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Richard H.Richard H. HagemeyerHagemeyerPacific Tsunami Warning Center: Pacific Tsunami Warning Center:
Mission, Operations, and ActivitiesMission, Operations, and Activities
HISTORYHISTORY
•• U.S. TSUNAMI WARNING CENTER (PTWC) U.S. TSUNAMI WARNING CENTER (PTWC) ESTABLISHED IN 1949 ESTABLISHED IN 1949 ......AFTER THE 1946 TSUNAMIAFTER THE 1946 TSUNAMI
•• IOC TSUNAMI WARNING SYSTEM IN THE PACIFIC AND IOC TSUNAMI WARNING SYSTEM IN THE PACIFIC AND ITS ICG FORMED IN 1965 ITS ICG FORMED IN 1965 ......AFTER THE 1960 TSUNAMIAFTER THE 1960 TSUNAMIANDAND U.S. CONTRIBUTED PTWC AS ITS OPERATIONAL U.S. CONTRIBUTED PTWC AS ITS OPERATIONAL CENTERCENTER
•• U.S. ALASKA TSUNAMI WARNING CENTER U.S. ALASKA TSUNAMI WARNING CENTER ESTABLISHED IN 1969 ESTABLISHED IN 1969 ......AFTER THE 1964 TSUNAMIAFTER THE 1964 TSUNAMI
•• IOC INDIAN OCEAN TSUNAMI WARNING SYSTEM IOC INDIAN OCEAN TSUNAMI WARNING SYSTEM ESTABLISHED IN 2005 ESTABLISHED IN 2005 ......AFTER THE 2004 TSUNAMIAFTER THE 2004 TSUNAMI
PTWC MissionPTWC Mission
SAVE LIVES AND REDUCE PROPERTY DAMAGE BY SAVE LIVES AND REDUCE PROPERTY DAMAGE BY ISSUING TIMELY AND EFFECTIVE WARNINGS FOR THE ISSUING TIMELY AND EFFECTIVE WARNINGS FOR THE TSUNAMI HAZARDTSUNAMI HAZARD
•• LOCAL / REGIONAL TSUNAMI WARNING CENTER LOCAL / REGIONAL TSUNAMI WARNING CENTER FOR THE STATE OF HAWAIIFOR THE STATE OF HAWAII
•• U.S. NATIONAL CENTER FOR ALL U.S. INTERESTS U.S. NATIONAL CENTER FOR ALL U.S. INTERESTS IN PACIFIC OUTSIDE THE WC/ATWC AORIN PACIFIC OUTSIDE THE WC/ATWC AOR
•• INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR THE TSUNAMI INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR THE TSUNAMI WARNING SYSTEM IN THE PACIFIC (ITSU)WARNING SYSTEM IN THE PACIFIC (ITSU)
•• INTERIM CENTER FOR THE INDIAN OCEANINTERIM CENTER FOR THE INDIAN OCEAN
•• INTERIM CENTER FOR THE CARIBBEANINTERIM CENTER FOR THE CARIBBEAN
Puerto Rico & Virgin Islands
&Caribbean(Interim)
Indian Ocean (Interim)
WC/ATWC AOR
U.S./Canada Atlantic and Gulf Coasts
HAWAII:Local, Regional, & Distant Tsunamis
PACIFIC BASIN:Regional and
Distant Tsunamis
PTWC AREA OF RESPONSIBILITY
DIRECTOR
ADMINISTRATIVESUPPORT
ASSISTANT SENIORELECTRONICSTECHNICIAN
ELECTRONICSTECHNICIAN
SENIORSCIENTIST* SCIENTIST*
SENIORSCIENTIST*
SENIORSCIENTIST*
SCIENTIST*
SCIENTIST*
SENIORSCIENTIST*
SCIENTIST*
TSUNAMIWARNING AND
SCIENTIFICOFFICER
INFORMATIONTECHNOLOGY
OFFICER
SCIENTIST*
*GEOPHYSICIST, OCEANOGRAPHER, OR PHYSICAL SCIENTIST
RED = WATCHSTANDINGPOSITION
PTWC PLANNED STAFFING
Overview of PTWC Activities
• Respond to Alarms• Respond to Readiness Problems
– Communications Links– Data Sources (e.g., NEIC, HVO, WC/ATWC)– Hardware– Software
• Research – Internal Research to Improve Operations– Monitor Applicable External Research– Develop and Implement New Procedures
• Data Streams from Partners– Seek/Add New Data Streams– Maintain Existing Data Streams– Changes in Metadata– Changes in Formats
• Install/Maintain/Upgrade Field Sites– Hawaii Seismic and Sea Level Sites– Pacific Sea Level Sites
• Information and Computer Technology– System Administration Tasks– Security
• Software– Write New Operational Software– Maintain Existing Software
Overview of PTWC Activities
• Outreach– Public– Media
• Interface with Partners– NWS (PRH, HFO, AR, WR, SR)– NOAA (OAR-PMEL, NOS, NESDIS)– Hawaii Civil Defense– National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program– International (IOC, ICG/ITSU, ICG/IOTWS, IOCARIBE,
WMO)• WC/ATWC Backup• Maintain Facilities
– Grounds– Buildings– Housing– Antenna Farm– Geomagnetics– Kipapa Seismic Vault
• Safety Issues• Develop/Maintain Documentation• Develop/Maintain Web Site• Operate Geomagnetics Observatories for the USGS and Japan• Operate COOPS Weather Station
Overview of PTWC Activities
• Message Dissemination– Maintain List of Contact Points– Communications Tests– Exercises
• Other Administrative Tasks
PTWC KEY OPERATIONAL ACTIVITIESPTWC KEY OPERATIONAL ACTIVITIES
•• SEISMIC DATA COLLECTION & ANALYSESSEISMIC DATA COLLECTION & ANALYSES
•• SEA LEVEL MEASUREMENTSSEA LEVEL MEASUREMENTS
•• DECISIONDECISION--MAKING PROCESSESMAKING PROCESSES
•• MESSAGE CREATION & DISSEMINATIONMESSAGE CREATION & DISSEMINATION
KEY OPERATIONAL GOALSKEY OPERATIONAL GOALS
•• FASTERFASTER
•• MORE ACCURATEMORE ACCURATE
•• MORE RELIABLEMORE RELIABLE
N
S
EW
Data Ingestinto Memory
Ring(s)
AutomaticArrival
Detection andAssociation
Event AlarmsAutomatic
HypocenterDetermination
AutomaticMagnitude
Determination
OperatorInteractive
Review andRefinement
InteractiveHypocenter
Determination
InteractiveMagnitude
Determination
OwnSeismicNetwork
CooperatingSeismic
Networks
EQ Paramsmeet Initial
BulletinCriteria?
STEP 1
STEP 2
STEP 3
STEP 4
STEP 5
STEP 6
ComputeTsunami ETAs
if a Warning
STEP 7
YES
PTWC General Processes and Procedures for Initial Tsunami Bulletins
Issue InitialBulletin
N
S
EW
Data Ingestinto Memory
Ring(s)
AutomaticArrival
Detection andAssociation
Event AlarmsAutomatic
HypocenterDetermination
AutomaticMagnitude
Determination
OperatorInteractive
Review andRefinement
InteractiveHypocenter
Determination
InteractiveMagnitude
Determination
OwnSeismicNetwork
CooperatingSeismic
Networks
EQ Paramsmeet Initial
BulletinCriteria?
STEP 1
STEP 2
STEP 3
STEP 4
STEP 5
STEP 6
ComputeTsunami ETAs
if a Warning
STEP 7
YES
PTWC General Processes and Procedures for Initial Tsunami Bulletins
Issue InitialBulletin
Data Ingestinto Memory
Ring(s)
OwnSeismicNetwork
CooperatingSeismic
Networks
STEP 1
STEP 2
N
S
EW
Data Ingestinto Memory
Ring(s)
AutomaticArrival
Detection andAssociation
Event AlarmsAutomatic
HypocenterDetermination
AutomaticMagnitude
Determination
OperatorInteractive
Review andRefinement
InteractiveHypocenter
Determination
InteractiveMagnitude
Determination
OwnSeismicNetwork
CooperatingSeismic
Networks
EQ Paramsmeet Initial
BulletinCriteria?
STEP 1
STEP 2
STEP 3
STEP 4
STEP 5
STEP 6
ComputeTsunami ETAs
if a Warning
STEP 7
YES
PTWC General Processes and Procedures for Initial Tsunami Bulletins
Issue InitialBulletin
Data Ingestinto Memory
Ring(s)
AutomaticArrival
Detection andAssociation
AutomaticHypocenter
Determination
AutomaticMagnitude
Determination
STEP 2
STEP 3
N
S
EW
Data Ingestinto Memory
Ring(s)
AutomaticArrival
Detection andAssociation
Event AlarmsAutomatic
HypocenterDetermination
AutomaticMagnitude
Determination
OperatorInteractive
Review andRefinement
InteractiveHypocenter
Determination
InteractiveMagnitude
Determination
OwnSeismicNetwork
CooperatingSeismic
Networks
EQ Paramsmeet Initial
BulletinCriteria?
STEP 1
STEP 2
STEP 3
STEP 4
STEP 5
STEP 6
ComputeTsunami ETAs
if a Warning
STEP 7
YES
PTWC General Processes and Procedures for Initial Tsunami Bulletins
Issue InitialBulletin
AutomaticArrival
Detection andAssociation
Event AlarmsAutomatic
HypocenterDetermination
AutomaticMagnitude
Determination
STEP 3
STEP 4
N
S
EW
Data Ingestinto Memory
Ring(s)
AutomaticArrival
Detection andAssociation
Event AlarmsAutomatic
HypocenterDetermination
AutomaticMagnitude
Determination
OperatorInteractive
Review andRefinement
InteractiveHypocenter
Determination
InteractiveMagnitude
Determination
OwnSeismicNetwork
CooperatingSeismic
Networks
EQ Paramsmeet Initial
BulletinCriteria?
STEP 1
STEP 2
STEP 3
STEP 4
STEP 5
STEP 6
ComputeTsunami ETAs
if a Warning
STEP 7
YES
PTWC General Processes and Procedures for Initial Tsunami Bulletins
Issue InitialBulletinOperator
InteractiveReview andRefinement
InteractiveHypocenter
Determination
InteractiveMagnitude
Determination
STEP 5
N
S
EW
Data Ingestinto Memory
Ring(s)
AutomaticArrival
Detection andAssociation
Event AlarmsAutomatic
HypocenterDetermination
AutomaticMagnitude
Determination
OperatorInteractive
Review andRefinement
InteractiveHypocenter
Determination
InteractiveMagnitude
Determination
OwnSeismicNetwork
CooperatingSeismic
Networks
EQ Paramsmeet Initial
BulletinCriteria?
STEP 1
STEP 2
STEP 3
STEP 4
STEP 5
STEP 6
ComputeTsunami ETAs
if a Warning
STEP 7
YES
PTWC General Processes and Procedures for Initial Tsunami Bulletins
Issue InitialBulletin
OperatorInteractive
Review andRefinement
EQ Paramsmeet Initial
BulletinCriteria?
STEP 6
YES
N
S
EW
Data Ingestinto Memory
Ring(s)
AutomaticArrival
Detection andAssociation
Event AlarmsAutomatic
HypocenterDetermination
AutomaticMagnitude
Determination
OperatorInteractive
Review andRefinement
InteractiveHypocenter
Determination
InteractiveMagnitude
Determination
OwnSeismicNetwork
CooperatingSeismic
Networks
EQ Paramsmeet Initial
BulletinCriteria?
STEP 1
STEP 2
STEP 3
STEP 4
STEP 5
STEP 6
ComputeTsunami ETAs
if a Warning
STEP 7
YES
PTWC General Processes and Procedures for Initial Tsunami Bulletins
Issue InitialBulletin
ComputeTsunami ETAs
if a Warning
STEP 7
YES
Issue InitialBulletin
Pacific-Wide Warning
ConfirmedTeletsunami
Expanding Warning / Watch
Mw > 7.8
Regional Tsunami Warning
Mw 7.6 to 7.8
Tsunami Information
Bulletin
Mw 6.5 to 7.5
Earthquake Message Only
Mw less than 6.5(Mw: Moment Magnitude)
PTWC PACIFIC BULLETIN CRITERIAPTWC PACIFIC BULLETIN CRITERIA
N
S
EW
Run ForecastModel Based
on all AvailableData
HistoricalEarthquakes
and Tsunamis
Is There aSignificantIncrease of
Threat?
OperatorEvaluatesContinuing
Threat
Further RefineEQ
Parameters
Monitor for EQParametersfrom other
Observatories
STEP 1
STEP 2
STEP 3 STEP 4
Issue Bulletinto Upgrade
Warning
STEP 5
YES
PTWC General Processes and Procedures for Supplemental Tsunami Bulletins
ComputeTsunami ETAs
if Haven’tAlready
Monitor SeaLevel Gauge
Data
Monitor Mediafor Tsunami
Reports
Contact EQRegion forTsunamiReports
Is It Time for aSupplement
(every hour)?
Is There NoFurtherThreat?
NO
NO
Issue Bulletinto CancelWarning
YES
Issue Bulletinto Continue
Warning
YES
Go back toSTEP 1
NO
Is ThereSignificant
NewInformation?
NO
Issue Bulletinto with NewInformation
YES
N
S
EW
Run ForecastModel Based
on all AvailableData
HistoricalEarthquakes
and Tsunamis
Is There aSignificantIncrease of
Threat?
OperatorEvaluatesContinuing
Threat
Further RefineEQ
Parameters
Monitor for EQParametersfrom other
Observatories
STEP 1
STEP 2
STEP 3 STEP 4
Issue Bulletinto Upgrade
Warning
STEP 5
YES
PTWC General Processes and Procedures for Supplemental Tsunami Bulletins
ComputeTsunami ETAs
if Haven’tAlready
Monitor SeaLevel Gauge
Data
Monitor Mediafor Tsunami
Reports
Contact EQRegion forTsunamiReports
Is It Time for aSupplement
(every hour)?
Is There NoFurtherThreat?
NO
NO
Issue Bulletinto CancelWarning
YES
Issue Bulletinto Continue
Warning
YES
Go back toSTEP 1
NO
Is ThereSignificant
NewInformation?
NO
Issue Bulletinto with NewInformation
YES
Run ForecastModel Based
on all AvailableData
Further RefineEQ
Parameters
Monitor for EQParametersfrom other
Observatories
STEP 1
STEP 2
ComputeTsunami ETAs
if Haven’tAlready
Monitor SeaLevel Gauge
Data
N
S
EW
Run ForecastModel Based
on all AvailableData
HistoricalEarthquakes
and Tsunamis
Is There aSignificantIncrease of
Threat?
OperatorEvaluatesContinuing
Threat
Further RefineEQ
Parameters
Monitor for EQParametersfrom other
Observatories
STEP 1
STEP 2
STEP 3 STEP 4
Issue Bulletinto Upgrade
Warning
STEP 5
YES
PTWC General Processes and Procedures for Supplemental Tsunami Bulletins
ComputeTsunami ETAs
if Haven’tAlready
Monitor SeaLevel Gauge
Data
Monitor Mediafor Tsunami
Reports
Contact EQRegion forTsunamiReports
Is It Time for aSupplement
(every hour)?
Is There NoFurtherThreat?
NO
NO
Issue Bulletinto CancelWarning
YES
Issue Bulletinto Continue
Warning
YES
Go back toSTEP 1
NO
Is ThereSignificant
NewInformation?
NO
Issue Bulletinto with NewInformation
YES
E
Monitor Mediafor Tsunami
Reports
Contact EQRegion forTsunamiReports
N
S
EW
Run ForecastModel Based
on all AvailableData
HistoricalEarthquakes
and Tsunamis
Is There aSignificantIncrease of
Threat?
OperatorEvaluatesContinuing
Threat
Further RefineEQ
Parameters
Monitor for EQParametersfrom other
Observatories
STEP 1
STEP 2
STEP 3 STEP 4
Issue Bulletinto Upgrade
Warning
STEP 5
YES
PTWC General Processes and Procedures for Supplemental Tsunami Bulletins
ComputeTsunami ETAs
if Haven’tAlready
Monitor SeaLevel Gauge
Data
Monitor Mediafor Tsunami
Reports
Contact EQRegion forTsunamiReports
Is It Time for aSupplement
(every hour)?
Is There NoFurtherThreat?
NO
NO
Issue Bulletinto CancelWarning
YES
Issue Bulletinto Continue
Warning
YES
Go back toSTEP 1
NO
Is ThereSignificant
NewInformation?
NO
Issue Bulletinto with NewInformation
YES
Run ForecastModel Based
on all AvailableData
HistoricalEarthquakes
and Tsunamis
OperatorEvaluatesContinuing
Threat
STEP 2
STEP 3
N
S
EW
Run ForecastModel Based
on all AvailableData
HistoricalEarthquakes
and Tsunamis
Is There aSignificantIncrease of
Threat?
OperatorEvaluatesContinuing
Threat
Further RefineEQ
Parameters
Monitor for EQParametersfrom other
Observatories
STEP 1
STEP 2
STEP 3 STEP 4
Issue Bulletinto Upgrade
Warning
STEP 5
YES
PTWC General Processes and Procedures for Supplemental Tsunami Bulletins
ComputeTsunami ETAs
if Haven’tAlready
Monitor SeaLevel Gauge
Data
Monitor Mediafor Tsunami
Reports
Contact EQRegion forTsunamiReports
Is It Time for aSupplement
(every hour)?
Is There NoFurtherThreat?
NO
NO
Issue Bulletinto CancelWarning
YES
Issue Bulletinto Continue
Warning
YES
Go back toSTEP 1
NO
Is ThereSignificant
NewInformation?
NO
Issue Bulletinto with NewInformation
YES
Is There aSignificantIncrease of
Threat?
STEP 4
Issue Bulletinto Upgrade
Warning
STEP 5
YES
Is There NoFurtherThreat?
NO
Issue Bulletinto CancelWarning
YES
NO
N
S
EW
Run ForecastModel Based
on all AvailableData
HistoricalEarthquakes
and Tsunamis
Is There aSignificantIncrease of
Threat?
OperatorEvaluatesContinuing
Threat
Further RefineEQ
Parameters
Monitor for EQParametersfrom other
Observatories
STEP 1
STEP 2
STEP 3 STEP 4
Issue Bulletinto Upgrade
Warning
STEP 5
YES
PTWC General Processes and Procedures for Supplemental Tsunami Bulletins
ComputeTsunami ETAs
if Haven’tAlready
Monitor SeaLevel Gauge
Data
Monitor Mediafor Tsunami
Reports
Contact EQRegion forTsunamiReports
Is It Time for aSupplement
(every hour)?
Is There NoFurtherThreat?
NO
NO
Issue Bulletinto CancelWarning
YES
Issue Bulletinto Continue
Warning
YES
Go back toSTEP 1
NO
Is ThereSignificant
NewInformation?
NO
Issue Bulletinto with NewInformation
YESIs It Time for aSupplement
(every hour)?
NO
Issue Bulletinto Continue
Warning
YES
Go back toSTEP 1
NO
Is ThereSignificant
NewInformation?
NO
Issue Bulletinto with NewInformation
YES
100% 100% OPERATIONAL RELIABILITYOPERATIONAL RELIABILITY
•• POWERPOWER: All operational systems on a central UPS : All operational systems on a central UPS backed up by a generator with one week of fuel.backed up by a generator with one week of fuel.
•• CENTER HARDWARECENTER HARDWARE: Hardware duplicated into : Hardware duplicated into primary and redundant systems. primary and redundant systems.
•• DATA SOURCESDATA SOURCES: Seismic and sea level data come : Seismic and sea level data come from multiple sources. from multiple sources.
•• DATA COMMUNICATIONSDATA COMMUNICATIONS: Data is sent to PTWC over : Data is sent to PTWC over multiple links whenever possible.multiple links whenever possible.
100% 100% OPERATIONAL RELIABILITYOPERATIONAL RELIABILITY
•• DATA PROCESSINGDATA PROCESSING: Multiple algorithms for EQ : Multiple algorithms for EQ detection, alerting, locations, magnitudes, and model detection, alerting, locations, magnitudes, and model guidance.guidance.
•• MESSAGINGMESSAGING: Multiple dissemination methods to reach : Multiple dissemination methods to reach designated contact points by multiple means.designated contact points by multiple means.
•• DUTY PERSONSDUTY PERSONS: Two persons always on duty on the : Two persons always on duty on the Center compound.Center compound.
•• BACKUP CENTERBACKUP CENTER: PTWC and WC/ATWC provide : PTWC and WC/ATWC provide backup service for each other.backup service for each other.
LONG TERM SUSTAINABILITYLONG TERM SUSTAINABILITY
•• NATIONAL SUPPORTNATIONAL SUPPORT: National commitment to Center : National commitment to Center operations. As a part of the US National Weather operations. As a part of the US National Weather Service, certain resources and expertise are shared with Service, certain resources and expertise are shared with this organization that also does 24x7 monitoring of the this organization that also does 24x7 monitoring of the environment and issues advisories, watches, and environment and issues advisories, watches, and warnings.warnings.
•• ORGANIZATIONAL SUPPORTORGANIZATIONAL SUPPORT: Organizations of : Organizations of stakeholders such as ITSU (international), NTHMP stakeholders such as ITSU (international), NTHMP (national), and TTRC (local) that include emergency (national), and TTRC (local) that include emergency managers, warning center operators, and scientists managers, warning center operators, and scientists provide authoritative sustained focus on tsunami issues.provide authoritative sustained focus on tsunami issues.
LONG TERM SUSTAINABILITYLONG TERM SUSTAINABILITY
•• MULTIMULTI--FUNCTION SEISMICFUNCTION SEISMIC: Seismic stations operated : Seismic stations operated by multiple organizations for multiple purposes by multiple organizations for multiple purposes including earthquake monitoring, volcano monitoring, including earthquake monitoring, volcano monitoring, and geophysical research.and geophysical research.
•• MULTIMULTI--FUNCTION SEA LEVELFUNCTION SEA LEVEL: Sea level stations : Sea level stations operated by multiple organizations for multiple operated by multiple organizations for multiple purposes including tides, storm surge, Elpurposes including tides, storm surge, El NiNiññoo, and , and longlong--term sea level rise.term sea level rise.
•• MULTIMULTI--FUNCTION COMMUNICATIONSFUNCTION COMMUNICATIONS: Data : Data communications methods shared when possible. communications methods shared when possible. Message disseminations over multiMessage disseminations over multi--purpose circuits purpose circuits such as GTS, AFTN, EMWIN.such as GTS, AFTN, EMWIN.
LONG TERM READINESSLONG TERM READINESS
•• FREQUENT ALARMSFREQUENT ALARMS: Duty staff respond to one or two : Duty staff respond to one or two earthquakes per day on averageearthquakes per day on average
•• FREQUENT BULLETINSFREQUENT BULLETINS: Bulletin criteria set so system : Bulletin criteria set so system is exercised regularly. is exercised regularly.
Pacific:Pacific: Mw >= 6.5Mw >= 6.5 ~2 events/month~2 events/monthHawaii:Hawaii: ml > 4.0ml > 4.0 ~1 event/month~1 event/month
•• COMMUNICATION TESTSCOMMUNICATION TESTS: Monthly communication : Monthly communication tests with response required ensure communication tests with response required ensure communication links working and reinforce readiness.links working and reinforce readiness.
•• EXERCISESEXERCISES: Tabletop and more realistic exercises : Tabletop and more realistic exercises expose weaknesses and provide practice.expose weaknesses and provide practice.
CONTINUOUSDISPLAY
OFSEISMICTRACES
AUTOMATIC SOLUTIONS
FORPACIFICEVENTS
INITIAL LOCATION IN 3 - 8 MIN
SEISMICTRACES
IN ORDEROF
ARRIVAL FOR
MANUAL PICKING
DISPLAYFOR
MANUALPICKING
OFSEISMICTRACES
INTERACTIVE TOOL TO REFINE SOLUTION INCLUDING DEPTH
Mwp: Moment Magnitude from the P Wave
Seconds
Performance of PTWC Mwp
5
5.5
6
6.5
7
7.5
8
8.5
9
5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9 9.5Harvard Mw
Mw
p (P
TWC
) - M
w (H
RV)
ISSUE TIME OF PTWC INITIAL BULLETINS FOR TELESEISMS
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
EVENT TIME (YEAR)
MIN
UTE
S SI
NC
E Q
UA
KE
CPPT
INTERACTIVEDISPLAY
ANDMEASURE
OFSEA LEVEL
DATA
POSSIBLE DART BUOY CONFIGURATION? (32 DARTS)
SIFT FORECAST MODEL: SOURCES
17 17 November 2003: SIFT Match of Waveforms of November 2003: SIFT Match of Waveforms of GenerationGeneration--Propagation Model and TsunameterPropagation Model and Tsunameter
Real Time Detection of Real Time Detection of November 17, 2003 TsunamiNovember 17, 2003 Tsunami
Tsunami
TsunamiTsunami
Seismic
TSUNAMIS ARE RARE. KEEP THESE SAFETY TSUNAMIS ARE RARE. KEEP THESE SAFETY TIPS IN MIND AND ENJOY THE BEACH!TIPS IN MIND AND ENJOY THE BEACH!