R F AND MICROWAVE C IRCUIT DESIGN FOR

WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS

Lawrence E. Larson editor

Artech House Boston • London

C O N T E N T S

Preface xi

Chapter 1 An Overview 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Markets and Frequencies for Wireless Communications 2 1.3 Circuit Technology Options for Wireless RF/Microwave Circuit

Implementation 8 1.3.1 Semiconductor Devices 8 1.3.2 Passive Devices 10

1.4 Recent Examples of RF and Microwave Wireless Communications Circuits 10

1.5 Organization of the Book 13 References 15

Chapter 2 Introduction to Wireless Communications Applications and Circuit Design 17

2.1 Introduction 17 2.2 Current and Nascent Consumer Wireless Communications

Standards and Applications 18 2.3 Radio Transceiver Technology Requirements 22

vi MICROWAVE & RF CIRCUIT DESIGN FOR WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS

2.4

2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8

RF Component Requirements for Transceivers 2.4.1 Duplexer Requirements 2.4.2 Amplifier Requirements 2.4.3 Mixer Requirements 2.4.4 Filter Requirements 2.4.5 Frequency Synthesizer Requirements Systematic Analysis of Transceiver Design Digital Communications Requirements Electromagnetic Compatibility in Wireless Devices Conclusions

References

27 28 28 29 29 30 30 33 38 40 40

Chapter 3 Low-Power Radio Frequency ICs for Portable

3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7

3.8 3.9 3.10

Communications Introduction Key Signal-Processing Issues in Wireless Transceivers ICs in Broadcast Radio Receivers ICs in Wireless Paging Receivers ICs in Cellular Telephone Transceivers Digital Cellular and Cordless Telephones Direct-Conversion Transceivers 3.7.1 Direct-Conversion Single-Sideband Synthesizers 3.7.2 Direct-Conversion Receivers for GSM Digital Cellular

Telephones 3.7.3 Local Oscillators with Quadrature Outputs ICs for Spread-Spectrum Wireless Transceivers ICs to Enable Future Transceivers Conclusions

Acknowledgment References

Chapter 4 Digital Modulation And Demodulation 4.1 4.2

4.3

Why Digital Modulation? Phase Modulation 4.2.1 Binary Phase-Shift Keying (BPSK) 4.2.2 Quadriphase (Or Quadrature) Phase-Shift Keying (QPSK) 4.2.3 Offset Or Staggered Phase-Shift Keying (OQPSK) 4.2.4 8-PSK and 16-PSK 4.2.5 Nyquist Filtering as Applied to PSK Modulations Frequency Modulation 4.3.1 Minimum Shift Keying (MSK) 4.3.2 Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)

43 43 45 51 57 60 67 73 73

75 76 78 81 87 88 89

99 99

101 101 115 134 140 145 155 156 166

Contents vü

4.4 Related Modulations 173 4.4.1 Gaussian-Filtered MSK (GMSK) 175 4.4.2 тг/4-Shifted Differentially Encoded PSK (w/4-DQPSK) 193 4.4.3 Feher's QPSK (FQPSK) 204

4.5 Examples of Integrated Circuit Digital Communications Circuits 208 4.5.1 Design of Modulators and Demodulators for Wireless

Communications Systems 214 4.6 Summary 219 References 222

Chapter 5 Mixers for Wireless Applications 225 5.1 Introduction 225 5.2 Properties of Mixers 226

5.2.1 Frequency Mixing 226 5.2.2 Practical Characteristics of Mixers 227

53 Semiconductor Devices for Mixers 231 5.3.1 Schottky-Barrier Diodes 232 5.3.2 Field-Effect Transistors 235

5.4 Frequency Mixing 242 5.5 Diode Mixers 244

5.5.1 Diode Mixer Characteristics 244 5.5.2 Single-Diode Mixers 245 5.5.3 Baluns and Hybrids for Wireless Mixers 248 5.5.4 Singly Balanced Diode Mixers 255 5.5.5 Doubly Balanced Diode Mixers 258 5.5.6 Image-Rejection Mixers 262

5.6 Active FET Mixers 263 5.6.1 Single-Device Active FET Mixers 263 5.6.2 Single-Device Mixer Circuits 266 5.6.3 Dual-Gate FET Mixer 268 5.6.4 Singly Balanced FET Mixers 269 5.6.5 Doubly Balanced FET Mixers 272

5.7 Passive FET Mixers 273 5.7.1 Single-Device FET Resistive Mixers 274 5.7.2 Balanced FET Resistive Mixers 276 5.7.3 FET Resistive Ring Mixer 277 5.7.4 Modeling FETs for Resistive Mixer Analysis 279 5.7.5 Mixer Comparison Table 280

5.8 Harmonic-Balance Simulation of Mixers 280 References 283

viii MICROWAVE & RF CIRCUIT DESIGN FOR WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS

Chapter 6 RF and Microwave Frequency Synthesizer Design 285 6.1 Introduction 285 6.2 Frequency Synthesizer Fundamentals 287

6.2.1 Frequency Synthesizer Figures of Merit 289 6.3 Voltage Controlled Oscillators 292

6.3.1 Introduction 292 6.3.2 General Oscillator Design 292 6.3.3 Colpitts and Hartley Oscillators 295 6.3.4 Clapp Oscillator 299 6.3.5 Crystal Oscillators 300 6.3.6 Oscillator Configurations for Microwave Frequencies 302 6.3.7 Dielectric Resonator Oscillators (DROs) 304 6.3.8 Practical Considerations for Oscillator Design 308 6.3.9 Voltage Control of Oscillators 309 6.3.10 Noise in Oscillators 310 6.3.11 Ring Oscillator VCO Designs 313 6.3.12 Multivibrator VCO Designs 317

6.4 Phase Lock-Loop Design 320 6.4.1 PLL Design Fundamentals 320 6.4.2 PLL Applications 326 6.4.3 Implementation of PLLs 329

6.5 Direct Digital Synthesis (DDS) 338 6.5.1 DDS Architectures and Design Considerations 340

References 343

Chapter 7 Amplifiers for Wireless Communications 345 7.1 Introduction 345 7.2 Wideband Amplifier Techniques 346

7.2.1 Gain-Bandwidth Product 346 7.2.2 Gain-Bandwidth of Practical Circuits 353 7.2.3 Wideband Matched-Impedance Amplifiers 359

7.3 Low-Noise Amplifiers 365 7.3.1 Guidelines for Low-Noise Amplifier Design 365 7.3.2 Practical Design of a Low-Noise Amplifier 367

7.4 Variable-Gain Amplifiers 369 7.4.1 Dynamic Range 370 7.4.2 Emitter-Driven and Base-Driven Gain-Control 371 7.4.3 Basic Circuit Configurations 374 7.4.4 Variable-Gain Circuit Configurations 378

7.5 Power Amplifiers 382 7.5.1 Class A Power Amplifier Design 384 7.5.2 Higher Efficiency Power Amplifiers 388

Contents ix

7.5.3 Maximum Power Gain and Stability 391 7.5.4 Practical Design Issues 392

References 394

Glossary 397

About the Editor 401

Index 403