Shakespeare's Use of Rhetorical Devices. Rhetoric in its original sense means "the art or study of using language effectively and persuasively." Below is a table of some of the more common devices employed for emphasis in Shakespeare:

alliteration repetition of the same initial consonant sound throughout a line "When to the sessions of sweet silent thought...." (Sonnet XXX)

anadiplosis the repetition of a word that ends one clause at the beginning of the next

"My conscience hath a thousand several tongues, And every tongue brings in a several tale, And every tale condemns me for a villain." 1(Richard III, V, iii)

anaphora repetition of a word or phrase as the beginning of successive clauses "Mad world! Mad kings! Mad composition!" ( King John , II, i)

anthimeria substitution of one part of speech for another "I'll unhair thy head." ( Antony and Cleopatra , II, v)

antithesis juxtaposition, or contrast of ideas or words in a balanced or parallel construction

"Not that I loved Caesar less, but that I loved Rome more." ( Julius Caesar , III, ii)

assonance repetition or similarity of the same internal vowel sound in words of close proximity

"Is crimson in thy lips and in thy cheeks." ( Romeo and Juliet , V, iii)

asyndeton omission of conjunctions between coordinate phrases, clauses, or words

"Are all thy conquests, glories, triumphs, spoils, Shrunk to this little measure?" ( Julius Caesar , III, i)

chiasmus two corresponding pairs arranged in a parallel inverse order "Fair is foul, and foul is fair" ( Macbeth , I, i)

diacope repetition broken up by one or more intervening words "Put out the light, and then put out the light." ( Othello , V, ii)

ellipsis omission of one or more words, which are assumed by the listener/reader "And he to England shall along with you." ( Hamlet , III, iii)

epanalepsis repetition at the end of a clause of the word that occurred at the beginning of the clause

"Blood hath bought blood, and blows have answer'd blows." ( King John , II, i)

epimone frequent repetition of a phrase or question; dwelling on a point "Who is here so base that would be a bondman? If any, speak; for him I have offended. Who is here so rude that would not be a Roman? If any speak; for him have I offended."

( Julius Caesar , III,ii)

epistrophe repetition of a word or phrase at the end of successive clauses2"I'll have my bond! Speak not against my bond! I have sworn an oath that I will have my bond." ( Merchant of Venice , III, iii)

hyperbaton altering word order, or separation of words that belong together, for emphasis

"Some rise by sin, and some by virtue fall." ( Measure for Measure , II, i)

malapropism a confused use of words in which an appropriate word is replaced by one with similar sound but (often ludicrously) inappropriate meaning

"I do lean upon justice, sir, and do bring in here before your good honor two notorious benefactors."

"Are they not malefactors?" ( Measure for Measure , II, i)

metaphor implied comparison between two unlike things achieved through the figurative use of words

"Now is the winter of our discontent Made glorious summer by this son of York." ( Richard III , I, i)

metonymy substitution of some attributive or suggestive word for what is meant (e.g., "crown" for royalty)

"Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears." ( Julius Caesar , III, ii)

onomatopoeia use of words to imitate natural sounds "There be moe wasps that buzz about his nose." ( Henry VIII , III, ii)

paralepsis emphasizing a point by seeming to pass over it

"Have patience, gentle friends, I must not read it. It is not meet you know how Caesar lov'd you." ( Julius Caesar , III, ii)

parallelism similarity of structure in series of related words, phrases, or clauses3"And therefore, since I cannot prove a lover

To entertain these fair well-spoken days, I am determind to prove a villain And hate the idle pleasures of these days." ( Richard III , I, i)

parenthesis insertion of some word or clause in a position that interrupts the normal syntactic flow of the sentence (asides are rather emphatic examples)

"...Then shall our names, Familiar in his mouth as household words Harry the King, Bedford and Exeter, Warwick and Talbot, Salisbury and Gloucester Be in their flowing cups freshly remembered." ( Henry V , IV, iii)

polysyndeton the repetition of conjunctions in a series of coordinate words,

phrases, or clauses 4"If there be cords, or knives, Poison, or fire, or suffocating streams, I'll not endure it." ( Othello , III, iii)

simile an explicit comparison between two things using "like" or "as" "My love is as a fever, longing still For that which longer nurseth the disease" (Sonnet CXLVII)

synecdoche the use of a part for the whole, or the whole for the part 5"Take thy face hence." ( Macbeth , V, iii)

1According to literal interpretation, this example is itself a form of anadiplosis termed "gradatio," in which the anadiplosis is extended in a series of three or more clauses that repeat upon one another.

2Also termed "antistrophe" or "epiphora," evidently depending upon one's source. The three forms seem to be utterly interchangeable.

3When the parallelism involves the same length within the structure (same number of words and/or syllables), this is a device known as "isocolon".

4The opposite of asyndeton.

5This makes it a specific form of metonymy.

SHAKESPEARE RESOURCE CENTERhttp://www.bardweb.net/grammar/02rhetoric.html

2 October 2003

Lysander Not Hermia, but Helena I love. (AMND II.ii.113)

Marc Antony I come to bury Caesar, not to praise him. (JULIUS CAESAR III.ii.74)

Hamlet Let me be cruel, not unnatural (HAMLET III.ii.395)

Olivia Love sought is good, but given unsought is better. (12TH NIGHT III.i.156)

Romeo Arise fair sun, and kill the envious moon... (ROMEO AND JULIET II.ii.4)

Demetrius For I am sick when I do look at thee.Helena And I am sick when I look not on you. (AMND II.i.212-213)

Katherine Asses are made to bear, and so are you.Petruchio Women are made to bear, and so are you!

(TAMING OF THE SHREW II.i.200-201)

Falstaff Thou art fitter to be worn in my cap than to wait at my heels. (2 HENRY IV, I.ii.14)

King of France Fairest Cordelia, that art most rich, being poor, Most choice, forsaken; and most loved, despised...

(KING LEAR I.i.252-253)

Juliet Beautiful tyrant! Fiend angelical!Doved-feathered raven! Wolvish-ravening lamb!Despised substance of divinest show!Just opposite to what thou justly seemstA damned saint, an honorable villain. (ROMEO AND JULIET III.ii.75-79)

Luciana Apparel vice like virtues harbingerBear a fair presence, though your heart be tainted;Teach sin the carriage of a holy saintBe secret-false: what need she be acquainted?

(COMEDY OF ERRORS III.ii.12-15)

Gloucester Now is the winter of our discontentMade glorious summer by this sun of York;And all the clouds that lowered upon our houseIn the deep bosom of the ocean buried. Now are our brows bound with victorious wreaths;Our bruised arms hung up for monuments;Our stern alarums changed to merry meetings,Our dreadful marches to delightful measures.Grim-visaged war hath smoothd his wrinkled front;

(RICHARD III I.i.1-8)