HANDBOOK

HANDBOOK FOR RIGGERS W. G. (BILL) NEWBERRY

PREFACE

The author of Handbook for Riggers through many years of ex- perience in the construction industry, both in Canada and the United States, has compiled basic information, essential to the rigger.

This data is made available in handy reference form. The hand- book has been made small enough for the rigger to carry around in his pocket, for consultation, whenever he is in need of it.

The information and suggestions summarized in this publication were compiled from sources believed to be reliable. It should not be assumed that this material covers all rules and regulations which should be observed; rather, the thoughts expressed herein are mere- ly guides to safety, and we cannot guarantee correctness or com- pleteness and accept no responsibility in connection therewith.

O COPYRIGHT - W. 6. NEWBERRY, 1967

PRINTED IN CANADA

ISBN 0-9690154-1-0

1989 REVISED EDITION

1

INDEX ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In compiling this book. I thank the following for their assistance and information .

The Brantford Cordage Company Brantford. Ontario. Canada

Canada Western Cordage Go . htd . Vancouver. British Columbia. Canada

D . E . Dickie, P. Ewg . Construction Safety Association of Ontario 'Toronto. Ontario. Canada

Donald Ropes and Wire Cloth Limited Hamilton. Ontario. Canada

Wire Rope Industries of Canada (1966) Limited Lachine. Quebec. Canada

Broderick & Bascom Rope CQ . Sedalia. Mo., U.S.A.

Campbell Chain York. Pa., U.S.A.

Industrial lndemnity Co . San Francisco. Calif., U.S.A.

MacWhyte Wire Rope Co . Kenosha. Wi., U.S.A.

WIRE ROPE INFORMATION General Wire Rope Information . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Seizing Wire Rope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Safe Working Loads

. . . . . . . . . . (Breaking Strength) Rule of Thumb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . How to Measure Wire Rope

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wire Rope Trouble . . . . . . . . . Uncoiling and Spooling Wire Rope

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Drum and Reel lnformation . . . . . . . . . . . . Wire Rope Slings and Chokers

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lifting and Turning Loads Sling Angles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . , . . . . Sling Inspection Guidelines .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reeving With Wire Rope

Material Handling Gear. Hooks. Rings. Shackles. Turn Buckles. Eye Bolts. and Hoisting Rings a

. . . . . . . . . . . Wire Rope Clips and Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Handling Gear Assemblage

SNYTHETlC ROPES . . . . . . Property Comparison and Specifications 63- 65

SWL Rules of Thumb 66 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SWL For Slings 67- 72

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Splicing Synthetic Ropes 73- 80 Knot Efficiency (Polypropylene) 81 . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Knots and Hitches 82- 91 Whipping Rope 92 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

GENERAL RIGGING INFORMATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Timber and Plank Strengths 93- 97

Crane Operation, Safety Procedures . . . . . . . . . 98-1 00 Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101-105

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alloy Steel Chain Information 106-1 14 . . . . . . . . . . . Good and Bad Rigging Practices 1 15-1 21

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Weights of Materials 122-1 23 English and Metric Systems of Measure

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . With Conversions 124-1 27 Terms Used in Rigging 128 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

MATERIALS USED IN WIRE ROBE SLINGS Wire rope is a most useful fo rm of metal fabrication. i t is a machine

of great versatility. Wire rope can be used to t ransmit forces around corners by use of sheaves through almost any plane or angle. It can lift, guide, launch, hold back, control, counterbalance, hold down, t ie-down and guy.

CORE

+ WIRE ROPE

.LLLy

CONSTRUCTION Wire rope is composed of wires,

strands and a core. The basic material is wire which

is formed or laid into strands. The strands are made o f a num- bero f individual wires laid around a center wire. The strands are wound helically around a core which may be f iber or another wire rope. There is actually no twist ing involved so the term "laid" is used in reference to wire rope.

CLASSIFICATION I n the numerical classification of rope construction, the f i rst num-

ber is the number of strands and the second number is the amount o f wires in each strand. 6 x 37 means six strands of 37 wires per strand. Actually, there are three general classifications:

6 x 7 6 x 19 6 x 37

When these numbers are used as designations o f standard wire rope classes, the second number representing the amount of wires wi l l vary.

6 x 19 CLASS - The 6 x 19 class covers wire ropes wi th as few as 9 wires per strand, bu t not more than 26 nor more than 12 outer wires. A l l of these wires are arranged in several d i f ferent strand patterns. 6 x 19 is the most widely used class of wire rope.

STRAND PATTERNS STRANDS OF THE 19-WIRE CLASS

FILLER-WIRE SERIES

SEALE SERIES

19-wire Seale 9-9- 1

6 x 37 CLASS - Even though the class is designated 6 x 37, it may have wires varying from 27 to 49 wires per strand with no more than 18 outer wires. This class also has its wires arranged in several different strand patterns. 6 x 37 is the extra flexible class.

STRANDS OF THE 37-WIRE CLASS

SEALE - WARRINGTON- FILLER WIRE SERIES SEALE SERIES

49-wire S-W-S B 6-(84-8)-8-8- 1

WARRINGTON-SEALE SERIES

31-wire W-S 12-(6+6)-6-1

36-wire W-S 14-(7+7)-7.1

These are the basic strand patterns used in the manufacturing of wire rope and slings. Normally, 6 x 19 class is recommended where the diameter of rope used is 118" through 1-I/$". 6 x 37 class is recommended where the diameter range is 1-114" and larger.

FIBRE OR SISAL CORE

Sisalanna is the most common fibre used in the manufacture of wire rope cores. In the smaller ropes and cords cotton and jute are sometimes em- ployed for the central member. Wire rope cores are carefully designed and must be precisely manufactured to close tolerances to ensure a perfect fit in the rope.

I.W.R.C. OR STEEL CORE

The primary function of the core is to provide adequate support for the strands. When severe crushing or flattening of the rope is encountered a steel core is usually indicated. The steel core, as the name IWRC (Independent Wire Rope Core) implies is actually a separate small rope inside a larger rope.

SPECIAL CORES

Other cores include nylon, plastic, paper etc. One type, used for mine shaft com- munications, has an electrical conductor embedded in the fibre.

STRAND CORE

A single strand used as a core and generally confined to the smaller ropes as a substitute for the Indepen- dent Wire Rope Gore. The strand core may or may not be of the same cross section as the surrounding strands.

44x3 SEIZING WIRE ROPE

W h + The end cf an ordinary wire rape should hove at least three seizings to prevent

unlaying, which, i f i t occurs, would make the rope wselrrs. Annealed iron wire

should be wound rightly in a close helix around the rope.

Any annialed low carbon steel wire may be used for seizings. The wire should be about the gouge shown below.

TYPES OF FRACTURES P One of the most useful aids in CUP and CONE FRACTURE selecting the proper wire rope is A wire broken as a result of

tens~le overload. to examine the worn ropes from the same installation. The pictures on this page are typical illustrations of rope wires which have been fractured in use. By knowing what

CHISEL FRACTURE caused the deterioration the

A wire broken as a result of direction of change is more clearly indicated.

Soft A n n o o l d Iron k i x l n g Wirm

abrasive wear

1 . Wind $he seizing wire on the wire rope by hond, keeping the coil together

and considerable tension on the wire, winding OVER from left to right.

For example, if a rope broke up prematurely and showed a large number of "square end fractures"

SQUAREENDFRAGTURE then a more flexible ~on~truct ion a wire broken as a result of

is indicated. If the broken wires show signs of heavy abrasive wear, possibly a coarser construc-

bend~ng fatigue

tisn would give longer life.

IRREGULAR FRACTURE A wire broken as a result of a combination of destructive

fractures.

2. Twist the ends of the wire tosether counter-clockwise by hond, so that the

twisted portion of the wirer is near the middle of the seizing.

3. Using "Carew" cutters, tighten the twist j w e t enough to lake up the slack.

Do not try to tighten the seizing by twisting.

4. Tighten the se i~ ing by prying the twist away from the axis of the rope with

the cutters.

5. Tighten the twist again ond repeat as often .as necessary to moke the seizing tight. Cut off the ends of the wire and pound the twist flat against the rope.

The appearonce of the finished seizing should be as shown.

6 x 37 Classification Round Strand Group: The ropes included in this group have excellent flexibility, reasonable resistance to crushing and are well adapted to high speed and multiple reeving applications. This classification covers ropes with 6 strands having 27 to 49 wires per

ropes included in this group have good resis- tance to abrasion and better flexi bility than the 6

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(BREAKING STRENGTH) RULE OF THUMB FORMULA

Diameter squared multiplied by the breaking strength of a one inch fibre or wire core rope.

02 x B.S. of I inch wire rope

6 x 19 x 1 inch fibre core rope has a breaking strength of 42 tons

6 x 19 x 1 inch independent wire core rope (I.W.R.C.) has a breaking strength of 45 tons

BREAKING STRENGTH EXAMPLES

A. Fibre rope core

V2 inch fibre rope core D* x 42 = Breaking Strength 112 x1/2 x 4 2 = 42 + 4 = 10.5 Breaking strength = 10.5 tons

6. Independent wire rope core

1/2 inch independent wire rope core D2 x 45 = Breaking strength 112 x 112 x 45 = 45 i 4 = 11.25 tons Breaking strength = 11.25 tons

All breaking strength formulas are based on a diameter of one inch and in a tonnage ratio.

HOW TO MEASURE WIRE ROPE

CORRECT METHOD

INCORRECT METHOD

WIRE ROPE TOLERANCES

DIAMETER OF WIRE ROPE

The components of a wire rope each has a small b u t definite size tolerance. Therefore, the rope itself mus t have a diameter tolerance. All wire rope is required to have a diameter a t least equal to the nominal, or catalog, size . . . never smaller. Standard ropes may exceed the nominal diameter by the amounts shown below.

Nominal Diameter of Rope 1 Uodr rYe / Oversize ln Inches Inches Inches

These tolerances do not apply to elevator ropes.

WHAT TO LOOK FOR IF YOU HAVE

ROPE TROUBLE Kinking-Perhaps the rope has been kinked when it was being removed from the reel or coil, or has been allowed to run loose and rol l over t o form a kink.

Cut-Perhaps the wire rope has been run over by a tractor cleat when it was laid out on the ground prior t o in- stallation.

Jamm,ed-Perhaps the rope has jumped the head sheave and become wedged between the sheave and the housing of the machine.

Cross-Over Point-Often when the face of the drum has been filled with turns of rope, the rope when positioning itself for the beginning of the second, or even the th i rd layer, will not come up to this position smoothly, thus slapping the last tu rn on the layer below. 'This over a period of t ime can be particularly hard on the rope. This is a condition which can be improved by the installation of a riser which will ease the rope up into the new level, or by the cutt ing back a t the drum end at intervals to thus change the point of contact.

Crushing-Perhaps the rope has been crushed by poor winding on an under-sized drum.

Overloaded-This can be caused by a shovel working in a quarry where blasting has not been good. Here the opera- to r may be trying to move the side-wall of the quarry, not knowing that the l ip of his shovel is engaged in solid rock, rather than in the loose material which has fallen over the end of the bucket.

Lack of Lubrication-Has th is important matter been neglected.

Reverse Bends-These are tough on any rope, particularly when they are close together. This condition can be improved by using larger sheaves and a more flexible rope.

Frozen Sheave-A sheave that won't turn simply means that the wire rope is sawing its way down the length of the groove, and this is sure to cut down the life of the rope.

Bad Alignment-This can onty result in t he wire rope wearing itself out on the side wall of a sheave.

Wrong Kind of Cable-Perhaps yours is a case of a boy being asked t o do a man's work. Perhaps the rope is of the wrong construction. Does the maker have wide acceptance.

Tight Sheaves-A t ight sheave is sure to pinch the cabJe and reduce cable life.

6-55$2 2 2 $EL *''a vl g.,: m -. * PJ sc .Fg

s m z * a. 4 . $ @ 2 r-+ v, p 3 g -J- ,-. " sLzz.Bg gp,y ID gDLIf-2 9

X $ 3 - - .3 k e 2. -,,2 $8 0 " 3 -. 5~ 7 - " 0 W 9 ? $ z R 5 . D l q 3 00- @'4

G ; < m - o T s " O $ i ; , * & . kc2 ra " X w 2 " " 3 ' b y i g =hi; ? 2 ' P 3 * T "

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f i ,,, 30' LEAD FOR FLAT DRUMS rt, i",

It is often necessary to know the approximate capacity DRU M AND REEL of a given drum or reel for a particular diameter MINIMUM RECOMMENDED rope. Malung certain assumptions, it is possible to

CAPACITIES resolve the mathematical equation for this to a simple expression and constant. We list below these con-

TREAD D I A M E T E R S OF stants for standard rope diameters. SHEAVES AND D R U M S

(INCHES)

Length of rope in feet = Constant x (A+B) x A x C

(All k e n s i o n s in Inches)

2618 Table od Conrtanb for

dZ

I I Y J Note: In most ccuem the Qanoe (A) will extend beyond the outer layer of (he rope; there- fore the dimetuion (A) rhould be taken to the deplh of the spooled rope and not to the lull depth of the flange.

PLQW STEEL AND IMPROVED PLOW STEEL ROPES

This table applies to general ropes a n d not to special applications such a s mine hoists a n d elevators. Mine 'hoists generally use a drum-rope ratio of a t least 80: 1.

WIRE ROPE SLINGS 6 x 19 Classification Group, Improved Plow Steel, Fibre Core

TABLE 4.11

Rope O~ameter Efflclency

IIq" and Smaller 95% ~ 1 ~ ~ " - 314'* 90% 7/srJ - 1 " 85%

1'18'' - 1'12'' 80% 1 5Is" - 2" 75% 2'1s" and Larger 70% i I A I

If used w ~ t h Choker Hitch multiply above values by 3/4

- . . . . . . . . 1 For Wub le Basket H ~ l c h rnultlplv above) . ,

values by 2.

..

. . . . - . . . U I

slings with eyes and thimbles In both ends, Flemish Spliced Eyes

Hand tucked spliced eyes - reduce loads according to table 1.14, Eyes formed by cable clips - reduce loads by 20%.

METRIC CONVERSION (APPROXIMATE) POUNDS TO KILOGRAMS PAGE 126

INCHES TO MILLIMETERS (ROPE DIA.) PAGE 124

1 TABLE 1.11 I f used with Choker H ~ t c h multiply above

values by 3/4

/ Rope Diameter I Eff~ctency

'14'' and Smaller 95% I I 85% For Double Basket Hltch multiply above

1 ' 1 ~ ' ' - 1 1 1 ~ ' ' 80% values by 2 75%

. - I I I I I I I

Note: Table values are for slings with eyes and thimbles in both ends, Flemish Spliced Eyes and mechanical sleeves. Hand tucked spliced eyes - reduce loads according to table 1.1 1 , Eyes formed by cable clips -reduced toads by 20%.

METRJC CONVERSION (APPROXIMATE) POUNDS TO KILOGRAMS PAGE 126

INCHES TO MILLIMETERS (ROPE DIA.) PAGE 124

(Safety Factor = 5)

WIRE ROPE SLINGS 6 x 37 Classification Group, Improved Plow Steel, IWRC

MAXIMUM SAFE WORKING LOADS- POUNDS (Safety Factor = 5)

Single Single Single 2-Leg Bridle Hltch & Basket Single Basket Hitch

D~ameter Hltch Hltch Hitch With Legs Inclined

Rope Diameter (Inches)

Single Choker Hitch

Single Basket Hitch

(Vertical Legs)

1.300 2,300 3,500 5,100 6.900 9.400

11.400 14.200 20.400 27.500 35,900 45.500 56,400 69,600 82,600 97,200

11 1,800 130,800 145.200 180,600 223,600 262.200

2-Leg Bridle Hitch & Sinale Basket H ~ t c h

(Inches) (Vertrcal Legs)

2,100 3,400 4,700 6.400 8,600

10.700 13,800 19,000 26.000 34.000 42.000 52,400 64,000 79.000 90,800

104,000 122,000 133.200 172.800

1 210.600 252.000

Sl~ng, Angle

V16 ' I 4

'116 31 8

'11~ ' l a '116

s 314 7/s

1 1 ' l a 1 'I', 13/8

1'12 1 51a 1 3 1 ~

1 'Is 2 2'1q 2'12 2=1.+

-

1.800 1,500 1.050 2.950 2.400 1.700 4,100 3,300 2,350 5.550 4,500 3.700 7.450 6.100 4.300 9,250 7,550 5,350

11,950 9.750 6.900 16.450 13,400 9.500 22.500 18.400 13.000 29.450 24,000 17,000 36.400 29.700 21.000 45.400 37,000 26,200 55,400 45.200 32,000 68,400 55,900 39.500 78.600 64,200 45,400 90.000 73.500 52.000

105.700 86,300 61.000 115.400 94.200 66,600 149.600 122.200 86.400 182,400 148,900 105.300 218,200 178,200 126,000

If used wtth Choker Httch multlply above

TABLE 1 . 1 1

I Rope D~arneter I Efflc,ency

TABLE 1.11

j Rope Dlameter I EfflciencJ

For Double Baske

If used with Choker Hitch multiply above values by 3/4. A

--

'Iq'' and Smaller 5 I l 6 " - 3/4"

718" - 1 " 1'18'' - 1'12" 1°C - 2" 2'1s" and Larger

I For Double Basket Hitch mult~ply above values by 2

Note:

L- Table values are for slings with eyes and thimbles in both ends, Flemish Spliced Eyes and mechanical sleeves.

I 1 I I

Note: Table values are lor slings with eyes and thimbles i n both ends, Flemish Spliced Eyes and mechanical sleeves.

Hand tucked spliced eyes - reduce loads according to table 1.11 Eyes formed by cable cllps - reduce loads by 20%.

Hand tucked spliced eyes - reduce loads according to table 1.11, Eyes formed by cable clips - reduce loads by 20%.

METRIC CONVERSION (APPROXIMATE) POUNDS TO KILOGRAMS PAGE 126

INCHES TO MILLIMETERS (ROPE DIA.) PAGE 124 METRIC CONVERSION (APPROXIMATE)

POUNDS TO KILOGRAMS PAGE 126 INCHES TO MILLIMETERS (ROPE DIA.) PAGE 124

CENTER OF GRAVITY-Everyone in volved I Q rigging shoula have a basic nlowledge of statlcs In thrs R ~ g g e r ' s Handbook. ive can only present sev- era! k ~ y ~ I !us t ra t~ons of the effect of -- CENTER

the center of gravity and the distr i - OF GRAVITY

b l ~ t l o n of forces when l i f t~r?g. We sdg- gest fcr-ther stddy on the pa-t ot the Rigger on other aspects of statics as related to Riaaina. .,., d

The center of gravity is important for a Rigger to understand. Turning loads, level l i f ts and reactions of loads to a lift require a working re- lat ionship wi th the center of gravity.

The center of gravity is the point on a load a t which a l l of the weight can be said to be concentrated. The center of gravity acts downward to bring a load to a posit ion of equi- l ibr ium d~rec t l y under the crane hook even though the load may not be level.

In a rectangular load, the center of gravity is at the intersection of diagonals. When irregular shapes are to be l i f ted, it is advisable to visualize the load as ful ly enclosed by a rectangle. Plot the shi f t o f the center of gravity on either side of

I n order to make level lifts, it is necessary to have the crane hook directly above the center of gravity and the proper length slings attached to the load on or above the centerl ine of gravity. The cen- terl ine of gravity is an imaginary l ine drawn through the center of gravity. The imaginary l ine drawn f rom the hook directiy downward through the center of gravity is cal led the centerl ine of force. If the weight o f the load is equally distr ibuted, the center of gravity is under the crane hook. The sl ing angles are equal and each sl ing leg is carrying an equal share of the load. Using legs of the same length with the weight o f the load unequally distr ibuted, the center of gravity is not i n l ine wi th the centerl ine of force. The load when l i f ted wil l t i l t un t i l the center of gravity is below the crane hook. The remedy is to use slings with unequal leg lengths put t ing the center of gravity under the crane hook for a balanced load. The rated capacity mus t be based on the greatest port ion of the load supported by any one sling leg.

When unequal d istr ibut ion of weight occurs f rom irregular loads and exact sl ing lengths are not avail- able, choker slings can be used to compensate. This is done by short- ening the choker attached to the heavy end. The l ight side is engaged wi th both eyes engaged in the crane hook. On the heavy side, the choker sling body is laid across the crane hook. One eye is passed through the other eye and back to the hook. This fixes the posit ion of one eye bu t allows the sling body to slide over the crane hook. I n th is way, the re- maining sling body attached to the load below the hook can be length- ened or shortened as required. Once the weight of the load comes on the sling, the hi tch is locked into posit ion and no fur ther change results. This hi tch is recommended for a one-t ime-only l i f t .

CENTERLINE OF FORCE

; $ 2 C 'Do fflY m -. I .='o s.0 - ?' x rt -. s -4 0-l r c *== ' 2 ; g ; g z - 2 I g g - i 2 a s n 0 C - 4 s - z c 0 - 7 0 Y = ' X

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SLING ANGLES - Sling angles are shown in different ways in various catalogs. Re- gardless of how the sling angle is stated, or the method used to f igure the stress in a sling leg, the load rating should be the same.

The following description applies to the included angle measured between one sling and a p lumb l ine suspended from the hook.

A lot of misunderstanding results f rom the change in carrying capacity of a sl ing when the leg angle is changed. Actually, thei'e is no change in the tensile strength of the sl ing leg. What happens is tha t the operator is p icking the load straight up or vertically, bu t the sl ing leg is pul l ing a t a disadvantage. For quick f iguring in the shop, a 30 degree included leg angle causes a loss i n l i f t ing capacity of 15 pe rcen t . . . 45 degree leg angle-30 pe rcen t . . . 6 0 degree leg angle-50 percent. I t ' s not 100 percent accurate, bu t easy to re- member and s l ight ly on the safe side.

ANGLES

It is always good practice, wi th in l imits, to keep the sling leg angle as smal l as possible. However, the length and width of the load, the sl ing leg length or the ava~lab le headroom sometimes determine the sling leg angle.

It is neither economical nor good practice to exceed a 6 0 degree siing leg angle. Angles greater than 6 0 degrees not only bu i ld up tension in the sling legs out o f a l l proport ion to the weight o f the load, they also create a much greater " in-pull" on the ends o f the load. This produces eccentrically loaded co lumn effect. Long, slender objects have a tendency to buckle. Included angles greater than 60 degrees indicate some thought should be given to the use o f a l i f t ing beam in connection wi th the l i f t .

Lif t ing capacities on slings are misleading unless the sl ing angle is stated. A sling that wi l l handle 10 tons at 15 degrees included leg angle wi l l only handle 5 tons i f the angle is increased to 6 0 degrees.

- sun; ti; P# lma Lbr.

Told Lord

WEIGHT OF LOADS Always study your load and determine the weight and the strength

of the connections. Never underestimate the weight. (If you are a t tach~ng the sling to lugs, be sure they are heavy enough to take the load.) Always use a sling of ample capacity. Broken bones or lost t ime costs more than the most expensive slings on the market today.

USED ROPE FOR SLBNGS - Wire rope used for sling purposes is usually of improved plow steel grade of either 6 x 19 construction or 6 x 37 construction. There is very little saving in cost in using rope of less tensile strength as the labor involved in making a sling remains constant. Similarly, there is no real economy for using old hoisting ropes to make slings.

If a rope is no longer serviceable as a hoist rope, the mere action of splicing loops into the ends reduces its strength sti l l further and it is of little value in picking up heavy loads. In fact, i t is a used sling from the very start.

SHOCK LOADS - Crane hooks should be started slowly u n t ~ l the sling becomes taut and the load is suspended. The lifting or lower- ing speed of the crane should be increased or decreased gradually. Sudden starts or stops place heavier loads on the sling. This action can be reasonably compared to jamm~ng the brakes on a speeding automobile. A rule of thumb: shock loads double the stress on a sling.

lNSPECTlON OF WlRE ROPE SLINGS GUIDELINES

The following information is a guide to use for inspect~ng wire rope slings. Expensive objects to be lifted, personal injury or property damage factors determine the frequency of the inspection.

The user should store slings in a manner that will protect them from damage by moisture, heat, corrosion or physical abuse.

The user should determine that the sling is being used in accord- ance with the rated capacity as listed in the current catalog of the sling manufacturer.

All slings should be inspected at some regular interval of time. This interval can best be determined by the user and is dependent upon the particular use of the sling and OSHA or company safety requirements. The interval must be such that safe use of the sling IS assured at al l times.

A sling should be inspected after any unusual situation that may have damaged i t , such as overload, accident or fire. It should not be placed back in se~vice unt i l its continued safe operation has been verified.

Inspection should be performed only by persons with sufficient experience and knowledge to properly apply the following criteria for rejection when examining a given sling. This is particularly im- portant, since each of the 1 1 items listed depends to some extent upon the judgment of the inspector.

The following should be cons~dered c r~ te r~a for rejection: 1. Broken wire criteria

a. For strand laid and single part slings-ten randomly distrib- uted broken wires in one rope lay or five broken wires in one strand in one rope lay.

b. For multi-part cable-laid and braided slings Allowable Broken Allowable Broken Wires Per Lay or Strands Per Sling

Sling Body One Braid Length

Less than 8 part braid 20 1 Cable Laid 20 1 8 part & greater braid 40 2

Either the broken wire count or broken strand count shall apply separately to one braid length or one lay length in cable-laid body.

2. Abrasion, scrubbing or peening causing loss of more than % the original diameter of outside individual wires.

3. Evidence of rope deterioration from corrosion. 4. Kinking, crushing or other damage that results in detrimental dis-

tortion of the rope structure. 5. Any evidence of heat damage including bare electrical conductor,

ground, or welding arc.

6. Any marked reduction in diameter either along the entire main length or in one section.

7. Unlaying or opening up of a tucked splice. 8. Core protrustion along the main length. 9. End attachments that are cracked, deformed, worn or loosened.

10. Any indication of strand or wire slippage in end attachments. 11. More than one broken wire in the vicin~ty of a zinced-on or

swaged fitting; including resin-poured sockets.

BE CAREFUL-THE TOES YOU SAVE MAY BE YOUR OWN.

GUIDELINE TO INSPECTIONS & REPORTS- Equipment, wire rope & wire rope slings GUIDELINE TO INSPECTIONS & REPORTS-Equipment, wire rope & wire rope slings 1. Maintain all inspection records and reports for the length of t ime

deemed appropriate.

SEVEN FALLS

Fig. 12

Stationary Block

SEVEN PART FALLS

Using a three and four sheave block, a sever1 part reeve is accomplished, by entering the lead line through the front of the stationary block (four sheave) at sheave C', go down in front of traveiing block and through at sheave 'F', up behind the stationary block and through at sheave "', down behind traveling block and through a t sheave 'El, up in front of stationary block and through at sheave 'Dl, down in front of traveling block and through at sheave 'G ' , up behind stationary block and through at sheave 'B', then down t o the traveling block and becket off.

Travel Block

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CHAIN SLIP HOOKS (CLEVIS TYPE AND EYE TYPE)

FORGED ALLOY STEEL

Type ctevts (SAFETY FACTOR = 4) E~~

Type

SLIDING CHOKER HOOKS FORGED ALLOY STEEL (SAFETY FACTOR = 5)

Throat For Size Maximum Safe Opening of Chain Working Load 1 (Inches) 1 (Inches) (Pounds)

Throat Opening (Inches)

For Rope Size

(Inches)

Maximum Safe Working Load

(Pounds)

DOUBLE CLEVIS LINKS - Weldless Construction - Forged Alloy Steel

2 'Is 2 V.3 3

13, TYPICAL SORTING HOOK i, t

FORGED ALLOY STEEL \ \ \

1.Q. of Eye Opening at Top of Hook Safe Working Load 2Pi2"

From Tip Safe Working Load at Bottom

of Hook

3/4

4

Safe Working Load

19.250 26,000 34.000

CLEVIS TYPE AND EYE TYPE, 0 Clev8r

FORGED ALLOY STEEL T y p e

E l s TYW

SHACKLES: STRENGTH OF SHACKLES ANCHOR CHAIN There are two types of shackles commonly

used in rigging. They are the anchor (bow type) shackle and chain ("DM type) shackle both of which are available with screw pins or round pins. Stock

Diameter (Inches)

lnside Width At Pin

(Inches)

Max. Safe Work ing Load Single Vertical Pul l (Pounds)

Shackles, like most other rigging hardware are sued by the diameter of the steel in the bow section rather than the pin size. They should oniy be of forged alloy steel.

Never replace the shackle pin with a bolt, only the proper fitted pin should be used. Bolts are not intended to take the bending that is normally applied to the pin.

Never use a shackle if the distance between the eyes is greater than listed in the following table. All pins must be straight and all screw pins must be completely seated. Cotter pins must be used with all round pin shackles.

Shackles worn in the crown or the pin by more than 10% of the original diameter should be destroyed.

Never allow a shackle to be pulled at an angle because the capacity will be tremen- dously reduced. Centralize whatever is being hoisted on the pin by suitable washers or spac- ers.

Do n o t use screw pin shackles i f t h e pin can ro l l u n d e r l o a d a n d u n s c r e w .

RINGS - Weldless Construction - Forged Alloy Steel

(Sling Links) - Weldless Construction - Forged Alloy Steel

Stock Max~mum Safe Working Load

(Pounds) Inside Length (Inches)

Max~mum Safe Work~ng Load

(Pounds)

MASTER LINKS - Weldless Construction - Forged Alloy Steel I Stock

Diameter (inches)

lnstde Width

(Inches)

Maximum Safe Working Load

(Pounds)

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SYNTHETIC ROPES FIBRES USED IN ROPES

Natural Fibre Ropes Two main types of natural fibres a re used for the manufacture of Ropes. Manila fibre is strong and durable and makes a Rope tha t is f i rs t choice where dependability, ability to stand up under severe use, and weathering is required. Sisal fibres, while less durable and lower in strength, a re made up into Ropes to be used where the requirements a re less demanding and low cost is a major factor. Synthetic Ropes There is a number of man made o r synthetic fibres being used to manufacture Ropes. Nylon, Terylene Dacron and Polypropylene a re the most popular. Generally, synthetic Ropes have one major characteris- tic in common not found in natural fibre Ropes; tha t is their resistance to rot o r mildew. In other respects they vary greatly to one another.

NYLON is probably the best known of synthetic Rope fibres. Not only was i t the f i rs t t rue synthetic to be used for this purpose but i t has also gained the widest acceptance. I t has many excellent qualities. Nylon Rope is very strong - approximately twice the strength of manila. It also has unusually high abrasion resistance qualities and good resistance to weathering. Finally, Nylon Rope has a high degree of stretch; excellent for some uses but a serious disadvantage for others. "FRYLENE is another synthetic which has been used extensively in the manufacture of Rope. I n most re- spects, i t is quite similar to nylon except i t is somewhat lower in tensile strength and has much less stretch.

P O L Y P R O P Y L E N E , multi-filament and mono- filament, is the most recent addition to the synthetic family of Ropes. It is already showing great promise of surpassing the others in popularity. In strength i t is only slightly less than nylon but at the same time it has a degree of stretch about tha t of Terylene. Poly- propylene is very light - i t actually floats on water. For this reason, and because of i ts resistance to rot i t has gained great favour for water sports especially a s

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MANllA ROPE SLINGS Spliced Eyes in Both Ends

Rope Diameter (Inches)

MAXIMUM SAFE WORKING LOADS - POUNDS (Safety Factor = 5)

Slngle Slngle Slngle Vert~cal Choker Basket 8 S~ngle Basket H ~ t c h

Hltch Hltch H ~ t c h W ~ t h Legs lncl~ned

I I

If used wfPh Choker Hitch m u l t ~ ~ l v above values by 3/4.

..-.--.--. i I 1, ........

I For Double Basket Hitch multiply above values by 2.

...-., . . . . . , , . : i ... d ......

I I I I

Note: For Safe Working Loads of Endless or Grommet Slings, Multiply Above Values by 2.

'MANILA IS RARELY USED IN RIGGING TODAY"

values by =/a.

lble Basket Httch multiply above I

For Safe Working Loads of Endless or Grommet Slings, Multlply Above Values by 2.

(Safety Factor = 5)

2 10,400 2 ' i s 11,500 2 ' I d 13,200 2 ' 1 2 15,100 2 V a 17,000

I 1.660 1.400 1.200 830 1,920 1.700 1,350 960 2,600 2,250 1.800 1.300 3.400 2,900 2,400 1,700 3.800 3.300 2,700 1,900 4,400 3,800 3,100 2.200 5,800 5,000 4,100 2,900 6,000 5.200 4,200 3.000 7,500 6,500 5.300 3,750 8.400 7.300 5.900 4.200 8.800 7,600 6,200 4,400

12.000 10,400 8.500 6.000 14,600 12,600 10,300 7,300 17.400 15,100 12,300 8.700 20.800 18.000 14.700 10,400 23,000 19,900 16,300 11,500 26,400 22,900 18,700 13.200 30.200 26,200 21.400 15,100 34,000 29.400 24,000 17.000

If used wlth Choker H ~ t c h multiply above values by 3 / 4

I For Double Basket Hitch m u l t ~ ~ l v above , ,

values by 2.

. .

1 Note: For Sate Working Loads of Endless or Grommet Slings, Multiply Aborre Values by 2. I NYLON IS SELDOM USED IN RIGGIN@ - DUE To POLYPROPYLENE IS THE MOST COMMON ROPE USED ITS EXCESSIVE STRETCH UNDER LOAD. FOR RIGGING NOW.

SHORT SPLICE Used where i t i s n o t necessary fo r the spliced rope t o pass through a pul iey block, the Short Splice provides maximum strength since it is nearly as strong as the rope. The diameter o f the rope is almost doubled a t the p o i n t o f joining, making this splice too bulky for pulley work.

1 . To make a Short Splice, the f i rs t step is t o unlay the strands a t one end o f each rope for 6 or 8 turns. The ends o f the strands should be whipped t o prevent the i r u n h i s t i n g , and brought to - gether so t h a t each strand o f one rope alternates w i t h a strand o f the other rope. This can be seen i n Fig. 1.

2. Now br ing the ends t i g h t l y together and apply a temporary seizing where they join, as shown i n Fig. 2.

3. Next, take any one strand and begin tucking, the sequence being over one and under one. Fig. 3 shows how Strand A is passed over the strand nearest t o it, which i s Strand D, and then under the next strand, Strand E.

4. Rotate the splice away f rom you one- th i rd o f a tu rn and make the second tuck, shown i n Fig. 4. Strand B i s passed over Strand E and then under Strand F.

5. Before making the t h i r d tuck, ro tate the splice again one- th i rd o f a tu rn away f rom you. Strand C is then passed over Strand F, and under the next one, Strand D. The splice now appears as i n Fig. 5.

6. This completes the f i r s t round o f tucks i n the l e f t hand half o f the splice. Each strand should now be tucked a t least twice more, always over one and under one as before, making sure tha t each strand lies snug and w i t h no kinks.

7 . To f in ish the splice, reverse the rope end for end so tha t strands D, E and F are now a t the l e f t instead o f the r i g h t ( i n the same posit ion o f strands A, B and C i n the i l lus t rat ions) and repeat the tuck ing operation on their side o f the rope. Each o f the six strands w i l l now have had a t least three tucks. A tapered splice i s made by tak ing two more tucks w i th each strand, c u t t i n g away some o f the threads f rom each strand before each extra tuck.

8 When t u c k ~ n g ts tintshed, remove the centre selaing and c u t o f f the ends o f a l l strands, l e a v ~ n g a t least 3h1' on each end. To glve a smooth appearance, ro l l the s p l ~ c e back and forth, ei ther under your f o o t or between two boards The completed Short Spltce ihou ld look something l i ke Fig. 6.

E Y E OR SIDE S P L The Side Splice is aPso calied the Eye Splice because it is used to form an eye or loop in the end of a rope by splicing the end back into i t s own side. This splice is made like the Short Splice except that only one rope is used.

1. Start by seizing the working end of the rope. Unlay the three strands, A, B and C , to the seiz- ing and whip the end of each strand. Then twist the rope slightly to open up strands D, E and F of the standing part of the rope, as indicated in Fig. 12.

2. The first tuck is shown in Fig. 13. The middle strand i s always tucked first, so Strand 5 i s tucked under Strand E, the middle strand of the standing part.

3, The second tuck i s now made, as shown in Fig. 14. Left Strand A of the working end i s tucked sunder Strand D, gassing over Strand E.

4, Fig. 15 shows how the third tuck i s made. I n order to make Strand F easy to get at, the rope is turned over. Strand C now appears on the left side.

5. Strand C i s then passed to the right of and tucked under Strand F, as shown in Fig. 16. This completes the first round of tucks.

6. Fig. 17 shows the second round of tucks started, with the rope reversed again for ease in handling. Strand B is passed over Strand D and tucked under the next strand to the left. Continue with strands A and C, tucking over one strand and then under one to the left. To complete the splice, tuck each strand once more.

7, The finished Eye Splice i s shown in Fig. 18. Remove the temporary seizing and cut off the strand ends, leaving at least q/s" on each end. Roll the splice back and forth under your foot to even up and smooth out the strands.

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CARRICK BEND BOWLINE This knot is used for joining Barge ropes together and is easier t o untie than most knots after being subjected to strain.

ROUND TURN AND TWO HALF HITCHES

A favourite knot with riggers and one of the best known and widely used of al l knots.

It is easily ccnstructed and used wherever a hitch is re- quired that will not d ip , jam or fail.

RUNNING BOWLINE This is merely a bowline knot made round the standing part of a rope lo form a running noose or slip knot. Very reliable.

Runs freely on the standing part and is easily untied. Used 80 secure a rope to a column or post. Easily tied and does not jam. Will stand heavy strain without slipping.

SCAFFOLD HITCHES The diagrams below are self explanatory. These hitches are used for fastening single scaf- fold planks and needle beams, to hang level. Scaffold ropes should be 1" manila or equiv- alent.

THE HITCH RECOMMENDED

Self-centering Bowline

Self -@entering ,, Bowline

TIMBER Strength of Plank

The loads given are in pounds concentrated a t the center of the span. The above loads are for fir or spruce planks in first class condition. For yellow pine

planks in first class condition add 10% to the above allowable loads. Safe loads given are based on planks surfaced M" under sizes shown.

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THE PROCEDURE FOR SETTING UP

Set on ground as near level and as close t o the Load as possible. Check for soft spots, also for high Pension wires and always stay as far away from them as possible. Pull out the Outriggers and biock u p securely with the Crane as wear level as possible.

In the case of near maximum -Passads, make sure of the exact weight. Bt is the duty of the Rigger to be thoroughJy familiar with the Crane" capacity chart and never exceed the safe working loads.

Make sure the load is slung correctly and see that the Chokers, Shackles, and all equipment used for l ift ing is of sufficient size and strength t o maintain the proper safety factors.

When the Boad is properly slung, the foreman shall have the operator float the load just clear of the ground, t o check the gear clear under load and t o give the operator a chance t o get the feel of it, and to satisfy hirnsel% that he can c o m f o ~ a b l y handle the load.

Only one man in the gang shaH give signals. (Make sure a!! signals are given clearly and correctly.) Ow some cases where the operator cannot see the signal man, another man shall be stationed where he can see both the signal man and the operator and relay the signals t o the operator. All gear should be inspected daily and any that is found to be faulty should be discarded immediately.

Bn handling loads, aOB safety rules shall be followed ex- plicitly. Work safely at all times.

PARTS OF A MOBILE CRANE

R A D I U S

99

LEVELLING THE CRANE

Crane Levelling With in Level

After initial levelling with the carpenter" level, raise the boom and lower the load line. The line should lie dead in the centre sf the boom in all positions, end, side and corner.

Levelling With the Load kine

TELESCOPING BOOMS

SHORTEN BOOM EXTEND BOOM

HORN SIGNALS FOR TRAVELLING

AND MOBILE CRANES and as a warning for travel direction

for Crawler Machines

1 BLAST - STOP 2 BLASTS - FORWARD 3 BLASTS - BACKWARD

or REVERSE M I N I M U M ELECTRICAL CLEARANCE

The operol lon of ony equ~pment closer t o hlgh voltage l ~nes thon the distance

l~rted below I S portt ively prohibited

M ~ n l r n u m

Voiloge Clearance

300 l o 8700 Volt 6 feet

8700 to I5000 Vol 8 feet

15000 to 35000 Volt 10 feet

35000 to 50000 Volts 12 feet

50000 to 100000 Volt 15 feet

100000 to 132000 Volt 17 feet

THE ABOVE CLEARANCES APPLY IN ANY DIRECTION. VERTICAL OR HORIZONTAL.

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LlNK DAMAGE

t reme wear a t bearing surfaces

Measure the remaining material

kink wear - using calipers, measure the reduced diameter at the point of maximum weaK Replace the chain if the reduction is more than 10 per cent.

LlNK STRETCH AND BEND

New Link

rn

When new - gauge

Stretched Link

v I same number

Re-measure the same section after use a length of the chain. to determine the amount of stretch.

Bend

Elongated, stretched, bent or twisted links - compare a length of chain with the same number or links as a new chain. If stretch ex- ceeds 3 per cent replace the chain.

Basic Types of Chain Slings Single Types. S and C Basic types of chain slings are designated throughout the industry by the following symbols

F ~ r s t Symbol (Bas~c Type) S Slngle Cham Sling with master link and hook, or

hook each end Single Choker Chain Sl~ng with master link each end No hooks

D Double Chain Sl~ng with standard master lrnk and hooks

T Triple Chain Sling with standard master Ilnk and hooks

0 Quadruple Chain Sling with standard master llnk and hooks

Second Symbol (Type of master I~nk or end I~nk) 0 Standard Oblong Master Link-Recommended

standard for all types P Pear Shaped Master L~nk-Available on request W Master R~ng-Not recommended Available on

special quotation only

Third Symbol (Type of Hooks) Type CO Type SOS Type SOG Type SSG

S Sling Hook G Grab Hook F Foundry Hook

Spec~f~cat~ons and Worklng Load L~rn~ts How to Order Chain Slings 1 Determine the maximum load to be lifted by the

char sling you are orderlng 2 Choose Ihe proper type of chain sling (slngle.

double etc ) which the size, shape and werght of the load d~ctate

3 Estimate the approx~mate angle lo the load ~n which the legs of the sllng will be positioned lor operation

4 Select the proper attachments for your cham sling

5 Determine the overall reach from bearing polnt on master llnk to bearing point on attachment

6 Refer to the Working Load Lim~l Chart and to your predetermined angle of the type sling you have selected

7 Choose the chain size wh~ch meets your requirements

8 When enterlng your order be sure you glve complete informat~on as to the slze reach and attachments required

Mote Angle to the load on multiple leg slings w~ll be 60° or greater as long as the d~stance between llRlng eyes of load 1s NOT greater than reach shown orn Identificatton T~~ "Warning: DO not exceed Work~ng Load I - I ~ I ~ .

Type SSS Type SOF

Type DOS

Spec~f~cations and Working Load Lirni:s

Type DOG

Triple Type: T

- Type DOF Type TOS

Specifrcat~ons and Working Load L~mlts

Type TOG

"Wming: Do not exceed Work~ng Load L~rnlt "Warning: Do not exceed Worklng Load Llrn~t

Quadruple Type: Q

Type OOS Type QOG

Good and Bad Rigging Practices Railroad ears should not be moved by crane unless snatch

blocks and ropes are properly rigged so that the crane is pulling straight up.

I

Correct Way to Move Railroad Car with Crane

Specificat~ons and Work~ng Load L~m~ls

Specifcations and Working Load Lirn~ts I INofbtnp Load Ltmtt' 1 I

'Warning: Do not exceed Working Load Limit.

Center Crane Over Load Before Lifting

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Linear Measure

12 inches = 1 foot 3 feet -- 1 yard

5 yards -- 1 rod 320 rods -- 1 mile

1 mile = 1968 yards 1 mile = 5280 fee:

iG a Square Measure

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES

144 square inches z=. 1 square foot 9 square feet =: 1 square yard 1 square yard = 1296 square inches

4840 square yards =I 1 acre 640 acres = '1 square mile

Cubic Measure

1728 cubic inches =r 1 cubic foot 27 cubic feet = 1 cubic yard

Avoirdupois Weight

16 ounces = 1 pound

100 pounds --. 1 hundredweight

20 hundredweight -. 1 ton

1 ton .--- 2000 pounds

1 long ton = 2240 pounds

Liquid Measure

4 gills -P 1 pint

2 pints = 1 quart

4 quarts =: 1 gallon

31 !4 gallons = 1 barrel

1 gallon = 23 1 cubic inches

7.48 gallons = 1 cubic foot

1 gallon water = 8.33 pounds

1 gallon gasoline -- 5.84 pounds

M E T R I C SYSTEMS OF MEASURE

MEASURES OF LENGTH A myriameter (mym) is equal to 10,000 meters A kilometer (km) is equal to 1,000 meters A hectometer (hm) i s equal to 1 00 meters A decameter (dkm) is equal to 10 meters

A Meter A decimeter (dm) is equal to 0.1 of a meter A centimeter (crn) is equal to 0.01 of o meter A millimeter (mm) i s equal to 0.001 of o meter

SURFACE MEASURES A square kilometer (km2) is equal to 1,000,800 square

meters A square hectometer or

hectare (ha) = 10,008 square meters A square decameter or arc (a) = 100 squore meters

A Square Meter A square decimeter (dm2)=0.01 of o square meter A square centimeter (crn2)=0.0001 of a square meter A square millimeter (mm2)~0.000,001 of a square

meter

CUBIC MEASURES A cubic hectometer= 1 ,000,000 cubic meters A cubic decameter = 1,000 cubic meters

Cubic Meter A cubic decimeter (dm3)=Q.001 of a cubic meter A cubic centimeter (cmY=O.O00,001 of Q cubic meter A cubic millimeter (mma)=O.OOO,OOO,QQ1 of o cubic

meter

MEASURES OF CAPACITY A hectoliter (hi) = 100 liters A decaliter (dkl) = 10 liters

Liter A deciliter (dl) = 0.1 . liter A centiliter (cl) = 0.01 liter A milliliter (ml) = 0.001 liter

MEASURES OF WEIGHT A metric ton (t) = 1,000 kilograms A kilogram (kg) = 1,000 grams A hectogram (hg) = 100 grams A decagram (dkg) = 10 grams

Gram A decigram (dg) = 0.1 gram A centigram (cg) = 0.01 gram A milligram (mg) = 0.001 gram

The abbreviations have been officially adopted by the Inte~national Congress of Weights and Measures.

CONVERSION OF METRIC SYSTEM TO ENGLISH MEASUREMENTS

METRIC SYSTEM ENGLISH MEASUREMENTS

Length Length Meter - - 1.093 yards Yard = 0.9144 meter

= 3.281 feet Foot = 0.3048 meter = 39.370 inches Inch = 0.0254 meter

Kilometer = 0.621 mile Mile = 1.609 kilometers to turn miles into kilometers, multiply by 8 and

Surface divide by 5 Square meter = 1.196 squore yards

= 10.764 square feet Surface

Square centimeter = 0.155 square inch Square yard = 8.836 square meter Square Kilometer = 0.386 square mile Squore foot = 0.092 square meter Hectare = 2.471 acres Square inch = 6.45 square centimeters

Square mile = 2.590 square kilometers Volume Acre = 0.405 hectare

Cubic meter - - 1.308 cubic yards = 35.31 4 cubic feet = 0.061 cubic inch = 0.275 cord (wood)

Copaeity = 0.880 lmperiat liquid quart or - - 1.056 U.S. liquid quorts = 0,908 dry quart = 0.220 lmperiol gollon or = 0.264 U.S. gallon - - 2.75 English bushels or = 2.837 U.S. bushels

Weight = 15.432 grains = 0.032 troy ounce = 0.0352 ovoirdupois ounce = 2.2046 pounds ovoirdupois = 2204.62 pounds ovoirdupois = 3.88 grains ovoirdupois

Volume = 0.764 cubic meter = 0.028 cubic meter = 16.387 cubic centimeters = 3.624 steres

Cubic yord Cubic foot Cubic inch Cord

Cubic centimeter Stere

Capacity = 0.7883 liter = 0.946 liter = 1 . 1 1 1 liters = 4.543 liters = 3.785 liters = 0.363 hectoliter = 0.352 hectoliter

Liter lmperiol liquid quert U.S. liquid quart Dry quart Imperial g ~ l l o n U.S. gollon English bushel U.S. bushel

Hectoliter

Weight = 0.0648 gram =3 1.103 groms ~ 2 8 . 3 5 grams = 0.4536 kilogram = 0.907 metric ton

Groin Troy ounce Avoirdupois ounce Pound Short ton

Kilogram Metric ton Carat

To convert English units to metric, multiply by the factor in the -+ column. To convert from metric to English units, multiply by factor in column.

Unit Multiply By

+ + Unit Unit

Mass

Ounce ilmperiali

Pint (Imperial)

Quart (Imperial)

Gallon ilmperial)

Cubic lnch

Cub~c Foot

Cub~c Yard

Millilirre (mL i

Litre (L )

L~ t re ( L i

Litre i L )

Mill~rnetre lmmi

Cubic Metre i m 3 )

Cubic Metre im31

Ounce

Pound

Ton

28 3 0 035 Gram lgi

0 454 2 2 K~lograrn (kg)

0 907 1 102 Megagram (Mgi or Tonne

Pressure

P.S.1

Temperature

O F

Force

Pounds - Force

Pounds - Force

Newtons IN)

#!lograms - Force lkg-f i

Length

lnch

Foot

Vard

Mile

25 4 0 0394 Mill metre lrnmi

0 305 328 Metre irn)

0914 1 094 Metre (rn)

1 609 0 621 Ktlornetre ikrnl

seed

M~les per Hour ioiometres per Hour fkrn/hl

Metres per Second Im/si

M~les per Hour

Feer per Minute Metres per M~nute im/minl

Area

645 0 001550 S3 Mrllirneire imm21

0 0929 10 76 Sq Melre im2i

004047 247 1 Sq Kilome!re i k m L l

0 405 2 47 1 Kecrare lhar

Square lnch

Sauare Foot

Acres

Acres

Feet per Minute Millimerres per Second irnmisi

Feer per Second Metres per Second im/sl