Rheumatoid arthritis
Transcript of Rheumatoid arthritis
RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
INTRODUCTION
RA is a chronic autoimmune disorder whose major distinctive features is chronic symmetrical & erosive inflammation of the synovial tissue of joints.The incidence of RH is estimated to range from 0.5 -1.5%of the population. After age 55
the incidence rates for men & women are est. to be 2% &5% resp.
DEFINITION
Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic ,systemic, inflammatory disease
involving connective tissue and characterized by destruction and
proliferation of the synovial membrane ,resulting in joint
distraction ,ankylosis and deformity .
RISK FACTORS AND ETIOLOGY
• IMMUNE SYSTEM
• GENDER
• GENETICS
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY• STAGE 1
• STAGE 2
• STAGE 3
• STAGE 4
PATHOPHYSIO;
STAGE 1• SWELLING OF SYNOVIA OF JOINTS• PAIN • STIFFNESS• X-RAY CAN’T DIAGNOSE RA IN
THIS STAGE
STAGE 2• In this stage ,pannus gradually develops.this
layer of granulated tissue derived from synovial memb extending over the articular surface .It appears reddish ,rough and adheres tightly to the underlying cartilage by incision & lysis interfering with cartilage nutrition
STAGE 3• Fibrous ankylosis(stiffnes of joint) with
subluxation(dislocation) &distortion(alteration of real shape) of the affected joint .
• Granulation(division of hard tissue into pieces) tissue become invaded with tough fibrous tissue & is converted to scar tissue .It inhibits joint movement.
STAGE 4• Bony ankylosis (firm bony union) developed.• It is developed by the fibrous tissue
calcification.• Then changes into osseous tissue .
SIGN AND SYMPTOMS
• INITIAL SYMP: -malaise -weight loss -stiffness -vague periarticular painJOINT TENDERNESSA SWAN NECK DEFORMITYCARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME SJOGREN’S SYNDROMEFELTY’S SYNDROME
SWAN NECK DEFORMITY;
• Swan neck deformity is a deformed position of the finger, in which the joint closest to the fingertip is permanently bent toward the palm while the nearest joint to the palm is bent away from it (DIP hyperflexion with PIP hyperextension). It is commonly caused by injury or inflammatory conditions like rheumatoid arthritis or sometimes familial (congenital, like Ehlers-Danlos syndrome [1]).
BOUTONNIERE’S SYNDROME
• Boutonniere deformity is a deformed position of the fingers or toes, in which the joint nearest the knuckle (PIP) is permanently bent toward the palm while the furthest joint (DIP) is bent back away (PIP flexion with DIP hyperextension). It is commonly caused by injury[1] or by an inflammatory condition…..
CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME
• Carpal tunnel syndrome is a condition in which there is pressure on the median nerve -- the nerve in the wrist that supplies feeling and movement to parts of the hand. It can lead to numbness, tingling, weakness, or muscle damage in the hand and fingers.
SJOGREN’S SYNDROME
• Sjögren's syndrome also known as "Sicca syndrome",[1] is a systemic autoimmune disease in which immune cells attack and destroy the exocrine glands[2] that produce tears and saliva.
FELTY’S SYNDROME
• The symptoms of Felty's syndrome are similar to those of rheumatoid arthritis. Patients suffer from painful, stiff, and swollen joints, most commonly in the joints of the hands, feet, and arms. In some affected individuals
CONTD.• COCK UP TOES• NEUROMASCULAR-peripheral
neuropathy.• PULMONARY-pleuritis, bronchiolitis,
& interstitial lung disease. • CARDIAC-
pericarditis,myocarditis,coronary vasculitis.
COCK- UP TOES
CONTD.• HEMATOLOGIC-
anemia,lymphoma.• DERMATOLOGIC-palmar
erythma, subcutaneous nodules, smallvessel vasculitis.• OCULAR-scleritis,retinal
nodules.
SCLERITIS
LAB .DIAGNOSIS• RF an Ig M antibody is seen in the sera of
75% of pt.with RA.• Antinuclear antibody are seen in 20% pt.
with RA.• E.S.R is elevated both in acute & chronic
stages of disease.• A moderate anemia is often present which
is hypochromic normocytic.
Contd.• Slight inc. in W.B.C• Platelet count is elevated.• JOINT FLUID EXAM.-ITt is valuable. The
fluid is translucent to opaque and has between 30,000 – 50,000 W.B.C/microlitr.
• X-RAY- not sensitive .Mostly negative in first 6 mnths.
CONTD.• C-REACTIVE PROTEIN –It is widely used to monitor
disease coarse. Its levels get increasedto >0.7 picograms\ml.
• Hb –slightly decreased.
• LFT –Alkaline phosphatase slightly elevated.
MED . MANAGEMENT• NSAIDS
• COX-2 INHIBITORS
• CORTICOSTEROIDS
• DMARD’S
NSAIDS• Eg.DICLOFENAC ,
IBUPROFEN ,NAPROXEN,OXAPROXEN.
• NSG.CONSIDERATIONS;• Admn.NSAIDS with food .• Monitor for
g.i ,CNS ,cardiovascular,renal,hematologic &dermatologic adverse effects.
• Avoid salcylates-use ecetaminophen for additional analgesia.
• Watch for possible confusion in elderly.
COX-2 INHIBITORS• Eg.
CELOCOXIB,ROFECOXIB ,VALDECOXIB
• NSG.CONSIDERATIONS;• Same monitoring as for other nsaids • Appropriate for the elerly & pt’s who are
at high risk for gastric ulcers
CORTICOSTEROIDS
• Eg. PREDNISONE, PREDNISOLONE ,HYDROCORTISONE.
• NSG. CONSIDERATIONS;• Assess for toxicity –cataract,
G.I,irritation ,hyperglycemia,hypertension,fractures,avascular necrosis psycosis.
• Joints most amenable to injections include ankles, hips, shoulders &hands.
• Repeated injections can cause joint damage.
DMARD’S
• Eg. ANTIMALARIALS (HYDROXYCHLOROQUINE)
• GOLD CONTAINING COMP’S (AUROTHIOGLUCOSE, GOLD SODIUM THIOMALATE)
• PENICILLAMINE
SURGICAL MNG.• SYNOVECTOMY (surgical removal of a
part of the synovial membrane of a synovial joint)• ARTHRODESIS (artificial induction of
joint ossification between two bones via surgery.)
•OSTECTOMY (removal of bone)• ARTHROPLASTY ("surgical
repair of joint)
JOINT PROTECTION & SUPPORTIVE MX
•
PRINCIPLESPain that lasts more than 2 hr indicates joint
damage.• Maintain muscle strength and joint range of
motion .• Wear splints and abraces.• Protect and provide rest to very weak or
unstable joints • During activity ,provide external stability to
an unstable joint.
Contd.• Avoid tight grasp.• Don’t carry heavy bags and pails.• Use adaptive equipments such as jar openers.• Use built up handles or writing stensils,pot handles.• Avoid pressure gainst the radial side of each finger.• Don’t rest your chin on the sides of your fingers
• Avoid prolonged periods of holding the same position.
• Sit,if the task takes more than 10 min.• Stand up after sitting for 20-30 min .• Reposition yourself often.
NSG. MANAGEMENT
• NSG. DIAGNOSIS:
• PAIN R/T INFLAMMATORY AND SWELLING SECONDARY TO THE DISEASE PROCESS.
• IMPAIRED PHYSICAL MOBILITY R/T PAIN,STIFFNESS & JOINT DEFORMITIES.
• SELF CARE DEFICIT R/T LIMITATION SECONDARY TO THE DISEASE PROCESS.
• ALTERED SLEEP PATTERN R/T DISEASED PROCESS .• DISTURBANCES IN SELF-CONCEPT R/T ALTERED BODY
IMAGE AND ROLE PERFORMANCE.