RF100 L1 introduction

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June 2001 1 - 1RF100 © 1998-2001 Scott Baxter

Wireless CDMA RFEngineering: Week 1

Wireless CDMA RFEngineering: Week 1

Course RF100

Course annotated and presented by:

David Snavely, P.E.

David Snavely, P.A.

6299 W. Sunrise Blvd., Suite 205Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33313

954 792 9379

Fax: 954 792-1939

[email protected]

www.davidsnavely.com

Course created, written and illustrated by:

Scott Baxter Scott Baxter & Associates

P.O. Box 158777

Nashville, Tennessee 37215

800 890-0829

Fax: 615 793-3199

[email protected]




Integrated RF/CDMA/Performance Training

Class introductionsTopics introductionWireless Industry Intro.Modulation Techniques

Analog modulationDigital modulation

Introduction to CDMASpread SpectrumPrinciplesMultiple Access

RF PropagationPhysicsMechanismsModelsLink BudgetsMarginsTools

Wireless Antennas Intro: PrinciplesFamilies/Types

Choosing the rightantenna

Selecting ants.

Introduction to CDMA(ctd.)

CDMA¶s CodesFwd & Rev ChannelsSystem ArchitecturePower ControlPhone Architecture

Introduction to CDMA(ctd.)

Handoff ProcessEc/Io, Eb/Nophone¶s limitationsCall Processing

CDMA MessagesCDMA Flow Examples

Critical CDMA IssuesInterference controlManaging Soft HO%Capacity constraints

Sys Architecture detailsLucentNortel NetworksMotorola SystemGrowth Mgt.Multiple carriers

Intercarrier Handoff Intro to Optimization

Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday

Course RF100: RF Introduction, CDMA Principles, Understanding System Design & Performance Issues

Course RF200: Optimization Principles, Tools, Techniques, and Real-Life Examples/Exercises

Optimization OverviewRF100 Fast Review

General Q&AMeet the CDMAperformance indicatorsSignatures of CDMAtransmission problemsThe classic CDMAdeath scenarioIntroduction toPerformance DataSystem-side tools andtheir implications

Intro to Mobile ToolsCollection Tools

Grayson, LCC, HPPN Scanners

HP, Grayson,Berkeley

Post-processingAnalyzer, DeskCat

Drive-test Demo filesGraysonLCC

Intro to Post-ProcessingAnalyzer, DeskCat

Handsets as test toolsDrive-Test Demo Lab

RSAT/Collect 2000!Grayson Inspector

Data Analysis and Post-Processing

Analyzer, DeskCatwhat events did yousee?Identifying rootcausesParameter &configuration changes

SPCS Corporate RFBenchmarking Overview

PN Scanner LabHP, Grayson,BerkeleyGathering data,interpreting problems

Applied Optimizationcommon scenarios

Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4




Wireless Systems:How did we get here? What¶s it all about?

Wireless Systems:How did we get here? What¶s it all about?

RF100 Chapter 1

MTS,IMTS




Radio Hasn¶t Been Around Long!

Days before radio.....

1680 Newton first suggestedconcept of spectrum, but for

visible light only 1831 Faraday demonstrated that

light, electricity, and magnetismare related

1864 Maxwell¶s Equations:

spectrum includes more than light 1890¶s First successful demos of

radio transmission

UN S

LF HF VHF UHF MW IR UV XRAY




First Wired Communication: Telegraphy

Samuel F.B. Morse had the idea of the telegraph on a

sea cruise in the 1833. He studied physics for two years,and In 1835 demonstrated a working prototype, which hepatented in 1837.

Derivatives of Morse¶s binary code are still in use today

The US Congress funded a demonstration line fromWashington to Baltimore, completed in 1844.

1844: the first commercial telegraph circuits were coming

into use. The railroads soon were using them for traindispatching, and the Western Union company resold idletime on railroad circuits for public telegrams, nationwide.

1857: first trans-Atlantic submarine cable was installed.

Samuel F. B. Morseat the peak of his career

Field Telegraphyduring the US Civil War, 1860s

Submarine Cable Installationnews sketch from the 1850s




Wired Communication for Everyone:Telephony

By the 1870¶s, the telegraph was in use all over the world and largely taken for

granted by the public, government, and business. In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell patented his telephone, a device for carrying

actual voices over wires.

Initial telephone demonstrations sparked intense public interest and by the late1890¶s, telephone service was available in most towns and cities across the USA.

Telephone Line Installation Crew

1880s

Alexander Graham Bell and his phonefrom 1876 demonstration




Radio Milestones

1888: Heinrich Hertz, German physicist, gives lab demo of existence of electromagnetic waves at radio frequencies

1895: Guglielmo Marconi demonstrates a wireless radiotelegraph over a 3-km path near his home it Italy

1897: the British fund Marconi¶s development of reliableradio telegraphy over ranges of 100 km

1902: Marconi¶s successful trans-Atlantic demonstration

1902: Nathan Stubblefield demonstrates voice over radio

1906: Lee De Forest invents ³audion,´ triode vacuum tube feasible now to make steady carriers, and to amplify signals

1914: Radio became valuable military tool in World War I

1920s: Radio used for commercial broadcasting

1940s: first application of RADAR - English detection of incoming German planes during WW II

1950s: first public marriage of radio and telephony -

MTS, Mobile Telephone Service 1961: transistor developed: portable radio now practical

1961: IMTS - Improved Mobile Telephone Service

1970s: Integrated circuit progress: MSI, LSI, VLSI, ASICs

1979, 1983: AMPS cellular demo, commercial systems

1995: First Personal Communications Services system goeslive

Guglielmo Marconiradio pioneer, 1895

Lee De Forestvacuum tube inventor

MTS,

IMTS




Overview of the Radio SpectrumFrequencies Used by Wireless Systems

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 GHz30,000,000,000 i.e., 3x1010 Hz

Broadcasting Land-Mobile Aeronautical Mobile TelephonyTerrestrial Microwave Satellite

0.3 0.4 0.5 0/6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.4 3.0 GHz3,000,000,000 i.e., 3x109 Hz

UHF TV 14-69UHF GPS

DCS, PCSCellular

0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.4 3.0 MHz3,000,000 i.e., 3x106 Hz

AM LORAN Marine

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 MHz30,000,000 i.e., 3x107 Hz

Short Wave -- International Broadcast -- Amateur CB

30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 120 140 160 180 200 240 300 MHz300,000,000 i.e., 3x108 Hz

FM VHF TV 7-13VHF LOW Band VHFVHF TV 2-6




In the late 1970s, the FCC (USA Federal Communications Commission)allocated 40 MHz of spectrum in the 800 MHz range for public mobiletelephony.

FCC adopted Bell Lab¶s AMPS (AdvancedMobile Phone Service) standard, creatingcellular as we know it today

The USA was divided into 333 MSAs

(Metropolitan Service Areas) and over 300 RSAs (Rural Service Areas)

In 1987, FCC allocated an additional 10 MHz of ³expanded spectrum.´

By 1990, all MSAs and RSAs had competing licenses granted and atleast one system operating.

In the 1990s, additional technologies were developed for cellular

TDMA (IS-54,55,56, IS-136) (also, GSM in Europe/worldwide)

CDMA (IS-95)

US Operators did not pay for their spectrum, although processing fees(typically $10,000s) were charged to cover license administrative cost.

Development of North American Cellular

333 MSAs

300+ RSAs




North American Cellular Spectrum

In each MSA and RSA, eligibility for ownership was restricted

³A´ licenses awarded to non-telephone-company applicants only

³B´ licenses awarded to existing telephone companies only

subsequent sales are unrestricted after system in actual operation

Downlink Frequencies(³Forward Path´)Uplink Frequencies(³Reverse Path´)

824 835 845 870 880 894

869

849

846.5825

890

891.5

Frequency, MHz

P aging, ESMR, etc.A B A B

Ownership and

Licensing

Frequencies used by ³A´ Cellular Operator

I nitial ownership by Non-Wireline companies

Frequencies used by ³B´ Cellular Operator

I nitial ownership by Wireline companies




Development of North America PCS

51 MTAs493 BTAs

A D B E F Cunlic.data

unlic.voice

A D B E F C

1850

MHz

1910

MHz

1990

MHz

1930

MHz

15 15 15 5 5 5 15 15 15 5 5 5

PCS SPECTRUM ALLOCATIONS IN NORTH AMERICA

By 1994, US cellular systems were seriouslyoverloaded and looking for capacity relief

The FCC allocated 120 MHz of spectrumaround 1900 MHz for new wireless telephonyknown as PCS (Personal CommunicationsServices), and 20 MHz for unlicensed services

allocation was divided into 6 blocks; 10-year licenses were auctioned to highest bidders

PCS Licensing and Auction Details A & B spectrum blocks licensed in 51 MTAs (Major Trading Areas )

Revenue from auction: $7.2 billion (1995) C, D, E, F blocks were licensed in 493 BTAs (Basic Trading Areas)

C-block auction revenue: $10.2 B, D-E-F block auction: $2+ B (1996) Auction winners are free to choose any desired technology

About half the C-block winners were unable to pay for their licenses. Theseopenings were later re-auctioned

Ch. 25: 1850 + (.05 (25)) = 1851.25 Ch. 25: 1930 + (.05 (25)) = 1931.25




Major PCS Auction Winners

The Largest Players, Areas, and Technologies

Sprint PCS Began as partnership of Sprint, TCI, Cox Cable

Bid & won in 2/3 of US markets A or B blocks

Sprint won D and/or E blocks in remaining markets

CDMA: Mix of Nortel Networks, Lucent, Motorola

AT&T Wireless Systems

Bid & won a majority of markets in A&B Blocks will combine and integrate service between its new1900 MHz systems and its former McCaw cellular 800 MHz properties

IS-136: mix of Lucent and Ericsson equipment

Other CDMA Operators

Primeco: partnership of various operators

GTE, others GSM Operators

Western Wireless, Omnipoint, BellSouth, GTE,Powertel, Pacific Bell

Mix of Ericsson, Nokia, and Nortel Networksnetworks

For complete information, check www.fcc.gov

Sprint PCSCDMA

AT&T Wireless

I S-136

PrimecoCDMA

WesternWireless

PacificBell

PowertelBellSouth

OmniPoint

Aerial

GSM




Progress in Radio Technology Development

Systems, Signals, & Devices

RADAR

Spark Vacuum

Tubes

Discrete

Transistors

MSI

LSI

VLSI,

ASICS

Devices

Modulation CW AM FMFSK PM PSK QAM DQPSK GMSK

Radio Communication Systems

Mobile Telephony30-50MHz150MHz450MHz800MHz

1900MHzAM Bcst1MHz

FM Bcst100MHz

VHF-TV BcstUHF-TV Bcst

HFAmateur Marine

Military

VHFLand Mobile

MicrowavePoint-to-Point

MicrowaveSatellite

1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000Time




Evolution of Wireless Telephony

Standards, Technologies, & Capacity

1960 1990

Standards Evolution

MTS150MHz IMTS150MHz

450MHz

AMPS800MHz

N_AMPSTDMA

CDMA

PCS1900MHzGSMCDMATDMA

ESMR800MHz

System Capacity Evolution - UsersDozens Hundreds 100,000s 1,000,000s

Technology EvolutionAnalog AM, FM Digital Modulation

DQPSK

GMSK

Access StrategiesFDMA

TDMACDMA

Vacuum Tubes Discrete Transistors MSI LSI VLSI, ASICs

AMPS = Advanced Mobile Phone SystemN_AMPS = Narrowband AMPS (Motorola)

TDMA = Digital AMPS-based (IS-136)

ESMR = Enhanced Specialized Mobile Radio

PCS = Personal Communication ServicesFDMA = Frequency Division Multiple AccessTDMA = Time Division Multiple Access

CDMA = Code Division Multiple Access




Trends in Radio Communications

Time

Cost per Subscriber

System Complexity

System Capacity

Radio Frequencies Used

Analog Digital

Centralized Distributed

Technology:

SystemOrganization:

Summary: Wireless Economics and Logistics




End of Section

RF100 L1 introduction

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