Rhetoric & Critical Thinking
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Transcript of Rhetoric & Critical Thinking
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Rhetoric & Critical Thinking
~ and the Rhetorical Situation
(An ongoing PowerPoint by Jo Doran)
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What - Exactly - is Rhetoric?!
▪ Rhetoric has been described as the study of speaking and writing - and the art of persuasion.
▪ Some people describe it as “hot air,” designating rhetoric as a negative influence in any type of communication.
▪ Classical rhetoric - the origin of rhetoric, so to speak - categorizes rhetoric as persuasive discourse (communication) for three situations: forensic, deliberative, and epideictic.
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Forensic, Deliberative, Epideictic Rhetoric
▪ Forensic rhetoric addresses issues of justice and concerns the past.
▪ Deliberative rhetoric exhorts or persuades, while keeping an eye to the future.
▪ Epideictic rhetoric is used to praise, and sometime blame, and concerns the present.
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Rhetoric in This Class
In this class, we will use rhetoric as explained below:
▪ Rhetoric is the use of language and other mediums, such as
images, etc., to present ideas to others in order to
communicate, be understood, and understand.
▪ Rhetoric always involves the use of the three rhetorical
appeals - to some degree.
▪ Rhetoric should include an understanding of the rhetorical
situation.
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Rhetorical Appeals
▪ Logos▪ Logos is the logic used in a text, design, etc. ▪ Logos includes information, statistics, and facts.
▪ Pathos▪ Pathos is the emotion used in a text, design, etc., and should include a
consideration of the following:▪ Excessive use of emotion▪ A lack of emotion▪ Bias
▪ Ethos▪ Ethos is the credibility of the author and the content.▪ Ethos can include the use or misuse of credible sources: other people’s
ideas and words. reputation of the author(s).▪ Ethos can refer to the reputation of the author, if that person is well
known.
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The Rhetorical SituationThe Rhetorical Situation includes the interaction between the text, the reader, and the writer - within a context of culture. We will discuss this more when we talk about Discourse Communities.
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Genre, Rhetorical Situations and Writing Strategies
~ Jo Doran
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Aside from annotating…
We have to consider the genre of the text, visual, etc.:
▪ What kind of text is it?▪ Story?▪ Report?▪ Biography?▪ Proposal?
▪ When is it used?
▪ What is it used for?
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Open Language
Open language is informal, wordy, more reflective.▪ Very Open Language:
▪ Diary▪ Journal▪ Letters
▪ Somewhat Open Language▪ Poetry▪ Fiction
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Closed Language
Closed language is objective, clear, concise.▪ Very Closed Language:
▪ Dictionary▪ Encyclopedia▪ Statistic Report
▪ Somewhat Closed Language▪ Journal Article▪ White Paper Report
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Discourse Communities
▪ Members: Who belongs to the group?
▪ Purpose: What is the purpose of the group?
▪ Goals: What is the group trying to do?
▪ Audience: To whom is the group addressing aside from its members?
▪ Communication: What methods of communication are used . . .▪ Within the group?▪ Outside of the group?
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Rhetorical Situation
▪ Text/Purpose: Type of genre and purpose of genre
▪ Audience: Inside the group - and outside the group
▪ Writer/Author: Members of the discourse community
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Writing Strategies
How is a piece best written?
- This is determined by audience analysis.- What are the needs and interests of the
audience?- How much/little information does the audience
have?
- What techniques can the writer use based on audience needs?- Type of language (open/closed, terminology,
etc.): Conversational language? More formal?- Research level: How much research is best?- Medium: Text only - or visuals?
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Rhetorical Appeals
▪Logos: Facts, Data, Statistics, Information
▪Pathos: Emotion, Bias, etc.
▪Ethos: Reputation, Believability, etc.
Considerations of types (and levels) or rhetorical appeals needed - should be based on the genre being used and the audience needs.