Richmond Antwi-BediakoAffiliations:

Rural Environmental Care Association, Ghana.International Development Studies, University of Utrecht, Netherlands

Netherland Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO) Civil Society Coalition on Land, Ghana

Presented at the Conference on Land Policy in AfricaAddis Ababa, Ethiopia

11-14 November 2014

OUTLINEINTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND Global Drivers and Large scale Land take in AfricaGhana’s actions on energy policy promulgation

JATROPHA BOOM, BUST AND TRANSFORMATION IN GHANALand Registration and Jatropha Boom in GhanaAnnexation of Agriculture Lands for Jatropha Investments in Ghana Abandonment, Transformations  and Land Rights Conclusion 

INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND

• Global efforts‐ Tackling the issue of climate change resulted in the Kyoto protocol. • EU and other Western countries approach towards the subject of Bio‐energy• Global Efforts led to policies in three main areas. policies aimed atmitigating climate change, improving energy security and using biofuel production as a strategy to support rural development.

• The Kyoto protocol, sets binding targets for 37 industrialized countries and the European Community to ensure the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions• These set of targets amount to an average of five per cent over the five‐year period 2008‐2012. • It is against this background that the European Union (EU) is promoting biofuelpolicy in several ways including stating that by 2020, 20% of energy used in the EU and 10% of each member state’s transport fuel must come from renewable sources (Franco et al., 2010).

INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND (Who were the drivers for the Boom?)

• An indicative, non‐binding target of 5.75% for the inclusion of bio‐fuels in petrol and diesel for transport was set for all Member States to achieve by 2010. 

• Since the surge of interest in renewable‐energy alternatives to liquid fossil fuels hit in 2004/5, the possibility of growing Jatropha curcas L. for the purpose of producing bio‐fuel attracted the attention of investors and policy‐makers worldwide.  

• The results of the Bio‐fuels Directive were somewhat mixed and early in 2006; the Commission published a detailed EU Strategy for Biofuels, paving the way for a comprehensive updating of the 2003/30 Directive and the development of a more mature EU policy on bio‐fuels.  

• In 2007, the Renewable Energy Road Map, proposed a target of 20% for the use of renewable energy and 10% for the share of bio‐fuels in the transport sector by 2020 (Franco et al., 2010). The latter target would be binding.

• In March 2007, the European Council accepted the Commission’s proposal of a binding target for a 20% share of renewables in EU wide energy consumption by 2020 and endorsed a binding 10% minimum target for all Member States in relation to the share of bio‐fuels in petrol and diesel for transport (Franco et al., 2010).

INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND (Who were the drivers for the Boom?)

• The binding directives led to off‐shore Land search for planting of Biofuel feedstock. Africa became one of the target• The ECOWAS sub region of which Ghana is a key member, promoted renewable energy use; and regional energy cooperation and integration. • To this regard, Ghana Signed several conventions on climate change, biodiversity, land degradation and other environmental issues including the Kyoto Protocol. 

INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND (Ghana’s actions on policy energy policy promulgations)

• The Ghana Energy Commission’s Strategic National Energy Plan (SNEP), 2006‐2020, consists of three parts, namely the petroleum sector, the electricity sector and traditional wood fuels and renewables.

• With respect to wood fuels and renewable (bio‐energy) five years after SNEP, a draft national bio‐energy policy was submitted to parliament for approval. Still being considered.

• This puts Ghana behind policy wise and subsequently in terms of resolute measures to ensure energy security as well as mitigating climate change, 

• Ghana Renewable Energy Act, 832,  2011‐ Came after the boom.

• Allied policies was used as a guide to bioenergy investors during the boom (2006‐2009)

Project Study Sites

Name of Farm Location/Region Year Established Country of originSavannah Black Ahenakom, Brong-Ahafo

region

2006 USA

Jatropha Africa Kintampo South, Brong-

Ahafo Region

2007 UK

Bio-fuel Africa Kpachaa, Northern Region 2007 NorwayIntergrated Tamale Friut

Company ( ITFC )

Tamale, Northern region 2007 Government of Ghana

Smart Oil Yeji, Brong–Ahafo Region 2008 Italy

Kimminic Bredie No. 1, Brong-Ahafo

Region

2008 Canada

ScanFarm Ltd Agogo, Ashanti Region 2007 Norway

Anuanom Farms Old Akrade-Juapong,

Eastern Region

2006 Ghana and western

affiliation

Galten Agro Ltd Adidome, Volta Region 2008 Israel

Bio-fuel Africa Lolito, Volta Region 2007 Norway

The Adventist Development and

Relief Agency International

(ADRA) assisted Farmers

Kintampo NGO initiative 2007 International NGO

(USA) and small

farmers holdings in

Ghana.

Jatropha Boom, Bust and Transformation in Ghana.Land registrations and Jatropha boom in Ghana

Name of Company15 Project Description Size of Land (Ha) Location Region

ScanFarm Jatropha and oil palm plantation development

20,000  Agogo, Asante Akim North District

Ashanti Region

Ohayo Ghana Foundation

Jatropha Cultivation 16 Puriya, Yendi Northern Region 

Natural African Diesel (NAD)

Jatropha and moringa plantation development

50,000 Yeji Brong‐Ahafo

Bio–Fuel Africa Limited

Jatropha test farm and plantation project

840 Lolito, South Tongu District Volta Region

Bio‐fuel Solutions Ghana

Jatropha plantation 12,000 Woadze/Goviefe Agbodome Volta Region

Bio–Fuel Africa Limited

Jatropha plantation 5,324 JimleKpalkoriYendiKpachaaChugu

Northern Region3,5623,0005,000

4,000 GugoliguSampinoGushiegu

Northern Region2,000

10,000 KplatoliNorthern Region6,876.45 Yapei

10,000Jatropha Africa Ltd Jatropha plantation 50,000 Kadelso Brong‐Ahafo

∑ (Hectares of Land) 182,618.45

Jatropha Boom, Bust and Transformation in Ghana.Annexation of Agriculture Lands for Jatropha Investments in Ghana

Name of Farm Location/Region Year Established Area of Agriculture land Annexed (Hectares, Ha)

Area of Land Cultivated (Hectares, Ha)

Savannah Black  Ahenakom, Brong‐Ahaforegion

2006 202.34  121.41

Jatropha Africa Kintampo South, Brong‐AhafoRegion

2007 50,000  202.34

Bio‐fuel Africa Kpachaa, Northern Region 2007 5,000  1,000 ITFC  Tamale, Northern region 2007 10 10Smart Oil Yeji, Brong–Ahafo Region 2008 50 50Kimminic Bredie No. 1, Brong‐Ahafo

Region2008 12,140.57 6,070.28

ScanFarm Ltd Agogo, Ashanti Region 2007 13,000 300Anuanom Farms Old Akrade‐Juapong, Eastern 

Region2006 404.70  121.41

Galten Agro Ltd Adidome, Volta Region 2008 400 325Bio‐fuel Africa Lolito, Volta Region 2007 2,300Total 84,102.91  8,200.44ACQUIRED LAND FOR JATROPHA CULTIVATION ACTUAL LAND SIZE 

CULTIVATEDABANDONED LAND 

84,102.91 8,200.44 75,902.47

Jatropha Boom, Bust and Transformation in Ghana.Annexation of Agriculture Lands for Jatropha Investments in Ghana

JATROPHA BOOM, BUST AND TRANSFORMATION IN GHANA.Abandonment, Transformations and Land Rights

Jatropha Company Functional Hold Up/ClosedADRA Assisted Jatropha Farmers × √Savannah Black Farms × √Jatropha Africa × √Smart Oil x √Bio‐fuel Africa × √Kimminic Corporation x √ITFC × √ScanFarm Ltd √ xAnuanom Farms × √Galten Agro Ltd x √

List of functional and closed or halted Jatropha projects surveyed in Ghana (√ - Applicable, × - Not Applicable)

JATROPHA COMPANY REASON FOR HOLD UP OR FOLD UP

Market Availability for Seeds Source of Funding Yield/Farm Practice Poor Management

ADRA Assisted Jatropha Farmers √ × × ×

Savannah Black Farms × × √ ×Jatropha Africa × √ × ×Bio‐fuel Africa × √ × ×ITFC × × √ ×ScanFarm Ltd √ × √ ×Anuanom Farms × × × √

Reasons for Hold Up or Closure of Surveyed Jatropha Farms (√ - Reason Applicable × - Reason Not Applicable)

JATROPHA BOOM, BUST AND TRANSFORMATION IN GHANA.Land Use Transformation, Land Rights And Food Security

Cases of Transformation  and Rights Of Communities

•Bredie‐ Over 1,000 migrant lost their right to land. 2,500 workers lost their jobs. Chief intend giving it to another investor. Migrants Land Right is not revertible.  

•Kadeso – No grazing on Land, Chief and Elders waiting for same investor for alternative investment. Migrants Land Right is not revertible.

•New Bakpa‐ Chief intend leasing land for rice,Migran ts Land Right is not revertible. 

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Lolito‐ Farm transformed to rice farm. Community have right to use water for irrigating farms; fishing in canals. 

JATROPHA BOOM, BUST AND TRANSFORMATION IN GHANA.Community Land Rights and Food Security after transformation in Jatropha Investments

Name of Company

Community Involvement

Land Use Change

Land Transfer

Innovation Employment Income Food Security New Investors/Users

Benefits for Company

Benefits for Population

BiofuelAfrica

Only as farmhands

Now for food crops

None Company now into irrigation and soyabean/maize

A few, with plans to increase numbers

Some level of income for farmhands

Enhanced by change

Local partner engaged

Accessing government/donor funds for food crops

Employment 

Kimminic None Food crops

None None None None Enhanced None None Regained parts of lost land

JatrophaAfrica

None food crops

None None None None Enhanced None None Farms parts of land

Savannah Black

None No change

None None None None Unaffected None None None

Future investment into jatropha biofuel can be viable if:Field trials into the viability and yield of jatropha on the 

soils of areas of interestLand use rights assured pre and post projectsFood security considerations especially in projects involving 

second generation biofuelsA thorough market survey; both locally and internationallyStakeholder mapping and consultation as well as an 

environmental scan to establish a business model that looks at how various interests can be served; inclusive of smallholders, as opposed to the original solely plantation approach that was adopted during the boom

CONCLUSIONS

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THANK YOU