Riesgos, oportunidades y beneficios de la biotecnología para los países de las Américas Greg...
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Riesgos, oportunidades y Riesgos, oportunidades y beneficios de la biotecnologíabeneficios de la biotecnología
para los países de las Américaspara los países de las Américas
Greg TraxlerGreg TraxlerAuburn UniversityAuburn University
El Foro Técnico “El Foro Técnico “Riesgos, oportunidades y beneficios de la Riesgos, oportunidades y beneficios de la biotecnología para los países de las Américas” --biotecnología para los países de las Américas” --convocado por convocado por el Instituto Interamericano de Cooperación para la Agricultura el Instituto Interamericano de Cooperación para la Agricultura
(IICA) el martes 11 de diciembre, 2007(IICA) el martes 11 de diciembre, 2007
OutlineOutline
IntroductionThe context and experience of
Biotechnology in LACA model of biotechnology research and
accessThe Risks: Necessary Institutions and
Institutional Capacity in LACConclusions
Opportunities: What is Biotechnology? Opportunities: What is Biotechnology?
1.1. GMOsGMOs– Most visible (notorious) aspect Most visible (notorious) aspect – Widespread public interest; concern from someWidespread public interest; concern from some– Most studied aspect of biotechnology; most dataMost studied aspect of biotechnology; most data– Focus of this presentationFocus of this presentation
2.2. Molecular Techniques for Genetic Improvement Molecular Techniques for Genetic Improvement – Marker Assisted Selection, cellular biologyMarker Assisted Selection, cellular biology
3.3. Vaccines and Diagnostic Tools for Animal Vaccines and Diagnostic Tools for Animal agricultureagriculture
4.4. Advances in Basic Science Advances in Basic Science – New avenues of science; new scientific horizonNew avenues of science; new scientific horizon
LAC had 78% of the total DC GMO area in LAC had 78% of the total DC GMO area in 20062006
Near doubling in GMO area in 5 years,Near doubling in GMO area in 5 years,Use still concentrated in temperate/subtropical South Use still concentrated in temperate/subtropical South
ConeCone
Country GM area (000 ha)
2006 2001 Argentina 18,000 13,500 Brazil 11,500 2,000 Paraguay 2,000 500 Uruguay 400 50 Mexico 60 60 Colombia 30 0 Honduras 2 0 Total 31,992 16,110
Farmers
84%
Average number of chemical pesticide applications
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
Year
Nu
mb
er
of
pe
stic
ide
ap
plic
atio
ns
Total
BBW
Other
Benefit distribution, 1997-1998
Pesticide use and benefit distribution from Bt cotton in Mexico
Monsanto
16%
Source: Traxler, et al., 2004
GMO Impact studies have been completed in more than a dozen countriesFindings consistent in reporting:Large economic and environmental benefits, large benefits to farmers
Large benefits from GMOsLarge benefits from GMOsEconomic benefits broadly distributed among producers and Economic benefits broadly distributed among producers and
industry industry Large Environmental Benefits from reduced pesticide use Large Environmental Benefits from reduced pesticide use
and facilitation of reduced tillageand facilitation of reduced tillageBut … But …
High geographic and crop concentration in access to GMOs High geographic and crop concentration in access to GMOs Three cropsThree cropsSeven countries out 34 in LACSeven countries out 34 in LAC
What guidance does this paradox give for What guidance does this paradox give for accessing the potential of biotechnology accessing the potential of biotechnology science?science?
Broad Summary on GMO impacts: Broad Summary on GMO impacts: A ParadoxA Paradox
A model of biotechnology research and access
Basic ScienceBasic Science Applied & AdaptiveResearch
Applied & AdaptiveResearch
Technology Technology DeliveryDelivery
Technology Technology DeliveryDelivery
Seed DistributionSeed Distribution
Research cost and SpilloverSpillover potentialHigh Low
Genetic Improvement Research & Technology Roles
A three step model to analyze A three step model to analyze biotec Risks and Opportunitiesbiotec Risks and Opportunities
Spillover definitionSpillover definition: The use of technology that was developed elsewhere, thereby avoiding or reducing R&D investment costs.Example: RR soybean in Argentina developed in US
Basic ScienceBasic Science Applied & AdaptiveResearch
Applied & AdaptiveResearch
Local private sectorFarm input companies
Indust. Country R&D
Multinationals
Large NARSs
Technology Technology DeliveryDelivery
Technology Technology DeliveryDelivery
Seed DistributionSeed Distribution
CGIAR Centers NARSs
Farmer-FarmerRegional networks, etc.
Genetic Improvement Research & Technology Roles
Institutions with primary responsibility for research in each area:Institutions with primary responsibility for research in each area:
Basic ScienceBasic Science Applied & AdaptiveResearch
Applied & AdaptiveResearch
Local private sector
Indust. Country R&D
Multinationals
Large NARSs
Technology Technology DeliveryDelivery
Technology Technology DeliveryDelivery
Seed DistributionSeed Distribution
CGIAR Centers NARSs
Farmer-FarmerRegional mechanism, etc.
Genetic Improvement Research & Technology Roles
Institutions with primary responsibility for research in each area:Institutions with primary responsibility for research in each area:
1. Basic Science capacity2. Applied Science capacity3. Biosafety Regulatory institutions4. Investment Capital5. IPR institutions / incentives for technology sharing
Critical Institutional Capacities for biotechnology
The Risks: Necessary Institutions and Institutional Capacities in LAC
Basic Science CapacityBasic Science Capacity Applied (agricultural) science Applied (agricultural) science
capacitycapacity Biosafety regulatory institutionsBiosafety regulatory institutions Research Investment capitalResearch Investment capital
– Public sectorPublic sector– Private sectorPrivate sector
IPR institutions / financial incentives for IPR institutions / financial incentives for technology discovery technology discovery
14
5
6
2 2
1
0
1 1
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0-50 50-100 100-200 201-500 501-1000 1000-2000
2001-3000
3001-4000
4001-5000
Number of FTE researchers in 1996
Nu
mb
er o
f C
ou
ntr
ies
(32
tota
l)Tremendous Diversity in Size of LAC Systems, 1996Tremendous Diversity in Size of LAC Systems, 1996
BrazilArgentinaMexico
Source: Beintema and Pardey
•Three countries account for 85% of LAC expendituresThree countries account for 85% of LAC expenditures•2/3 have less than 100 agricultural scientists2/3 have less than 100 agricultural scientists
Research Output: Basic Science Research Output: Basic Science and Applied Science and Applied Science publications in LACpublications in LAC
(Annual Average 1997-2006)(Annual Average 1997-2006)Biochemistry, Genetics and
Molecular Biology
Pct LAC total
Agricultural and
Biological Sciences
Pct LAC total
Brazil 2,094 45% 357 45%Argentina 891 19% 133 17%Mexico 713 15% 126 16%Chile 314 7% 45 6%Venezuela 139 3% 40 5%Total 4,151 89% 700 89%
Canada 6,682 634
US 55,418 4,200
Spain 4,545 507
Source: SCOPUS online database
Institutions that facilitate the sharing of Institutions that facilitate the sharing of research discoveries are critical given the research discoveries are critical given the country-country discrepancies in capacity.country-country discrepancies in capacity.
IP sharing is a key issue given the number of IP sharing is a key issue given the number of small countries with limited research capacity.small countries with limited research capacity.
Public sector lagging the private sector in Public sector lagging the private sector in progress in sharing IP. Intense amount of progress in sharing IP. Intense amount of licensing of IP within the private sector.-licensing of IP within the private sector.-
Implications of the great diversity Implications of the great diversity in size and capacity among LAC in size and capacity among LAC
countriescountries
The Risks: Necessary Institutions and Institutional Capacities in LAC
Basic Science CapacityBasic Science Capacity Applied (agricultural) science capacityApplied (agricultural) science capacity Biosafety regulatory institutionsBiosafety regulatory institutions
– LegislationLegislation– Experience in overseeing biosafety field trialsExperience in overseeing biosafety field trials
Research Investment capitalResearch Investment capital– Public sectorPublic sector– Private sectorPrivate sector
IPR institutions / financial incentives for IPR institutions / financial incentives for technology discovery technology discovery
Specific Biosafety Legislation
Related Legislation
No Information/No Access to Legislation
Argentina Belize* Antigua and BarbudaBrazil Bolivia* BahamasMexico Chile Barbados
Costa Rica* Dominica
Ecuador Guyana
El Salvador* Haiti
Guatemala St. Lucia
Grenada St. Christopher and Nevis
Honduras St. Vincent and the Grenadines
Jamaica* Surinam
Nicaragua* Trinidad & Tobago
Panama
Paraguay
Peru**
Dominican Republic
Uruguay
Venezuela
Status of Biosafety legislation in LAC CountriesStatus of Biosafety legislation in LAC Countries
Source: Tewolde
Experience in overseeing biosafety field trials:Experience in overseeing biosafety field trials:Concentrated in a few countriesConcentrated in a few countries
GMO Field Trials in Five LAC countries, by year (2000-2006)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Num
ber
of fi
eld
tria
ls
Costa Rica
Colombia
Brasil
México
Argentina
7 LAC countries have approved at least one GMO event for commercial
use
Country Number of
approved events 2006 2001 Argentina 10 8 Brazil 2 1 Paraguay 1 0 Uruguay 5 1 Mexico 4 4 Colombia 3 0 Honduras 1 0 Total 26 14
Same data as previous slide: GMO commercial Same data as previous slide: GMO commercial approvals by yearapprovals by year
Number of Biosafety Approvals Granted in LAC, 1996-2006
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Year
Nu
mb
er
of
Ap
pro
va
ls
No increase in the pace of GMO approvals over timeNo increase in the pace of GMO approvals over time
Number of GMO field trials in four countries, by sector (2000-2007)
477
73
10
27
2
53
0
8
3
24
208
4
0
14
0
17Multinationals
National Private
Universities
Public NARS
Argentina México Colombia Costa Rica
Private sector has conducted 89% of all field trialsPrivate sector has conducted 89% of all field trials
The Risks: Necessary Institutions and Institutional Capacities in LAC
Basic Science CapacityBasic Science Capacity Applied (agricultural) science capacityApplied (agricultural) science capacity Biosafety regulatory institutionsBiosafety regulatory institutions
– LegislationLegislation– Experience in overseeing biosafety field Experience in overseeing biosafety field
trialstrials Research Investment capitalResearch Investment capital
– Public sectorPublic sector– Private sectorPrivate sector
IPR institutions / financial incentives IPR institutions / financial incentives for technology discovery for technology discovery
Global R&D Expenditures on Crop biotechnology, Global R&D Expenditures on Crop biotechnology, 20012001-Concentrated in Industrial Countries-Concentrated in Industrial Countries-Dominated by the private sector-Dominated by the private sector
$ millions Private (70%) 3,100 Public (30%) 1,120 Industrial Country Tot. (96% ) 4,220 China 115 India 25 Brazil 15 Others 25 Developing Country Tot. (4% ) 180 World Total 4,400 Source: James, 2003
Source:NASS/USDA and author’s calculations
GMO royalties generated (US$ million)GMO royalties generated (US$ million)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
US Cottton US Soy US Maize Canada Argentina Other LDC
$ 942
$ 745
US
tota
l=
$1,0
43
Argentina
Other DCs
Source: Pardey (2006)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Public sector spending
Developing
Bil
lio
ns
2000
in
t.$
Industrialized
2000 Annual Expenditures on Agricultural 2000 Annual Expenditures on Agricultural Research Research Total annual Total annual PPublic Expenditures higher in ublic Expenditures higher in DevelopingDeveloping Countries than developed countries Countries than developed countries
DC spending skewed by large investments by
“Super Nars” (Brazil, India, China)
BUT, Near Absence of Private Funding in BUT, Near Absence of Private Funding in Developing countries means that total ag Developing countries means that total ag research is nearly twice as high in industrial research is nearly twice as high in industrial countriescountries
Source: Pardey (2006)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Industrialized
Private sector spending
Developing
Public sector spending
Developing
Bil
lio
ns
2000
in
t.$
Industrialized
Total research expenditures Total research expenditures far higher in Industrialized far higher in Industrialized countries because of private countries because of private sector investments. sector investments. Private investments are a Private investments are a compliment to public compliment to public investment, not a substituteinvestment, not a substitute
Source: Pardey (2006)
02
4
6
8
10
12
Developing
Bil
lio
ns
2000
in
t.$
Industrialized
Total ag research spending Public and Total ag research spending Public and PrivatePrivate
Share of spending
Region/country % Public % Private
LACLAC 95%95% 5%5%
Asia–Pacific 92% 8%
Sub-Saharan Africa 98% 2%
Middle East and N. Africa 97% 4%
Developing-country total 94% 6%
Developed country total 46% 54%
Agricultural Expenditures Agricultural Expenditures by Public or Private by Public or Private
SectorSector
The Risks: Necessary Institutions and Institutional Capacities in LAC
Capital for Research InvestmentCapital for Research Investment– Public sectorPublic sector– Private sectorPrivate sector
Basic Science CapacityBasic Science Capacity Applied (agricultural) science Applied (agricultural) science
capacitycapacity Biosafety regulatoryBiosafety regulatory Ability to generate revenues Ability to generate revenues
from seed usefrom seed use
Genetic Resources
PlantBreeding
Adapted Transgeni
c Variety
Farmers
Research leading to a
transformation event
Seed CompaniesSeed Companies
““Biotech” CompaniesBiotech” Companies
Regulatory/BiosafetyApproval
IP negotiation
Seed Seed MarketsMarkets(Royalty (Royalty
collection)collection)
$$$$$$
$$$$$$
Mobilizing resources to Finance Biotechnology and Seed research: The Traditional Way The Traditional Way
Field Testing
Genetic Resources
PlantBreeding
Adapted Transgeni
c Variety
Farmers
Research leading to a
transformation event
Seed CompaniesSeed Companies
““Biotech” CompaniesBiotech” Companies
Regulatory/BiosafetyApproval
IP negotiation
Seed Markets(Royalty
collection)
$$$$$$
$$$$$$
Field Testing
X
X
X
Difficulty in collecting royalties in developing Difficulty in collecting royalties in developing countries blocks private sector investment countries blocks private sector investment
Genetic Genetic ResourceResource
ss
PlantPlantBreedingBreeding
Adapted Adapted TransgeniTransgeni
cc VarietyVariety
FarmersFarmers
TransformationTransformation eventevent
2. Plant breeding Research2. Plant breeding Research
1. Biotechnology Research1. Biotechnology Research
Regulatory/BiosafetyRegulatory/BiosafetyApprovalApproval
IP negotiationIP negotiation
Royalty collectio
n
$$$$$$
$$$$$$
X
Institutional Innovation: End Point RoyaltyInstitutional Innovation: End Point Royalty Scheme - Scheme - IP Royalties Collected When Grain is IP Royalties Collected When Grain is
SoldSold
GrainGrainDealersDealers
End pointEnd point RoyaltiesRoyalties
End pointEnd point RoyaltiesRoyalties
Seed Sale versus Endpoint Seed Sale versus Endpoint Royalty collection scheme Royalty collection scheme
Seed SalesSeed Sales ““Royalty” included as Royalty” included as
part of seed pricepart of seed price Seed companies pay Seed companies pay
GM gene license fee to GM gene license fee to MonsantoMonsanto
““Bolsa BlancaBolsa Blanca” seed ” seed sales destroy private sales destroy private sector investment sector investment incentiveincentive
Royalty Collection at Grain Royalty Collection at Grain Sale (endpoint) Sale (endpoint)
Royalty collected at elevator Royalty collected at elevator when grain soldwhen grain sold
Royalty based on % of grain Royalty based on % of grain valuevalue
Administrative fee paid to Administrative fee paid to elevators for collecting feeelevators for collecting fee
Examples: Australia, France, Examples: Australia, France, UK, South Cone GMOsUK, South Cone GMOs
Royalties in ParaguayRoyalties in Paraguay
Adoption 50% (1.8 million ha)Adoption 50% (1.8 million ha) Collection begun in 2005Collection begun in 2005
– $3 - $6 ton, increasing over time$3 - $6 ton, increasing over time– Distribution of RoyaltiesDistribution of Royalties
53% Monsanto53% Monsanto 17% Seed Companies17% Seed Companies 8% Grain handlers (50 firms)8% Grain handlers (50 firms) 10% Public Research Foundation10% Public Research Foundation 12% Administrative expenses12% Administrative expenses
Source: http://www.inbio-paraguay.org/html/acuerdo_marco.htmSource: http://www.inbio-paraguay.org/html/acuerdo_marco.htm
Summary: Necessary Institutions and Institutional Capacities in LAC
Basic Science CapacityBasic Science Capacity Applied (agricultural) science capacityApplied (agricultural) science capacity Biosafety regulatory institutionsBiosafety regulatory institutions
– LegislationLegislation– Experience in overseeing biosafety field Experience in overseeing biosafety field
trialstrials Research Investment capitalResearch Investment capital
– Public sectorPublic sector– Private sectorPrivate sector
IPR institutions / financial incentives IPR institutions / financial incentives for technology discovery for technology discovery
Perspective: Opportunities to Perspective: Opportunities to Support BiotechnologySupport Biotechnology
Support for new mechanisms for mobilizing private sector R&D Support for new mechanisms for mobilizing private sector R&D investment investment Endpoint royalties is one experimentEndpoint royalties is one experiment
Improved institutions/mechanisms for Public-Public sharing of IPImproved institutions/mechanisms for Public-Public sharing of IPPublic sector has more difficulty sharing IP than private sectotPublic sector has more difficulty sharing IP than private sectot
Continued support for biosafety capacityContinued support for biosafety capacityPublic sector agricultural research must not be reduced, even if Public sector agricultural research must not be reduced, even if
private sector investment increases – Distinct roles for each private sector investment increases – Distinct roles for each class of institutionclass of institution
Large opportunities for payoffs from biotechnology research in Large opportunities for payoffs from biotechnology research in areas other than GMOs, but data on impacts to date lackingareas other than GMOs, but data on impacts to date lacking– Molecular Techniques for Genetic Improvement Molecular Techniques for Genetic Improvement – Vaccines and Diagnostic Tools for Animal agricultureVaccines and Diagnostic Tools for Animal agriculture– Advances in Basic Science Advances in Basic Science
GraciasGracias