Ripening Chamber

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TechnicalStandardsandProtocol fortheFruitRipeningChamberin India

SECTION - 1

TECHNICAL STANDARDS

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1. Background Facts

Ripening is theprocessbywhich fruits attain their desirable flavour, quality, colour andother texturalproperties.Onthebasisof ripeningbehaviour, fruitsareclassifiedas:(i) Climacteric:Climactericfruitsaredefinedasfruitsthatenterclimactericphaseafterharvest i.e.they

continuetoripen. During theripeningprocess the fruits emit ethylenealongwith increased rateofrespiration. Ripe fruitsare softanddelicateandgenerally cannotwithstandrigorsof transportandrepeatedhanding.Thesefruitsare,therefore,harvestedhardandgreenbutnearfullmaturityandareripenednearconsumptionareasbyusingripeningaid.Evenfullymaturefruitsofthiscategorymayberipenedbyusing ripeningaidtogetuniformripening in large lots forbulk transportandmarketing.Smalldoseofethylene isusedto induceripeningprocessundercontrolledconditionsoftemperatureandhumidity.Climactericfruitsaremango,banana,papaya,guava,sapota,kiwi,persimmon,fig,apple,passionfruit,apricot,plumandpear.

(ii) NonClimacteric: Nonclimacteric fruitsonceharvesteddonot ripen further.Nonclimacteric fruitsproduce very small amountof ethyleneanddonot respond to ethylene treatment. There is nocharacteristic increasedrateofrespirationorproductionofcarbondioxide.

Nonclimacteric fruits are citrus,pineapple, grape, strawberry, pomegranate, lichi,watermelonandcherry.

Theessentialrequirementsofanethyleneripeningsystemare:

Areasonablyairtightroomwithinsulation

Atemperaturecontrolsystemforcoolingand/orheating

Anaircirculationandventilationsystem

Humiditycontrol

Anethylenegas injectionsystemand

Anelectriccontrolsystem

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Figure1TypicalLayoutofaFruitRipeningUnit

2. A Typical Layout and Types of Ripening Unit

ATypical Layoutofa FruitRipeningUnitmayhaveanumberof chambersandapackhouse.Numberofchamberswilldependonripeningcycle intermsofnumberofdays forwhichsystemhasbeendesigned.Packhousemaynotbenecessarilyanintegralpartofripeningunitandmaybeatadifferentsitealso.

a. RipeningRoomType1

Thistypeofripeningroomhasinsulatedcoldroomwithadditionofethyleneequipment.Formaintaindesiredleveloflowtemperatureandhumidity,ceilingmountedFinCoilEvaporator(closetowallpanel, leavingsomegapforsuction)willbeconnectedtotheCondensingUnitOutside.Fruitswithperforatedplasticcrateswillbeplacedintheroom.Theairisallowedthroughtheplasticcratesbymodifyingitsflowbysimplearrangementslike tarpetc, thusensuringuniformaircirculation,uniformethylenedistributionandfruits ripening.Asimpleventilationsystemisprovided,toprovideautomaticormanualventcontroltokeepCO

2withinthelimits.Inan

AutomaticVentilationsystemadual inlet/dischargedamperoperatesinparallelwiththefantoallowfreshair

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Figure2IllustrationsofRipeningUnitsType1

fromoutsidetoreplacetheairwithintheroomwhenventingisrequired.Incontrasttoit,inaManualVentilationSystem,ventilatingeffect inripeningrooms inachievedbyopening thedoors forabout20minutesevery12hoursafter the first24hoursof ripening. Stackingwillbedone in floor (single tier)only, uptoareasonableheight,whichwill facilitate for inspecting ripening status of fruits. Since, single tier system is generallyconsidered;MechanizedMaterialhandlingequipments (Forklifts) neednotbe required. SimpleHandpallettrucksaremorethansufficienttohandle theproduce.

a. RipeningUnitsType2

This typeofRipeningUnitshas specialair flowsystemwhichgeneratesdesired staticpressure in ripeningchamber.Theinsulatedcoldroomshaveasystemoffalseceiling,separatedandsealedannularspacebetweenwallandpalletisedcrates/CFBboxeswithorwithoutairinletlockingsystemtoisolatedesignatedpalletsetc.CoolairisroutedthroughfalseceilingintoboxeswithperforatedholesofCrates/CFBboxesforaircirculation)which, in turnare stacked in single /multitiersystem. In caseofmultitierstacking, fork lift operation isnecessary tohandle theproduce.

Figure3IllustrationsofRipeningUnitsType2

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Figure4BananaRipeningChart

3. A Guide for Fruit Ripening

Fruitsareripenedwithethyleneexposureat certainprescribedTemperatureandRelativeHumidity levelof9095%.Followingisbroadguide for fruitripeningcondition.Table1

S. Produce Ethylene Ethylene Ripening StorageNo. Details Concentration ExposureTime Temperature Temperature

(ppm) (hours) (oC) afterripening (oC)

1 Banana 100150 2448 1518 1314

2 Mango 100 24 2022 1013

3 Papaya 100 2448 2025 Aboutat7

4 Pears 100150 2472 1822 Aboutat0oC

5 Tomato 100150 2448 1820 12.5

Source: Adel A. Kader,Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA. http://postharvest.ucdavis.edu/produce/producefacts/fruits,http://fruitripening.com

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4. Technical Standards for Ripening Chambers/ Units

I. BackgroundFacts

It is alsonoticed that ripening chamberswhichare being setupunder various schemesofhorticulturedevelopment,donotadhere toappropriate technicalstandards.Mainshortcomingsnoticedareas follows Inadequatebuildingdesign;

Useof inadequate/unreliable insulationmaterialwith insufficientK value

Useofobsoleteandenergy inefficient refrigerationunits

Lackofuniformair flowcirculationsystem

Lackofcontrolledconditionsandtechnology forethylene, temperatureandrelativehumidity

Lackofproperventilationsystemsandexhaustfans forCo2emission

Lackofmonitoringandcontrolsystemanddisplaydevices;

Useofunsafeelectricaldevices

It is therefore,necessary toprescribeappropriate technicalstandards inrespectofmodern,pressurised fruitripeningunitswhicharegiven in followingchapter.

II. TechnicalParametersforPressurisedRipeningChamber

Unless specificallyotherwisementioned, all the applicable latest codesand standardspublishedby theBureauof Indian Standards andall other standards, shall govern in all respectsofdesign,workmanship,quality, properties ofmaterials,methodof testingandmethodofmeasurements.Generally relevant ISspecificationandCodeofPracticesshallbeusedforallelectrical,mechanicalandcivilworks/ installation,however,wherever IS code is not available, relevant standard codes of ASME / ASHRAE / IIARor otherInternationalCodesare tobe followed.Latest revisionswillbe followed in allcases. Even forRipeningofFruits andVegetables theprocessas recommendedby IS Standards (e.g. IS 11977of 1987 for ripeningofgreenbanana)orasperInternationalStandardsshouldbefollowed.Forfurtherguidance,followingtechnicalparametersmaybe followed:

Storagecapacityofripeningchambermaydependonfruitstoberipenedandstackingandairflowsystem.Inthiscontext,bananamaybetakenasreferencecropforcalculationofstoragecapacityforagivenvolumeofstoragespace.

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Table2

S.No. Items/Particular MinimumTechnicalSpecifications

1 CivilStructurebuildingdesign CivilStructure

a. StructuralSafetyStructuraldesignasperBISCode

b. AdherencetolocalBuildingRegulations

c. Concretefloorwithsufficientloadbearingcapacity.

d. Chambersizeisnotsmallerthan50CuMforpreventingbuildingupofhighconcentrationofethylene.

2 RipeningRoomDimensions a. RipeningRoomdimensionswilldependonnumberoftiersandnumberofpalletstobestored.Onanaverage11M3

perMTofbananafruits inripeningunitsfor10MTorlargercapacityand12M3/MTforripeningunitsof lessthan10MT capacity. For this purpose, volumeof onechamberistakenintoaccount.

b. Number of chambers may vary from four to eightdependingonripeningcycleintermsofnumberofdays.Chamberswill be generally identical in dimension. Inlowcostsolution,oneethyleneexposurechambermaybeaccompaniedbysinglestoragehallof,say,fourtimesthesizeoftheformer.However,insuchlowcostsolutions,lotsofdifferentripeningstagesbeingstackedtogether,itmaynotbepossibletoprovidetemperatureconditionsrecommendedforeachofthem.

c. FurtherIncreaseinnumberofchambers inmultipleofripeningcyclemaybeundertakenbutsituationinwhichmechanised handling is possible,multi tier ripeningchamber is analternativeoptionavailable.Numberoftiersmaygouptothree.

3 RipeningRoomConstruction ConstructionFeatures

a. Ripening Room Chambers should be designed andconstructed to hermetically seal with appropriateclosures / doors.The key feature of ripening rooms isthatconditionedairisforcedthroughtheproductratherthan the product just being stored in a temperaturecontrolledroom.Thesystempassesairthougheachpalletor seriesof palletsbefore returning to theevaporator.Therefore,anyairstackingorcrossstackingofboxesisnotnecessary,andtheresultislessspacerequirement,lesserhandlingofthefruitandimprovedproductquality.ItisforthisreasonthattheyarerecommendedevenforripeningoffruitsincratesandaremandatoryforfruitsinCFBboxesandsingleormultitierstackingsystem.

b. Theairflowwithintheripeningroomsistobedesignedto

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penetrate all boxes of fruit with an even airflowthroughouttheroomresultinginallfruitbeingripeneduniformly.Recommendairflowis0.3cfmperpoundofbananasor2000m3/perhour/permetrictonofproduct.Ifthepulptemperaturedifferencebetweenthewarmestandcoolestfruitislessthan1oFor0.55oCthenthereisadequateairflow.Plenumchamberisrecommendedsoastoequalisepressurethroughtheproductforuniformdistribution/flowofairandethylenethroughtheproduct.

c. RipeningroomsmaybeconstructedofPUFpanelsorbyapplication of suitable thermal insulationwith vapourbarrier andcladding onwalls, floor and ceilingof civilstructure.Panelsareprefabricatedbuildingcomponentsfilledwith insulation, clad on both sideswith facingmaterialsandarrangedwithajointingmeanstoconnectpanelsandmaybepreferred.Inanycase,innerchambersurfaceshouldbeoffoodgradecladding.

d. Theinsulationenvelopeshallbedesignedtoensurethatairpressurecreatedbyfansdoesnotaffecttheintegrityofthecoldstorestructureorthepaneljoints.

e. Theheightofwallpanelsisoftensuchthatcaremustbetakentoensurethatadequatestabilityofthewallpanelsismaintained.Ifceilingsupportareprovided,theCeilingsupportsystemshallbeconnectedtothemainstructureinamannerwhichtakesintoaccount:

i. Themethod of supporting the insulating ceilingpanels,

ii. The position of the supports to avoid local overstresswithinthesupports,thesuspendedceilingorthemainstructure,

iii. Theexpansionandcontractionofthemainstructure.

4 RipeningRoomDoors Ripeningdoorsshouldbedesignedforminimalgasleakage.Ingeneral.

i. Forsingletierloading,hingeddoors,andinsomecases,slidingdoorsareused.Thedoorsshouldbedesignedforrugged operation and easy access for incoming andoutgoingfruitsonpallets.

ii. When stacking ismultitier and handling of pallets ismechanised,wideropeningsofdoorsarerequired.

iii. Careshouldbetakenwhenpositioningdoorsadjacenttofanstoavoidingressoregressofairassignificantchangesinstorepressurecanoccurwhensuchdoorsareopened.iv.


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Wherepossiblethedoorshouldbelocatedontheexternal(warmside)ofthecoldstoreinsulation.

v. Suitablegasketsshallbeprovidedtoformasealaroundthedooropening.

vi. Large doors shall be supported by a subframeindependentoftheinsulatingpanels.

vii. Automaticdoorsshallopenandclosepromptly.

viii. Automatic doors shall incorporate a safety device toavoid injury topersonnelordamage toproduct in thecaseofaccidentalclosure.

ix. Alldoorsrequiredformeansofescapepurposesshallbeeasilyand immediatelyoperable from the insideatalltimes. Doors, which open automatically, are notacceptableformeansofescapeunlesstheyhaveamanualoverrideandcanbeopenedmanuallyintheeventofapowerfailure.

x. Incaseofmultitierstacking,doorsarerollinguptypeand therefore, following desirable safety features fordoorsshouldbeensured

a. InternalDoorRelease

b. BottomEdgePressureOperatedSafetyStop

c. CableBreakElectricalSafetyStop

d. SpringBreakMechanicalSafetyStop

e. VisionPanelwithemergencyKnockoutpanel

f. VerticalDsectionflexiblesealforeffectivesealinginconditionofreverseairflowforuniformripening.Sealshouldbestrongenoughtowithstandimpactfrompalletsduringloadingoperationsandflexibleenough to create an adequate seal between airdistributionsystemandproduct.Horizontalpalletseals shouldbe supported continuouslyalong thefulllengthofroombutshouldbeeasytoremoveasealforcleaningorreplacement.

g. Door protection by Goal Post Protectionwhichprotect door perimeters or Single FixedBollardsdoorssuitableforripeningchamber.

5 Insulationmaterial i. INSULATIONMATERIAL

a. Somemanufacturers recommend Rockwool or Polyisocyanurate (PIR) core composite panels for fireproofing.However, Polyurethane (PUR) Foam / EPS /Extrudedpolystyrenearealsoused.

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b. PUFpanelsareadvisableforripeningchambers.Minimum60 mm thick up to 120mm thick (PUF) insulatedsandwiched panel (minimum density of 40 Kg /M3)dependingonthedesignrequirements;oranyotherinsulation material having minimum R value of 2.6M2.K/ Warerecommendedforeasyinsituconstructionandvapourbarriereffect.Floor shallhavePUFslab60mm (minimum density of 40 Kg /M3) or any otherequivalentinsulatingmaterialisrecommended.

c. Covering floor insulationwith 100mm concrete isrecommended. Floor finish should be smoothwithpolymercoatingsohastobekeptclean.

ii. FACINGMATERIALS Oneofthefollowingcoveringsmaybeused;thefirstthreeareusedmorefrequentlythantheothersandaminimumtotalcoatedthicknessof0,5mmisrecommended.Avapoursealshallbeusedontheouterfacingofmaterials,whicharepermeable,suchasbrickmasonry:

a. Galvanizedsteelsheeting

b. Suitableplasticcoatedgalvanizedsteelsheeting

c. Polyestercoatedgalvanizedsteelsheeting

d. Stainlesssteelsheeting

e. Aluminiumsheeting

f. Aluminium/zincprotectedsteelsheeting

g. Glass reinforcedplastics

iii. ADHESIVES

a. Certainadhesiveshaveacombustiblesolventbasewhichcanbeabsorbedbyandremaininthepanelinsulation. These solvents should, therefore, beavoided.

b. Certainadhesivesshouldbestoredundercontrolledconditions and themanufacturers requirementsshouldbestrictlyobserved;manyadhesiveshaveamaximumshelflife.

c. Adhesivesshouldnothavealingeringtaint

6 Temperature&Humiditylevels Ripeningispreferredatalowertemperaturebutabovelevelofchillinginjury.Systemhastobedesignedtoachieveprescribedripening conditions in terms of temperature and relativehumidity for target fruits.Generally, RH level of 90 95% isrecommendedtopreventmoistureloss.

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7 HeatLoadCalculationandRefrigerant Coolingandheatingsystemneedstobedesignedbasedonheatload calculation. As per Kyoto Protocol standards, any ecofriendlyrefrigerantshouldbeusedincludingammonia,R134aandR404a.

8 Cooling/heatingcoilsandplenum a. CoolingcoilsaremanufacturedfromCopperorStainless

chamber SteelTubesandAluminiumFins.Thecoilsmustprovideexceptionally largesurfaceareatoensurehighnaturalhumidity levels within ripening rooms. In case ofammoniaasrefrigerant,coppertubeshallnotbeused.

b. Incaseofaplenumchamber;coolingcoilsandfansmustbeeasilyaccessibleviasingleaccesshatchlocatedaboveorattheendoftheplenumchamberatrooflevel.Ceilingvoidsshouldbefullyilluminatedtofacilitateinspectionofcoilsatregular intervals.

c. Electric heating elements should be used for heatingripeningroomduringlowertemperatureseasonasperdesign requirement andbe placed in easily accessiblelocations.Openflametypechamberheatingshouldneverbeusedduetoexplosivenatureofethylene.

d. Fixing of the cooler shall be arranged to avoiddisturbanceoftheceilingpanelsupportsystem.Ceilingpanelsinthevicinityofthecoolerunitswillbesubjectedto continual variations in temperature and therefore,relativemovementduringdefrostcycles.

9 Materialtobeusedforripening Ethylenegaswithsuitabledetectionanddosingequipmenttomaintain ethylene concentration within required levelsdependingonproduct(Range10to200ppm).

10 EthyleneGeneratorandDosingdevice a. Ethylenemaybeintroducedinripeningchambersinoneofthethreewaysbyusingindependentethylenegeneratorwithregulator;ethylenecartridgesandethylenenitrogenmixture(5%ethylene+95%nitrogen)cylinder.Whichevermethodisused,thedutyholdershouldensurethatthereare adequatemeans of dispersing the ethylene gasesthroughouttheripeningroomonitsrelease.

b. CentralizedEthylenesupplywithAutomationformultiplechambersforcontrolledandsafedosingofethylenemaybepreferredforlargerunits.

c. Ifageneratorcontainingethanolbasedsolutionrequirestobemoved, itshouldbeswitchedoff,themainscordremovedfromthesocketoutlet,andthemanufacturersinstructions closely followed.

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d. Itmaybeborneinmindthatethyleneinconcentrationabove27000ppmmayexplode.

11 SpecificationforAircirculationsystem i. Minimumairflowshouldbe2000M3perhour,perMTofproductripenedat95%.

ii. InRipeningUnits type1,air circulation ismodified foruniformripeningbyintroductionofsystemofTarp,Tarp/LockSockSystem/AirBagforVerticalAirCirculationorHorizontalAirFlow.

iii. In case of Ripening Units type 2, air circulation fansshould have adequate static pressure for uniformair/ethyleneflowthroughtheventilationholesprovidedintheCFBboxes/ Plastic Crates /Plastic Bags containingfruits.Forthis,largediameter,reversibleaxialflowfansshould be installed in the false ceiling accessible via asingleaccesshatchfor airsupplyunderpressure. Eachfanshould preferably be equippedwith venturi inlet toprovidemaximum efficiency throughout the ripeningprocess.Insuchcases,palletisolationmustbeprovidedforenergysavingsinpartloadconditionsbyprovidingaseriesofisolationdampersalongthelengthoftheripeningchamber. This function is operatedbymaking properselectionforpalletisolationonComputerisedRipeningRoomManagementSystem.

12 VentilationSystem a. When fruits are ripening, they release carbondioxidewhichwillbuildupinaripeningroom.TheCO

2production

beginsasthefruitripensenterstheclimactericphase,ortheperiodwhenbananasreleaseethyleneandhaveanelevatedrateofrespiration(alongwithagreatdealofother physiological changes). Respiration involves theuptakeofoxygen,thereleaseofcarbondioxide,andthebreakdownof starches.Carbondioxideconcentrationsabove1% (10,000ppm)will retard ripening, delay theeffectsofethyleneandcausequalityproblems.Suitableventingsystemconsistingoffans/dampers/openshutvalvesshouldbeinstalledtomaintainCO

2concentration

below5000ppm.

b. InripeningroomsType1,ventilationmaybeautomaticormanual.

c. In case of ripening rooms type2withpallet isolation,ventilationmaybeprovidedbyaroofmountedfanwhichisidentical inspecificationtothepressurefans.

d. In case of automatic forced air exhaust / ventilationsystemwith ducting, a dual inlet / discharge damper

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operatesinparallelwiththefantoallowfreshairfromoutsidetoreplacetheairwithintheroomwhenventisrequired.Automaticexhaustfans(eithertimedorsensorbased) or flowthough (constant) ventilation areprovidedattwolocations(onenearceilingofchamberandanotheralittleabovefloorlevel)ineachchamber.Thisalsoevacuatestheethyleneafterthedesiredexposureperiod andhelps tomaintain CO

2concentration low

(below5000ppm)duringtheripeningcycleforproperripening. Insuchcases,openingandshutoffactuators/valvescontrolisaffectedbyCO

2sensorandtimerdevice.

13 SensorsandControldevices a. Suitablesensorsandcontrolleddevicesshouldbeusedfor maintaining following parameters. For this,temperature&humidityloggersandRipeningChamberAirAnalysisKit(forEthyleneandCO2levels)maybeused.

i. Temperature

ii. Relativehumidity

iii. Ethyleneconcentration

iv. CO2Concentration

b. PLCdevicealsoknownasRipeningRoomManagementSystem RMS ismust in RipeningUnit Type2. Thecontrollerprovidestotalcontroloftheripeningsystemallowing operators secure and password protectedaccessto followingfunctions

c. Clearrealtimetemperaturedisplayandcontrol

d. Fanspeedandenergyusage

e. Ventilation intervals

f. Relativehumidityindicatorandcontrol

g. Ethylenelevelmonitoringandregulation

h. Doorcontrol

i. Lightingcontrol

j. Pallet loading and isolation

k. DifferentialPressureDisplayDifferentialPressureDisplayprovides the ripenerwithan indicationofairpressuredropcrossthefruitpallets.Thisinformationalongwithinformation fromTemperature. Ethylene gas censorslocatedinsidechamber,withinpalletsandwithinboxes/plasticbags,isusedtodeterminethesettingoftheinverterdrive based on factors such as the type of productpackagingandfruit,amountofpalletsintheroomand

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currentstageoftheripeningprocess.TheRMSformultichamberpressureripeningsystemshouldpreferablybeabletobeconfiguredtoallowallroomstobeviewedandcontrolledlocallyand,orremotely.

14 Electricalplugpoint a. ForoperatingPortableEthyleneGenerator,anElectricalPlugpointisrequiredinsidetheroom.MetalCladPlugpointintheMetalSockethousingwiththeindependentcircuit breaker system, in order to isolate the systemindependentwiththerestoftheSystem,isrecommended.

b. Forcentralized gasemission,noelectrical connectionsarerequiredinsidetheroom.

15 PalletRackingandMaterialHandling a. Ripening unit with single tier stacking should have amanually operated pallet lifting and carrying device.Pallet racking system comprises of box sectionconstructionwhichmaybedesignedasperBS5950orequivalent IS standards for strength and cleanliness,providingeasyaccessforpalletloadingathighlevel.

b. Formultitier stackingmotorised forklift should beprovided. In suchcases, inorder toassist loadingatupperlevels,forkliftguidesaretobeinstalledtoformacentreaislewhicharestrengthenedbyback fillingwithconcrete.Theseguidesaretobetaperedatthefront. To facilitate loading and centralising the forklifttruckinthedriveinracking,themiddleanduppertiersofrackingareoffsetfromthelowertier.Anaccessladder isalsoprovidedto the rearwall foraccess toanoptionalgratedwalkwayatmiddleandupperpalletlevels.

c. TypicalpalletisationsystemsareshowninSection3.

16 SomeUsefulAppliancesand WeighingScalesandFruitInspectionInstrumentssuchas

Instruments follow

a. WeighingScale

b. FirmnessTester

c. Refractometer

d. Sizers andCallipers

e. ProduceKnife

17 SafetyCertification I. Variousfiredetectionandpreventionsystemsanddevicesare commercially available and use of these is goodpractice.Theyincludedetectorsforheatandsmoke;fixedwatersprinkling system, inert gas snuffing systems,

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I. Variation/amendmentClause

Thestandardsprescribedabovearenotintendedtopreventordiscouragevariationsarisingoutofnewconcepts,innovationsandR&Dinbuildingdesign&construction,thermalinsulationandcooling&refrigerationtechnologyetc.However,anyvariationsordeviationsfromtheaboveprescribedstandardsmustbesupportedbyscientific/technical details forpriorapprovalof thecompetentauthority, on thebasisofmeritwhomaydecide theproposal in viewof relevant technical details including critical storage requirements, energyefficiency(coefficientofperformance),availabilityofStandards,environmentalconcerns, safety etc.Similarly,periodicamendmentofstandardsforgeneralapplicationmayalsobeundertakenbytheNationalHorticultureBoard;inconsultationwithacommitteeofsubjectmatterexpertsdulyconstitutedfor thispurpose.

smoke release valves, flameproof barriers, fire breaks

formedbytheseparationofchambers,etc.Alldevices

usedshallhavebeentestedatlowtemperaturesandshown

tobesatisfactory.

II. Certificationforsafestorageofethyleneandforsystem

forpreventionofignitionandexplosionfromcompetent

authority,asperstatutoryrequirement, ifany,mustbe

taken. Similarly, safety forworkers against suffocation

mustbeensured.CertificationfromfollowingCertification

Authorityisnecessary

a. FactoryInspector

b. FireFightingInspector

c. ElectricalSafetyInspector


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SECTION - 2

BASIC DESIGN DATA SHEET

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BASICDESIGNDATASHEET

Sl.No. Specifications Units Parameters

1 StorageCapacity(intermsofbanana) MT ...............................................

2 RoomVolume M3 ...............................................

3 RoomSize(lxwxht) eachinM ...............................................

3a) Ripeningrooms Number ...............................................

4 Pallets Type ...............................................

4a) Sizeofeachpallet MMxMMxMM ...............................................

4b) Palletseachchamber Number ...............................................

4c) Crates/boxlayersonaPallet Number ...............................................

4d) Stacksincaseofmultitierstacking Number ...............................................

4e) Palletliftingsystem ...............................................

5 DesignAmbientTemperature DEG.C ...............................................

6 TargetFruits Names ...............................................

7. RipeningRoomTemperature DEG.C ...............................................

8 SST DEG.C ...............................................

9 DesignRHinripeningroom % ...............................................

10 ProductIncomingTemperature DEG.C ...............................................

11 PulldownPeriod HOURS ...............................................

12 Wall /Ceiling/Floor Insulation Type

13 ValuesofThermal Insulation (a)Density................... (b)Uvalue...........................

14 Insulation Thickness

14a) Wall Insulation Thickness MM ...............................................

14b) Ceiling Insulation Thickness MM ...............................................

14c) Floor Insulation Thickness MM ...............................................

14d) Typeandthicknessofcladdingoninsulationonwalls ...............................................

16 DoorSize(wxhtxThick)eachin MM ...............................................

16a) HingedDoorSize ...............................................

16b) SlidingDoorSize ...............................................

16c) OtherType ...............................................

17 TubeLightFittings WxNos. ...............................................

18 DesignRipeningPeriod NoofDays ...............................................

19 RefrigerationLoad KW/Tr ...............................................

20 SuggestedRefrigerationUnits TrandNo. ...............................................

21 IndicativePowerInputDataforRefrigerationSystem KW ...............................................

22 HumidificationLoad Kg/Hr ...............................................

23 EthyleneApplicationSystem Detail ...............................................

24 Sensors Detail ...............................................

25 ControlSystem Detail ...............................................

26 ElectricSystemforchamber ...............................................

27 Humidifier Detail ...............................................

28 Measurestoensureproperqualityofwaterforhumidifier ...............................................

29 CoP ...............................................

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SECTION - 3

Guidelines for Stacking & Typical Construction Features

of a Ripening Unit

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AppendixI

Some Typical Pallets Arrangements

Figure5ATypicalPallet

Figure6ATypicalCrate

Figure7ATypicalPalletCratesArrangement

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Figure1130MTRipeningChamberEvaporatorUnit&Pallets

Arrangements


Arrangements


Arrangements


Arrangements

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Figure12TypicalAirFlowDiagramforRipeningRoom

Figure13TypicalAirFlowDiagramforRipeningRoomWithPallets

Figure14TypicalPalletcratesArrangementsinARipeningRoom

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Figure17TypicalControlPanel&SensorLocations

Figure18HumidifierLocation

APPENDIX2

Typical Construction Features of a Ripening Unit

Figure15TypicalGeneralItemsArrangementsinARipeningRoom

Figure16TypicalEvaporatorFixingArrangements

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Figure19TypicalFreshAirEntry&ExhaustSystem

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Figure20AirBags(VerticalAirCirculation)

Figure21LockSockSystem

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Figure24RacksandPalletIsolation

Figure22LockSockSystem

Figure23HorizontalAirCirculation

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SECTION - 4

Protocol for Implementation of Technical Standards

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Protocol for Implementation of Technical Standards

Subject toprovisionsof VariationClause,only those coldstorageprojects that are in conformitywith theprescribedtechnicalstandardswillbeeligibleforCentralGovernmentSubsidy.Inordertoverifythis,followingmechanismneedstobeputinplace

A. SystemofLetterofIntent(LoI)

LoItobeobtainedbythepromoterpriortoundertakingconstructionofcoldstorageneedstobeintroduced.AnapplicationforLetterofIntentmustbeaccompaniedbyfollowingdocuments,inadditiontoanyotherdocumentsprescribed.

I. Acopyofthedetailedprojectreport

II. Information inprescribedBasicDesignDataSheetaccompaniedbyrequisitedocuments

Technicalscrutinyoftheabovedocumentswillbeundertakentoensurethattheprojectis inconformitywiththeprescribedtechnicalstandardsoranyvariation is fully justifiedkeeping inviewtheproduct tobestored,prescribedstorage conditions,energyefficiencyandenvironmentalandsafety concerns.

B. CivilStructure

Followingdocumentsmustbesubmittedbythepromoter inrespectofcivilconstruction

i. Certificateofapprovalof thebuildingplanby localplanningauthority,

i. CertificateissuedbyregisteredcivildesignengineeraboutconformitywithrelevantBISStandardsandprescribedstandardsandsafetyconcerns,

ii. Certificatebysiteengineer/architecttotheeffectofconstructionofthecivilstructureasperapprovedbuildingplananddesignandcompletionof the civilcomponentsaccordingly in all respects asperprescribedplanandstandards,

C. ThermalInsulation&RefrigerationSystem,ControlandSafetyDevices

i. Thecomponentsof insulationandrefrigerationsystemshouldbecertifiedin formofatechnicaldatasheetbythemanufacturerconfirmingtheratingandperformanceasperprescribedstandards.

ii. Further,site inspectionat appropriate stagesofconstruction / erectionandcommissioningmaybeundertakenbyan inspectionteamconstitutedbycompetentauthority for thispurpose.

iii. Finally, themanufacturer/refrigeration contractingagencywill issue a certificate of satisfactorycommissioningofthecoolingsystem inconformancetotheperformance indicatorsasperprescribedstandards.

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iv. Themanufacturer/refrigerationcontractingagencywillalsoprovideasbuiltdrawings, includingcoldstore layout,P&Iandelectricaldrawingandanoperation&maintenancemanualalongwitha listofessential spareparts.

v. A setofabovedocuments alongwith the refrigerationsystemperformance certificate issuedbytherefrigeration company / contractingagency,duly signedby anauthorizedgraduateengineerof thecompany/agency,mustbesubmittedtocompetentauthorityforrecordandacopyofthesamemustbeissuedtothepromoter/owneroftheproject.

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AnnexureI

List of Members / Experts in Technical Committee of NHB

1. ShriBijayKumar,ManagingDirector,NationalHorticultureBoard,Gurgaon(Haryana)

2. Shri I.C.Chadha,DY.GeneralManager(Tech.),CentralPlanningHousingCorporation.NewDelhi

3 ShriNareshKumar Jawa,Chief ExecutiveOfficer, Fresh&HealthyEnterprises Ltd.,CONCORHSIIDCIndustrialEstate,Rai,Sonepat131029(Haryana)

4 ShriR.S.Rathore,DepartmentofHorticulture&FoodProcessing,Govt.ofUttarPradesh,Lucknow

5 ShriSuneethToteje,ScientistC, Food&AgriBureauofIndianStandards

6 ShriR.K.Boyal,GeneralManager (F&R),Agriculture&ProcessedFoodProductExpertDevelopmentAuthority(APEDA),3rd Floor,NCUIBuilding,3Siri InstitutionalArea,AugustKrantiMarg,NewDelhi

7 ShriVinodKaul,Dy.GeneralManager(F&R),Agriculture&ProcessedfoodProductExpertDevelopment,Authority (APEDA),3rd Floor,NCUIBuilding,3Siri InstitutionalArea,AugustKrantiMarg,NewDelhi

8 ShriS.D.Sharma,AGM(Project)CWC,CO,NewDelhi

9 Dr.S.K.Chauhan,Deptt.OfHorticulture&FoodProcessing,Lucknow(UP)

10 Dr.M.M.Mustaffa,Director,NationalResearchCenterofBanana,Trichi

11 Shri P. Saxena,Advisor,NationalCooperativeDevelopmentCorporation,NewDelhi

12 Dr.D.K. Tandon,Scientist,Central Institute forsubtropicalHorticulture,Lucknow(UP)

13 ShriA.K.Verma,Central Institute forsubtropical Horticulture,Lucknow(UP)

14 Dr.R.K.Sharma,Sr.DeputyDirector,NationalHorticultureBoard,Gurgaon

15 ShriBrijendraSingh,DeputyDirector,NationalHorticultureBoard,Gurgaon

16 ShriK.VijaySingh,RinacIndiaPvt.Ltd,101C,IstFloor,KudanHouse,HariNagar,AshramChowk,NewDelhi110014.

17 ShriMr.T.N. Jayaram,Head(TechnicalTraining&Support)Rinac IndiaPvt.Ltd.,101C, IstFloor, KudanHouse,HariNagar,AshramChowk,NewDelhi.

18 ShriEkanathGajare,At&PoChinawal,TehsilRaver,Dist Jalgaon(MS)

19 ShriAshishSrivatava,ChemtronScienceLabPvt.Ltd.,Lucknow(UP)

20 ShriV.S.Sunjay,YesBankLtd.,DLFPhaseII,Gurgaon(Haryana)

21 ShriUmeshC.Agrawal,IsopanInsulationPvt.Ltd.,T11/90,VipulGreen,SohanaRoad,Gurgaon(Haryana)

22 ShriSureshKumar,BlueStarLtd.,Block2A,DLFCorporatePark,Gurgoan

30


23 ShriB.Thiagarajan,BlueStarLtd,9BazullahRoad,T.Nagar,Cheenai600017

24 ShriRMIyengar,BlueStarLtd.

25 ShriDnyandeoGanpati Mahajan,At&PoChinawal,TehsilRaver,DistJalgaon(M.S)

26 ShriS.K.Sharma,ManagingDirector,GlobalAgriSystemPvt.Ltd.,K13,HauzKhas,Enclave,NewDelhi

27 ShriM.S.Manjunath,VicePresident (BusinessDevelopment), Ingersoll Rand International (India),Bangalore

28 ShriM.Venkanna,Ranersonrand International IndiaLtd.,Bangalore

29 ShriSanjayGupta,Infracool,4276,Sector23A,Gurgaon

30 ShriR.AnishSinha,RinacIndiaLtd.,Bangalore

31 ShriRajeshKumar,ChemtronScienceLabPvt.Ltd.,EI47,MSDCMahape,NaviMumbai.

32 ShriDineshGoswasy,AgritechEquipment&ServicesPvt.Ltd.,NewDelhi

33 ShriA.K.Choudhary,DevBhumiColdChainLtd.,1718,SabjiMandi,Azadpur,Delhi

34 ShriSubhashKankan,DevBhumiColdChainLtd.,1718,SabjiMandi,Azadpur,Delhi

35 ShriSanjayAggarwal,DevBhumiColdChainLtd.,1718,SabjiMandi,Azadpur,Delhi

36 Shri S.K. Sharma,BajajProcessorMachinePvt.Ltd., 7/27, Jailaxmi Industrial, Estate site4,Sahabad,IndustrialArea,Gaziabad(UP)

37 ShriGirishBajaj, Bajaj ProcessorMachinePvt. Ltd., 7/27, Jailaxmi Industrial,Estate site4,Sahabad,IndustrialArea,Gaziabad(UP)

38 ShriJ.M.Gupta,MD,APCPolycoat(India)Pvt.Ltd.A1/296,Janakpuri,PankhaRoad,NewDelhi

39 ShriMahavirVerma,VicePresident, InternationalCoilCompany,A2124,Naraina, IndustrialArea,PhaseII,NewDelhi110028

40 ShriMukeshPuri,President, ISHRAE,HQ, , 502, 5th Floor,DDABuildingDistrictCentre,LaxmiNagar,Delhi110092

41 ShriGirishSachar,Executive Secretary, ISHRAE,HQ,502,5th Floor,DDABuildingDistrictCentre,LaxmiNagar, Delhi110092

42 Shri S.S.Malik,B5&6/4299,VasantKunj,NewDelhi110070

43 ShriAshutoshC.Mali,JainIrrigationSystemLtd.,Jalgaon(M.S)

44 NHBOfficersfromitsHQanddifferentStates.

31


AnnexureII

List of Relevant BIS and Other Standards

TheCodesandStandards listed in thisannexurerepresentpracticesandmethodspublishedbyBureauofIndianStandards (BIS) andother InternationalOrganizations applying todesignand constructionofColdStores,PackHouse,RipeningChambers,andFoodProcessingFacilitiesetc.Theyarevaluableguidesforthepracticingengineer indetermining testmethods, rating, performance requirement and limits applying todesign constructionandequipmentsused.

Thecodesandstandardslistedareintendedtoserveasminimumrequirement,andarenottobeconstruedas limiting goodpractice.Wherever ISCode is not available, relevant standardcodesofASME/ASHRAE /IIARorotherInternationalCodesare tobe followed.Latest revisionswill befollowed inall cases.

The responsibility fordecidingwhetherotherrequirementsadditional to theones listed in thisdocumentarenecessary toensure system integrity, efficiencyandoverall safety, includingoperation,maintenanceand servicingand/or thenecessity toadoptadditional requirementsin the systemdesignand constructionto guarantee the overall performance, stil l restswith the supplier /manufacturer. The suppliers /manufacturers shall furnish to theowner copiesof instructionmanualwhich shall includeoperation&maintenance instruction,asbuilt drawings,wiringdiagrams, recommended sparepartsand replacementpart list.

Thesuppliers /manufacturers shallprovide training for theplant andmachinery installed includingsafetyand emergency procedures. The supplier /manufacturerwi ll follow all practices set forth by goodmanufacturingpracticesby variousapplicableCodesandStandards listed in thisdocumentandshall fullycertify theequipment, plant andmachinery supplied / installed in compliance to the relevant codesandstandards.

Where there is a requirement for deviation, the difference(s)mustbebrought to the intentionof theregularitybodyandthecustomerinwriting.

Allexceptions/deviationstothecodesandstandardsfortheplantandmachineryincludingcivilworksanddesign shallbe identifiedanddetailed in theproposal/ biddocuments to the customers /ownerandhisspecificapproval inwritingwillbetakenbefore commencementofsupply/work.

Thesupplier/manufacturer/contractorshouldbefullyawareofalldetailsinhisscopeetc,anditisimperativethat allworkperformed shall be donebypersonnel trainedand skilled in the installation of plant andmachinery.

32


Codes and Standards

A. ElectricalBureauofIndianStandards(BIS)

S.No. Title Reference

1. PVCInsulatedcables(lightduty)forworkingvoltageupto1100volts IS 6941977PartI&II

2. PVCInsulatedcables(heavyduty)forworkingvoltageupto1100volts IS 15541976PartI

3. PVCInsulatedcablesforvoltage3.3KVto11KV IS 15541976PartII

4. SpecificationofPolyurethaneinsulatedPVCsheetedheavyduty IS 59591970electricalcables,voltagenotexceeding1100V PartI

5. SpecificationofPolyurethaneinsulatedPVCsheetedheavyduty IS 59591970electricalcables,voltage3.3KVto11KV PartII

6. Guideformakingofinsulatedconductors IS 55781970

7. Codeofpracticeforinstallationandmaintenanceofpaper IS 12551967insulatedpowercables

8. Codeofpracticeforearthling IS 30431966

9. Guideofpracticeforinstallationandmaintenanceofinductionmotors IS 52161969

10. CodeofpracticeforinstallationandmaintenanceofAC IS 52141969inductionmotorstarters

11. CodeofpracticeforinstallationandmaintenanceofACinductionmotors IS 9001965

12. Codeofpracticeforinstallationandmaintenanceofswitchgears IS 3721975

13. Codeofpracticeforinstallationandmaintenanceoftransformers IS 18861967

14. Codeofpracticeforelectricalwiringinstallation,voltagenot IS 7321963exceeding650V

15. Codeofpracticeforelectricalwiring installation IS 22741963

(systemvoltageexceeding650V)

16. GuidefortestingthreephaseinductionMotor IS 40291967

17. ThreePhaseinductionMotors IS325

18. Electricalmeasuringinstrumentsandthereaccessories IS248

19. Currenttransformers IS2705

20 Dimensionsofsliderailsofelectricmotors IS2968

33



21. FlexibleSteelconduitsforelectricwiring IS3480

22. AirBreakSwitches IS4064

23. MotorStartersforvoltagenotexceeding1000Volts IS8544

24. Conduits for electrical installation IS9537

25. Selection,installation&maintenanceofTransformers IS 10028

26. Selection,installation&maintenanceofswitchgearandcontrolgear IS 10118

27. NationalElectrical Codes SP:30

B. MechanicalBureauofIndianStandards(BIS)


1. SafetycodsforMechanicalRefrigeration IS660

2. Codeofpracticeforthermalinsulationofcoldstorages IS661

3. Codeofpracticeforapplicationofpolyurethaneinsulationby IS 13205insitupouringmethod

4. Rigidphenolicfoamsforthermalinsulation IS 13204

5. Applicationforsprayappliedinsulationcodeofpractice IS 12432Polyurethane/Polyisocyanurate PartIII

6. Specificationsforpreformedrigidpolyurethane(Pur)and IS 12436poly isocyanurate(Pir) foamsforthermal insulation

7. Expandedpolystyreneforthermalinsulation IS4671

8. Codeforpracticeforfiresafetyofindustrialbuildings:General IS3594Storageandwarehousingincludingcoldstorage

9. Anhydrousammonia IS662

10. IndustrialBitumen IS702

11. Gunmetalgate,globeandcheckvalveforgeneralpurpose IS778

12. BallValves includingfloats forwatersupplypurposes IS1703

13. MildSteelTubes,tubularandotherwroughtsteelpipesfittings IS1239

14. SteelPlatesforpressurevesselsusedatmoderateandlowtemperature IS2041

15. Colorcodeforidentificationofpipelines IS2379

16. Vbelts for industrialpurposes IS2494

17. Hotdipgalvanizingofironandsteel IS2629

34



18. Codeforunfiredpressurevessels IS2825

19. Glossaryoftermsforsafetyandreliefvalves IS3233

20 Steelforpressurevesselsandweldedstructures IS3503

21. Steeltubesformechanicalandgeneralengineeringpurposes IS3601

22. Steelforgeneralstructuralpurposes IS2062

23. Steeltubesforstructuralpurposes IS1161

24. Specificationsforsteeldoors,windowsandventilators IS1038

25. Codeofpracticefordesignloads(otherthanearthquake) IS875Forbuildingandstructures PartItoV

26. CriteriaforearthquakeresistantdesignofStructures IS1893

27. Specificationsforcoldformedlightgaugestructuralsteelsections IS811

28. CodeofpracticeforuseofSteelTubesingeneralbuildingconstruction IS806

29. Codeofpracticeforuseofcoldformlightgaugesteelstructural IS801membersingeneralbuildingconstruction

30. Codeofpracticeforgeneralconstructioninsteel IS800

31. Glossaryoftermsusedinrefrigerationandairconditioning IS3615

32. Pressureandvacuumgauges IS3624

33. SafetyCodesforscaffoldsandladders IS3696

34. Formedendsfortanksandpressurevessels IS4049

35. Shellantubetypeheatexchangers IS4503

36. Codeofsafetyforammonia IS4544

37. Expandedpolystyreneforthermalinsulationpurposes IS4671

38. HotdipZinccoatingonsteeltubes IS4736

39. Unitsandsymbolforrefrigeration IS4831

40. HDPEpipesforpotablewatersupplies,sewageandindustrialeffluents IS4984

41. Gauge glasses IS5428

42. Specificationforsprayedaluminumandzinccoatingonironand IS5905steel surfaces

43. SteelPipeflanges IS6392

44. InjectionmoldedHDPEfittingsforportablewatersupplies IS8008

45. Verticalsteel ladders IS8172

35



46. Treatmentofwaterforindustrialcoolingsystems IS8188

47. Nominalsizesofvalves IS9520

48. Selection,useandmaintenanceofrespiratoryprotectivedevices IS9623

49. Polythenefloatsforballvalves IS9762

50. Generalpurposeballvalves IS9890

51. SIunits IS 10005

52. Recommendationsforgeneralpipelinewelding IS 10234

53. Ammoniavalves IS 11132

54. Finnedtypeheatexchangerforroomairconditioner IS 11329

57. Specificationformetalairduct IS655

58. Specificationforgalvanizedsteelsheet IS227

59. SpecificationsforPerformedRigidPolyurethane IS124361988

60. GlossaryofTermsusedinRefrigeration&Airconditioning IS3615:2007

61. CodeofPracticeforFireSafetyofWarehousingincluding specificationcoldstoragesISAsperRelevant

62. FoodHygieneGeneralPrincipleCodeofPractice IS 24911998

63. Selfblastedlampsforgenerallightingservice IS 15111Part1and2

C. PublicationbyInternationalSocietiesandAssociationsPreEngineeredBuilding


1. BuildingCode IBC2006

2. DesignCode AISC2005

3. ToleranceCode MBMA2002

4. PurlinCode AISI2001

5. WeldingCode ANS2006

6. WindLoad&SeismicLoad IS875&ISA8932002&RelevantCodes

36


D. EuropeanOrganizationforTechnicalApprovals(EOTA)


1. ExternalThermalInsulationCompositeSystemswithRendering ETAG004

2. ColdStoragePremisesKitsPart1:ColdStorageRoomKits ETAG21

3. ColdStoragePremisesKitsPart2:ColdStorageBuildingEnvelope ETAG021and itsbuilding.

mericanSocietyofHeating,RefrigerationandAirConditionEngineers,IncASHRAE

RefertoREFRIGERATIONSystemsandApplications,Handbook

Chapter51CodesandStandards,

InternationalStandard(ISO)

Standardand/orproject

ISO873:1980PeachesGuidetocoldstorage

ISO874:1980FreshfruitsandvegetablesSampling

ISO931:1980GreenbananasGuidetostorageandtransport

ISO949:1987CauliflowersGuidetocoldstorageandrefrigeratedtransport

ISO1134:1993PearsColdstorage

ISO1212:1995ApplesColdstorage

ISO1673:1991OnionsGuidetostorage

ISO1838:1993FreshpineapplesStorageandtransport

ISO 19561:1982FruitsandvegetablesMorphologicalandstructuralterminology

ISO 19562:1989FruitsandvegetablesMorphologicalandstructuralterminology

37



ISO 19901:1982FruitsNomenclatureFirstlist

ISO 19902:1985FruitsNomenclatureSecondlist

ISO 19911:1982VegetablesNomenclatureFirstlist

ISO 19912:1995VegetablesNomenclaturePart2:Secondlist

ISO2165:1974WarepotatoesGuidetostorage

ISO2166:1981CarrotsGuidetostorage

ISO2167:1991RoundheadedcabbageGuidetocoldstorageandrefrigeratedtransport

ISO2168:1974TablegrapesGuidetocoldstorage

ISO2169:1981FruitsandvegetablesPhysicalconditionsincoldstoresDefinitionsandmeasurement

ISO2295:1974AvocadosGuideforstorageandtransport

ISO2826:1974ApricotsGuidetocoldstorage

ISO3631:1978CitrusfruitsGuidetostorage

ISO3659:1977FruitsandvegetablesRipeningaftercoldstorage

ISO3959:1977GreenbananasRipeningconditions

ISO4125:1991DryfruitsanddriedfruitsDefinitionsandnomenclature

ISO4186:1980AsparagusGuidetostorage

ISO4187:1980HorseradishGuidetostorage

38



ISO5524:1991TomatoesGuidetocoldstorageandrefrigeratedtransport

ISO5525:1986PotatoesStorageintheopen(inclamps)

ISO6000:1981RoundheadedcabbageStorageintheopen

ISO6477:1988CashewkernelsSpecification

ISO6478:1990PeanutsSpecification

ISO6479:1984ShelledsweetkernelsofapricotsSpecification

ISO6479:1984/Cor 1:1999

ISO6659:1981SweetpepperGuidetorefrigeratedstorageandtransport

ISO6660:1993MangoesColdstorage

ISO6661:1983FreshfruitsandvegetablesArrangementofparallelepipedicpackagesinlandtransportvehicles

ISO6662:1983PlumsGuidetocoldstorage

ISO6663:1995GarlicColdstorage

ISO6664:1983BilberriesandblueberriesGuidetocoldstorage

ISO6665:1983StrawberriesGuidetocoldstorage

ISO6755:2001DriedsourcherriesSpecification

ISO6756:1984DecorticatedstonepinenutsSpecification

ISO6757:1984DecorticatedkernelsofmahalebcherriesSpecification

39



ISO6822:1984

Potatoes,rootvegetablesandroundheadedcabbagesGuidetostorageinsilosusingforcedventilation

ISO6882:1981

AsparagusGuidetorefrigeratedtransport

ISO6949:1988

FruitsandvegetablesPrinciplesandtechniquesofthecontrolledatmospheremethodofstorage

ISO7558:1988

Guidetotheprepackingoffruitsandvegetables

ISO7560:1995

CucumbersStorageandrefrigeratedtransport

ISO7561:1984

CultivatedmushroomsGuidetocoldstorageandrefrigeratedtransport

ISO7562:1990

PotatoesGuidelinesforstorageinartificiallyventilatedstores

ISO7563:1998

FreshfruitsandvegetablesVocabulary

ISO7701:1994

DriedapplesSpecificationandtestmethods

ISO7702:1995

DriedpearsSpecificationandtestmethods

ISO7702:1995/Cor 1:2001

ISO7703:1995

DriedpeachesSpecificationandtestmethods

ISO7703:1995/Cor 1:2001

ISO7907:1987

CarobSpecification

ISO7908:1991

DriedsweetcherriesSpecification

ISO7910:1991

DriedmulberriesSpecification

ISO7911:1991

UnshelledpinenutsSpecification

40



ISO7920:1984

SweetcherriesandsourcherriesGuidetocoldstorageandrefrigeratedtransport

ISO7922:1985

LeeksGuidetocoldstorageandrefrigeratedtransport

ISO8682:1987

ApplesStorageincontrolledatmospheres

ISO8683:1988

LettuceGuidetoprecoolingandrefrigeratedtransport

ISO9376:1988

EarlypotatoesGuidetocoolingandrefrigeratedtransport

ISO9719:1995

RootvegetablesColdstorageandrefrigeratedtransport

ISO9833:1993

MelonsColdstorageandrefrigeratedtransport

ISO9930:1993

GreenbeansStorageandrefrigeratedtransport

ISO 23391:2006

DriedrosehipsSpecificationandtestmethods

ISO 23392:2006

FreshandquickfrozenmaizeandpeasDeterminationofalcoholinsolublesolidscontent

ISO 23393:2006

PomegranatefruitSpecificationandtestmethods

ISO 23394:2006

DriedoleasterSpecificationandtestmethods

OtherStandardsandReferences

Thereissufficientdataavailableondesignofenergyefficientcoldstoresandcommercialstoragepracticesoffreshfruitsandvegetablesandotherperishablecommoditiesfromvariouspublicationsbyorganizationssuchas:

1. InternationalAssociationofRefrigeratedWarehouses (IARW)andWorldFoodLogisticsOrganizations,

a) CommodityStorageManual

41


b) CrisisManagementManual

c) GuidetoEffectiveWareHouseOperations

d) MaintenanceandModernizationManual

2. AmericanSocietyofHeating,RefrigerationandAirConditionEngineers, Inc ASHRAEHandbooks

a) REFRIGERATIONSystems&Applications

b) FUNDAMENTALS

c) HVACSystemsandEquipment

d) HVACApplications

3. The International InstituteofRefrigeration (IIR),

4. International InstituteofAmmoniaRefrigeration(IIAR),

5. UnitedStatesDepartmentofAgriculture (USDA),

6.PostharvestTechnologyResearch&InformationCenterUCDAVIC

42


AppendixIII

Extracts From International (EU) Health and Safty Rules for Ripening Room

INTRODUCTION

1 There are largenumberof fruitRipeningPlants in theEUenforcementarea.Bananasare themostcommonfruitbutotherexoticfruitsareripenedbythesameprocess.

BACKGROUND

2 BananasimportedgreenintotheEUareripenedinspeciallyconstructedroomsbyexposuretocontrolledatmospherecontainingethylenegasataconcentrationoftypically0.1%byvolumeinair.Someroomsareheatedby gasor electricity,whenambient temperature is low. Theethylene is introduced frompressured cylinders,cartridgesoracatalyticgenerator. If the introductionofethylene isuncontrolledthereisariskthattheethylenemayreachorexceedtheLowerExplosivelimit(LEL)andbeignitedbyunprotectedelectricalapparatusorgasheatingsystems. TheLEL forethylene is3.1%.Therefore it ishighly recommended thatuseofEthylenecylindersbevigorously discouraged.

THEPROCESS

3 a. Greenbananasincartonsandatanambientfruitpulptemperatureareloadedintotheripeningrooms.Ifthepulptemperatureishigher,theripeningroomswillprecoolto1517oCinabout16hours. TheGreenbananasmustbewashedtoremovelatexandskinshouldbecleaned.

b. Theroomisclosed,cooledfor12to16hoursuntilthepulptemperaturereaches15to17oC.Theheating is thenswitchedoff.

c. Ethyleneisdischargedintotheroomataconcentrationof0.1%.Theroomisthenkeptclosedfor24hours.Theethyleneactsasacatalystinitiatingthehormonalprocessofripening.

d. Attheendofthistimetheroomisventilatedtocleartheethylene.

e. Theroomisthenclosedagainandtheatmospherecontrolledatatemperatureof15to17oCforthreetofourdays.Thefruitpulpmayreachatemperatureof32oCduringthisprocessandgases,includingcarbondioxide,areevolved insubstantial quantities.

f. Theroomisfinallyventilatedandtheripefruitremoved.Acommonwayofventilatinginvolvesopeningthedoorsforatleast5,usually15minutesbeforeentryismadeExtractorfansmayalsobeused.

NB:Theamountofethylenegasrequiredforaripeningroomisnormallycalculatedonthefreeairspaceafter

43


thebananashavebeen loaded ( i.e. ifbananas takeupto35%of the room size.Calculate theamountofethylenerequiredfor remaining65%freeairspace

METHODSOFINTRODUCINGETHYLENEGAS

ETHYGENCatalyticGenerators

4. Amethodbywhicha liquidconcentrateEthyGen isdecomposed inanelectricallypoweredcatalyticgenerator,toproduceethylenegas.TheEthyGenconcentrateissuppliedincontainerswhichproduceabout12ft3 (0.33m3)ofethylenegas, theamountof liquidput in thegeneratordependsonsizeofripeningroom.

EthyleneCartridges

5. Eachethylenecartridgescontainsapproximately51gofpureethyleneandtheethyleneConcentrationintheroommaybecontrolledsimplyandaccurately byusingtheappropriatenumberof cartridges.Ethyleneis releasedbypiercingthecartridgeswithatoolwhichissupplied.

EthyleneandEthylene/NitrogenCylinders

6. Theexplosion risk fromethylene canbeeliminatedbytheuseofamixtureofgas consistingof 5%ethylene innitrogen.Pureethyleneandthemixture canbeobtained fromBritishOxygenCompanyLimitedandAirProductsLimited.

PureEthyleneCylinders

7. Pureethylenecanbeobtainedincylinders,butfireandexplosionhazardsbeinghigh,mustbeavoided.

HAZARDS

8. Thehazardsarisingfromthisprocessfall intotwomaincategories.

Fire/Explosion

a. Introductionofpureethylenefromcartridgesmayresultinlocalizedandshortlivedflammablegas/airmixtures.

b. Extensive flammablegas/airmixturemay result from theuncontrolledadditionof Ethylene fromalargecylinderorfromamultipledischargeofsmallcartridgesoftheuseofthecatalyticgeneratorintoosmallaroom.

c. Wheregasfiredheatingequipment/electricalpointsareused,flamefailuremayresultinquantitiesofunburntgasenteringtheroomandcreatingaflammableatmosphere.

BANANA(ANDOTHERFRUIT)RIPENINGROOMSETHYLENEGAS

a. excessadditionofethylene/nitrogenmixture fromcylinders.

44


b. theevolutionofcarbondioxideduringtheripeningprocess.

c. The combustionof fuelgas toxic combustionproducts (chiefly CO)will beproduced if there is notsufficientoxygenpresentat theburner for completecombustion.

9. Incidentstodateshowthatthemainhazardtoarisefromthisprocessisthecombustionandexplosionofexcessquantitiesofpureethyleneresultingfromuncontrolleddischargefromlargecapacitycylinders.Theremaybeafurtherhazardfromasphyxiatinggases intheripeningroom,e.g.carbondioxideandnitrogen ifentry ismadebeforeventilation iscomplete.

Ethanol

10. EthyGenconcentratesEthanol.Itisamildirritantavoidcontactwithskinoreyes.Itcanbefataliftakeninternally. It isalsoahighly flammable liquid.

PRECAUTIONS

11. a. Flammableorasphyxiatingatmospherescanbecreatedbyadmittingexcessethylenegas.Theuse thereforeof cylindersofpureethylene shouldbe vigorouslydiscouragedEnforcementofficers shouldpress for achange toethylene cartridgesor Ethylenecartridgesor EthyGengenerators.

b. Anoticeshowing thequantityof ethylene cartridgesor EthyGen concentrate required forripening ineachroomgivendifferentvolumesof fruitetc,beconspicuouslydisplayed inthatroom.Thisisparticularlyimportantwherethereareroomsofdifferentsizesinthesamepremises.

c. It is impossible to forma flammableconcentrationwithairusing ethylene/nitrogencylindersbut,adviceshouldbegivenontheasphyxiationhazardtoensureawareness.

d. The ripeningroomshouldbe thoroughlyventilatedbetween loads. Preferablybymechanicalmeans.

e. Theintroductionofethyleneintoaroomshouldbeundertakenonlybyacompetentpersonwhounderstandsthehazards involved.

f. Thecatalyticgeneratormustneverbeusedinaroomless1,150ft3(32.56m3),itmustneverbemovedwhileitstillcontainsconcentrateisused. Itisvirtuallyimpossibletocreateanexplosiveorasphyxiatingatmosphereusingthissystem.

g. It isalsoadvisedthatanygasfiredequipmentinstalledinripeningroomsshouldbefittedwithsuitablesafeguards, in theeventof flamefailure,whichareproperlymaintained.

PREVENTIONOFIGNITIONSOURCES

12. a.Nonakedlightsshouldbeallowedintheafterintroductionofethyleneuntilthroughventilationhastakeplace.

45


b.Gasfiredheatingsystemsshouldbeturnedoffbeforeethyleneis introduced.

a. Wheresmallethylenecartridgesandethylenegeneratorsareusedthedilutionofgasisveryrapid.Itissuggested thatno flammable atmospheresneed tobeprovided for electricalequipment.However,ethyleneshouldnotbedischargedwithin2moffixedelectricalinstallations.Inordertopreventlayeringitshouldnotbedischargedlessthan1mfromthefloor.

STORAGEOFETHYLANECARTRIDGESANDETHGENCONCENTRATE

13 a. Quantitiesstoredonsiteshouldbeassmallas isreasonablypracticable.

b. CartridgesandEthyGenconcentratemustbeunderthecontrolofacompetentperson.

c. Quantitiesof cartridgesmaybestored indoorswithinasuitablyventilatedareaasdetailed inGuidanceNoteCS4ThekeepingofLPGinCylindersandsimilarcontainers.

d. EthyGen concentrate (ahighly flammable liquid)maybestored inasuitablebinorcupboardindoors inquantitiesofupto50 litres.Greaterquantities requirespecial storage facilities asdetailedinGuidanceNoteCS2TheStorageofHighlyFlammableLiquidsNonakedorsmokingshouldbepermitted inthesestorageareas.

FACTSABOUTPERISHABLESWHILEINTRANSIT

Perishableproduceare those,which areeasily destroyed ,rot,decay, ifnothandledproperlypostharvestorduring transit fromoneplacetoanotherandthese include fruits,vegetables, horticulturalproduce suchasfloweringbulbs,andflowersetc.tobeofvaluetoconsumersandretailers,thesemustreachthemsuitableforconsumptionortheintendeduse.Thefactorsandcharacteristicsofperishablesaffectingtheirshelflifeshouldbepaidcareful attention.

Perishableshaveuniquecharacteristicswhenitcomestotransportationfromoneplacetoanother.Thefactorsaffecting theperishablesduring transport includetemperature,airexchange,humidity, ethylene sensitivity,waterloss, respirationrate,packagingandmaturationofproduce.

Respiration isamajor factor indetermining requirementof refrigeration,because fruitsand vegetablesarelivingorganisms,evenafter theyareseparatedfromtheirplants, tree.Theygenerateheatandreleasegasesandmoisture.Thisprocessisrespirationandduringthisprocessoxygenintheaircombineswithcarbonintheplant tissuetoformvariousdecompositions,products,carbondioxideandwater.

Someproductshaverespirationrateandrequiremorerefrigerationthanothers. Greenpeasforexamplerequire10timesfastercoolingthantomatoes. Heatevolutionratesforvariouscommoditiesaredifferentandchartsforrelativerespirations areavailablewithwesternhandlersoftransport.

Respiration rate is a functionof temperature.Forevery18oF rise in temperature, respiration isdoubledortripled.HeadLettuceforexamplerespirestwotothreetimesfasterat68oFthanat50oFandapplesthreetimesfasterat50oFthanat32oF.Thefasteraproductrespires,thegreaterthequantityofheatitgenerates.

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Water loss afterharvest varieswithcommodities.Leafyvegetables likeLettuce losemoisturemore rapidlythan likeMelons.

Ethylenespellsdoomforsomeproducts.Ethylene isselfgeneratinggas in fruits andvegetablesand is fruitripening regulator. It isproducedbyall plants, fruits, vegetables andevenby somefungi.Whenused inmoderatequantityandatrighttemperature,ethyleneisbeneficialtospeedupripening. Byripeninginsomeproducts ethylenecanhastentheir senescence,decay, rottening.Thereforeproducts likemangoes,bananas,allofwhicharesensitive toethylene shouldneverbeheld insameareas asproduce likeapples,avocados,whichemitethylene.Theyshouldnotbetransported insamerefrigerated lorry.

Productconditionatshipmentor transportdetermines itsconditionatdestination.

For everyperishable there is a timefor transportation. Theproducts tobetransported shouldneitherbeimmaturenoroverlymature.

Precoolingandmaintaining temperatureareessentialbeforeandduring transit.

MaintainingEthylenelevelatthresholdduringtransitisaveryimportantfactorreachproductstodesignationsafe.

Portable temperature,humidity, ethylenemonitor aremust in containersor refrigerated lorries. Relativehumidity alsodeterminesproductquality ofperishablesatdestination.

Modifyingatmosphereofa refrigerated lorrycanextendproduct lifeofperishables

Differenceamong fruits and vegetables call for special attentionduring transit in refrigerated lorriesorcontainers.

Temperaturecompatibility is important factorwhenmixingcommodities in transport.

Refrigerated Lorries shouldnotonlybedesigned formaintaining temperatureandhumiditybutall thesefactorsshouldbegivendueweight.

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Ripening Chamber

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