA Alexander's Ragtime band

• From Tin Pan Alley in NYC

1888 -1989

Alexander's Ragtime BandIrving Berlin 1911

• Come on and hear... come on and hearAlexanders ragtime band

Come on and hear... come on and hearIts the best band in the land

They can play a bugle call like you never heared beforeSo natural that you wanna go to war

Thats just the bestest band what am... oh honey lamb

Come on along... come on alongLet me take you by the hand

Up to the man... I said the manWhos the leader of the band

If you care to hear that swanee river played in ragtimeCome on and hear... come on and hear

Alexanders ragtime band

(instrumental break)

Come on and hear... come on and hearAlexanders ragtime band

Come on and hear... come on and hearIts the best band in the land

And if you want to hear that swanee river played in ragtimeCome on and hear... come on and hear

Alexanders ragtime band • The Andrews Sisters - Alexander's Ragtime Band.flv

•  

End

Next time Railroads and Big Business