Rheumatology Board Review Presentation-1 Vikas Majithia.
-
Upload
marianna-barrett -
Category
Documents
-
view
228 -
download
11
Transcript of Rheumatology Board Review Presentation-1 Vikas Majithia.
![Page 1: Rheumatology Board Review Presentation-1 Vikas Majithia.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052401/56649d6e5503460f94a4ecc5/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Rheumatology Board Review Presentation-1
Vikas Majithia
![Page 2: Rheumatology Board Review Presentation-1 Vikas Majithia.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052401/56649d6e5503460f94a4ecc5/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Guarantees
If you listen and remember today:>80% of Q of rheum in board>90% correct(Backed By Dinner at CHAR)
- Something special
![Page 3: Rheumatology Board Review Presentation-1 Vikas Majithia.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052401/56649d6e5503460f94a4ecc5/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Game-Plan
Stimulate your mind and think with me Highlight the topics Go over “educational objectives” These are potential questions/test
pertinent areas Participate If you want write, Use the handout
from today otherwise just listen I can not teach you anything but I can
help you think/learn
![Page 4: Rheumatology Board Review Presentation-1 Vikas Majithia.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052401/56649d6e5503460f94a4ecc5/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Questions – Technique to Decipher OBJECTIVE 1 STEP 2 STEP WHAT YOU SEE IS WHAT YOU GET NO AMBIGUITY SPECIFIC INFORMATION IN VIGNETTE LIKELY ANSWERS (Confounding) OVERVIEW/REVIEW
![Page 5: Rheumatology Board Review Presentation-1 Vikas Majithia.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052401/56649d6e5503460f94a4ecc5/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Q A 46-year-old man is evaluated because of acute pain
and swelling in his right knee. He was recently diagnosed with hypertension and started on hydrochlorothiazide, 25 mg/d. He smokes 1 pack of cigarettes daily, and consumes 6 to 12 cans of beer on the weekends. On physical examination, he weighs 99.8 kg (220 lb). His temperature is 100.6 °F, pulse rate is 90/min, and blood pressure is 180/90 mm Hg. There is effusion of the knee along with surrounding redness and it is exquisitely tender. He has no other systemic findings. An arthrocentesis resulted in 30 cc of cloudy fluid. Preliminary report shows needle shaped crystals which are yellow when parallel to polarizer and a negative gram stain.
What is the next best step in the management of his condition?
A. Treat him with Allopurinol 300 mg/day.B. Treat him with oral erythromycin 375 mg BID.C. Treat him with a combination of colchicine and naproxen. D. Do nothing as you have done a therapeutic
arthrocentesis. E. Order an MRI of the knee to rule out meniscal tear
![Page 6: Rheumatology Board Review Presentation-1 Vikas Majithia.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052401/56649d6e5503460f94a4ecc5/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Q A 46-year-old man is evaluated because of acute pain
and swelling in his right knee. He was recently diagnosed with hypertension and started on hydrochlorothiazide, 25 mg/d. He smokes 1 pack of cigarettes daily, and consumes 6 to 12 cans of beer on the weekends. On physical examination, he weighs 99.8 kg (220 lb). His temperature is 100.6 °F, pulse rate is 90/min, and blood pressure is 180/90 mm Hg. There is effusion of the knee along with surrounding redness and it is exquisitely tender. He has no other systemic findings. An arthrocentesis resulted in 30 cc of cloudy fluid. Preliminary report shows intracellular needle shaped crystals which are yellow when parallel to polarizer and a negative gram stain.
What is the next best step in the management of his condition?
Treat him with Allopurinol 300 mg/day. Treat him with oral erythromycin 375 mg BID. Treat him with a combination of colchicine and naproxen. Do nothing as you have done a therapeutic
arthrocentesis. Order an MRI of the knee to rule out meniscal tear
![Page 7: Rheumatology Board Review Presentation-1 Vikas Majithia.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052401/56649d6e5503460f94a4ecc5/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Rheumatoid Arthritis Epidemiology Etiology: Role of genetic and environmental
factors (HLA-DR4). Pathology: Role of inflammation, cytokines, cells
and histopathology. Pathogenesis: Molecular mimicry, Role of
infections. Clinical Manifestations: Articular and extra-
articular involvement, Pattern of involvement. Laboratory Findings: routine laboratory changes,
inflammatory markers, rheumatoid factor and anti-CCP antibody.
Radiographic Evaluation: Findings. Clinical course and prognosis: course, disability,
chronicity, effect on lifestyle, risk for family members.
![Page 8: Rheumatology Board Review Presentation-1 Vikas Majithia.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052401/56649d6e5503460f94a4ecc5/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Rheumatoid Arthritis Diagnosis: Mostly Clinical, Classification criteria
helpful Morning stiffness (at least 1 hour) Arthritis of three or more joint areas Arthritis of hand joints (PIP and MCP) Symmetric arthritis, by area Subcutaneous rheumatoid nodules Positive test for rheumatoid factor Radiographic changes (hand and wrist radiography
that show erosion of joints or unequivocal demineralization around joints)
(First Three need to be present at least for 6 weeks) RF: May be negative in up to 1/4 patients Anti-Cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) antibody-
specific not very sensitive
![Page 9: Rheumatology Board Review Presentation-1 Vikas Majithia.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052401/56649d6e5503460f94a4ecc5/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Rheumatoid Arthritis Clinical picture: Articular disease- Persistent symptoms with significant morning stiffness Involvement of hands and feet (MCP, MTP, PIP) & sparing of DIP Cervical spine disease- risk of subluxation and myelopathy Extra-Articular disease Rheumatoid nodules Vasculitis Pulmonary involvement: Effusion (low glucose) and Fibrosis Felty’s syndrome: RA, Neutropenia and splenomegaly Eye involvement- Scleritis and episcleritis (not uveitis)
Laboratory abnormalities Rheumatoid factor- negative in 25% cases Anti-CCP antibody- specific not very sensitive Elevated ESR and CRP Bony erosions Long term risk of CAD
![Page 10: Rheumatology Board Review Presentation-1 Vikas Majithia.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052401/56649d6e5503460f94a4ecc5/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
©Copyright Science Press Internet Services
![Page 11: Rheumatology Board Review Presentation-1 Vikas Majithia.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052401/56649d6e5503460f94a4ecc5/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
![Page 12: Rheumatology Board Review Presentation-1 Vikas Majithia.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052401/56649d6e5503460f94a4ecc5/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Rheumatoid Arthritis Management: NSAIDs: Non-selective & Cox-2 inhibitors (do
not prevent joint damage) DMARDs Antimalarials: Hydroxychloroquine and
chloroquine and Sulfasalazine - use in mild, non erosive disease
Steroids: Low dose, Short term therapy for major flares, Bridge therapy, Vasculitis and Intra-articular injection
Methotrexate: Preferred initial DMARD, Use of folate replacement, risk of hepatitis, pneumonitis and cytopenia
Leflunomide: As effective as MTX, 2nd line due to cost, No lung toxicity, risk of hepatitis, Category X in pregnancy.
Others — Azathioprine, Gold, D-penicillamine, cyclosporine
![Page 13: Rheumatology Board Review Presentation-1 Vikas Majithia.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052401/56649d6e5503460f94a4ecc5/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Rheumatoid ArthritisManagement: BIOLOGICs TNF blockers- Etanercept, Infliximab,
Adalimumab, Certolizumab pegol, Golimumab
B cell modulator: Rituximab Co-stimulator blocker: Abatacept (Orencia) IL-6 blocker- Tocilizumab (Actemra) IL-1 blocker- Anakinra JAK inhibitor- Tofacitinib
Activation of latent TB Increased risk of other infections Possible increased risk of Malignancy,
demyelinating disease or other autoimmune diseases, Lipid/Liver monitoring with Il-6 blocker
![Page 14: Rheumatology Board Review Presentation-1 Vikas Majithia.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052401/56649d6e5503460f94a4ecc5/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
DMARD Dosage Onset of Effect
Adverse Events Monitoring
Auranofin (Ridaura) 3-6 mg QD 4-6 months Diarrhea CBC, urinalysis (u/a) every 3 months
Azathioprine (Imuran) 50-150 mg QD 2-3 months GI intolerance, cytopenia, hepatitis infections,
CBC, LFTs every 2-4 weeks initially, then every 2-3 months
Cyclosporine (Gengraf,Neoral, generic)
2.5-5 mg QD 2-3 months GI intolerance, cytopenia, infections, hypertension, renal disease
Creatinine (Cr) every two weeks until dose is stable, then monthly; consider CBC, LFTs, and K+ level tests
D-Penicillamine(Cuprimine)
250-750 mg QD 3-6 months GI intolerance, skin rash, proteinuria, Rare: cytopenia
CBC- u/a every 2 weeks until dose is stable, then every 2-3 months
Hydroxychloroquine(Plaquenil)
200-400 mg QD 2-6 months GI intolerance, Retinal toxicity Eye examinations every 12 months
IM Gold sodium thiomalate(Myochrysine) Aurothioglucose(Solganal)
25-50 mg IM every 2-4 weeks
6-8 weeks GI intolerance, skin rash, oral ulcers, proteinuria, cytopenia,
CBC and u/a every 2 weeks until dose is stable, then with each injection
Leflunomide (Arava) 20 mg QD 4-12 weeks GI intolerance, skin rash, hepatitis, cytopenia, highly teratogenic
Hepatitis B and C serology in high-risk patients; CBC, Cr and LFTs monthly for 6 months, then 1-2 months; adjust dose or stop if LFTs elevated
Methotrexate 15-25 mg orally, sc or IM every week
1-2 months GI intolerance, oral ulcers, alopecia, hepatitis, pneumonitis, cytopenia, rash, teratogenic
CBC, Cr and LFTs monthly for 6 months, then every 1-2 months; adjust dose or stop if LFTs elevated
Minocycline (Minocin) 100 mg BID 1-3 months Dizziness, skin pigmentation none
Sulfasalazine (Azulfidine) 2-3 gm/day 1-3 months GI intolerance, oral ulcers, cytopenia, rash
CBC every 2-3 months
![Page 15: Rheumatology Board Review Presentation-1 Vikas Majithia.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052401/56649d6e5503460f94a4ecc5/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Biologic Drugs Dosage Onset of Effect
Adverse Events Monitoring
TNF Blockers
Adalimumab (Humira) 40 mg sc EOW 2-12 weeks Injection site reaction (ISR), infection risk, TB reactivationRare: demyelinating disorders
Monitor for TB, fungal and other infections; CBC andLiver panel (LFTs) at baseline and monthly; thereafter every 2-3 months
Etanercept (Enbrel) 25 mg sc twice/ week or 50 mg sc weekly
2-12 weeks ISR, infection risk, TB reactivationRare: demyelinating disorders
Monitor for TB, fungal and other infections; CBC andLFTs at baseline and monthly; thereafter every 2-3 months.
Certolizumab- Cimzia 200/400 mg sc EOW/monthly
2-12 weeks Injection site reaction (ISR), infection risk, TB reactivationRare: demyelinating disorders
Monitor for TB, fungal and other infections; CBC andLiver panel (LFTs) at baseline and monthly; thereafter every 2-3 months
Golumimab (Simponi) 50 mg sc monthly
2-12 weeks ISR, infection risk, TB reactivationRare: demyelinating disorders
Monitor for TB, fungal and other infections; CBC andLFTs at baseline and monthly; thereafter every 2-3 months.
Infliximab (Remicade) 3 mg/kg at weeks 0, 2 and 4 weeks, then every 8 weeks
2-12 weeks Infusion reactions, infection risk, TB reactivationRare: demyelinating disorders
Monitor-TB, fungal and other infections; CBC, Cr and LFTs at baseline and monthly; thereafter every 2-3 months.
![Page 16: Rheumatology Board Review Presentation-1 Vikas Majithia.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052401/56649d6e5503460f94a4ecc5/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Drug Dosage Onset of Effect
Adverse Events Monitoring
Other Biologics
Anakinra (Kineret) – IL -1 blocker 100 mg sc QD 4-12 weeks ISR, leucopenia, Infections, Hypersensitivity
CBC at baseline and every 3 months
Abatacept(Orencia) – CTLA 4 Ig, Costimulator blockade
500-1000 mg (weight based) at 0, 2 and 4 weeks then every 4 weeks
2-12 weeks Infusion reactions, infection risk, sepsis, hypersensitivity, COPD exacerbation
Monitor for TB, other infections; CBC and chemistry and LFTs at baseline and with each infusion
Rituximab (Rituxan)- B-cell inhibitor 1000 mg at 0 and 15 days
2-12 weeks Infusion reactions, infection risk, reactivation and new viral infections, respiratory difficulty, cytopenia
Monitor for TB, other infections; CBC and chemistry and LFTs at baseline and 2 weeks; thereafter every 2-3 months
Tocilizumab (Actemra)- IL-6 blocker 4 mg/kg or 8 mg/kg (weight based) every 4 weeks
2-12 weeks Infusion reactions, infection risk, sepsis, cytopenia, hepatitis, hypersensitivity, Lipid abnormalities, GI perforation
Monitor for TB, other infections; CBC and chemistry and LFTs at baseline and with each infusion
Tofacitinib (XelJanz) – JAK Kinase inhibitor Oral daily- 5 mg or 10 mg BID
8-12 weeks Infection risk, sepsis, cytopenias, hepatitis, hypersensitivity, GI perforation
Monitor for TB, other infections; CBC and chemistry and LFTs at baseline and periodically.
![Page 17: Rheumatology Board Review Presentation-1 Vikas Majithia.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052401/56649d6e5503460f94a4ecc5/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Rheumatoid Arthritis Questions asked 1. Patient scenario: middle aged female,
outpatient 2. Comes with polyarthritis, failed
NSAIDs. What to do next? 3. Inadequate response to MTX/plaquenil 4. What test to do before starting a
biologic agent 5. Patient on MTX comes with cough.
What to do next? 6. RA Patient (on/not on) MTX/biologic
agent comes with single joint pain/swelling. What to do next?
![Page 18: Rheumatology Board Review Presentation-1 Vikas Majithia.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052401/56649d6e5503460f94a4ecc5/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Rheumatoid Arthritis Questions asked 7. Patient on leflunomide. Wants to
become pregnant. 8. RA Patient on MTX/biologic agent
comes with cough, weight loss. What to do next?
9. RA Patient has unilateral calf swelling? Likely diagnosis
10. RA patient going for surgery? What test to do?
11. RA patient with paraesthesia, dizziness. What test to do?
12. RA patient with replaced hip/knee? Come with pain in the prosthetic joint. What to do next?
![Page 19: Rheumatology Board Review Presentation-1 Vikas Majithia.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052401/56649d6e5503460f94a4ecc5/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Rheumatoid Arthritis Questions asked 13. RA patient on plaquenil, presents with blurred vision.
Likely cause: retinal toxicity. 14. Long-standing RA Patient on treatment presents with
fever, weight loss, SOB, distended neck veins. What to do next?
15. Long-standing RA Patient on treatment presents with intermittent fever, weight loss, diarrhoea, What to do next?
16. Long-standing RA Patient on treatment presents with fever, weight loss, skin ulcers, foot drop. What to do next?
17. RA patient on MTX asks risk of liver toxicity and monitoring
18. Patient with intermittent migratory pain swelling. Likely diagnosis?
19. long-standing RA Patient with early satiety, weight loss, skin ulcers, LUQ fullness. What to do next?
20. Young male patient with fever, evanescent rash, sore throat, arthralgia, lymphadenopathy and hepatosplenomegaly. Typically –ve RF
![Page 20: Rheumatology Board Review Presentation-1 Vikas Majithia.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052401/56649d6e5503460f94a4ecc5/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Q A 52-year-old woman who has had rheumatoid arthritis for two years comes to your
office for a scheduled health evaluation. She reports that she feels well and has minimal morning stiffness. Current medications are leflunomide, 20 mg daily, and ibandronate 150 mg monthly.
Physical examination reveals swelling of the second and fifth right MCPs and the third left MCP; and swelling of the first and fourth right PIPs and the second left PIP with minimal tenderness. The right wrist and left knee are slightly swollen, and range of motion (ROM) is slightly painful. Tenderness to palpation of the MTPs is noted. Radiographs of the feet obtained one year ago show erosions of the fourth and fifth right MTPs and the fourth left MTP.
Laboratory studies: Hematocrit 11.1% , Hemoglobin 33 g/dL, Erythrocyte sedimentation rate 31 mm/hr, Liver function tests Normal, Disease activity score shows moderate activity.
Which of the following is the appropriate management at this time?
(A) No further change in therapy
(B) Add etanercept, 50 mg weekly
(C) Add prednisone, 10 mg daily
(D) Add hydroxychloroquine, 200 mg daily
(E) Discontinue leflunomide; add methotrexate, 20 mg weekly
![Page 21: Rheumatology Board Review Presentation-1 Vikas Majithia.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052401/56649d6e5503460f94a4ecc5/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Crystal Induced Arthritis Epidemiology Crystals: Gout (monosodium urate), Psudogout
(Ca pyrophosphate), Basic calcium phosphate Etiology: Role of metabolic factors
(overproduction or underexcretion of uric acid) and genetic associations.
Crystal analysis: shape, birefringence and color Clinical Manifestations: Articular and extra-
articular involvement, Pattern of involvement Laboratory Findings: Hyperuricemia (suggestive
not diagnostic) Radiographic Evaluation: Findings Clinical course and prognosis
![Page 22: Rheumatology Board Review Presentation-1 Vikas Majithia.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052401/56649d6e5503460f94a4ecc5/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Synovial Fluid Analysis
Normal Inflammatory Septic Hemorrhagic
Crystal Induced
Clear/YellowTransparent
Yellow/ WhiteTranslucent/opaque
Yellow/WhiteOpaque
RedOpaque
Yellow/ White, Translucent/opaque
<2K 2K-50K >50K N/a 10K-50K
-ve Gm stain & Culture (Cx)
-ve Gm stain & Culture
+/- Gm stain, +/- Culture
-ve Gm stain, Cx.
-ve Gm stain, Cx.+ Crystals
![Page 23: Rheumatology Board Review Presentation-1 Vikas Majithia.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052401/56649d6e5503460f94a4ecc5/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
![Page 24: Rheumatology Board Review Presentation-1 Vikas Majithia.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052401/56649d6e5503460f94a4ecc5/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Gout Clinical picture:
Usually adult men, If occurs in adolescent- underlying enzyme disorders, Rare in pre-menopausal women
Articular disease-
Acute gouty arthritis Intercritical (or interval) gout Chronic tophaceous gout Intermittent, recurrent attacks Involvement of 1st MTP is typical, Any joint can
be involved. Spine disease: Can involve any level
![Page 25: Rheumatology Board Review Presentation-1 Vikas Majithia.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052401/56649d6e5503460f94a4ecc5/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Gout Clinical picture:
Extra-Articular disease
Tophi Renal disease: Uric acid nephrolithiasis and
interstitial nephropathy
Laboratory abnormalities
Hyperuricemia: helpful not diagnostic Crystal analysis: negatively birefringence,
needle shaped, yellow when parallel
![Page 26: Rheumatology Board Review Presentation-1 Vikas Majithia.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052401/56649d6e5503460f94a4ecc5/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: Rheumatology Board Review Presentation-1 Vikas Majithia.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052401/56649d6e5503460f94a4ecc5/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
a↑b→
![Page 28: Rheumatology Board Review Presentation-1 Vikas Majithia.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052401/56649d6e5503460f94a4ecc5/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
![Page 29: Rheumatology Board Review Presentation-1 Vikas Majithia.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052401/56649d6e5503460f94a4ecc5/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Gout Unusual presentations: Poly-articular gout Transplantation gout: Typically patient on cyclosporine Rapid progression of gout Common in cardiac transplantation Moonshine gout (saturnine gout)
![Page 30: Rheumatology Board Review Presentation-1 Vikas Majithia.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052401/56649d6e5503460f94a4ecc5/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Gout Treatment:
Acute Attacks
NSAIDs: Any NSAID works fine ( Indomethacin is NOT the preferred agent)
Colchicine: remember colchicine associated GI events and neuro-myopathy
Steroids: Systemic and Intraarticular
![Page 31: Rheumatology Board Review Presentation-1 Vikas Majithia.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052401/56649d6e5503460f94a4ecc5/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Gout Treatment: Management of Hyperuricemia:
Allopurinol: Remember hypersensitivity syndrome and dose adjustment in renal disease, prophylaxis with colchicine initially to avoid acute attack
Uricosuric agents: probenecid and sulfinpyrazone (Ineffective in Renal insufficiency, do not use in patients with renal stones)
Uloric/Febuxostat (XO blocker). Lower risk of hypersenstivity
Pegloticase (Krystexxa -recombinant porcine like uricase)
![Page 32: Rheumatology Board Review Presentation-1 Vikas Majithia.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052401/56649d6e5503460f94a4ecc5/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Gout Questions asked Patient scenario: middle aged male,
outpatient, acute illness inpatient: Post MI, post surgical, ESRD
Read the Q- Scenarios-acute attack, asymptomatic, chronic state
Role of 24 hour urine collection. Patient with sudden swollen single
joint. What to do? Aspiration reveals crystals: findings
diagnostic of an acute attack Co-existent infection with the
crystals: Gm stain
![Page 33: Rheumatology Board Review Presentation-1 Vikas Majithia.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052401/56649d6e5503460f94a4ecc5/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Gout Questions asked1. Patient with HTN and gout. What
medication he is likely on? What to do?
2. Treatment of acute attack. Choices?3. Long term management when
asymptomatic? 4. When to use - steroids in treatment
of an acute attack?5. Treatment of tophaceous gout?6. Allopurinol dose adjustment in renal
insufficiency?
![Page 34: Rheumatology Board Review Presentation-1 Vikas Majithia.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052401/56649d6e5503460f94a4ecc5/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Gout Questions asked7. Allopurinol/Feboxustat-in a transplant
patient? Interaction with what drug? What to substitute?
8. Patient with heme malignancy planning chemo. What drug used for prophylaxis?
9. Patient on Allopurinol comes with skin rash, cough? What test to do? Management?
10.Drug of choice in patient with renal stones, renal insufficiency?
11.Not to start what drug during an acute attack?
![Page 35: Rheumatology Board Review Presentation-1 Vikas Majithia.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052401/56649d6e5503460f94a4ecc5/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Q A 60-year-old man is referred to you for management of gouty arthritis. Episodic attacks of
acute arthritis involving the feet and ankles began nine years ago and were confirmed by urate crystal identification. Initially, the attacks responded to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, but symptoms became more frequent and are now chronic.
Medical history includes hypertension, non–insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, and coronary artery disease. For three years the patient has taken colchicine, 0.6 mg every two days; and allopurinol, 300 mg daily. Other current medications are furosemide, 20 mg daily; and amlodipine, 10 mg daily.
Laboratory studies: Hematocrit 34% Hemoglobin 11.6 g/dL, Platelet count 504,000/cu mm Erythrocyte sedimentation rate 60 mm/hr, Blood urea nitrogen 45 mg/dL Serum creatinine 2.5 mg/dL Serum potassium 5.1 mEq/L Serum uric acid 8.5 mg/dL Serum C-reactive protein 3.8 mg/dL Creatinine clearance 25 mL/min
Physical examination reveals blood pressure of 128/72 mm Hg. The ankles and feet are minimally swollen. Tophaceous deposits are present in the outer helix of the right ear and left olecranon bursa.
Which of the following is the best treatment now to manage this patient’s gout?
(A) Add fenofibrate, 600 mg twice daily, to the current drug regimen
(B) Add probenecid, 500 mg twice daily, to the current drug regimen
(C) Change allopurinol to oxypurinol, 100 mg daily
(D) Increase allopurinol to 400 mg daily
![Page 36: Rheumatology Board Review Presentation-1 Vikas Majithia.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052401/56649d6e5503460f94a4ecc5/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
CPPD
5 patterns: pseudogout, pseudo-rheumatoid, pseudo-OA,
pseudo-AS, Pseudo-neuroarthritis. Involves larger joints: typically knee. Positively birefringent, rhomboid shaped crystals,
bluish when parallel.
![Page 37: Rheumatology Board Review Presentation-1 Vikas Majithia.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052401/56649d6e5503460f94a4ecc5/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
CPPD Typical Presentations:
Acute inflammation of knee in elderly. Post-op acute synovitis in elderly OA in unusual sites
Associations with CPPD: 4 H – hypophosphatesia, hypomagnesimia, hemochromatosis, hyperpathyroidism
Treatment: NSAIDs, Intra-articular steroids, No long term metabolic management
![Page 38: Rheumatology Board Review Presentation-1 Vikas Majithia.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052401/56649d6e5503460f94a4ecc5/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
![Page 39: Rheumatology Board Review Presentation-1 Vikas Majithia.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052401/56649d6e5503460f94a4ecc5/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Basic Calcium Phosphate disease
Patterns Acute calcific-periarthritis, Tendonitis,
bursitis Idiopathic destructive arthritis of shoulder
(Milwaukee shoulder): typically elderly women with bilateral pain, swelling and loss of joint function, large effusion with severe destruction on radiograph.
Crystals: appear as clumps, Alizarin red S staining.
Treatment: NSAIDs, Intra-articular steroids, No long term metabolic management
![Page 40: Rheumatology Board Review Presentation-1 Vikas Majithia.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052401/56649d6e5503460f94a4ecc5/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Crystal Arthritis Questions asked1. Patient scenario: elderly male, multiple medical
problems, outpatient, acute inpatient 2. Abnormal Xray: CPPD deposition, crystal
analysis.3. 55 year old patient with DM, episodic pain in
wrist, knees, fatigue and decreased libido. Next test? Likely diagnosis?
4. Treatment of acute attack. Choices?5. Long term management ? 6. Patient with severe R shoulder pain. Xrays show
destruction. Likely diagnosis? Differential diagnosis?
![Page 41: Rheumatology Board Review Presentation-1 Vikas Majithia.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052401/56649d6e5503460f94a4ecc5/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Autoantibodies
![Page 42: Rheumatology Board Review Presentation-1 Vikas Majithia.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052401/56649d6e5503460f94a4ecc5/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
SLE Epidemiology Etiology: Role of genetic and environmental
factors. DR3 association. Pathology: Role of B-cells and autoantibodies. Clinical Manifestations: Systemic manifestations
with commonly involved organs, types of skin involvement (discoid, sub-acute cutaneous and others), renal involvement and types, articular involvement.
Laboratory Findings: Laboratory Findings: routine laboratory changes, inflammatory markers, autoantibody profiles, evaluation of pro-coagulation factors.
Clinical course and prognosis: course, morbidity and mortality, prognosis, risk for family members.
![Page 43: Rheumatology Board Review Presentation-1 Vikas Majithia.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052401/56649d6e5503460f94a4ecc5/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
SLE MNEMONIC DOPAMIN RASH
DISCOID RASH ORAL ULCERS PHOTOSENSITIVITY ANA MALAR RASH IMMUNOLOGICAL PHENOMENON(Le Cell, Ds DNA, Sm, APL
ab, false + RPR, ) NEUROLOGICAL(Seizures,Psychosis) RENAL(Nephrotic,Nephritic) ARTHRITIS SEROSITIS HEMATOLOGICAL (Leukopenia, Thrombocytopenia, anemia) 4 or more positive criteria
![Page 44: Rheumatology Board Review Presentation-1 Vikas Majithia.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052401/56649d6e5503460f94a4ecc5/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
©Copyright Science Press Internet Services
Malar Rash in SLE
![Page 45: Rheumatology Board Review Presentation-1 Vikas Majithia.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052401/56649d6e5503460f94a4ecc5/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Discoid lupus erythematosus
©Copyright Science Press Internet Services
![Page 46: Rheumatology Board Review Presentation-1 Vikas Majithia.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052401/56649d6e5503460f94a4ecc5/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
SLE Clinical picture: Articular disease - Non erosive, diffuse, +morning
stiffness, Involvement of hands and feet. RASH: malar eruption, discoid rash, sub-acute
cutaneous LE. Cardiopulmonary: pleuritis/effusion, pericarditis,
also remember pneumonitis and alveolar hemorrhage can occur.
Renal: nephritis or nephrosis ( active urine sediment / proteinuria), 6 different pathological classes upon biopsy.
CNS: Seizures or psychosis, vasculitis/ cereberitis can occur
Hematological: (Leukopenia, ITP, hemolytic )
![Page 47: Rheumatology Board Review Presentation-1 Vikas Majithia.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052401/56649d6e5503460f94a4ecc5/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
SLE
Clinical picture: Immunological studies:
ANA + in high titer (100 %), Anti-Ds DNA (60-70%), Anti Smith (30 %).
Hypo-complementemia- low c3, c4. High ESR
![Page 48: Rheumatology Board Review Presentation-1 Vikas Majithia.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052401/56649d6e5503460f94a4ecc5/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
SLE Management: NSAIDs: Used for a number of manifestations, (remember elevated
creatinine can occur due to their use too in addition to the disease itself)
Steroids: Initially higher dose with taper to low dose maintenance,
Short term therapy for major flares. IV pulse therapy – initial and for flares (?intermittent) Remain very important for management. Highlight risks and adverse events
![Page 49: Rheumatology Board Review Presentation-1 Vikas Majithia.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052401/56649d6e5503460f94a4ecc5/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
SLEDMARDs Antimalarials: Hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine -
helpful in all mild disease, adjunct in moderate/severe disease.
Azathioprine: Preferred immunosuppressive in moderate/severe disease, monitor for cytopenia and hepatitis.
Mycophenolate: Increasingly popular especially in renal disease.
Methotrexate: used in arthritis. Cyclophosphamide: IV preferred over oral, Used in nephritis
and CNS disease, Also useful in any severe/life-threatening manifestation. ( remember risk of hemorrhagic cystitis and bladder cancer, urine monitoring for this).
Biologics Belumimab: Anti-Blys, useful in mild to moderate disease in
combination with DMARDs, IV monthly. No additional evaluation/monitoring. Risk of infection, TB, cytopenias, PML?
![Page 50: Rheumatology Board Review Presentation-1 Vikas Majithia.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052401/56649d6e5503460f94a4ecc5/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
SLE- special Circumstances Drug-induced LE Common drug associations: procainamide,
hydralazine, isoniazid, PTU and minocycline. Positive anti-histone specificity
Neonatal LE Transient rash, antibodies disappear by 6 months Associated with positive SS-A and SS-B
Congenital heart block Associated with positive SS-A and SS-B too Risk is less than 5% Monitor for fetal heart rate around 18-24 weeks Can be treated with
dexamethasone/betamethasone if detected early.
![Page 51: Rheumatology Board Review Presentation-1 Vikas Majithia.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052401/56649d6e5503460f94a4ecc5/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
SLE Questions asked1. Patient scenario: middle aged female, AA,
both outpatient and inpatient2. Lupus patient with psychosis, No other
active symptoms, signs. Likely cause?3. Patient presents with rash, polyarthritis,
recently on plaquenil. What to do next?4. Lupus patient with abnormal urine. Next
diagnostic test?5. Biopsy shows Class IV disease. Appropriate
treatment? 6. Lupus patient (longer duration) presents
with chest pain. Next test? Likely diagnosis? Cause of death?
![Page 52: Rheumatology Board Review Presentation-1 Vikas Majithia.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052401/56649d6e5503460f94a4ecc5/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
SLE Questions asked7. SLE patient now pregnant: what
drugs to stop/continue?
8. Lupus pregnancy: monitor for-----?
9. SLE patient presents with hip pain: diagnostic test of choice? Diagnosis?
10.Most specific autoantibody with SLE.
11.Female patient with cough, hemoptysis, +ve ANA. Likely diagnosis?
12.Drug induced lupus.
![Page 53: Rheumatology Board Review Presentation-1 Vikas Majithia.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052401/56649d6e5503460f94a4ecc5/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
SLE Questions asked13.Patient with ITP also has arthralgia, fever.
Next test?14.Patient with +ve ANA, fatigue presents
with weakness of lower extremities, BB incontinence. Next Test? Diagnosis?
15.Lupus nephritis patient treated with cyclophophamide. Presents with hematuria (+ UA). Cause & Next test?
16.SLE patient presents with high fever, SOB, changing heart murmur. Diagnosis?
17.SLE patient with shortness of breath and diffuse reticular infiltrates on chest Xray/CT. Diagnosis?
![Page 54: Rheumatology Board Review Presentation-1 Vikas Majithia.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052401/56649d6e5503460f94a4ecc5/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
54
Q A 43-year-old woman is evaluated for increasing headaches and memory
problems. She has had systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) for ten years. Currently, she has a moderately active level of SLE with malar rash, arthritis, proteinuria, and serum creatinine of 1.8 mg/dL. Her medical history includes lupus nephritis for which she was treated with prednisone and mycophenolate mofetil.
She has multiple medication allergies including sulfa, penicillin, hydrochlorothiazide, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain is ordered to assess the patient’s neurologic symptoms. Later in the day, the neuroradiologist requests that MRI be performed without contrast.
For which of the following complications is the patient at risk if she has an MRI with contrast?
(A) Renal failure
(B) Contrast allergic reaction
(C) Hypotension (D) Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis
54
![Page 55: Rheumatology Board Review Presentation-1 Vikas Majithia.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052401/56649d6e5503460f94a4ecc5/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Sjogren’s syndromeClassification criteria: Ocular symptoms: dry eyes Oral symptoms: Xerostomia Abnormal Schirmer's test. Five millimeters
of unstimulated wetting of filter paper in 5 minutes
Rose bengal staining of the cornea Abnormal parotid salivary flow rate Abnormal radio nuclide scan of the parotid
glands Abnormal parotid gland sialography Abnormal Biopsy of minor salivary glands
(usually lip biopsy). Positive SS-A and SS-B
![Page 56: Rheumatology Board Review Presentation-1 Vikas Majithia.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052401/56649d6e5503460f94a4ecc5/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Sjogren’s syndromeSystemic manifestations: Articular disease Hyperglobulinemia Leukocytoclastic vasculitis Peripheral neuropathy/ MS like illness Cryoglobulinemia Risk of lymphoma
Treatment: Careful management of oral and ocular
symptoms NSAIDS and Plaquenil
![Page 57: Rheumatology Board Review Presentation-1 Vikas Majithia.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052401/56649d6e5503460f94a4ecc5/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Antiphospholipid Antibody syndrome Classification criteria: Definite APS = 1 clinical + 1 laboratory criteria Clinical — 1 or more episodes of venous, arterial, or small vessel thrombosis and/or Pregnancy morbidity — 1. Otherwise unexplained death at 10 weeks
gestation of a morphologically normal fetus, or 2. One or more premature births before 34 weeks gestation because of eclampsia, preeclampsia, or placental insufficiency, or 3. Three or more embryonic (<10 week gestation) unexplained pregnancy losses.
Laboratory — The presence of aPL , on two or more occasions at least 12 weeks apart and no more than five years prior to clinical manifestations, as demonstrated by one or more of the following - 1. Positive IgG and/or IgM anticardiolipin antibody 2. Positive Antibodies to ß2-glycoprotein I of IgG or IgM isotype 3. Positive lupus anticoagulant
Treatment:
Lifelong anticoagulation goal of INR is close to 3 or higher
Use heparin or LMW heparin during pregnancy to avoid morbidity associated with it
Plaquenil may be helpful
![Page 58: Rheumatology Board Review Presentation-1 Vikas Majithia.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052401/56649d6e5503460f94a4ecc5/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Catastrophic Anti-phospholipid Antibody syndrome
-Associated with high morbidity and mortality
-Treatment requires anticoagulation and Possibly plasmapharesis, IVIG, IV cyclophosphamide
![Page 59: Rheumatology Board Review Presentation-1 Vikas Majithia.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052401/56649d6e5503460f94a4ecc5/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
SLE and related syndromes Questions asked.1. Female patient with fatigue, arthralgia, dry
eyes, dry mouth. What test to order next? Likely diagnosis? Confirmatory test?
2. Patient with Sjogren’s presents with fever, weight loss, LN +. What to do next?
3. Symptomatic treatment of dry eyes, dry mouth.4. Male patient with parotid swelling, Biopsy CD 8+
lymphocytic infiltrate. Test? Diagnosis?5. Pregnant patient has fetal bradycardia- CHB,
what test to do & RX?6. Pregnant patient with 2nd or later pregnancy loss.
what test to do?7. Patient with APLS on coumadin now wants to be
pregnant. What is appropriate therapy?
![Page 60: Rheumatology Board Review Presentation-1 Vikas Majithia.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052401/56649d6e5503460f94a4ecc5/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Systemic Sclerosis and related syndromes
![Page 61: Rheumatology Board Review Presentation-1 Vikas Majithia.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052401/56649d6e5503460f94a4ecc5/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
One major criterion or two or more minor criteria were found to be 97% sensitive & 98% specific. Major criterion: Proximal scleroderma (skin thickening) is the single major criterion (proximal to MCPs). Minor Criteria: Sclerodactyly, Digital pitting scars of fingertips or loss of substance of the finger pad, Bilateral basilar pulmonary fibrosis.
Systemic Sclerosis
![Page 62: Rheumatology Board Review Presentation-1 Vikas Majithia.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052401/56649d6e5503460f94a4ecc5/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Systemic Sclerosis Clinical picture: Skin: Proximal skin thickening ( above wrists and below
neck) Articular disease - Non erosive, diffuse Vascular: Raynaud’s – severe, pitting, ulcerations and
necrosis. Nailfold capillary abnormalities Pulmonary: ILD and Fibrosis with abnormal CT scan and
restrictive pattern on PFT Cardiac: conduction system fibrosis with arrhythmias
Renal: Remember SCLERODERMA RENAL CRISIS and its features ( rapid rise in creatinine, severe HTN and bland urine sediment, onion skinning on pathology)
GI System: esophageal dysmotility, intestinal dysmotility and wide mouth diverticulae.
Immunological studies: ANA +ve (70-80%), Anti SCL-70 +ve (30-60%).
![Page 63: Rheumatology Board Review Presentation-1 Vikas Majithia.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052401/56649d6e5503460f94a4ecc5/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
![Page 64: Rheumatology Board Review Presentation-1 Vikas Majithia.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052401/56649d6e5503460f94a4ecc5/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Sclerodactyly
©Copyright Science Press Internet Services
![Page 65: Rheumatology Board Review Presentation-1 Vikas Majithia.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052401/56649d6e5503460f94a4ecc5/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Limited Systemic Sclerosis
Limited skin involvement: Distal to MCPs (still systemic disease-organs involved)
Non-CREST syndrome CREST syndrome: association with anti-
centromere antibody.CalcinosisRaynaud’s phenomemnonEsophageal dysmotilitySclerodactylyTelengeactasias
![Page 66: Rheumatology Board Review Presentation-1 Vikas Majithia.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052401/56649d6e5503460f94a4ecc5/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Mat-like telangiectasia
©Copyright Science Press Internet Services
![Page 67: Rheumatology Board Review Presentation-1 Vikas Majithia.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052401/56649d6e5503460f94a4ecc5/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Systemic Sclerosis Management: Avoid high dose steroids ( > 15 mg)
unless absolutely needed
Organ based therapy: Raynaud’s phenomenon: Lifestyle
changes, Calcium channel blockers, Sympathectomy, endothelin-1 blockers
Renal disease: ACE inhibitors (remember continue despite early elevation in creatinine during renal crisis)
GI disease: PPIs, Prokinetic agents, Flagyl as needed
Arthritis: Methotrexate
![Page 68: Rheumatology Board Review Presentation-1 Vikas Majithia.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052401/56649d6e5503460f94a4ecc5/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Systemic Sclerosis Management: Specific Therapy: Alveolitis: Corticosteroids, IV
Cyclophosphamide, Azathioprine.
Pulmonary Hypertension: Endothelin-1 receptor antagonists:
Bosentan, Sitaxsentan Prostacyclin analogues: Epoprostenol,
Treprostinil, iloprost – I.V. and inhaled Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors:
Sildenafil-Revatio
Lung Transplantation
![Page 69: Rheumatology Board Review Presentation-1 Vikas Majithia.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052401/56649d6e5503460f94a4ecc5/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Systemic Sclerosis and related syndromes Questions asked1. Patient scenario: middle aged female2. Patient presents with skin thickening,
cough, + ANA. Work-up should include? Antibody? Likely diagnosis?
3. Pulmonary findings4. Patient with scleroderma, presents with
HTN. Drug of choice?5. Same patient comes with severe HTN,
MS changes and renal failure. Diagnosis? Treatment?
![Page 70: Rheumatology Board Review Presentation-1 Vikas Majithia.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052401/56649d6e5503460f94a4ecc5/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Systemic Sclerosis and related syndromes Questions asked6. Primary Raynaud’s vs Secondary7. Patient with Raynaud’s, skin thickening,
GERD. Antibody? Also has syncope and SOB. What test? Diagnosis? Treatment?
8. Patient with Raynaud’s. Treatment? Lifestyle changes?
9. Raynaud’s patient asks about long term prognosis? Findings on examination/office based testing associated with a worse prognosis?
![Page 71: Rheumatology Board Review Presentation-1 Vikas Majithia.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052401/56649d6e5503460f94a4ecc5/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Systemic Sclerosis and related syndromes Questions asked10. SS patient with weight loss, bloating, BM
irregularity, foul smelling stools. Diagnosis? Findings on a radiographic test?
11. SS patient with abnormal PFT. What is the worse prognosis finding?
12. Pulmonary HTN: treatment.13. Raynaud’s+arthritis+myositis= what overlap
syndrome? Associated antibody? Typical pulmonary finding?
14. Male patient with swollen arms, legs, orange peel appearance. Next test? Diagnosis?
15. Patient with DM- swelling/skin thickening on the back. Diagnosis?
![Page 72: Rheumatology Board Review Presentation-1 Vikas Majithia.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052401/56649d6e5503460f94a4ecc5/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Q A 35-year-old woman has been under your care for nine months for systemic sclerosis
characterized by Raynaud’s phenomenon, sclerodactyly, esophageal reflux, hypopigmentation of the upper back and chest, and arthralgias of the elbows and hands.One month ago, physical examination showed pulse rate was 70 per minute and blood pressure was 114/70 mm Hg. Diffuse subcutaneous thickening of the skin on the trunk and extremities was noted, as well as a small ulcer over right index finger pulp. Nailfold capillaroscopy showed dilated peripheral capillary loops. All laboratory studies were normal. She now presents for a follow-up visit, and reports malaise and fatigue. Blood pressure is 138/88 mm Hg, but results of her physical examination are otherwise unchanged from those of her previous visit.
Laboratory studies: Hemoglobin 10.2 g/dL, Leukocyte count 7500/cu mm, Platelet count 105,000/cu mm, Blood urea nitrogen 12 mg/dL, Serum creatinine 0.9 mg/dL, Peripheral blood film RBC fragmentation; helmet cells; basophilic stippling
Direct (Coombs’ test) Negative, VWF protein Normal, U/A Trace protein; 0–2 RBC/hpf
Which of the following complications is most likely to occur in this patient now?
A. Cerebral thrombosis
B. Macrophage activation syndrome
C. Pulmonary alveolar hemorrhage
D. Pulmonary hypertension
E. Renal crisis