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Implications of Touch Technologies on Enhancing Teaching and Learning
in Higher EducationMargaret J. Cox, Jonathan P. San Diego
and Barry Quinn The Dental Institute - King’s College London
Research and Innovation in Distance Education and E-learningNovember 1st 2013
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Outline
• Introduction and background of the hapTEL project• Explanation of haptics and its place in the HE curriculum• Dental case study: goals, study design, tasks, methods,
results • Pedagogical and design considerations and implications
for distance education and other future technologies • Examples for training and education at a distance and
other disciplines• Conclusions and implications for HE education research
and development
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40 years evidence ofpositive impact of TEL on
students’ learning
Growth in use of TELin dental education
Simulations, generic Software, online resources
Sensors, programming
Little research intonew multimedia impact
in post-compulsory education
Haptics providesnew representation
systems and immersionin virtual environments
Impact on students’learning; epistemologies;
manual skills;conceptual understanding;
Rationale for the original project
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2007 – 2011 (Award Number: RES-139-25-0387) •UK Technology Enhanced Learning (TEL) Research Programme (within ESRC)•UK Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC)•UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC)•UK Joint Information Systems Committee (JISC)
2012 - 2014•Technology Strategy Board•King’s College Teaching Fund
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Funders for hapTEL projects
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hapTEL Interdisciplinary team and partnersKing’s College Staff and Post-graduate Students
Dental Institute (Cox, San Diego, Quinn + 20)
Department of Education and Professional Studies (Cox)
School of Nursing and Midwifery (Fordham-Clarke)
School of Medicine (Butchers)
School of Robotics (Altheofar)
University of Reading - Cybernetics team (Harwin, Barrow, Tse)
University of Portsmouth – Dental Academy (Holmes, Wynne)
Birmingham City University Engineering (Elson)
University of the Arts - London (Wright)
Generic Robotics – (Barrow and colleagues)
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Educational EvaluationFramework
Factors affecting learning experiences (Entwistle, 1987)
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BARRY QUINN
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Goals and issues for Dental Education
UndergraduateDental Education
Developing the learnerto become a practising
professionalManipulative skills
Need to provide satisfactoryand sufficient
feedback to students
Increasing size of student cohorts
Spatial reasoning skills
Changing the way Professionals work: e.g.
in teams with DCPs
hand-eyeCo-ordination
Using tactile devices
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Requirements of the Dental curriculum
• Dental curriculum–Relevance of haptics technology–Priorities and issues
• Current practices–‘Biological vs mechanistic’–Cavity cutting on plastic and discarded teeth–Formative assessment
• Perceived integration constraints–Ethics (Institutional requirements and patients)–Risks and entitlements
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Clinical concepts and skills for undergraduate dental students
• Caries removal• Depth of the cavity• Angle of entry into the tooth• Speed of the bur• Different tactile sensations in cutting between
different tissues• Cavity design• Time available for the task and the actual time
taken
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hapTEL • Removal of virtual
decayed material on a virtual tooth located in a jaw• Three sessions: as many
attempts as they wish within a given time per session
• Removal of artificial decayed material on a plastic tooth• Three sessions: Two
attempts per session
Traditional
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Graphic models
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Strand 3 - Research design and methods to measure students‘ learning
• Pre and post tests
– Spatial reasoning; fine motor skills; 3-D perceptions
– Attitudes towards ICT and haptics
• Video observations of students’ practices in the laboratories
• Task performance in traditional and hapTEL laboratories
• Final Cavity preparation task
• Post-lab self assessment task
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Examples of assessment techniques
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Study Design (Large scale trials)
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Clinical skills assessment methods• Traditional methods
–Observation by tutors during manikin-head work–Reviewing finished work at end of treatment/course–Practical examination of specific clinical skills tasks
• TEL methods
Based on logs, screen capture and live feedback –Reviewing in-progress virtual clinical treatment on
screen–Post-evaluation of each recorded student’s task
procedure– Examining series of completed of tasks
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Research methods to measure curriculum practice and teachers’ pedagogies
• Interviews with tutors• Observations of both experimental and control groups• Designing specific dental tasks• Self-assessment by students of their task
performances• Tutor assessment• Criteria based assessment of final tasks• Attitude test of tutors
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Educational impact results • hapTEL ‘dental chair’ provided individual feedback to each
student who didn’t have to wait for the tutor to provide feedback
• TEL activity enabled the students to have multiple attempts to improve their practice compared with the traditional activity which was limited to two plastic teeth per student per session.– 1 plastic tooth costs £16. £13,800 per term for 144 students
• hapTEL tooth could be enlarged 6-times by the students so they could see the result of their cavity preparation, and learn about accurate self assessment
• hapTEL ‘dental chair’ enables the students to replay their procedure to observe their strengths and weaknesses
• Year 1 students who were only taught using the hapTEL virtual system and had never treated a real or plastic tooth, performed as well as the traditionally taught students when preparing a plastic tooth cavity at the end of the term
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JONATHAN P. SAN DIEGO
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Research into developing virtual learning systems with haptics
• Physical Layout (Ergonomics, collocation, workspace)• Physical interface (inclusion of rubber cheeks, synthetic
tissues)• Touch (Collision detection, DoF, workspace, etc.)• Vision (3D or 2D, tissue models, colour changes,
magnification, graphic scene changes)• Audio (mono/stereo/3D, variants of feedback)• Others (data logs and visualisation, motion
representation, smell)
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Requirements analysis: meeting users’ needs• Physical setup of the device
Ergonomics Finger-rest Foot control Oral workspace
• Oral cavity model First lower molar with the adjacent and opposing teeth Other tissues (but not haptic at present)
• Multi-sensory feedback (colour, sound, vibration etc.)• Teaching aids (orientation, magnification, playback, 3D
measurement)
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Phases of developing the 3D models
3D VR HapticTooth
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Teeth and mouth model
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hapTEL Workstation (Curriculum Version)
3D Display Monitor
Haptic handpiece
Foot Controls
Haptic Device
Shutter glasses
Audio speakers
Camera
Pod
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Examples of assessment techniques
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Haptics in Distance Learning
AHVITED - Audio Haptics for Visually Impaired Training and Education at a Distance (AHVITED) (Europe)
Learning Biomolecular Docking (Singapore)
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Tele-operation
Robot-assisted tele-operation
Surgery Tele-operation
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Haptics with other future technologies
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Haptic radar (Japan)
Whiskers!
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Hug over distance
Air compressor
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Heard of digital underwear?
If you do not have a long distance lover, then it is not for you.
Bazinga!
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MARGARET COX
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hapTEL for Dentistry
• Simulating the dental chair
hapTEL related to art
• Links between drawing and clinical surgery skills
hapTEL applied to other health-care subjects
• Developing the system for injections
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hapTEL virtual learning unit at Kings College Dental Institute
Eyesi virtual learning unit at Moorfields Eye Hospital
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Extending the research into drawing and art
• Year 1 cohort n=130, investigated relationship between computer drilling skills logs and drawing journal
• Initial drawing task was drawing a ceramic tooth which the student could not see but only touch
• 2 week period to visually record images of the ceramic tooth in their journal
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Postgraduate Trial study: MA Drawing students exploring and recording ceramic object
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Kings College Dental students exploring and recording ceramic object
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Dental student journal drawings using conventional drawing materials
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Recording using non conventional drawing materials
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Data from HapTEL unit(2012)
User Name: H115 D1216.10.12Cavity=4Material Logs Enamel: Remaining 98.61% Dentine: Remaining 99.01% Carie: Removed 74.14% Pulp exposed: NoPulp: Removed 0% Timing Logs Total Duration: 143.26 secondsTime at first contact: 24.01 secondsTime spent Drilling: 80.24 seconds
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Example of one students log-file and drawing achievement
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120600 1105044 1205263 1200434 1203403 1204844 1203729 1108205 1206342 904767 1102774
use of line 16 13 9 8 10 7 6 11 8 6 5
use of tone 16 13 10 6 15 7 5 6 5 5 2
drawing response 18 15 8 11 6 10 9 5 10 5 6
3D recording 18 15 10 7 10 5 5 9 6 5 4
drawing materials 10 5 11 14 2 11 15 5 6 7 3
1
3
5
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BDS 1 Drawing Skills (2012)Graded levels of drawing performance
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Results of drawing project
• The preliminary analysis from the journals with comparison to the computer log files indicate a correlation between certain drawing styles and the virtual clinical performance in hapTEL
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Implications for Teaching
• The results of the study are a practical example of a pedagogical strategy that could incorporate TEL methods into under/postgraduate programmes in Dentistry, Surgery and other related fields
• Drawing skills can be an indication of fine motor skills equally needed for intricate processes in technical and scientific subjects
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Extending the hapTEL system in health – care teaching
King’s College Teaching FundSept 2012 – July 2014
hapTEL in dentistry
hapTEL in nursing
hapTEL in medicine
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Evolution of hapTEL touch technologies in higher education
Dental cavity preparation
Medical injections
Nursing training
Doctor training
Dental
injections
Relating to drawing
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Technology Strategy Board project – injections – July 2013 – June 2014
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Conclusions: Implications for TEL in Higher Education
In order for haptic TEL or other TEL resources to be absorbed into the curriculum and make a positive contribution to students’ learning:
1. University teachers need to be involved in the innovation from the beginning.
2. TEL needs to complement the traditional teaching practices
3. TEL needs to be seen to enhance the evolving curriculum.
4. Extensive ongoing support for teachers is needed to maximise its potential.
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Educational EvaluationFramework
Factors affecting learning experiences (Entwistle, 1987)
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THANK YOU for your interest
Contact us:[email protected]
http://www.haptel.kcl.ac.uk
Follow us on Twitter @hapTEL