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Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Preparation, properties, and applications of 60fullerene-based thin films Author(s): Enger, Olivier Publication Date: 2002 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-004471020 Rights / License: In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted This page was generated automatically upon download from the ETH Zurich Research Collection . For more information please consult the Terms of use . ETH Library

Transcript of Rights / License: Research Collection In Copyright - Non ...26163/eth-26163-01.pdfAbstract In...

Page 1: Rights / License: Research Collection In Copyright - Non ...26163/eth-26163-01.pdfAbstract In collaboration with the groups of Prof. Pretsch (ETH Zürich) and Prof. Echegoyen (University

Research Collection

Doctoral Thesis

Preparation, properties, and applications of 60fullerene-basedthin films

Author(s): Enger, Olivier

Publication Date: 2002

Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-004471020

Rights / License: In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted

This page was generated automatically upon download from the ETH Zurich Research Collection. For moreinformation please consult the Terms of use.

ETH Library

Page 2: Rights / License: Research Collection In Copyright - Non ...26163/eth-26163-01.pdfAbstract In collaboration with the groups of Prof. Pretsch (ETH Zürich) and Prof. Echegoyen (University

Diss. ETHNo. 14789

Preparation, Properties, and Applicationsof [60]Fullerene-BasedThin Films

A dissertationsubmittedto the

SWISSFEDERAL INSTITUTEOF TECHNOLOGYZÜRICH

for the degree ofDOCTOR OFNATURALSCIENCES

Presentedby

OLIVIERENGER

D.E.A. Universite Louis Pasteur de Strasbourgborn 02.10.1975 in Strasbourg

Citizenofthe Republic of France

accepted on the recommendationof

Prof. Dr. Fran<?ois Diederich, examiner

Prof. Dr. Ernö Pretsch, co-examiner

Zürich 2002

Page 3: Rights / License: Research Collection In Copyright - Non ...26163/eth-26163-01.pdfAbstract In collaboration with the groups of Prof. Pretsch (ETH Zürich) and Prof. Echegoyen (University

Abstract

Abstract

Recent improvementsin the organic derivatization of Cöo have made the exploitation of its

rieh optical and electronic properties in materials science applications an intense field of

investigation. In particular, the ability of the carbon sphere to act as a strong electron acceptorand to participateefficiently in photoinduced electron transfer processeshas fostered an ongoingdevelopment of fullerene-based electronic devices. In this respect, modification of

semiconduetive or metallic surfaces with min films of fullerene derivatives promises new

properties and applications in various technological fields.

Chapter 1 introduces the reader to the fullerenes. It Starts with a short account of the

discovery of C6o- The molecular and electronic structure of Cöo is presentedas a prelude to its

organic chemistry. This section is followed by a description ofthe most importantphysical and

spectroscopic properties of buckminsterfullereneand serves as the basis for understanding theresearch described in Chapters 2-6. The Chapter closes with a description of selected examplesof importantfullerene-based material science applications.

35

5=0 5=0

sssssssssssss

The first part of the presentedresearch work describes the synthesis of a fullerene-derived

thiol (35) and its subsequent self-assemblyon gold surfaces. Two gold electrodes modified with

redox-active self-assembledmonolayers(SAMs) of 35 (A) or 35 and rc-octanethiol(B), havingdifferentwettabilityproperties and surface concentrations of redox-active centers,were preparedand fully characterized by a variety of techniques (IRAS, cyclic voltammetry, contact anglemeasurements, and ellipsometry). In particular, both SAMs displayedhigh lipophilicityandsurface-confined behavior for electron transfer. However, the above SAMs on gold were also

demonstrated to lose the fullerene units through retio-Bingel reaction when a potential close to

their second reduction potential was applied.

vni

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Abstract

In collaboration with the groups of Prof. Pretsch (ETH Zürich) and Prof. Echegoyen(University of Miami), a novel approach for the fabrication of solid-contacted ion-selective

electrodes (SC-ISEs) using SAMsA and B as intermediate layers between a valinomycin-basedK+-selective solvent polymeric membrane and a gold electrode was developed (Chapter 3).These internal contacts provided a reversible redox couple for the transduction of ionic-to-

electronic conductivities and preventedthe unfavorable formation of a water layer between the

metal electrode and the membrane. All SC-ISEs based on SAMsA and B were investigated for

response characteristics and redox sensitivity toward O2 and Fe(II)/Fe(III) Solutions. As

comparedto a simple coated-wireconfiguration, the presence ofthe SAMA provided improvedstability and no redox and/or O2 interferences. Furtherimprovementswere achieved by usingSAM B through the acquisition of a higher lipophilicitywhich prevented the formation of an

aqueous layer betweenthe membraneand the metallic surface evenmoreeffectively. Therefore,these new SC-ISEs are promising for both miniaturization and reducing the lower detection

limits when compared to conventionalISEs.

In the courseof our study towards the elaboration of SC-ISEsusing SAMsA, we observed a

photoelectric response to ambient light (Chapter 4). This Observationled us to develop two

photoelectrochemicalcells based on SAM A with and without a cast polyurethane-based ion-selective membrane. Both Systems showed immediate and reversible anodic short-circuit

photocurrentand open-circuit photovoltage upon illumination of the modified gold electrodes.

Characterization of the photoelectrochemical cells by recording the action spectra and

atmosphere-alert IIV curves demonstrated that a photoinduced electron transfer occurs throughthe C6o-containing SAMs, acting as the photoactive species, to the gold electrodes. Depositionof a polyurethane membrane on the fullerene-containing SAM was shown to successfullyimprove steadiness and efficiency of the photoelectric response under unbiased conditions,indicating that the utilization of a cast solvent-polymericmembranehas a favorable effecton the

light conversion efficiency and might constitute a novel and original approach to increase the

stability and efficiency of photoelectrochemicalcells. On the other hand, the photocurrentwasfound to be reduced compared to the SAM-onlysystem when a positive bias was appliedand/orin the presence of oxygen. The two photoelectrochemicalcells exhibited high quantum yields(between 25 and 31 %) for photoinduced electron transfer. These investigations led to the

establishmentof a mechanism for photocurrentgenerationin which water is proposed to be the

ultimate electron donor. If confirmed, this hypothesis would have strong implications on the

prospects of photoelectrocatalytic Systems for water Splitting.

ix

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Abstract

As part of our efforts to prepare new Cöo-based SAMs for electrochemicalapplications,Chapter 5 describes the design and synthesis of novel electrochemically stable fullerene-based

adsorbates(60 and 61). The design of Diels-Aldercycloadducts 60 and 61 was inspired by the

idea of incorporating "layers" of stabilizinginteractions within the monolayer, namely van der

Waals interactions,hydrogenbonding, and tc-k stacking interactions. Both Cöo-derivatives were

synthesizedfollowing a versatile strategy which included the preparation of the carboxylic acid

62 as a key intermediate and the subsequent introduction of dialkyl sulfide-derived surface-

binding moieties under Standard peptide coupling conditions. The yield of 62 could be

substantially improved by preparing sultines as precursors for the generation of o-

quinodimethanes instead of using cu,a'-dibromo-o-xylenes.However, both sulfides 60 and 61 were unstable under ambient conditions and underwent

self-sensitizedphotooxygenation to the corresponding sulfones through the generationof singletoxygen mediated by the fullerene moiety. This oxidation was investigated under various

experimentalconditions and was shown to be very efficient. A transient sulfoxide intermediate

could be detected and characterized when the reaction was carried out under ambient conditions.

As an extension of the latter discovery, the photooxygenation of di(n-octyi) sulfide was

studied using pristine Cöo or a tetraethylene glycol monomethyl ether-derived fullerene 87 as

sensitizers. Unfortunately, using pristine Qo, photooxygenation under various experimentalconditions afforded only mixtures consisting of the starting sulfide and the correspondingsulfoxide and sulfone. Slightly improved selectivity and yields of sulfoxide could be obtained

with fullerene derivative 87 in a toluene/methanol 1:1 solvent mixture.

OH

62

\n^MTs-MT*

.«.

^

c 5^ s?

t87

60 R = H61 R = (CH2)2OPh

Page 6: Rights / License: Research Collection In Copyright - Non ...26163/eth-26163-01.pdfAbstract In collaboration with the groups of Prof. Pretsch (ETH Zürich) and Prof. Echegoyen (University

Abstract

Chapter 6 presents the results of an investigation, in collaboration with the group Prof.

Grätzel(EPFL), ofthe strikingphenomenonofcross-surface electron transfer inside monolayersof a Cöo-derivedcarboxylic acid (62) anchored on nanocrystalline zirconium oxide films. These

films, expected to be insulating,were shown to act like an electronically conducting polymerand displayed a reversible electrochemical behavior 200 times higher than measured on a

monolayer of 62 adsorbed on a flat conducting support. The strong dependence of the

voltammetric response on the concentration of the electroactive species (62) evidenced the

existence of a percolation threshold for the conductivity of the assembly which is transcended

between 40 and 60% loading of the nanocrystalline film. The charge transport was found to

involve a percolation/electron hopping mechanism through the entire thickness of the films.

Chronocoulometryallowed the determinationof apparent diffusion coefficients as high as 2 x

10~8 cm2 s_1 for the electron hoppingprocess. Thesenew nanostructuredfilms are consideredto

be very promising materials since they introducedthe possibility of lateral charge transport at

the surface of nanocrystalline insulating layers which further broadens the field of their

applications.

XI

Page 7: Rights / License: Research Collection In Copyright - Non ...26163/eth-26163-01.pdfAbstract In collaboration with the groups of Prof. Pretsch (ETH Zürich) and Prof. Echegoyen (University

Resume

Resume

Les recents progres dans la fonctionnalisation du Cöo ont permis d'exploiter ses riches

proprietes optiques et electroniques dans diverses applications en science des materiaux. En

particulier, l'aptitude de la sphere carbone d'agir en tant que fort accepteurd'electrons et de

participer efficacementdans des transferts d'electrons photoinduits a favorise la mise au pointde dispositifs electroniques bases sur les fullerenes. Ainsi, la modification de surfaces

semiconductrices ou metalliques par des films fins de derives de fullerene promet le

developpement de nouvelles proprietes et applications dans de nombreux domaines

technologiques.Le chapitre 1 introduit le lecteur aux fullerenes. Un court expose sur la decouverte du Cöo

suivi d'une description de sa structure moleculaire et electronique, faisant office de prelude ä sa

chimie organique, sont tout d'abord presentes. Cette partie est suivie d'une presentation des

principales proprietes physiques et spectroscopiquesdu fullerene,afin de faciliter la lecture des

chapitres suivants. Le chapitre se termine par quelques exemplesd'utilisation du fullerene en

science des materiaux.

35

5=0 >=o

sssssssssssss

B

La premiere partie du travail expose dans cette These decrit la synthese d'un derive de

fullerene possedant une fonction thiol et son auto-assemblage consecutifsur surfaces d'or.

Ainsi, deux electrodes d'or, modifiees par des monocouches auto-assemblees (MAs) du derive

35 (A) ou de 35 et de «-octanethiols (B), et ayant differentes lipophilies et concentrations en

centres redox ont pu etre preparees et entierement caracterisees par differentes techniques(IRAS, voltamperometrie cyclique, mesures d'angles de contact et ellipsometrie). Tout

particulierement, les deux monocouches auto-assemblees possedent de fortes lipophilies ainsi

qu'un comportementconfine ä la surface pour les transferts d'electrons. Toutefois, lorsque ces

xu

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Resume

MAs sont soumises ä un potentiel proche ou inferieur ä leur second potentiel electrochimiquede

reduction, la perte d'unites Cöo par la reaction dite 'ritro-BingeP a pu etre observee.

De plus, en collaboration avec les groupes du Prof. Pretsch (ETH Zürich) et du Prof.

Echegoyen (University of Miami), une nouvelle approche dans la conceptiond'electrodes ä ions

specifiques et ä contacts solides (solid-contacted ion-selective electrodes, SC-ISEs) a ete

developpee en utilisant les MAs A et B precedemment decrites comme phases intermediaires

entre une membrane selective aux ions K+ ä base de Valinomycineet une electrode d'or. Ces

contacts internes fournissent un couple oxydo-reducteur reversible pour la transduction d'une

conductivite ionique vers une conductivite electronique et previent la formation indesirable

d'une phase aqueuse entre l'electrode metalliqueet la membrane. Toutes les SC-ISEs basees

sur les MAs A et B ont ete etudiees en terme de reponses caracteristiqueset sensibilites redox ä

l'egard de O2 et de Solutions de Fe(II)/Fe(III). Par rapport ä une configuration simple de type'fil recouvert' (coated wire), la presence de la MA A s'est traduite non seulement par une

augmentation de la stabilite generale des electrodes mais egalement par une diminution de leur

sensibilite aux interferences redox. En outre, l'utilisation de la MA B a permis d'obtenir une

lipophilieplus importante. Ainsi, gräce ä une plus forte inhibition de la formationd'une couche

aqueuse entre la membrane et la surface d'or, on a pu ameliorer les caracteristiques des

electrodes ainsi produites. Cette nouvelle classe d'electrodes represente une avancee

considerablevers la miniaturisation et ramelioration des limites de detection des electrodes ä

ions specifiques.Au cours de notre etude portant sur l'elaboration d'electrodes ä ions specifiques et contacts

solides en utilisant la MA A nous avons observe une reponse photoelectrique ä la lumiere

ambiante (Chapitre 4). En nous basant sur cette Observation, nous avons developpe deux

cellules photoelectrocliirniques constituees de la monocouche auto-assemblee A avec ou sans

membrane de polyurethane ä ions specifiques deposee ä sa surface. L'illumination de ces deux

systemes engendre une reponse immediateet reversible en termes de photocourant anodique en

court-circuit ou de photovoltage en circuit ouvert. La caracterisation des cellules

photoelectrochimiquespar la mesure de leurs spectres d'action et courbes courant-potentiel a

permis de demontrer que le transfert d'electron photoinduittrouve son origine au niveau des

unites Cöo de la monocouche, agissant en tant qu'especes photoactives, et se transmet vers

l'electrode d'or. La presence de la membrane de polyurethane sur la monocouche auto-

assemblee a permis d'ameliorerde faijon substantielle la stabilite et l'efficacite de la reponse

photoelectrique sous des conditions non biaisees, indiquant clairementun effet favorablede la

membrane sur les proprietes de conversion photovoltaique. Ceci constitue donc une approche

xin

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Resume

novatrice dans VElaboration de celluleselectrochimiquespossedantune stabilite et une efficacite

accrue. Toutefois, comparativement ä la configuration n'ayant pas de membrane, une

diminution sensible du photocourant a pu etre observee en presence d'oxygene et/ou lorsqu'unpotentiel positif est applique ä l'electrode. Les deux cellules photoelectrochimiques se

distinguent par d'excellents rendements quantiques de transfertsd'electrons photoinduits (de 25

ä 35%). De plus, nos investigations ont permis d'etablirun mecanisme pour la generationdu

photocourant dans lequel l'eau est pressende comme etant le donneur d'electrons initial. Si

cette hypothese venait ä etre confirmee,eile aurait de fortes consequences sur le developpementfutur de systemes photoelectrocatalytiques pour le clivage de l'eau.

Une partie de nos efforts se sont egalement concentres sur la preparation de nouvelles

monocouches auto-assemblees basees sur le Cöo utilisees dans des applicationselectrochimiques. Ainsi, le chapitre 5 decritla conception et la synthesede nouveaux derives du

fullerene stables dans des conditions electrochimiquesreductrices (60 et 61). La conception des

cycloadduits 60 et 61 repose sur l'idee d'une incorporation de couches d'interactions

stabilisantes, incluant des interactions de type van der Waals, des liaisons hydrogene et des

interactionspar recouvrement n-n, au coeur memede la monocouche. Les deux derives du Cöo

60 et 61 ont ete obtenus par une Strategie polyvalente incluant la preparation d'un acide

carboxylique (62) comme intermediaire commun et rintroductionconsecutivede sulfures de

dialkyle aminesdans des conditions Standardde couplage peptidique. De plus, le rendementen

produit 62 a pu etre considerablement ameliore par 1'utilisation de sultines au lieu d'a,a'-

dibromo-o-xylenes comme precurseursdes o-quinodimethanes.

OH

62

\yTKs^C«

xr° «o^

C x^^s

Je87

60 R = H61 R = (CH2)2OPh

xiv

Page 10: Rights / License: Research Collection In Copyright - Non ...26163/eth-26163-01.pdfAbstract In collaboration with the groups of Prof. Pretsch (ETH Zürich) and Prof. Echegoyen (University

Resume

Cependant, les deux sulfures 60 et 61 se sont montres particulierement instables en

conditions ambiantes et subissent, de part la generationd'oxygene singulet par les unites Cöo,

des photooxygenations auto-sensibilisees conduisant aux sulfones correspondantes. Cette

Oxydation a ete etudiee sous differentes conditions experimentaleset a ete montree comme etant

tres efficace. La formationtransitoire d'un sulfoxydeintermediaire a egalement pu etre detectee

et caracteriseelorsque la reaction est effectuee en conditions ambiantes.

Par extension, la photooxygenation du sulfure de di(«-octyle) a ete etudiee en utilisant

comme sensibilisateur soit du Cöo, soit un derive de ce dernier possedant deux groupementsether de tetraethyleneglycol et de methyle (87). Malheureusement, l'utilisation du C6o, dans

differentesconditions, dans les reactions de photooxygenation n'a donne lieu qu'ä des melangesconstitues de produit de depart et de la sulfone et du sulfoxydecorrespondants. Malgre tout, une

legere ameliorationde la selectivite et des rendements en sulfoxyde a pu etre obtenue en

utilisant le derive 87 dans unmelange de solvants toluene/methanol 1:1.

Le chapitre 6 presente les resultats d'une etude d'un phenomene de transfert lateral

d'electrons au sein de monocouches d'un derive du Cöo possedant un groupement acide

carboxylique (62) assemble sur des films nanocristallins d'oxyde de zirconium. Ces films,

supposes isolants, ont montrequ'ils agissaient comme un polymereconducteur en exhibant une

reponse voltamperometrique 200 fois superieure ä celle d'une monocouche du meme compose

assemble sur un support conducteur plat. La forte dependance de la reponse

voltamperometrique ä la concentrationdes especes electroactives de surface (62) temoigne del'existence d'un seuil de percolation entre 40 et 60% pour la conductivite de l'edifice

moleculairenanocristallin. II a egalement pu etre demontreque le transport de charges impliqueun mecanisme de saut d'electrons ä traverstoute l'epaisseur des films. Finalement,la techniquede chronocoulometrie a permis de mesurer le coefficient de diffusion apparente pour le

Processusä 2 x 10~8 cm2 s_1.

XV