Richard Wilkinson - The Institute of Employment Rights Spirit Level Slides - R... · 2 Income per...
Transcript of Richard Wilkinson - The Institute of Employment Rights Spirit Level Slides - R... · 2 Income per...
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Richard Wilkinson Emeritus Professor of
Social Epidemiology
University of Nottingham
&
Kate Pickett Professor of Epidemiology
University of York
http://www.equalitytrust.org.uk
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Income per head and life-expectancy: rich & poor countries
Source: Wilkinson & Pickett, The Spirit Level (2009) www.equalitytrust.org.uk
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Among the rich countries life expectancy is not related to
national differences in average income
Source: Wilkinson & Pickett, The Spirit Level (2009) www.equalitytrust.org.uk
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…but life expectancy is related to income
within rich societies
Source: Wilkinson & Pickett, The Spirit Level (2009)
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Lea
st dep
rive
d
Mos
t de
prive
dElectoral wards in England & Wales by deprivation score
Lif
e e
xp
ec
tan
cy
(y
ea
rs
)
www.equalitytrust.org.uk
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How much richer are the richest
20% than the poorest 20%?
www.equalitytrust.org.uk Source: Wilkinson & Pickett, The Spirit Level (2009)
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Index of:
• Life expectancy
• Math & Literacy
• Infant mortality
• Homicides
• Imprisonment
• Teenage births
• Trust
• Obesity
• Mental illness – incl.
drug & alcohol
addiction
• Social mobility
Health and Social Problems are Worse in More Unequal Countries
Source: Wilkinson & Pickett, The Spirit Level (2009) www.equalitytrust.org.uk
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Health and Social Problems are not Related to Average
Income in Rich Countries
Index of:
• Life expectancy
• Math & Literacy
• Infant mortality
• Homicides
• Imprisonment
• Teenage births
• Trust
• Obesity
• Mental illness – incl.
drug & alcohol
addiction
• Social mobility
Source: Wilkinson & Pickett, The Spirit Level (2009) www.equalitytrust.org.uk
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Child Well-being is Better in More Equal Rich Countries
Source: Wilkinson & Pickett, The Spirit Level (2009) www.equalitytrust.org.uk
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Child-Wellbeing is Unrelated to Average Incomes in Rich
Countries
Source: Wilkinson & Pickett, The Spirit Level (2009) www.equalitytrust.org.uk
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Levels of Trust are Higher in More Equal Rich Countries
Source: Wilkinson & Pickett, The Spirit Level (2009)
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Levels of Trust are Higher in More Equal US States
Source: Wilkinson & Pickett, The Spirit Level (2009) www.equalitytrust.org.uk
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The Prevalence of Mental Illness is Higher in More
Unequal Rich Countries
Source: Wilkinson & Pickett, The Spirit Level (2009) www.equalitytrust.org.uk
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Infant Mortality Rates are Higher in More Unequal Countries
Source: Wilkinson & Pickett, The Spirit Level (2009) www.equalitytrust.org.uk
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Drug Use is More Common in More Unequal Countries
Source: Wilkinson & Pickett, The Spirit Level (2009)
Index of use of: opiates, cocaine, cannabis, ecstasy, amphetamines
www.equalitytrust.org.uk
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Teenage Birth Rates are Higher in More Unequal Rich Countries
Source: Wilkinson & Pickett, The Spirit Level (2009) www.equalitytrust.org.uk
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Homicide and income inequality:
US States and Canadian Provinces
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
0.35 0.38 0.41 0.44 0.47
Income Inequality (Gini)
Ho
mic
ide
s p
er
millio
n p
eo
ple
More equal More unequal
Source: Daly M, Wilson M, Vasdev S. Income inequality and homicide rates in
Canada and the United States. Canadian Journal of Criminology 2001; 43: 219-36.
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Rates of Imprisonment are Higher in More Unequal Countries
Source: Wilkinson & Pickett, The Spirit Level (2009) www.equalitytrust.org.uk
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Social mobility is higher in more equal countries
www.equalitytrust.org.uk
Intergenerational income mobility data from: Blanden J. (2009)
Centre for Economic Performance, LSE. Paper No' CEEDP0111.
Indicator International data US data
r p-value r p-value
Trust -0.66 <0.01 -0.70 <0.01
Life expectancy -0.44 0.04 -0.45 <0.01
Infant mortality 0.42 0.04 0.43 <0.01
Obesity 0.57 <0.01 0.47 <0.01
Mental illness 0.73 <0.01 0.18 0.12
Education score -0.45 0.04 -0.47 .01
Teen birth rate 0.73 <0.01 0.46 <0.01
Homicides 0.47 0.02 0.42 <0.01
Imprisonment 0.75 <0.01 0.48 <0.01
Social mobility 0.93 <0.01 - -
Index 0.87 <0.01 0.59 <0.01
Correlations & p-values: Index of Health & Social Problems
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Almost everyone benefits from
greater equality.
Usually the benefits are greatest
among the poor but extend to the
majority of the population
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Infant Mortality by Social Class:
Sweden and England & Wales
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2
4
6
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10
12
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I II IIIN IIIM IV V Single
Prnt
Unclass.
E & W
Sweden
Source: Leon DA, Vagero D, Olausson PO. BMJ 1992; 305; 687-91
Infa
nt
Mo
rtality
rate
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Literacy Scores of 16-25 year olds by
Parents' Education
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Parents' Education (years)
Lit
era
cy s
co
re
Sweden
Canada
United States
Source: Willms JD. 1997. Data from OECD Programme for International Student Assessment.
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Index of:
• Life expectancy
• Math & Literacy
• Infant mortality
• Homicides
• Imprisonment
• Teenage births
• Trust
• Obesity
• Mental illness – incl.
drug & alcohol
addiction
• Social mobility
Health and Social Problems are Worse in More Unequal Countries
Source: Wilkinson & Pickett, The Spirit Level (2009) www.equalitytrust.org.uk
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Psychosocial risk factors for ill health
Low social status
Weak social affiliations
Stress in early life (pre- and postnatally)
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ACTH
Cortisol
Tasks with both
social-evaluative
threat and
uncontrollability
Other tasks
Effect siz
e
Source: Dickerson SS & Kemeny ME. Psychological Bulletin 2004; 130(3): 355-91
What kind of stress most reliably raises cortisol levels?
“Not a test of ability”
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13 High SES
Low SES
“Test of ability”
Effect of stereotype threat: Verbal GRE: high & low SES
Croizeta JC; Dutrevis M. Socioeconomic Status and Intelligence. J Poverty 2004; 8(3): 91-107.
Nu
mb
er
of
item
s c
orr
ect
“Not a test of ability”
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10 High SES
Low SES
“Test of ability”
Effect of stereotype threat
Advanced Progressive Matrices Test: high & low SES
Croizeta JC; Dutrevis M. Socioeconomic Status and Intelligence. J Poverty 2004; 8(3): 91-107.
Nu
mb
er
of
item
s c
orr
ect
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Stereotype Threat
The effect of caste identity on children's performance
Caste
Unannounced
Caste
Announced
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High Caste
Low Caste
Nu
mb
er
of m
aze
s s
olv
ed
Source: Hoff K, Pandey P, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3351, June 2004
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Gilligan J. Violence: Our Deadly Epidemic and its Causes. (G .P. Putnam 1996)
" ...the prison inmates I work with have told me repeatedly,
when I asked them why they had assaulted someone, that it
was because 'he disrespected me', or 'he disrespected my
visit' (meaning 'visitor'). The word 'disrespect' is central in the
vocabulary, moral value system, and psychodynamics of
these chronically violent men that they have abbreviated it
into the slang term, 'he dis'ed me." p.106
A few pages further on Gilligan continues:-
"I have yet to see a serious act of violence that was not
provoked by the experience of feeling shamed and humiliated,
disrespected and ridiculed, and that did not represent the
attempt to prevent or undo this "loss of face " - no matter how
severe the punishment, even if it includes death." p.110
Source: Bowles S, Park Y. Economic Journal 2005; 115 (507): F397–F412. 2005.
Working hours are longer in more unequal countries
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Australia
Austria
Belgium Canada
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Japan
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Portugal
Spain
Sweden
UK
USA
Worse
Better
UN
ICE
F in
de
x o
f child
well-
bein
g
0 10 20 30Lone parents as % of all households with dependent children
Single parents and child wellbeing
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The effects of inequality - a two stage process
1. adult experience of inequality
2. passed on to children – epigenetics?
The public and policy response?
more:-
Police
Doctors
Social Workers
Drug rehabilitation units
Educational Psychologists
But…services are expensive and only partially effective.
Social Status and Friendship
Two sides of the same coin:
Social status (dominance hierarchies, pecking
orders) are orderings based on power,
coercion and privileged access to resources –
regardless of the needs of others.
Friendship, in contrast, is based on
reciprocity, mutuality, social obligations,
sharing and a recognition of each other’s
needs.
Dunbar R. Brains on two legs: group size and the evolution
of intelligence In: Tree of Origin: F de Waal. (ed) 2001.
The Social Brain: the neocortex is a larger proportion of
the brain in primate species with larger social groups A
vera
ge
so
cia
l g
rou
p s
ize
Neocortex ratio
Business leaders in more equal countries give a higher priority
to complying with international environmental agreements
With permission from R De Vogli & D Gimeno
More equal countries recycle more waste
Source: Wilkinson & Pickett, The Spirit Level (2009)
Australia
France
Germany
Italy
Japan
Portugal
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
UK
USA
Best
Worst
Re
cyclin
g (
avera
ge
ra
nk)
Low HighIncome Inequality
Twenge JM, Baumeister RF, DeWall CN, Ciarocco NJ, Bartels JM. Social exclusion decreases prosocial behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2007; 92(1): 56-66.
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$ donated
Experiments
Pencils pickd up
Prisnr's Dilem 1
Prisnr's Dilem 2
Prisnr's Dilem 3
$ donated
Future alone/rejected
Future belonging/accepted
Social exclusion decreases prosocial behaviour: 7 experiments
Trends in income inequality 1979-2005/6
(Gini coefficient, Great Britain.)
Brewer M, Goodman A, Muriel A, Sibieta L. Poverty and
Inequality in the UK: 2007. Institute of Fiscal Studies, London.
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Inequality Debt
Debt
P. Krugman Inequality and Crisis: coincidence or causation?
Data from: Picketty-Saez, Historical Statistics, Federal Reserve.
Inequality and Household Debt 1913-2007 H
ou
se
ho
ld d
eb
t a
s %
of
inc
om
e
Ine
qu
ali
ty:
ric
he
st
1%
sh
are
50
More Adults are Obese in More Unequal Rich Countries
Source: Wilkinson & Pickett, The Spirit Level (2009) www.equalitytrust.org.uk
Children Experience More Conflict in More Unequal Societies
Source: Wilkinson & Pickett, The Spirit Level (2009)
11, 13 & 15 yr olds fighting, bullying, and finding peers not kind & helpful
www.equalitytrust.org.uk
More Children Drop Out of High School in More Unequal US States
Source: Wilkinson & Pickett, The Spirit Level (2009) www.equalitytrust.org.uk
Cognitive Score: Socioeconomic status more important than starting point
High Cognitive Score at 22 months
Low Cognitive Score at 22 months
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Child’s age (years)
Co
gn
itiv
e s
co
re
perc
en
tile
po
sit
ion
at
each
ag
e
(I Feinstein. Inequality in cognitive development. 1970 British Births. Economica 2003; 70: 3-97)
(from The Marmot Review 2010)
Educational Scores are Higher in More Equal Rich
Countries
Source: Wilkinson & Pickett, The Spirit Level (2009) www.equalitytrust.org.uk
The changing relation between life expectancy and income.
Reproduced from World Bank, World Development Report 1993
0102030405060708090
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Nations States,
Regions,
Cities
Small areas
Wholly SupportiveUnsupportive
Review of 168 analyses of the relation
between income inequality and health.
Per
cen
t
Wilkinson RG, Pickett KE. Income inequality and health: a review
and explanation of the evidence. Social Science and Medicine
2006; 62: 1768-84.