RIEAS E-book, No 4
description
Transcript of RIEAS E-book, No 4
-
ISSN: 2241-6358 RIEAS E-BOOK NO.4,
SEPTEMBER 2013
RIEAS Publications
(In Greek)
Copyright: Research Institute for
European and American Studies
(RIEAS)
.
-
1974. ,
BSc in Mathematics University of La
Verne (, ). MBA in Finance (Free European School of
Economics-European University)
, (project management), ..
, business intelligence,
think tanks private intelligence
company R-Techno.
Saint Andrews Theological Academy ()
,
.
University of Indianapolis (Athens Campus)
European University.
The Hesychastic Illuminism and the Theory of the Third Light Metaphysics,
Metapolitics and Ethics ( White Crane
Publishing Ltd).
. 1978.
.
.
,
, , ..
, ,
. (
).
-
: - : :
V: V
-
. .
J. Milton
.
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.
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.
,
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()
2,
, ,
- (..
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,
4 .
,
1 -
, . 2 ( ) -
. 3 , . N. Laos, The Hesychastic Illuminism and the Theory of the Third
Light: Metaphysics, Metapolitics and Ethics, Northampton, UK: White Crane Publishing, 2013
4 , ( ),
, , ( IV): () (P. Diesing(1971) Patterns of Discovery in the Social Sciences. Chicago: Aldine).
-
, , Kurt Gdel,
.
V,
(organization theory),
() (),
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5. ,
.
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, 2013
5 , ,
(Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations, 1776, 5.3).
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, , .
( ), ,
, .
-
6 ()
,
Thomas Kuhn (1970). Kuhn (1970), (paradigm)
,
Kuhn .
,
.. . Kuhn
. Kuhn,
, , ,
- , , ..
.
-
, ,
7 8 .
6 , . . . 1996. ,
S. Walklate(1998).
7 C.
Lombroso (1835-1909), , Ch. Darwin, , , ( ) (. -1984, 88).
-
19 , A. Lacassange (1843-1924)
Lyon .
,
, , ,
(H. Mannheim1965, 422). G. Tarde (1843-1904)
L. Manouvrier Lyon
,
. ,
, .
Lyon, :
(. 1996, 121-122).
, Lacassange
: ,
, ,
(. . 1996, 93).
9 (traditionalism). ,
(positivism)
10
8
(. 1987, 70). 19 , B.A. Morel (1809-1873) , P. Despine (1812-1892) , H. Maudsley (1835-1918) . 9
. - , , , ( ), , . 20 , P. Winch (1990), L. Wittgenstein (1963), : , , . (explanation) (understanding) . Taylor (1965) Von Wright (1971). , - Winch. 10
, , . . , . , , . ,
-
,
Russell (1948), Hempel (1965), Braithwaite (1953), Ayer (1936) ... ,
. R. Michalowski (1977, 31)
: ()
() -.
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-
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) , .
11
.
,
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(T. Hirschi1969, 5)
.
(W.V. Pelfrey1980, 36) (. 1996, 146).
1940 1970,
, , . , , ; ; , , , , , , , , . , . , . , , , , . , , , (. 2003, 48-50).
11
, R. Merton (1968): . (W.V. Pelfrey1980, 37).
-
,
,
.
.
12
,
,
,
,
()
. , A. Cohen (1955)
13
(delinquent subculture).
R. Cloward L. Ohlin (1960),
.
, ,
:
,
(.
1996, 173). W. Miller (1979), ,
,
. , G.H. Mead
(1934),
(.. , , ,
... ,
, , ). G.H.
12
(subcultures): , , , , , , , . subculture () , (. 1996, 160-161). 13
A. Cohen . . , , (. 1996, 163).
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Mead, E. Sutherland (1949)
.
.
, , , 1970,
,
,
.
,
.
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. ,
,
.
. ,
, (test) ,
,
.
, A.
Cohen R. Merton
,
. ,
(
),
,
.
Thomas Kuhn
. ,
,
,
,
.
, ,
-
(I. Nye1958)
, (T. Hirschi1969),
.
(G.M. Sykes and D. Matza1957)
(drift) D. Matza
(1964) (. 1996, 202-203). , A. Cohen
,
D. Matza ,
,
.
, ,
,
,
(T.W. Adorno 1950, D. Held1980, H.
Marcuse1968). , Jrgen Habermas
:
.
, Habermas,
. Habermas (1984, 1986),
,
.
,
(
)
.
-
(R.K. Merton1938)
- ,
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A. Cohen (1955) R. Cloward L. Ohlin (1960),
,
.
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-
/ (T. Sellin1938 E. Sutherland1973)
( ) ,
(W.B.
Miller1979, A.K. Cohen1955 R. Cloward L. Ohlin1960). ,
-14,
, . ,
.
-
(rationalism),
,
(reflectivism), .
,
1980,
. ,
15 (rational choice
theory). (
), -
,
,
14
, .. , , . 15
(hedonistic calculus) (homo economicus), . . (rationality) : () (Slovik et al.1985), () (Hollis and Lukes1979), () (Popkin1979), () () (Barry and Hardin1982). Allan Gibbard (1985) (makes sense).
-
. ,
(H. Gppinger1973 D.H. Fishbein1990)
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(continuum) /
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(B. Flyvbjerg2001).
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Gergen2001). ,
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- (post-structuralist)
. , - (post-
modernists) 16 ( , ,
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16
, . K. Ansell-Pearson, Nietzsche contra Rousseau: A Study of Nietzsches Moral and Political Thought, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991, J. Derrida, Spurs: Nietzsches Styles, trans. B. Harlow, Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1979, M. Foucault, Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Writings 1972-1977, edited and translated by C. Gordon,
Brighton: Harvester, 1980, J.F. Lyotard, The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge, trans. G. Bennington and B. Massumi, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1986.
-
-
(N.J. Rengger1989). , ,
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, . J.B. Halsted (ed.), Romanticism, London: Macmillan, 1969.
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(D. Davidson, 1974 K.R. Popper, 1970). ,
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, - ( ), , , . , , (cognitive significance), , - . , . , , , .
-
(S.D. Krasner1989). ,
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,
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, ;).
,
;
(, /-
),
.
19,
19
: (: , , : , 1991, . 245-264): homo ideologicus , , . homo ideologicus , , . , , , homo ideologicus . , , , , , , , . /, , , hominess ideologici , , , , /. . . . , , , 1989, . 23-44. , Anthony Giddens (1994, 73) , , , 20 , . , Dick Morris (1997) ( ) - , , , . , , .
-
.
, ,
. ,
: ()
, ()
, ()
. ,
.
;
,
. -
,
.
-
Adorno, T.W.(1950) The Authoritarian Personality. New York: Harper.
Ansell-Pearson, K.(1991) Nietzsche contra Rousseau: A Study of Nietzsches Moral and
Political Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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Barry, B. and R. Hardin(eds) (1982) Rational Man and Irrational Society? Beverly Hills, Calif.:
Sage.
Braithwaite, R.B.(1953) Scientific Explanation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Cloward, R.A. and L.E. Ohlin(1960) Delinquency and Opportunity. New York: Free Press.
Cohen, A.K.(1955) Delinquent Boys: The Culture of the Gang. New York: Free Press.
-, .(1984) . :
.
Davidson, D.(1974) The Very Idea of a Conceptual Scheme, Proceedings and Addresses of
the American Philosophical Association, 47.
Derrida, J.(1979) Spurs: Nietzsches Styles, trans. B. Harlow. Chicago: Chicago University
Press.
, .(1991), : , :
(1991) , : .
, .(1989) , ,
.
Flyvbjerg, B.(2001) Making Social Science Matter. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Fishbein, D.H.(1990) Biological Perspectives in Criminology, Criminology, 28.
, ..(1996) . : .
Foucault, M.(1980) Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Writings 1972-1977, edited
and translated by C. Gordon. Brighton: Harvester.
Gergen, K.J.(2001) Social Construction in Context. London: SAGE Publications.
Gibbard, A.(1985) Moral Judgements and the Acceptance of Norms, Ethics, 96.
Giddens, A.(1994) Beyond Left and Right. London.
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Habermas, J.(1984 and 1986) The Theory of Communicative Action, 2 . Boston: Beacon.
Halsted, J.B.(ed.) (1969) Romanticism, London: Macmillan.
-
Held, D.(1980) Introduction to Critical Theory. London: Hutchinson.
Hempel, C.G.(1965) Aspects of Concept Formation in Empirical Science. Chicago:
Chicago University Press.
Hirschi, T.(1969) Causes of Delinquency. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Hollis, M. and S. Lukes (eds) (1979) Rationality and Relativism. Oxford: Blackwell. , .(1996) . : .
, .(2003), .
, : .
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and J.N. Rosenau(eds) (1989) Journeys through World Politics. Lexington, MA: Lexington
Books.
Kuhn, T.S.(1970) The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 2nd
ed. Chicago: Chicago
University Press.
Lyotard, J.F.(1986) The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge, trans. G.
Bennington and B. Massumi, Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Mannheim, H.(1965) Comparative Criminology. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Marcuse, H.(1968) One-Dimensional Man: Studies in the Ideology of Advanced
Industrial Society. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
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Merton, R.K.(1968) Social Theory and Social Structure. New York: Free Press.
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: R. Meier(ed.) (1977), Theory in Criminology: Contemporary Views. Beverly Hills: Sage.
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J.E. Jacoby(ed.) (1979), Classics of Criminology. Oak Park: Moore.
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Berkeley: University of California Press.
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(1970), Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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Western Political Culture, : J.R. Gibbins(ed.) (1989) Contemporary Political Culture:
Politics in a Postmodern Age. London: Sage/ECPR.
Russell, B.(1948) Human Knowledge: Its Scope and Limits. London: Allen & Unwin.
-
Sellin, T.(1938) Culture, Conflict and Crime. New York: Social Science Research Council.
Slovik, P., B. Fischhoff and S. Lichtenstein(1985) Regulations of Risk: A Psychological
Perspective, : R.G. Noll(ed.) (1985) Regulatory Policy in the Social Sciences. Berkeley:
University of California Press.
Sutherland, E.H.(1949) White Collar Crime. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Sutherland, E.H.(1973) On Analyzing Crime. Chicago: Chicago University Press.
Sykes, G.M. and D. Matza(1957) Techniques of Neutralization: A Theory of Delinquency,
American Sociological Review, 22.
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, .(1987) . : .
Von Wright, G.(1971) Explanation and Understanding. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Walklate, S.(1998) Understanding Criminology. Buckingham: Open University Press.
Winch, P.(1990) The Idea of a Social Science and Its Relation to Philosophy, 2nd ed. London:
Routledge.
Wittgenstein, L.(1953) Philosophical Investigations. Oxford: Blackwell.
-
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: 21 (deductive structure)
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, . N.K. Laos1998. 21
(deductive system) (calculus) . . , , /. , , , . (pure) . --L (L-determinate), L . , . , ( )
-
(positivism).
Auguste Comte, 19
,
(logical positivism) .
,
,
(cognitive significance)
.
,
. (1996, 16) :
-.
[ ] ,
.
, Kurt
Gdel,
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Gdel 1952, . E. Nagel and J.R.
Newman1958, . 3).
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F F
.
,
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45, 57). ,
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). , , , 24
,
, , -!
1931 Gdel On
Formally Undecidable Propositions of Principia Mathematica and Related Systems:
,
, ,
.
Principia Mathematica25
Zermelo-Fraenkel26 (
22
23 David Hilbert 1900 , 20 . . Hilbert . , . Gdel, 1931, , 1936 Alan Turing Hilbert (. G.S. Boolos and R.C. Jeffrey1989). ( ) Gdel , , (, , ), . 23
, . N.K. Laos1998. 24
.. . 25
B. Russell A. Whitehead ( , . N.K. Laos1998). 26
, . N.K. Laos1998.
-
J. von Neumann).
,
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.
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, ,
,
(: S.G. Shanker1991, . 17-18). ,
P.J. Cohen (1966, 3), Gdel
. Gdel
, ,
,
(M.D. Resnik1991, 118).
-
Abraham, R.H. and C.D. Shaw(1982-8) Dynamics The Geometry of Behaviour, vols 1-4.
Aerial Press.
Anderson, P., K. Arrow and D. Pines(eds)(1988) The Economy as an Evolving Complex System.
Santa Fe Institute Studies in the Sciences of Complexity, vol. 5, Addison-Wesley.
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Understanding and Prediction, 2nd ed. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, Inc.
Boolos, G.S. and R.C. Jeffrey (1989) Computability and Logic. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
Cohen, P.J.(1966) Set Theory and the Continuum Hypothesis. Reading, Mass.: W.A. Benjamin,
Inc.
Crossley, J.N. et al (1972) What Is Mathematical Logic ? New York: Dover Publications.
Garry, J.(1996) Organizational Behavior, 4th ed. Harper Collins College Publishers.
Gdel, K. (1931) On Formally Undecidable Propositions of Principia Mathematica and
Related Subjects, : Shanker, S.G. (1991) Gdels
Theorem in Focus, London: Routledge.
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Jersey, London, Hong Kong: World Scientific Publishing Co.
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: J. Mason, P. Mathias and J.H. Westcott(eds) Predictability in Science and Society.
London: Royal Society and British Academy.
, .(1977) , .3: . .
, .(1984) . : .
Nagel, E. and J.R. Newman(1958) Gdels Proof, New York: New York University Press.
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Jour. Future Markets, vol. 8.
Searle, J.(1984) Minds, Brain and Science. Harvard University Press (
.
, .(1996) . : .
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.
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, , (ii) ,
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0.5 ,
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28
(Thompson and Tuden1959, Zajak and Kraatz1993).
,
(
)
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,
. (2)
( )
. (3)
. (4)
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)
() (ibid). ,
29
.
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,
PEST (Political),
(Economic), (Social) (Technological) .
29
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,
, , ,
,
-
, ,
(2001).
3. :
.
,
---
-, ,
,
. ,
,
(
)
,
.
:
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2. .
3.
.
4. ,
.
.2.
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2.
.
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( )
(
).
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.
. ,
(
).
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).
.
,
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,
. , (
)
.
,
.
.
,
(Johnson1987),
( )
,
.
,
. ,
(feedback loops)
,
.
,
(Senge, -1990).
-
, ,
. ,
(. .. Hampden-Turner1990) ,
,
,
(Pettigrew1985) (Pascale1990)
(Miller1990). , (Schumpeter1934)
(.. , , , ...)
:
()
,
(
, ). ,
(Gouldner1964, Senge1990).
( )
,
(
), .
-
30 ,
.
, ,
,
,
, , ... ,
- (
-) ( )
, .
,
.
,
, , .
: (1)
(..
30
, Laos(1998)
Verhulst(1985).
-
). (2)
. (3)
,
31. (4) . (5)
32.
, -
31
(Bon1896)
: :
, ,
, , ,
,
,
. ,
. ,
.
. , ,
(Edward Albee) ;,
,
.
. ,
.
: ,
,
. ,
.
32
, 1961, (Edward Lorenz)
.
.
, .
,
.
0.506
0.506127. , :
.
(Lorenz1995).
-
.
- (nonlinear feedback systems),
, , , ,
,
(deterministic systems). ,
-
( ).
, -
,
.
,
, , , ,
, ,
, , ... , ,
, .
,
-
- , ,
,
. ,
.
1. (stable outcomes): ( ) . , , ( ). , ( , , ) (.. , ).
-
2. (unstable outcomes): , , , . , ( ) , .
3. (edge of chaos): - ( ), : () (qualitative structure) (, , ) . , , (.. ), .
(Prigogine1997, Prigogine and Stengers1984)
( ),
, ,
, , , ,
,
(bounded instability).
( ):
( ,
) (
,
),
. ,
. ,
,
()
() ( .
-
- ,
()
.
,
(
). ,
,
, , ,
. , -
, ( )
(
),
, -
, ,
(
). ,
,
(),
.
33.
33
(Ilya Prigogine)
(dissipative systems) (self-organization)
. ,
(in equilibrium),
(near equilibrium) (far from equilibrium). ,
. ,
, :
. ,
. ( ) .
(
).
. ,
, .
, ,
. ,
,
.
(Antoniou and Lumer1999).
-
. ,
, .. , ( ) -
. -
,
. , ,
- ,
( ).
, -
.
, -
(.. , , ,
, , ...)
(. .. Hyers, Isaac and Rassias1995, Prastaro
and Rassias1994, Rassias1986). , -
-
- (Laos1995)
- (Lomonosov1973).
,
, -
.
-
,
,
.
-
- .
-
III
Antoniou,I. and G. Lumer(eds)(1999) Generalized Functions, Operator Theory and Dynamical
Systems. London: Chapman and Hall/CRC Research Notes in Mathematics 399.
, .(1998) :
, , .73, . .
Duesenberry, J.S.(1949) Income Saving and the Theory of Consumer Behavior. Cambridge:
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Hannan, M. and J. Freeman(1977) The Population Ecology of Organizations, American
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Hyers, D.H., G. Isaac and Th.M. Rassias(1995) Topics in Nonlinear Analysis and Applications.
Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co.
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, .(2001) . : /.
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Laos, N.K.(1998) Topics in Mathematical Analysis and Differential Geometry. Singapore:
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Marshall, A.(1920) Principles of Economics. New York: St. Martins Press.
-
Miller, D.(1990) The Icarus Paradox: How Excellent Organizations Can Bring about Their Own
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Mathematik 86.
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Von Neumann, J. and O. Morgenstern(1944) The Theory of Games and Economic Behavior.
Princeton: Princeton University Press.
-
.
IV
,
. ,
- .
,
,
,
(Antoniou, Reeve and Stenning2000, Blum, Cucker, Shub and Smale1998,
Kondepudi and Prigogine1981).
- ,
: , ,
(
). I,
,
, .
(.. , , ),
(formal) (informal)
(..
,
). ,
,
, , ,
. ,
.
, ,
-
,
,
,
.
(Taylor)
,
,
.
,
,
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,
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, ,
.
,
,
.
,
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,
. , ,
. , , ,
.
.
: (1)
. (2)
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. (3)
-
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. (4)
- ,
,
. (5)
,
.
,
,
, ,
. , ,
. ,
,
,
( . ).
. ,
- . ,
.
1.
(Chester Barnard1938) ()
. ,
(cooperative system)
(ibid).
, :
(i)
. (ii) . (iii)
.
, . (Herbert
Simon1945)
-
.
, ( )
. ,
, . ,
.
(executive body) .
, .
,
, ,
,
. ,
,
status quo . ,
.
(integration)
(Lawrence and
Lorsch1967).
(informal system)
.
() ,
. , ,
.
, ..
(decreasing returns),
,
, . ,
,
. , ,
/ (diminishing
marginal utility), ,
-
, /
.
, ,
,
:
(-)
, I (Pascale1990, Samuelson
and Nordhaus1992, Miller1990).
2.
,
(Lawrence and Lorsch1967).
, (Miller1990).
,
,
.
,
, .
, (
,
),
. , , (instability attractor)
(Argyris1990).
.
,
. ,
,
. .
, , ,
(increasing returns).
, ,
(R&D), ,
. ,
,
.
-
,
. ,
,
, ,
(, ,
, ,
).
de
facto (Anderla, Dunning and Forge1997). ,
Microsoft , ()
(.. WINDOWS),
.
3.
IV,
,
, ,
,
. , ,
,
.
,
(Stacey1993).
. ,
(
), (managers)
, ,
,
.. (Nonaka1988, Waldrop1992).
-
, - , ,
-
. , ,
: (i), (ii), (iii)
( ). ,
.
,
,
,
, , . ,
.
, . , -
, ,
(Toffler1970).
:
1.
. ,
. .
.
2.
, ,
. .
-
3.
. , ,
.
. ,
.
( , , ) ,
. ,
(.. ,
, , , ..)
. ,
,
, .
,
. ,
,
(.. /
, , , ,
),
.
,
I,
, ,
.
,
, .
(innovation)
. (
) ,
. ,
(
)
.
- ( )
-
, ,
(Stacey1991).
.
, ( )
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,
,
( ), , ,
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,
. ,
,
,
.
.
, ,
.
,
( ). ,
(Prigogine and Stengers1984).
,
,
( ).
.
,
(top management) ,
(,
,
)
.
,
,
,
.
-
-
(.. ,
, /, , ...)
(Kauffman1991 1992). (Boolean network)
(cells)
outputs)
.
() . ,
.
. ,
. ,
: (randomly),
. ,
,
: (local)
(global) ,
(Slavova1993 1995).
,
: ,
, ,
(Radzicki1990)
( )
.
..
,
.
, , .
, ,
.
, .
,
-
,
. , ,
-
. , (Prigogine and
Herman1971)
, ,
(
), , ,
(
, , ).
(
), , ,
, ..
. ,
, , ,
(.. )
, ..
34 ().
, ,
,
. (Toffler1970)
:
. ,
,
, .
,
, .
.
,
.
34
N.K. Laos, Information Warfare and Low Intensity Operations, Perceptions (June-August 1999, vol. IV), , , (cyberwar) (netwar). , .
-
,
, , .
,
;
, .
. ;
;
; ; ,
, ,
. ,
,
35. ,
, ,
, ;
( , , )
,
(R.N.
Berki1981, 4).
, ()
:
() (reality as immediacy):
.
, []
, ,
(R.N. Berki1981, 7). ,
, , .
,
,
- . ,
(empathy)
.
() (reality as necessity):
, ,
. [ ]
.
[ ][]
35
, , .
-
(R.N. Berki1981, 7). ,
.
( )
,
. ,
,
. -
.
, ,
, ,
, . ,
, (.
1984, 65).
() : :
,
,
. ,
, (R.N. Berki1981, 9).
,
. ,
. , ,
,
.
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,
(), ,
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, .
(1988, 55),
,
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.
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.
-
.
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.
:
, ,
. (1988, 43, 45-48):
,
: [Ernst Troeltsch, Die Soziallehren der
christlichen Kirchen und Gruppen, 1922], -----
, ,
(universalisme).
: , , .
, ,
,
-
,
(normative theories) .
, ,
,
. ,
()
.
36 ( )
.
,
,
37
36
, () . 37
, , , , status quo (, , ) , status quo ,
-
38. ,
.
(R.N. Berki1981, 96).
39.
,
, .
,
. -
.
.
, ,
.
, . . , , / . 38
, , /- . 39
, (Loeb, I, 510-512). (Edmund Burke 1729-1797). . . , ( , . E. Burke1986). , , , . . . , . . ( ) , . ( ) , . . . , . (. 1984, 120).
-
40.
,
, (, , 1009b 17-20).
41.
. ,
( ),
, :
,
, ,
. ,
,
.
,
,
, ,
(. 1984, 138).
,
,
. ,
.
. ,
,
,
.
40
. , . , ( ) : , (. 1988, ). , . N. Laos, The Hesychastic Illuminism and the Theory of the Third Light: Metaphysics, Metapolitics and Ethics, Northampton, UK: White Crane Publishing, 2013
41
. .
-
,
, , , ,
, . ,
,
. , ,
, , ,
, - . ,
,
,
, ,
(. 1984, 52-53).
, ,
, ,
,
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,
,
. ,
..
42, ( ) ,
42 Ulrich Beck - -
. Beck
, .
Beck.
- ,
,
. ,
( )
(
)
. ,
, .
,
( )
( ..
). , ,
,
. Beck ,
,
-
43,
,
, (
) ,
.
,
:
,
,
,
de facto , ,
, . ,
.
,
,
,
(. 2006).
43
,
(
),
. ,
, ( )
, , .
,
,
,
,
.
,
(. 2006).
-
.
[ ] ,
44 ,
. ,
,
,
, (K. Mannheim1936).
44
, , , - .
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