Rezimana Inglizî

0Husein Muhammed Rzimana inglz

Husein Muhammed

RZIMANA INGLZBi ziman kurdENGLISH GRAMMAR IN KURDISH

2013 2014


Naverok

PGOTIN .................................................................................................................................................... 3

HOW TO READ KURDISH? ............................................................................................................................ 5

ALFABE DENGNAS ................................................................................................................................... 7

KONSONANT ............................................................................................................................................ 8

VOKAL.....................................................................................................................................................10

NAVDR ......................................................................................................................................................12

PIRTIKN DIYAR NEDIYARIY ...............................................................................................................12

PIRHEJMAR ............................................................................................................................................13

XWEDT ..................................................................................................................................................16

HEJMAR ..................................................................................................................................................17

Hejmarn rz .....................................................................................................................................19

Parjimar ..............................................................................................................................................21

Hesabkirin ...........................................................................................................................................21

RENGDR ....................................................................................................................................................22

RENGDRN GIRING ...............................................................................................................................23

RENG ......................................................................................................................................................26

BERHEVDAN ............................................................................................................................................27

Pn pan ...........................................................................................................................................29

CNAV .........................................................................................................................................................30

Desteya kirde ..........................................................................................................................................30

Desteya berkar .......................................................................................................................................31

Desteya xwedtiy ya girday .................................................................................................................31

Desteya xwedtiy ya serbixwe................................................................................................................33

Cnavn refleksv (xwegr) ......................................................................................................................34

Cnavn hev (resprokal) .........................................................................................................................34

CNAV HOKERN PIRSYARK .................................................................................................................36

CNAV HOKERN TKILIY ....................................................................................................................38

HIN CNAV DIYARKERN DIN YN GIRING .............................................................................................39

Hin cnavn din j.....................................................................................................................................42

DAEK ........................................................................................................................................................43

LKER .........................................................................................................................................................45

DEMA NIHA ............................................................................................................................................45


LKERN GIRING .....................................................................................................................................46

Lkera to be [tu b] (bn) .................................................................................................................50

WEZFEYN LKERA DO, DONT ........................................................................................................52

Lkern alkar yn rawey ....................................................................................................................53

Neyniya lkern alkar yn rawey ......................................................................................................54

Lkera to have [tu hev] (hebn, xwed bn) .....................................................................................54

Dema bor ya sade ..................................................................................................................................56

Hin lkern awarte di dema bor ya sade de ........................................................................................58

Dema bor ya ddar ................................................................................................................................60

Hin lkern awarte di dema bor ya ddar de ......................................................................................62

Dema bor ya dr ....................................................................................................................................64

Dema niha ya berdest .........................................................................................................................64

Dema bt ya berdest ...............................................................................................................................65

PASV ......................................................................................................................................................66

DEM ...........................................................................................................................................................67

SAL .........................................................................................................................................................67

DEMSAL ..................................................................................................................................................67

MEH........................................................................................................................................................68

HEFTE .....................................................................................................................................................68

EV ROJ ...............................................................................................................................................69

SAET .......................................................................................................................................................70

XWARINN ROJ .....................................................................................................................................71


PGOTIN

Ziman inglz roj bi roj zdetir dibe ziman serek y hem dinyay. Her gava ku du qisekernzimann cuda bn ba hev, heke yek ji wan ziman y din nizane, bi ihtimaleka gelek mezin ewherdu d bi alkariya ziman inglz danstandin bikin.

Kurd j ji her dem zdetir niha hewcey hnbn zanna ziman inglz ne. L mixabin heta niha tikitbek li ser rzimana inglz bi kurmanc peyda nabe. Ya rasttir, niha rzimana ti zimanek din jibil ziman kurd bi xwe bi kurmanc ne berdest e.

Kurd heta niha near bn ku bi rya zimanek dagirker (ereb, faris yan tirk) dest bi hnbna inglzbikin. Tesreka neba ya van zimanan li ser frbna inglz j li kurdan dibe: kurd ba hn inglznabin ji ber ku di ereb tirk de gelek ji dengn inglz nnin. Di inglz de dengn hevber , , , g,j, o, p, v yn kurd hene l ew di ereb de nnin. Di tirk de j , w li dawiya peyvan j b, c, d, g nnin kudi inglz de peyda dibe. L ev deng teqrben dengn din j yn inglz di kurd de hene dengkirinapeyvn kurd li gor dengnasiya kurd hsantir e. Wek din j rzimana inglz ji ereb tirk zdetir diibe yakurd. Kurd inglz ji eyn binemala zimanan anku ji zimann hindewrop ne l ereb tirk ne ji wbinemal ne.

Ev kitb bingehn rzimana inglz bi kurdiya kurmanc dide nasn. Ji ber ku ev yekem rzimanainglz ya bi kurmanc ye, ew bo hnbern destpker hatiye nivsn: ne hewce ye ku mirov boxwandin feydekirina ji v kitb ber niha ti inglz bizane. L ev pirtk hewl dide ku hem qeyd bendn bingehn yn rzimana inglz pk xwandevann xwe bike. Loma kesn ku ji ber vehinek inglz dizanin j dikarin j mifadar bibin.

Kitb ne ten bi kurmanc hatiye nivsn l ew bi taybet j li gor hewcedariya kurdaxivan hatiyeamadekirin. Inglz ne zimanek fonetk e anku her herf herdem ne wek hev t xwandin. Lomaaway xwandina peyvan j li ber wan li gor alfabeya kurd hatiye diyarkirin daku kurdzan bikarinwan peyvan rast bixwnin. Bo nimne, peyva inglz ya bi maneya rast ya kurd wek right tnivsn l wek rayt t gotin. Loma di nimneyan de ew wiha hatiye diyarkirin: right [rayt]: rastku ji ep ve ya yekem away nivsna peyv ye, ya duyem wey gotina w ye ya syem jwateya w peyv ye.

Gelek caran away gotina peyvan bi alfabeya fonetk ya navnetewey IPA t nivsn. L di vrzimannameya destpk de me bi zanet li cih IPAy alfabeya kurd bo diyarkirina awayxwandina peyvn inglz bijartiye. Sebeb v ew e ku piraniya kurdn destpkern ziman inglzIPAy yan qet nas nakin yan j xwandina w li ber wan giran as ye. Heke mirov bixwaze, dikareaway gotina peyvn inglz bi IPAy di gelek ferheng rzimannameyn din yn inglz de bibne.

Ev rziman bi taybet bo kurdxwnan hatiye hazirkirin daku ew hn inglz bibin. L dirzimannameya me de gelek nimne hene ku bi inglz kurd ne. Inglzaxiv j dikarin sd ji wan


wergirin bi wan nimneyan piek fr kurmanc bibin. Bo hsankirina xwandina peyvn kurd boinglzzimanan, away xwandina herfn kurd bo inglzzimanan bi lsteya li jr hatiye diyarkirin.

Me herwiha peyvn rziman bi inglz j dane. Hv heye ku pit hnbn bingehn rzimana inglz,xwandevan d bikarin bi alkariya wan peyvn rziman li ser wan babetan di nav kitb berhemnrziman yn inglz de j li gor pwstiyn xwe li wan mijaran bigerin peyda bikin.

Demek kurt pit v rzimannamey, ferhengeka inglz-kurd ya bi 1000 peyvn her zde li kar yninglz li gel wergern wan yn kurd t bt belavkirin. Li gel her serpeyv (headword) d bi kmyek hevoka nimne j hebe.

Husein Muhammed

Helsinki, zivistan 2013/2014


HOWTOREADKURDISH?

This book introduces the basics of English grammar in the Kurdish language (Northern or Kurmanjidialect). The main target audience is Kurds who wish to learn English.

However, the book includes plenty of examples in both English and Kurdish. Therefore, they mightbe of at least some help for English-speakers who want to learn Kurdish.

Kurdish alphabet is quite phonetical: words are pronounced pretty much the way they are written,apart from some exceptions; there is a one-to-one correspondence between a letter and a sound.For instance, a is always pronounced in a similar way (as English a in father), contrary toEnglish (e.g. in words like bath, father, tame)

To better help English-speakers to read correctly Kurdish words and phrases included in thisgrammar, we provide a list on how Kurdish letters are pronounced. The pronounciation is slightlysimplified.

, K, P and T are typically unaspirated. Word-initially they are sometimes aspirated, especially inloanwords.

Kurdish alphabet Like English

Aa AinfatherBb BinbigCc JinJohn CHinCHurch(aspirated)orCHin

churCH(unaspirated)Dd DindryEe Ainhat EAinheadFf FinfarGg GingameH HinhaveIi IinbigIi EEinseeJj SintreasureorFrench

JinjourKk Kinkey(aspirated)or

sky(unaspirated)Ll Linless


Mm MinmakeNn NinnapOo OinboringPp PinPaper(aspirated)

orPinpaPer(unaspirated)Qq Kincanbutfurtherbackinthethroat,ArabicRr Rinright(word-initiallymoretrilled/rolled)Ss Sinsea SHinsharpTt Tastake(aspirated)or

star(unaspirated)Uu Uinput OOinfoodV VinveryWw WinwaitXx CHinScotichlochor

GermanachtYy YinyesZz Zinzero


ALFABEDENGNASHemherfninglzdikurddejheneldiinglzdeherfnkurdynbikumik(,,)ynbipncik(,)nnin1.Lhelbethemherfninglzkurdwekhevnaynxwandin.

Herf Nav herf Deng(n) herf

Aa ey e,ey,a,oBb b bCc s k,sDd d dEe ,Ff f fGg c g,cH hIi ay i,ayJj cey cKk key kLl l,Mm m mNn n nOo ow o,owPp p pQq ky kRr ar rSs s s,zTt t tUu y u,yu,Vv v vWw dabi-y wXx ks ks,sYy way wZz z,zd z

Rzimanainglzbiawayekgitgeleksadeye.Lmijarajihemyanzehmettirnakokiyadinavberaherfandengandeye:eynherdipeyvncudadedikarebiawaynjihevcudab1 Di hin peyvn biyan de (bi taybet yn ji frens) carinan hin herfn din j tn bikarann ku di bingeh alfabeya inglzde nnin, bo nimne di peyva caf (qehwexane) de.


xwandinhincaranjhinpeyvmit/bdenginankuqetnaynxwandin(bonimneelidawiyapeyv).Sebebekvneliheviyewekuaxiftinainglzdidrokdegelekguheriyelnivsnainglzzdetirwekbermaye.Sebebekdinjygiringewekuinglzlideverncudaynchanbiawayekgitwekhevtnivsnlbiawaynjihevcudataxiftin.Dirastiydetiqeydbendnmitleqnninkumirovbikarediyarbikekafilanherfawatxwandin:mirovendqeydanrzbikej,dsahinpeyvninglzdhebinkuneligorwanqeydanin.Ldsajhinqeydhenekudikarinalkariyaxwandevananbikinkupiraniyapeyvanrastbixwnin.Lomagavaemlijrdinivsinkufilanherfbibvanawaytxwandin,divwisaneyfehmkirinkuherdemwisatxwandinlbipiranwisatxwandin.

KONSONANTEmpjikonsonantan(herfnbdeng,consonants)destpbikinjiberkudengwanjidengnvokalan(herfnbideng,vowels)kmtirligorpeyvandiguherin.Konsonantninglzevin:b,c,d,f,g,h,j,k,l,m,n,p,q,r,s,t,v,w,x,z.Ynv-konsonante:carinankonsonante,carinanjvokolae(lijrtirbinre).B,D,F,H,M,N,V,W,Zwekhevbernxweynkurdtnxwandin:- big[big]:mezin- dark[dark]:tar- far[far]:dr- horse[hors]:hesp- member[mmbir]:endam,uz- name[neym]:nav- very[vr]:gelek,pirr,zehf- way[wey]:rJwekC-yakurdtxwandin:job[cob]=kar,kargeh.Rwekkurdtxwandinlnermtirelidawiyapeyvhema-hemamit/bdengeankunaygotin.LwekL-yakurdyazirav(wekdipeyvalv)tgotin:lip[lip]:lv.LhincaranjLwekL-yaqelewyadipeyvnsilav,welatdetbilvkirin.EmdivrzimandedengL-yaqelewbiherfa[]binivsin:apple[epi]:sv.K,P,Twekhevbernxweynkurdynbihilmankureqtnxwandin.Wekdipeyvnkar,perde,temamde,newekdipeyvnkirin,pnc,tede.- king[king]:paa,melik,qral


- party[part]:parthizb;ah,cejn- tea[t]:ay

SwekS-yakurdtgotin:say[sey]:gotin.LlinavdawiyapeyvgelekcaranwekZtbilvkirin:rise[rayz]:rabn,bilindbn,hilketin,hilkin.GbipiranwekG-yakurdtgotinlcarinanliberE,IyanYwekC-yakurdtxwandin:give[giv]:danlGermany[crmin]:Elmanya.CbipiranwekK-yakurdtgotinllibereiwekS-yakurdtgotin:can[ken]:karn,iyanlcinema[sinm]:snema.QwekK-yakurdtxwandin.DitransrbsiyonanavpeyvnrojhilatdeewlicihQ-yakurdtbikarann:Quran.XwekKStxwandin.LidestpkapeyvewwekdengStgotin.Yliberyanpitvokalek(a,e,i,o,u)wekY-yakurdtgotin.Egerewbikevepitkonsonantek,ewwekyakurdyanjayyakurdtxwandin:- ready[rd]:hazir,amade- by[bay]:bi.Gelekcarandengekbicotekherfantdiyarkirin.Cotherfngberbelavynkonsonantevin:CHwek-yakurdtxwandin:change[eync]:guhernyanguherandin.SHligelhevwek-yakurdtnxwandin:she[]:ew(jin)PHwekFtxwandin:philosophy[filosof]:flosof,felsefe.THwekZ-yafis(zalyaereb)bialfabeyafonetkyanavneteweyankuIPA[]yanjwekS-yafis(sayaereb)biIPA[] txwandin.EmjdwekIPAyS-yafisbi[] Z-ya fis j bi [] diyar bikin. Heke mirov nizane ka ew awa tn gotin, mirov dikare wan herdem wekT bixwne:- they[ey]:ew(pirhejmar)- three[r]:sGavakuKNlidestpkapeyvbin,tenNtxwandin:knife[nayf]:kr.HekeWRlidestpkapeyvbin,tenRtbilvkirin:wrong[rong]:xelet.DemakuWHlidestpkapeyvbin,carinantenWtgotin(what[wat]:i)hincaranjtenH(who[h]:k).


GHlidawiyapeyvwekFtxwandin(enough[naf]:bes)lcarinanjbdenge(though[uw]:tevku,digelku).Ditransrbsiyona(tpguhziya)navpeyvnrojhilatdeewlicihxeynanku-/-ytnivsn(Baghdad,Afghanistan:Bexda,Efxanistan).-IGHTbigitwek-ayttgotin(fight[fayt]:err;might[mayt]:dibeku;right[rayt]:rast).Lawarte:eight[yt]:het;weight[wyt]:giran,wezn.KHditransrbsiyona(tpguhziya)navpeyvnrojhilatdelicihX-yakurdtbikarann:Khalid(Xalid).

VOKALVokalninglzevin:a,e,i,o,u.Yjcarinanvokalelhincaranjkonsonante.Mixabintijivokalninglzherdembieyndengnayngotin.Lijremhinqeydngelekgitdiyarbikin.Yabaewekuxwandevandikarindiferhengnbikrhatyninglzdeawaygotinaherpeyvliberawaywynivskbibnin.Abipiranwekeyakurdtxwandin:man[men]:mr,zelam.Carinanjwekayakurdtgotin:father[faer]: bab, bav.HekepitA-ykonsonantekhebepitwkonsonantjehebe,hingawekey(same[seym]:eyn,heman)yanjwek(care[kr]:xwemxwer,sexbr)tgotin.aibipiranwektxwandin(hair[hr]:m,pir,porr).awwekoyanowynkurdtgotin:saw[so]:dt.LiberduL-yan(ll)awekotbilvkirin:ball[bo]:gog,hol,top,tepk;small[smo]:bik;mall[mo]:firogeh,bazar.Ebipiranwekyakurdlkurttirtgotin.Emdivrzimande-yakurtwekbinivsin:her[hr]:w.HekepitE-ykonsonantekhebepitwkonsonantjehebe,hingE-yayekembipiranwekyakurddirjtgotin:here[hr]:vir,vder.eawekyanjynkurdtnbilvkirin:hear[hr]:bihstin,guhlbn;bear[br]:hir.Dueligelhev(ee)wekyakurdtnxwandin:beer[br]:bra.Ibipiranwekiyakurdyanjpiekdirjtir(ljiyakurdkurttir)tgotin:big[big]:mezin.HekeewtenpiekjiIyakurddirjtirbe,emwwekIbinivsin.LhekebizelaljiIyakurddirjtirljiyakurdkurttirbe(wekiyatirk),emwwek(dunuqteliseri)binivsin:(twenty[twnt]:bst).HekepitI-ykonsonantekhebepitwkonsonantjehebe,hingIwekayyakurdtxwandin:time[taym]:dem,wext,ax,kat.Iwekpeyvekaserbixwebimaneyaezjwekaytbilvkirin.Oligorpeyvanweko,owyanatgotin:so[so]:wisa.DuO(oo)bihevrebipiranwekuyanjyakurdtngotin:book[buk]:kitb,pirtklfood[fd]:zad,xwarin.


UhincaranwekU-yakurdtgotin:put[put]:dann,bicihkirin.Lgelekcaranwekayakurdlpiekkurttirtxwandin.Emva-yakurtdivrzimandewekbinivsin:but[bt]:l,feqet,ema.HekedukonsonantbikevinpeyU,ewdengeknzkiyakurddigire:hurt[hirt]=nyanandin.

Ylidyekyanendkonsonantanwekyanjaytgotin:merry[mr]:bico,bikeyf,xwelby[bay]:bi.HekeYbikevepyanpavokalek,ewwekY-yakurdtxwandin.


NAVDRNavdr(nouns)navntitan,deveran,kesanbyeranin:sv,Kurdistan,Ehmed,muzk,baran...Navdrninglzjwekynkurdhejmrbar(countnouns)inyanjnehejmrbar(uncountnouns)in.Ankuhinjdikarinbnhejmartin(jimrbar)hinjnaynhejmartin.Navdrnhejmrbardikarinweknavdrnkurdyekhejmaryanjpirrhejmarbin.Lberevajkurmanc,navdrninglzcins(zayenda)rzimannne.Herwihanavdrnyekhejmartenformekaxwerheye,ewnaynemandin/tewandin.Bonimnehemsvhemjsvbiinglzapplee.

PIRTIKNDIYARNEDIYARIYNavdrnnediyarynhejmrbardikurddepapirtika-ekyan-yekdigirin:kitb-ek,rojname-yek.Bimaneyawdiinglzdepirtikanediyariy((indefinitearticle)ayananlipnavdrtdannjcudatnivsn:abook(kitbek),anapple(svek).Anwekentxwandin,abipiranweketgotin.Lhekegiranliserabeankumirovbixwazebibjekutitekbitenyekenezdetirin,hingawekeytgotin.Hekenavdrbidengekkonsonantdestpbike,hingatbikarann:aboy(kurek).Lhekenavdrbidengekvokaldestpbike,hingantbikarann:aneye(avek).Yagiringewekupeyvbidengekkonsonantyanvokaltgotin,negiringekaewbikonsonantekyanbivokalektnivsn:carinanpeyvekbikonsonantektnivsnlbivokalektgotincarinanjberevaj.Yamuhimawaygotinye,neawaynivsn:anhour[enawir]jiberkuhourwek[awir]tgotin)auniversity[eyunivrsit]jiberkuuniversitywek[yunivrsit]txwandin.Jibilpirtiknnediyar,diinglzdeherwihapirtikadiyar(definitearticle)the[iyan]jheye.Ewhevber-ekeyasoran,el-yaereb,le,la,lynfrensder,das,dieynalmanye.Ewhingtbikaranndemakumexsedanavdrfilantitdiyare:thechair(ewkursyanfilankurs,neikursiyahebe).Pirtikadiyarhemligelnavdrnyekhejmarhemjynpirhejmarlikare:- Bringthechair,please!(Ka[v/Wfilan]kursiybne!)- Takeawaythechairs,please!(Ka[van/wanfilan]kursiyanbibe!)


PIRHEJMARDiinglzdeformakom(pirhejmar)biambialkariyaherfasjiformakit(yekhejmar)tkirin:Kit Gotin Kom Wate

friend[frnd] friends hevalschool[skl] schools xwandingehcar[kar] cars tirimpl,erebehand[hend] hands destpen[pn] pens qelem,pnscomputer[kompytir] computers kompterHekeformayekhejmarbi-ss,-ch,-s,-sh,-xgelekcaranbiobidawb,hingpirhejmarbiherfn-estkirin:Kit Gotin Kom Wate

class[kes/klas] classes pol,sef,sinifwatch[wo] watches saetwish[wi] wishes hvbus[bs] buses otobsbox[boks] boxes qut,sindoqpotato[piteyto] potatoes petat,kartolGavakuformayekhejmarbikonsonantek+Ybidawdibe,hingYjiformapirhejmartavtinlicihw-iestnivsn:Kit Gotin Kom Wate

lady[leyd] ladies xanim,hurmetcountry[kantr] countries welatparty[part] parties partLhekeberY-yadawiyapeyvvokalekhebe,hingYwekxwedimnetenSltzdekirin:


Kit Gotin Kom Wate

boy[boy] boys kur,kurikdays[dey] days rojplay[pley] plays lstik,yar;ano

Hekediformayekhejmar,dikteyadawiydeFhebe,ewgelekcarandiformapirhejmardedibeves.

Kit Gotin Kom Wate

wife[wayf] wives[wayz] jin(jinakesek)life[layf] lives[layvz] jiyan,ruhknife[nayf] knives

[nayvz]kr

leaf[f] leaves[vz] pelg,pel,belg,belim

Jialiydengnasvebiawaygitsyapirhejmariywekstgotin.Lhekeewlipeyvvokalekyanjliddengnligoralfabeyakurdb,d,g,v,(z-yafis)bin,hingswekztgotin.Hekelipeys,z,,j,,cjbe,hingwek-iztgotin.Formnhinnavdranawartene(irregular):Kit Gotin Kom Wate

man[men] men[mn] mr,zelam(mirovnnr)

woman[wumen] women[wimin]

jin(mirovnm)

child[ayd] children[idrn]

zarok

foot[fut] feet[ft] ptooth[t] teeth[t] qelem,pnsperson[pirsin] people

[ppi]kes,mirov

mouse[mawz] mice[meys] mik


Navdrnawartenetenynlijorlstekirne.Evtenhinnimnene.Pirhejmarnhinpeyvanjwekyekhejmarnwanin:Kit Gotin Kom Wate

fish[fi] fish massheep[p] sheep pezdeer[dr] deer xezalBerevajkurmanc,diinglzdeformapirhejmarhingjtbikaranndemakudikurmancnenavdrllkeryandiyarkerekekeredikekunavdrpirhejmare: - Kurd_bikurddiaxivin.KurdsspeakKurdish- Heval_bain:Friendsaregood.- Wgelekheval_hene:Hehasmanyfriends.


XWEDTXwedtdiinglzdebizdekirinapostrofek()herfastkirin:- afriendshouse:malahevalek- Johnswife(jinaJohn)- Rachelshusband(mereRachel)- childrensbooks(kitbnzarokanHekesjixweweknanapirhejmariylidawiyapeyvhebe,hingtenapostrof()lidvwtzdekirin,dS-yekadinlzdenabe:- dogstails(kuriynkikan,kiliknseyan)- bookspages(rpelnpirtkan)- myfathersjob(karbabmin)Xwedtherwihadikarebitheofthejbdiyarkirin- thepagesofthebook(rpelnkitb)- thefirstpageofthebook(yekemrpelkitb)- thepagesofthebooks(rpelnkitban)- apictureofmyfather(wneyekbabmin,wneyekkubabmintdeye)Hincaranjdikurddegotinekbixwedtiytdiyarkirinldiinglzdebidupeyvnlipeyhev.Hingpeyvrziyainglzberyakurdye:- winterclothes(cilnzivistanwinter:zivistan;clothes:cil)- eveningmeal(xwarinavarevening:var;meal=xwarin,cem)


HEJMARMirovdikarehejmarn(numbers,numeral)inglzliserdubeanparvebike:hejmarnbingehn(cardinalnumbers)hejmarnrz(ordinalnumbers)Jihejmarnbingehnbadiyardibekukurdinglzxizmnhevinherdujieynbinemalazimannhindewropne.Bitaybetbalaxwebidinawaygotinahejmarn2,3,6,9,10.Hejmarnbingehn

Nivsn Gotin Wate

1one wn yek2two t du3three r s4four for ar5five fayv pnc6six siks e7seven svin heft8eight yt het9nine nayn neh10ten tn deh 11eleven vin yazde(h)12twelve twv duwazde(h)13thirteen irtn szde(h)14fourteen fortn arde(h)15fifteen fiftn pazde(h)16sixteen sikstn azde(h)17seventeen svintn hevde(h)18eighteen ytn hejde(h)19nineteen nayntn nozde(h) 20twenty twnt bst21twenty-one twnt-wn bst--yek22twenty-two twnt-t bst--du23.twenty-three twnt-

r bst--s 30thirty irt s,sih


thirty-one irt-wn s--yek 40forty fort il50fifty fift pnc60sixty sikst st70seventy svint heft80eighty eyt het90ninety naynt not,nod100onehundred wnhndrd sed101onehundredandone wnhndrdendwn sed--yek121onehundredandtwenty-one sed--bst--yek200twohundred dused300threehundred ssed1000onethousand wn

awzind hezar1011onethousandeleven hezar--yazde106 onemillion wnmiyin milyon109 onebillion biyin milyarWekkurmancj,hejmarnbingehntnbernavdrakuthejmartin.Lberevajkurmanc,navdrhingherdem(jibilheke1be)nanapirhejmariy(-s,-es)digire:- book(kitb)>twobooks(dukitb)- watch(saet,demjimrk)>tenwatches(dehsaet)Dihejmartindemirovbikurmancbo100,10001000000dibjesed,hezar,milyonlbiinglzdibjeonehundred,onethousand,onemillionankuyeksed,yekhezar,yekmilyon(bideberdused,duhezar,dumilyon).Dinavhevokandemirovherwihadikarebibjeathousandankuhezarek.Hemkurmanchemjinglzjibilnavdran,herwihadikarinhejmaranbixwejbitewnin,bitaybethejmarntemamynweksed,hezar,milyon:- hundredofstudents[hndrdovstyudints]:bisedanxwandekar- thousandsofvisitors[awzindzovvizitirz]:bihezaranserdanker/mvanLicihbidehanbipirandozensof[dazins]likare.


HejmarnrzBihejmarnrzmirovcihkesekyantitekdisirayankurznlipeyhevdediyardike.Dikurddemirovdikarehejmarnrzbigelekawayanke:- yekem,duyem,syem- yekemn,duyemn,syemn- -a/-/-nyek,-a/-/-ndudiwa[n],-a/-/-nsisiya[n](kurmanciyanavend)- -a/-/-tk,ya/y/ytduw,ya/y/ynsiy/s(kurmanciyarojhilat)

Ligelformnbi-em-emnnavdrdikareberyanpithejmarbe:- yekemcar,carayekem- yekemncar,carayekemnBiformndinrenavdrtendikarepithejmarbe- carayek,hevaldiduwa,welatiyntebeqasisiya- carak,hevalduw,welatiyttebeqasiy/sBiinglzhejmarnrz1.,2.3.evin:Nivsn Gotin Wate

1first first yekem2second skind duyem3third ird syemJiwanhershejmaranpveyndinbipapirtika-th[]tnkirinNivsn Gotin Wate

4fourth for arem5fifth fif pncem6sixth siks eem7seventh svin heftem8eighth y hetem9ninth nayn nehem10tenth tn dehem 20twentieth twnt bstem


21twenty-first twnt-wn bst--yekem22twenty-second twnt-t bst--duyem23.twenty-third twnt-

r bst--syem24.twenty-foruth twnt-for bstarem 30thirtieth irt siyem,sihem40fortieth fort ilem50fiftieth fift pnciyem 100hundredth hndrd sedem

Hiyar1) Jiarpvepapirtika-thbigirej,dirastnivsngotinahinhejmarandecudahpeydadibe:o 5five[fayv]>fifth[fif](guhernanivsngotin)o 8eight[yt]>eighth[y](guhernanivsngotin)o 9nine[nayn]>ninth[nayn](tenguhernanivsn)2) Hejmarn11-19bguhernanpapirtika-thdigirin:

eleventh,twelveth,thirteenth3) Hekehejmarbi-ybidawbn(wektwenty,thirty)dirastnivsndeewdibe-ieth: twentieth,thirtieth.


ParjimarMebestjiparjimar(fractions)hejmarnnetemamin.Hinnimnejiparjimaranevin:nvanku,ark/arekanku,syekanku1/3(yekjis,pareyekjispareyak),dujipncananku2/5,1nvanku1Diinglzdej,wekkurd,nvarknavnxweyntaybethene:- half[helf]:nv(pirhejmar:halves[helvz])- quarter[kortir/kwortir]:ark,arekWekdparjimarbiformulayaparjimarbihejmaraxweyabingehnhejmaratemamformaxweyarz+-s(hekeparjimarne1be)tnkirin:- one-third(1/3)- two-thirds(2/3)- threefourth(3/4)- three-fifths(3/5)

HesabkirinDihesabkirindepeyvnbingehndiinglzdeevin:Nivsn nan Gotin Wate

plus+ ps zde,Oneplustwoequalsthree.1+2=3

Wnpstkwizr.

Yekdudibindu.

minus- maynis kmFiveminusoneequalsfour.51=4

Fayvmayniswnkwizfor.

Pnckmyekdibear.

timesX divayd parvekirin,lkvekirinTwotimesthreeequalssix.

Ttaymzrkwizsiks.

Ducaransdibee.

dividedby/ divayd parvekirin,lkvekirinSixdividedbythreeequalstwo.

Siksdivaydidbayrkwizt.

elisyanparvekirdibindu.


RENGDRRengdrankusifet(adjectives)ewpeyvinkudiyardikinkakesekyantitekawaye:ba,dirj,giran,sor,sar,rengnDikurmancdedikomikapeyvanderengdrbiawayekgitbiizafeyan(papirtikan)binavdranvetngirdan:mal-axwe,reng-sor,dest-npaqij,mal-ek-amezin,dar-ek-str,kitb-nerzan.Ankudikurmancdepeyvrziyadivrewdewihaye:4) navdr+(pirtikanediyariy-ek/-yek)+izafe(-a/-/-n)+rengdr(nimne:mal-ek-amezinyanligorhindevokanmal-ek-emezin)Diinglzderengdryekser(drekt)tnbernavdran.Hekepirtikndiyarkirinyanhejmaryancnavjligelhebin,peyrzwihaye:5) pirtik/hejmar/cnav+rengdr+navdr.Nedikurmancdejdiinglzderengdrbixweligorhejmaryancinsnatewin.

Cnav Wate

goodfriends (hin)hevalnbaagoodfriend hevalekbathegoodfriend hevala/hevalbathegoodfriends (filan)hevalnbatwogoodfriends duhevalnbanogoodfriend(s) tiheval(n)baeverygoodfriend herhevala/baRengdrherwihabialkariyalkerekagirderawaniyanavdrandiyardikin:

6) Thiscarisnew.(Evtirimplnye.)7) Thatfilmseemsinteresting.(Ewfilmbalkdixuye).Divrewdepeyrziyakurmancye:(cnav/hejmar/hoker+)navdr+rengdr+lker.Diinglzdepeyvrzwihaye:(cnav/pirtik/hoker+)navdr+lker+rengdr.


RENGDRNGIRINGEmlivderlsteyagiringtirnrengdrninglzbiawaywanynivskligelweygotinawanwateyawanbikurdpkbikin.Tenwateynbingehnynpeyvhatinedanlomahinwateyndinjdikarinhebinkudivlsteydenehatinediyarkirin.

Nivsn Gotin Wate

able eybi biiyan,kara,ykudikareafraid efrd bitirs,tirsiyayalive eayv zind,sax,nemirawake eweyk hiyar(nedixewde)bad bed xirabbeautiful biytifu speh,delal,ciwanbig big mezinbitter bittir tehlbrave breyv wrekbroad brod fireh,berfirehbright brayt gebusy biz mijl,mexulcareful krfi xemxwer,bisexbrcheap p erzanclean kln paqij,pakclear klr zelalclever klvir jr,biaqilclose kowz nzkclosed kowzd girt(nevekir)colorful/colourful

kairful rengncloudy kawd ewrn,biewrcold kod sarcool kl hnik;xwedangerous deynciriz bitehlke,xeternakdark dark tardeep dp krdifficult difikut zehmetdirty dirt psdry dray zuha,ziwadead dd mir


early early z(berdemaxwe)empty mpt vala,vale,xalexciting ikzayting biheyecanexpensive ikspnsiv bihagiran,giranfair fr dadmend,adilfamous feymis navdar,binavdeng,mehrfar far drfast fast bilez,lezgnfat fet qelewfine fayn (gelek)ba;hr,hrikflat flet pehnfree fr azad,serbest;betalfresh fr hnik;taze,teze;terrfull ful tij;trfunny fan pkenok,(bozewq)xwegenerous cniris merdgentleman cntimen camr,xwemirovglad ged a,keyxwegood gud bagreat greyt hja,(gelek)bahappy hep dila,dilxwe,kfxwehard hard req;zehmethealthy h saxlemhigh hay bilindhot hot kel,(gelek)germhungry hangr birs,birimportant importint giring,muhiminteresting intiristing balk,dilk,cazibjealous cis avnebar,hesdkind kaynd xwemirov,camrlarge larc mezin;berfirehlate leyt dereng,direnglight ayt siviklittle lit km,pieklucky ak bians,bextiyarlow ow nizmloud awd (deng)bilindlucky ak bians,bextiyarnarrow nerow tengnear nr nzknecessary nsisir pdiv,pwst,zerr


new nw nnice nays xwemiro;xwenoisy noyz biqerebalix,dengbilindold od kevn;propen owpin vekir,vebyquiet kwayit bdeng,bqerebalix,tena,rehet,aramquick kwik bilez,zpolite poayt rzgir,bi-ihtirampoor pr feqr,jar,hejarrich ri zengn,dewlemendsad sed xemgn,mellsafe seyf biewle,btehlkesalty soty sr,or,trxwshort ort kurt,kinsick sik nesax,nexweslim sim narn,nazenn,zef,libarslow sow hdsmall smo biksoft soft nermsour sawir tirstrong strong xurt,bihz,qew,qamsweet swt rntall to (mirovn)dirj;(avahiyn)bilindthick ik str,qalind;trthin in tenikthirsty irst t,thn(hewceyav)tiny tayn hrik,pirrbikugly agl kirt,kirh,necisuseful yzfu bikrhatuseless yzis bkr,bxrwarm worm germwell w ba;sax,saxlemwet wt ilweak wk qels,lawaz,zefwindy wind biba,badar,trbawhole how temam,kamil,tevworthless wurls bqmet,bbiha,bkrworthwhile wurway bihagiran,bikr,biqmetyoung yang genc,xort,ciwan


Gavakumirovbixwazebibjetitektitekdhindhevyanwekhevinwanbirengdrekbidenasn,empeyvikaasas[ezez]bikartnin:-Thisisasgoodasthatone.Evwekewahanbae.- Thisisasgoodasthatone.(Evwekwbae.)- Summerisntascoldaswinter.(Havnnewekzivistansare.)

RENGNavnrengan(colors/colours)dikarindikurddiinglzdejhemwekrengdrhemjweknavdrbnbikarann.Navnrengandilsteyekalijrtirdehatinerzkirin.

Nivsn Gotin Wate

black blek reblue bl nbrown brawn qehweygreen grn keskgrey gry gewrorange orinc pirteqal,narincpink pink pembey, pvaz, pnkpurple pirpi mor,xemrred rd sorwhite wayt spyellow yow zer


BERHEVDANDiinglzde,wekkurd,mirovdikaretaybetiyntitanbideberhev:mezintir,biktir,mezintirn,biktirn.Formaberhevder(comparative)bi-er[-ir]yanmore[mor]tkirin.Moredikeveprengdrndirj(skteyyandirjtir):Sade Berhevder

difficultzehmet more difficult zehmettirbeautifulspeh more beautiful spehtirexpensive(biha)giran more expensive (biha)girantir-erdikevepeyrengdrnkurt(yek-yanduktey):Sade Berhevder

slowhd slowerhdtir softnerm softernermtir richzengn richerzengntir highbilind higherbilindtir lownizm lowernizmtir Hekerengdrbixwebi-ebidawb,dtenrltzdekirin:large>larger(berfireh),nice>nicer(xwemirov,xwe).Hekerengdrbi-ybidawb,diformaberhevderde-iertcihw:tiny>tinier(hrik),lucky>luckier(bians,bextiyar).Formnberhevderynpeyvngood(ba),bad(xirab)little(km,piek,hindik)awarte/istisnane:Sade Berhevder

good[gud]ba better[btir]batir,tir badxirab worse[wirs]xirabtir little[lit]km,piek,hindik less[ls]kmtir,piektir


Dihinpeyvnkurtdekonsonantadawiyapeyvasadediformaberhevderdedubaredibe:

Sade Berhevder bigmezin biggermezintir hotkel,germ hottergermtir Bodiyarkirinakutitekjititekdincudayeekerekirinawbirengdrekdiinglzdebialkariyapeyvikathan[en]tbikarann:- Thisisbetterthanthatone.(Evjiwbatire.)- Summerisntcolderthanwinter.(Havnnejizivistansartire.)Formasperlatv(superlative)bikurddikarebisawaynjihevcudabbikarann- -tirn:firehtirn,tengtirn- her+formasade:herfireh,herteng- jihemyan+formaberhevder:jihemyanfirehtir,jihemyantengtirBiinglzformasperlatvbialkariyapapirtika-est(rengdrnkurt)yanjbipeyvikamost(rengdrndirj)tkirin:Sade Berhevder Sperlatv

hardreq harderreqtir hardestreqtirnhotkel,germ hotterkeltir,germtir hottestgermtirndangerousxeter more

dangerousxetertir mostdangerousxetertirnHemguhernndiformaberhevderdedibin,diformasperlatvdejcihdigirin:- dubarenebnaeyalidawiy:nice>nicer>nicest- y>-iest:lucky>luckier>luckiest- dubarebnakonsonant:big>bigger>biggestFormnsperlatvynpeyvngood(ba),bad(xirab)little(km,piek)jawartene:


Sade Berhevder Sperlatv

good[gud]ba better[btir]batir,tir best[bst]batirnbad[bed]xirab worse[wirs]xirabtir worst[wirst]xirabtirnlittle[lit]km,piek,hindik less[ls]kmtir,piektir least[lst]kmtirnFormasuperlatvdidebialkariyaya/y/ynynserbixweyanj-a/-/-nynbinavdrvegirdaytnxebitandin:- Evya/ybatirne.Ewynbatirnin.- Evsvabatirne./Evbatirnsve.Diinglzdelicihwanwpirtikadiyarkertheyekserlipnavdrcihxwedigire:- thebestapple(svabatirn/batirnsv)- Thisisthebest.Theyarethebest.(Evya/ybatirne.Ewynbatirnin.)- Thisappleisthebest.(Evsvabatirne./Evbatirnsve.)

PnpanDikurddetitaberhemyanlidawiyahemyanbigelekawayntngotin:- yekem,ya/y/ynyek,ewil,pn,ya/y/ynpiy- dawn,ya/y/yndawiy,axir,ya/y/ynaxir,axirn,panDiinglzdeyekemfirst[first]dawnjlast[last]yanfinal[fayni]e.


CNAVDikurmancdedudesteyncnavanhene:desteyaxwer(ez,tu,ew,em,hn,ew)desteyaemand(min,te,w/w,me,we,wan).Tevkudiinglzdetendesteyekanavdranheye(bonimnebooklicihkitbkitb)ldiinglzdepncdesteyncnavanhene.

Desteyakirde

Nimne Gotin Wate

I [ay] ezyou [y] tuhe [h] ew(mrkit)she [] ew(jinyekhejmar)it [it] ew(heywanyantitykit)

we [w] emyou [y] hnthey [ey] ew(kom:ferqnakemr,jin,heywanyantitbin)

Evdestewekkirdeynhevokantnbikarannankudihevokandeewtitekdikinyantitekyankesekin:8) Isay(ezdibjim).9) Isaid(mingot).10)Youarehere.(Tulivdery).11)Hewent(Ew).12)Sheate(wxwar).a) Balaxwebidinkudikurmancdeformacnavcarinandiguhere(ezdibjim/mingot)ldiinglzde,hekecnavkirdebe,ewherdembivdesteyaxwertbikarann(Isay/Isaid).


b) Diinglzdehevbertuhnherduyantenyouheye.Ankuinglzwekihtiramgirtintenjiherkesredibjinhn,ticarannabjintu.Thou(tu)yadrokddizimannihadenemaye.c) Hiyarbinkudiinglzdelicihewyakurdarcnavncudahene.

Desteyaberkar

Cnav Gotin Wate

me [m] minyou [y] tehim [him] w(kes)her [hr] w(kes)it [it] w/w(heywan/yantit/)

us [s] meyou [y] wethem [m] wanEvdestewekberkarnhevokan(object)ligeldaekan(prepositions)tnbikarannankudihevokandeewtitekliwantkirinyandiwandeyeyanjiwandiceyantwanyanbiwantkirin:Youseeme(Tumindibn),Yousawme.(Teezdtim),forus(bome,jimere).

a) Balaxwebidinkudikurmancdeformacnavcarinandiguhereldiinglzde,hekecnavberkaryanbidaekbe,ewherdembivdesteyaberkartnbikarann.b) Dihevoknkurmancpeyvrzanormalkirde+lker+berkare(eztedibnim)ldiinglzdekirde+berkar+lkere(Iseeyoukupeyv-bi-peyvdibeezdibnimte).

Desteyaxwedtiyyagirday

Cnav Gotin Wate

my [may] (-a/-/-n)minyour [yor] (-a/-/-n)tehis [hiz] (-a/-/-n)w(kes)her [hr] (-a/-/-n)w(kes)


its [its] (-a/-/-n)w/w(heywan/yantit/)

our [awir] (-a/-/-n)meyour [yor] (-a/-/-n)wetheir [er] (-a/-/-n)wanEvdestewekxwediyn/xudannkomikapeyvantbikarann:

13)mybook(kitbamin),14)yourfriend(hevalte)15)hereyes(avnw)

a) Dipeyvrziydedikurmancdetitaxwedkirberxwediyxweyebiizafey(-a/-/-n)bixwediyxwevetgirdan(kitb-amin,bira-y-w,av-nw).Ldiinglzdexwedbertitaxwedkirye(mybookkupeyv-bi-peyvdibea-minpirtk,hisbrotherdibe-wbira,hereyesdiben-wav)b) Evdesteyacnavantenhingbikartdemakuyekyanzdetirnavdrnxwedkirlidvwanhebin:yourhead(serte),mybooksandpens(kitbqelemnmin).Hekemirovbixwazecnavnxwedtiybtitxwedkirbikarbne,wekyamin,ymin,ynmin(licihkitbamin,dilmin,avnmin,hingmirovdiinglzdecnavndesteyaxwedtiyyaserbixwedixebitne(lijrtirbinre).c) Balaxwebidinkudikurmancdenavdrbercnavtnavdrbiizafey/qertaf(kitbAmin,hevalte,avn)bicnavalipeyxwevetngirdan.Izafedikurmancdecinsnryanmyanjpirhejmariydiyardike.Diinglzdecnavxwedbernavdraxwedkirtpirhejmarhekehebebidawiyanavdrvegirdayye(hereyeS).d) Hekeligelnavdrrengdrekjhebe,hingrengdrdikevenavberacnavnavdr:mynewfriend(hevalminyn).


Desteyaxwedtiyyaserbixwe

Cnav Gotin Wate

mine [mayn] (ya/y/yn)minyours [yorz] (ya/y/yn)tehis [hiz] (ya/y/yn)w(kes)hers [hrz] (ya/y/yn)w(kes)its [its] (ya/y/yn)w/w(heywan/yantit/)

ours [awirz] (ya/y/yn)meyours [yorz] (ya/y/yn)wetheirs [erz] (ya/y/yn)wanEvdestewekcnavnxwedtiy/xudaniytnbikaranngavakuewserbixwetnxebitandinankutitaxwedkirlidwnay:Desteya 3 Desteya 4

Itismybook(Ewkitbamine). Itismine.(Ewyamine).Thisisherbag(Evanteywye.) Thisishers.(Evywye.) Aretheseyourpens?(Geloevqelemntene?) Aretheseyours?(Geloevyntene?)


Cnavnrefleksv(xwegr)

Cnav Gotin Wate

myself [mayslf] (ez)xweyourself [yorslf] (tu)xwehimself [himslf] (ewmr)xweherself [hrslf] (ewjin)xweitself [itslf] (ewheywan/tit)xwe

ourselves [awirslvz] (em)xweyourselves [yorslvz] (hn)xwethemselves [mslvz] (ew)xwe(kom:mirov,heywanyantit)

a) Evdesteyacnavanwekberkarahevoktbikaranngavakuberkarkirdeeynbin:Iseemyselfinthemirror.(Ezxwedieynikredibnim.)b) Evdestewekberkaradaekanjdikarebbikarann:Shecookedfoodforherself.(Wxwarinboxwekir.)c) Wekkirdeyhevokdemakumirovbixwazebibjekesekbixweyanbitentitekkiriye:Hedidithimself.(Wbixweewkir.)d) Hiyar:berevajkurd,diinglzdeevdestenaybikaranndemakuhintitnwisatnkirinkumirovadetenbixwedike:Wxwet.(Hewashedhimself.)Wcillixwekirinyanwcilkirinberxwe.(Shedressedherself.)

Cnavnhev(resprokal)Cnavnhevankuresprokal(reciprocal)diinglzdeeachotheroneanotherin.Ewhemmaneyahev,hevdu,hevudu,hevdin,yekdu,kduynkurmancdidin.Weseeeachothereveryday.(Emherrojhevdibnin.)Eachotherbiformaxweyaxwedtiyeachothersjheye:Weareeachothersfriends.(Emhevalnhevin.)


Cnavnnander

Cnavnnander(demonstrativepronouns)bikurmancevewinformnwanynemand/tewandne(v/v/van,w/w/wan).Dikurmancdeewligorcins/v/v,w/w),ligorhejmar(yekhejmarv/vw/wlpirhejmarvanwan)herwihaligorkirdeberkar(kirde:evmalxweelberkar:ezvmalbikirim)diguherin.Diinglzdecnavnnanderligorkirdeberkaryanligorcinsnaeminlligorhejmartntewandin.

Yekhejmar Pirhejmar Wate

this[is] these[z] evthat[t] those[z] ew - Thisbookisgood.(Evkitbbae.)- Thesebooksaregood.(Evkitbbain.)- Thatpenissharp.(Ewqelemtje.)- Thosepensaresharp.(Ewqelemtjin.)- Ireadthisnewspaper.(Ezvrojnameydixwnim.)- Ireadthosenewspapers.(Ezvanrojnameyandixwnim.)- Iwritewiththatpen.(Ezbiwqelemdinivsim.)- Iwritewiththosepens.(Ezbiwanqelemandinivsim.)Thisonemaneyaevahan,evhandidegavakulidvwantinavdrdikomikdetinebin.Thatonejwateyaewahan,ewhandide.Pirhejmariynwanjwihane:theseones(evnhan)thoseones(ewnhan).Hekerengdrekravekerjligelnavdrhebe,hingrengdrdikevenavberacnavnavdr:- thisnewcar(evtirimplan)- thatoldhouse(ewxaniykevn)Dikurmancdecnaveknandercnavekkesdikarinbikevinpeyhev_- Evhevalmin- EvhevalteynDiinglzdecnavnnanderynkesnikarinbikevindvhev.Lomadirewnwihademirovhewceyavakirinekadinkugelekwekqalibkurdye:


- thisfriendofmine- thisgoodfriendofyoursHerwihaevqalibhingpdivyegavakumirovdieynkomik(fraz)decnavekxwedtiypirtikekaserbixweyadiyariy(the)yannediyariy(a,an)bikarbne:- afriendofmine(hevalekmin)- agoodfriendofyours(hevalekteyba)

CNAVHOKERNPIRSYARKCnavnpirsyark(interrogativepronouns)ewcnavinkumirovppirsatitanyankesandike.Dikurmancdei,cnavekneembareankuherdemwekxwedimne.L,berevaji,cnavkformatewandkjheye.Herwihacnavkjanjjhatiyekirin.Herihokernpirsyark(interrogativeadverbs)ne,mirovbiwanpirsadem,cih,sebebawaniyatitandipirse:keng,k,ima,awa.Ewdikurddenayntewandin(ne*kengiy,*imay)Diinglzdejjicnavnpirsyarkwhat(i)whichnaemin.Hemhokernpirsyarkjneembarin:how(awa),when(keng),where(k,kder).

Cnav Wate

what[wt] iwho[h] k;k(wekkirde)whom[hm] k,k(wekberkarligeldaekan)whose[hz] (ya/y/yn)kwhich[wi] kjan,kj,kkwhere[wr] k,kder;likwhen[wn] keng,kingwhy[way] ima,boi,jiberi - Whatisthis?(Eviye?)- Whatareyoudoing?(Tuidik?)- Whoishe?(Ewkye?)


- Whomdoyouknow?(Tuknasdik?)- Whosehomeisthis?(Evmalakye?)- Whichisyours?(Kjanyateye?)- Wheredoyougo?(Tukvedi?)- Wherearethey?(Ewlikne?)- Wheredoeshecomefrom?)(Ewjikt?)- Whendoyoureturn?[ritin](Tukengveger?)- Whyareyousosad?[sowsed](Tuimawisaxemgn?)Balaxwebidinku:a) Wholigorberkariy(whom)direwaxwedtiyde(whose)ditewe.

b) Wherehemmaneyak,kve(livnaberbicihekve)hemjwateyalik,likder,likve(manalicihekdide).Lhekemirovbixwazelivnajicihekdiyarbike,daekafromyantpwhere(fromwhere)yanjdikevedawiyahevok:Wherehecomesfrom?(Ewjikt?)c) Dihevoknbicnavnyanhokernpirsyardecnav/hokerapirsyarklidestpkye,formatewandjilkerabe(am,is,are)lidwyepajkirdeyt:Whatisthis?(Eviye?,peyv-bi-peyv:iyeev?)Whoishe?(Ewkye?,peyv-bi-peyv:Kyeew?)d) Hekelkerneformekajilkerabebe,hinghevokbilkeraalkardo(ligelcnavsyemyyekhejmardoes)tavakirin:Whatdoyousay?(Tuidibj?kupeyv-bi-peyvdibeidiktugotin?)


CNAVHOKERNTKILIYCnavnwhatwho(ligelwhom,whose,which)herwihawekcnavntkiliy(relativepronouns)jtnbikarann:- Youcansaywhatyouwant.(Tudikarbibj[ka/b]teidiv.)- Iknowwhoyouare.(Ezdizanim[ka/b]tuky.)- IforgotwhomIsaw?(Minjibrkir[ka/b]minkdt.)- Thisismyfriendwhostudiesbiology.[bayoloc](Evewhevalmineykubiyolojiy

dixwne.)- ThatbagistheonewhoseownerIdontknow.(Ewhanewanteyeykuezxwediywnanasim/nizanim.)Jibilwhat,who,whom,whose,which,that[et]jwekcnavekpirsyarktbikarannwateyakuyakurmancdide:- Ididntknowthatyouarehere.(Minnedizankutulivir.)


HINCNAVDIYARKERNDINYNGIRINGEvcnavyandiyarkerdiinglzdenaeminankuherdembieynformne:bonimnealittlehemmaneyapiekhemjwateyapiek,piekdide.Emlijrvandiyarker(determiners)cnavan(pronouns)binimneyanpkbikin.

Cnav Gotin

afew[efw] hin,hinek,hindek,endek,end(newekpirsiyar)

Iknowafewpersonshere. Ezendkesanlivirdinasim.

alittle[elit] piek,hindik,km,hinekHespeaksalittleEnglish. Ewpiek

inglzdizane.

any[en] her,kjanbe Bringanybooksyouhave. herkitba

kutehebebne.

anyone[enwan] herkes,kjbeAnyonecandothis. Herkes

dikarevbike.

anything[ening] hertit,ititbej,tititIsthereanythingIcandoforyou? Gelotitek

heyekuezbotebikim?

anumberof[enmbirov] hejmareka,hejmareke,hinek,endek


Anumberofpeoplewerekilled. Hejmarekamirovanhatinkutin.

acoupleof[ekapiov] cotek,du-s

Acoupleoffriendsvisitedme. Du-shevalhatinserdanamin.

all[o] hem,hemi,gi,git,tevAllthestudentscametotheclass. Hem

xwandekarhatinders.

almost[omost] teqrben,hema-hemaAlmostallwerehappywiththeresults. Teqrben

hembiencamanrazbn.

another[inir] ya/ydin,ya/ydTryanothertime. Carekadin

biceribne.any[en] her,kjanbe Bringanythingyouwhat. Hertitku

bixwazbne.

both[bow] herduWearebothwriters. Emherdu

nivskarin.certain[sirtin] filan,diyar,yekyanhinkesyantitndiyar

Certainthingsmustbechanged. Hintithenekudivbnguherandin.

each[] heryek,herkes Eachofuswillhavetoanswerthequestions.. Divkuher

yekjimebersivapirsanbide.

eitheror[iror] yanyanj Eitheryouwilldoitorwewillnotpayyou. Yantuw


bikyanjemparenadinte.

enough [nf] tr,bes,traAreyoucourageousenoughtodoit?

Tutraxwewrekkuwbik?

every [evr] her,herkesyantitEverypersonintheroomwassitting.

Herkesdiodeyvernitb.

few [fw] km,kmkesyantit(ynkudikarinbnhejmartin)Therearefewpeoplewhounderstandthisstory.

Kmkeshenekuvrokfehmdikin.fewer [fwir] kmtir(kesyantist_)Fewerwomenwearscarvesnowadays.

Vzemankmtirjinserpoanliserxwedikin.

howmany [hawmen] end,iqas(titnkudikarinbnhejmartin)

Howmanycigarettesdoyousmokeperday.

Tudirojdeendcigareyandik?

howmuch [hawm] end,iqas(titnkunaynhejmartin)

Howmuchmilkcanyoudrink? Tudikariqasrvexw?

least [lst] kmtirn,piektirnAmonghisfriends,heearnstheleast.

Dinavhevalnwde,meaw

kmtirne.little [lit] km,piek(titnkunaynhejmartin)Thereislittlewaterleft. Kmavmaye.many [men] gelek,pirr(kesyantitnkudikarinbnhejmartin)Manypeopledontknowthat. Gelekkesw

nizanin/jiwbhayin.

more [mor] zdetir,pirrtir,gelektir(forma


berhevderjimanyyanmuch)Iwantmoresoup. Ezzdetirorbey

dixwazim.much [m] gelek,pirr,zde(titnkunaynhejmartin)Hedoesntlikemeatmuch. Ewpirrjigothez

nake.none [nan] tikes,netikesNonewasthere. Tikes(jiwan)neli

wderb.nothing [naing] tititIboughtnothing. Mintititnekirr.neither [nir] netijiherdutanNeithercame. [nir

nor]Tijiherduyannehatin

neithernor [nir nor]

nenejNeitherherenorthere. Nelivirnejli

wirone [wn] kes,mirovOnecansayso. Mirovdikarewisa

bibje.

Hincnavndinj- some[sam]:hin,hinek,hindek,endek- someone[sam-wan],somebody[sam-bad]:kesek- something[saming]:titek;hintit- anyone[enwan],anybody[enbad]:herkes,ikesbe- one[wan],you[y]:mirov2- others[airz]:xelk,yndin,alem

2 Ji bil maneyn wan yn bingehn: one: yek you: tu.


DAEKDaek(prepositions)cih,jderarmancatitandiyardikin.Daeknserekyninglzevin: - from[from]ji

o HeisfromAmericaEwjiAmerkayye- indide;lio inabookdikitbekdeo inEuropeliEwropay- on[on]lisero onthetablelisermasey/mzey- to,-(livnahetacihekyanberbicihekvediyardike)o gototownnbajar- at[et]li,libero athome- for[for]bo,jibo,jire,jreo onlyforyoutenbote,tenjitere- with[wi]ligel,bire,preo Comewithus!Ligelmewere!Bimerewere!- with[wi-awt]b(nepre,neligel)o ShewendwithoutusEwbyme- behind[bihaynd]lipit,pito ThetreeisbehindthehouseDarlipitxanye- infrontof[infrontov]lipo ThecarisparkedinfrontofthehouseTirimpllipxanhatiyeparkkirin- after[eftir,aftir]pit,lipey,lido foryoutenbote,tenjitere- before[bfor]bero HearrivedherebeforeusEwbermegihitvir- above[ebav,ebov](li)raser,(li)hindav;zdetirji,diserreo abovehisheadliraserserw- below[for]libin,bino ThetemperatureisbelowzerodegreesPileyagermahiylibinsifrye- under[andir]libin,bin,dibinveo underthesofalibinqenepey/sofay- ahead[ehd]lip(ber,jpkettir)o HeisaheadofhisfriendsEwliphevalnxweye- around[erand]lidoro totravelaroundtheworldlidordinyaygern- between[bitwn]dinavberadeo betweenyouandIdinavberamintede


- down[dawn]jr,xwar,bino Comedown!Werexwar!- up[ap]jor,sero Getup!Rabeserxwe!- since[sins]ji(dema)ve,ji(filandem)hetanihao Since1980Jisala1980ve- during[dyring]demao DuringthelastfiveyearsDivanpncsalndawiyde- out[awt]der,derveo Getout!Derkeve,hereder!- via[vaya]direo WetraveledviaIstanbulEmdiStembolren- towards[tiwardz]berbiveo ShecametowardsusEwberbimevehat


LKER

DEMANIHAemandina/tewandinalkerandiinglzdedidemanihadegelekhsane.LigelcnavnI,you,we,you,theylkerwekxwedimnin.Bonimne,emdulkeran(see[s]:dtingo[gow]:n)bidin: - Isee:ezdibnim- Yousee:tudibn- Wesee:emdibnin- Yousee:hndibnin- Theysee:ewdibnin

- Igo:ezdiim- Yougo:tudi- Wego:emdiin- Yougo:hndiin- Theygo:ewdiin.Tenligelcnavnsyemynyekhejmar(he,she,it)-slilkerzdedibe:- Hesees[sz]:ew(mr)dibne- Shesees:ew(jin)dibne- Itsees:ew(heywan,amr)dibneHekeformasadeyalkerbi-o,-s,-ch,-sh,-xbidawb,hingligelhe,she,itpapirtika-eslilkerzdedibe:- Igo(ezdiim)#he/she/itgoes(ewdie)- Youwatch(tutemaedik)#he/she/itwatches(ewtemaedike)- Wemix(emtkil/tevlihevdikin)#he/she/itmixes(ewtkildike)Hekelkerbikonsonantek+ybidawb,hingydikeve-iescihwdigire:

-Icry[kray](ezdigirm)#he/shecries[crayz](ewdigir).Lhekepeyvbivokalek+ybiqede,hingynaguhere,tenslzdedibe:- Youbuy[bay](tudikirr)#he/shebuys[bayz](ewdikirre).


Bigotinekadin,qeydbendnwergirtinasyanesguhernndirehpeyvdedibinwekynzdebnasyanesynpirhejmariyanavdranin.

LKERNGIRINGEmlivderhinjigiringtirnlkerninglzligelawaygotinawanmaneyawanpkbikin.Bolkernbe(bn),have(hebn,xwedbn),do(kirin)lijrtirbinrin.Herwihalkernalkar(can,may)lijrtirhatinebehskirin.Hinjivanpeyvannetenlkerinldieyndemdenavdryanrengrinj,bonimne:rain:baran;barn,clean:paqijkirin;paqij.Llivdertenmaneyalkerhatiyedan.Herwihatenmaneynserekdivlsteydehatinediyarkirin.

Nivsn Gotin Wate

act [ekt] xebitn,karkirin,bersivdanagree [egr] lihevkirin,pkkirin,hevbrbn,sulhkirinanswer [ensir] bersivdan,cewabdanappear [epr] diyarbn,beravbn,xuyabnarrive [erayv] hatin,gihitinask [esk] pirsn,pirskirinattack [etek] rikirin,hicmkirinbake [beyk] pehtin,patinbegin [bigin] destpkirinbelieve [biv] bawerkirinboil [boy] keln;kelandinbite [bayt] gezandin,gestin,leqldanborrow [borow] deynkirin,biemanetjwergirtinbreak [brk] kandin;kestinbring [bring] ann,nanbuild [bid] avakirinburn [birn] sotin,ewitn;sotin,

ewitandin


buy [bay] kirrncall [ko] gazkirin;telefonkirincare [kr] xemjxwarinchange [eync] guherrn;guherrandinchoose [z] bijartinclean [kln] paqijkirinclimb [kaym] hilketin,hilkin,hewaketinclose [kowz] girtin,qepatkirincollect [kukt] komkirin,civandin,berhevkirincompare [kumpr] danberhev,berhevdan,miqayesekirincry [kray] girn;qrrncontinue [kuntiny] domn,berdewambn;domandin,dewamkirincut [kt] birrn;qutkirindare [dr] wrn,wriyandecide [disayd] biryardan,qerardandie [day] mirindrink [drink] vexwarineat [t] xwarinfall [fo] ketinfly [flay] firrnfeel [f] phesn,hestpkirinfire [fayr] agirberdanfly [fay] firrnforget [forgt] jibrkirin,jibrnfrighten [fraytin] tirsandinget [gt] wergirtin,bidestxistin,peydakiringo [gow] nhear [hr] bihstin,guhlbnhold [hod] girtin,zeftkirinhope [howp] hvkirinkeep [kp] girtin,ragirtin,parastinknow [now/niw] zann;nasn,naskirinlaugh [af] kennlead [ld] serkkirin,serkbn;birin,gihandinlearn [lirn] hnbn,frbn,elimnleave [v] n,birketin;hitin,hlan


lay [ley] dirjkirin,paldanlet [lt] rdan,destrdan,ruxsetdan,hitin,hlanlie(speakuntruly) [ay] derewkirinlie(belaid) [ay] paldan,xwedirjkirin,dirjkirbnlisten [lisin] guhdarkirin,guhdanlive [iv] jnlove [av] jhezkirin,evndarbnmake [meyk] kirin,kirinmove [mv] livn;livandin;barkirinopen [owpin] vebn;vekirinpaint [peynt] boyaxkirin;ngarkirinplay [pley] lstin,yarkirin;(muzk)ldan,(muzk)berdanplease [pz] kfxwekirin,dilxwekirin;bidilbnput [put] dann,bicihkirinrain [reyn] baranbarnread [rd] xwandin,xwendinsay [sey] gotinsee [s] dtinseem [sm] (wisa)diyarbn,(wer)xuyabnsell [s] firotinsend [snd] andin,hinartin,birkirinset [st] dann,bicihkirinsettle [st] bicihbn,maldannshake [eyk] hejn,lerizn;hejandin,lerizandinshow [ow] nandan;pkkirinsing [sing] strangotin,strnsit [sit] rnitinstand [stend] rawestn,sekinnstart [start] destpkirin,startkirinswim [swim] avjenkirin,sobarkirin,melevankirintake [teyk] rakirin,birin;bijartin;xwarinyanvexwarinteach [t] hnkirin,frkirin,elimandinthink [ink] fikirn,hizirn,pnijn,ramn,fikirkirin,


hizirkirinwake [weyk] hiyarbn;hiyarkirinwalk [wok] men,gerrn,birven,bipiyangerrnwant [wont] hezkirin,xwastin,xwestinwash [wo] tinwrite [rayt] nivsnwork [wurk] karkirin,xebitn

Balaxwebidinkua) HemevpeyvdikarinbytiguherandinanligelcnavnI,you,we,you,theybimeremademanihabnbikarann:Ilaugh(ezdikenim),yousay(tudibj),weread(emdixwnin),youeat(hndixwin),theyhope(ewhvdikin). b) Ligelcnavnhe,she,itjemtenhewceyzdekirina-syan-eslidawiyalkerne:

Helaughes(ewdikene),shesays(ewdibje),iteats(ewdixwe).c) Eynpeyvdikaredihemandemdegerguhz(transitive)negerguhz(intransitive)be:change:guhern;guherandin,break:kestin;kandin.d) Gelekpeyvhemwekrengdr(adjective)weklker(verb)jdikarinbnbikarann:clean:paqij;paqijkirin,hope:hv;hvkirine) Geleknavdrjweklkertnbikarann:fire:agir;agirberdan,rain:baran;baranbarnf) Hinpeyvjwekhevtnnivsnlxwandinawanligormaneyawandiguhere:live[live]:jnllive[layv]:zind.


Lkeratobe[tub](bn)Wekdikurdgelekzimanndindej,lkeratobe(bn)diinglzdejbiawayekawarte/istisnatemandin/tewandin:

Inglz KurdIam[ayem] ezim

Youare[yar] tuHe/she/itis[h//itiz] eweWeare[war] eminYouare[yar] hninTheyare[eyar] ewin

Iamnot[nt] ezneimYouarenot tuneHe/she/itisnot ewnee

Wearenot EmneinYouarenot hnneinTheyarenot Ewnein

Nimne- IamGulzar.(EzGulzarim.)- Youareadoctor.[dktir](Tudoktor.)- Heisaphysician.[fiziin](Ewbijke.)- SheisVanessa.(EwVanessaye.)- Itisadog.(Ewseye.)- Wearefriends.(Emhevalin.)- Youarekind.(Hnxwemirovin.)- Theyarehere.(Ewlivderne.)- Iamnotateacher.[tir](Eznehnkerim/nemamostame.)- Youarenotthere.[r](Tuneliwdery.)- Heisnotathome.[howm](Ewnelimalye.)- Sheisnotsick.[sik](Ewnenesaxe/nenexwee.)- Itisnotacat.(Ewnekitik/piske.)- Wearenotpresent.[przint](Em[liderek]neamadene.)- Youarenotready.(Hnnehazirin.)


- Theyarenotbad.(Ewnexirabin.)

Balaxwebidinkua) Formademanihaligelcnavnyou,we,theywekheve(ern:are,neyn:arenot)b) Diinglzdelkerdikevedkirdey(IamGulzar)ldikurddelkerlidawiyahevokye(ezGulzarim).c) Diinglzdenotyaneynkirindikevepeylker(IamnotGulzar)ldikurmancde(ne)yekserlipeyvkirdeyt(EzneGulzarim).d) Diinglzde,bitaybetdiaxiftindelgelekcarandinivsndej,formnlkerabntnkurtkirinbicnavvetngirdan:Standard KurtkirIam Im[aym]

Youare youre[yor]Heis,sheis,itis hes[hiz],shes

[iz],its[its]Weare were[wir]Youare youre[yor]Theyare youre[eyr]

Iamnot ImnotYouarenot Yourenot,youarenthe/she/itisnot hesnot,shesnot,itsnot

Wearenot werenot,wearentYouarenot Yourenot,youarent

Lkeratodo[tudu](kirin)

Inglz KurdIdo[d] ezdikim

Youdo[d] tudikHe/she/itdoes[dz] ewdikeWedo[d] em


dikinYoudo[d] hndikinTheydo[d] ewdikin

Idont[dont] eznakimYoudont[dont] tunakhe/she/itdoesnt[dazint] ewnake

Wedont[dont] emnakinYoudont[dont] hnnakinawakulkerakirindikurmancdeyekjigiringtirnpeyvanehekeneyagiringtirnbewisadoyainglzjcihekbingehndiwzimandeheye.Kirinhemweklkerekaxweserhemjweklkerekaalkardixebite:- Idothis.(Ezvdikim.)- Youdoyourjobwell.(Tukarxwebadik.)- Hedoesthat.(Ewwdike.)- Idontdothat.(Ezwnakim.)- Hedoesnt.(Ewnake.)

WEZFEYNLKERADO,DONTLkeradoformnwyntewanddoes,dont,doesntweklkeraalkar(auxiliaryverb)ligellkeraserek(mainverb)tbikarann:

a) dihevoknpirsyark(question)de:o Yougo.(Tudi.)Doyougo?(Gelotudi?)o Hecomes.(Ewt.)Doeshecome?(Geloewt?)

Lhiyarbekudoligelcnavnhe,she,itdibedoes. Herwihalmiqatebekupeyvrzahevokdiguhere:lkeraalkartbercnav. Tenlkeraalkardoditewe,lkeraserekwekxwedimne.Doeshecome,ne*doeshecomes.


b) bokirinahevoknneyn(negative)o Wesay.(Emdibjin.)Wedontsay?(Emnabjin.)o Hecomes.(Ewt.)Hedoesntcome?(Ewnay?)

LhiyarbekubiformaxweyaneynligelcnavnI,you,we,you,theydont(donot)ebicnavnhe,she,itrejdoesnt(doesnot)e. Berevajhevoknpirsyark,dihevoknneyndelkeraalkarnaybercnavllidvcnavcihxwedigire. Tenlkeraalkarditewe,lkeraserekherdemwekxwedimne.

LkernalkarynraweyBixralkernalkarynrawey(modalauxiliaryverbs)mirovdiyardikekutitekdibeku,dikareyandivbkukirin.endlkernalkarynraweyyninglzevin:Nivsn Gotin Wate

can [ken] karn,kann,iyanmay [mey] dibeku,belk,mimkinekumust [mst] divku,pdivyeku,pwstekushall [e] biryareku,divkuwill [wi] d(diyarkirinademab)

HiyarEvlkerligelcnavnhe,she,itjnatewin,didemanihadeherdemwekxwedimnin.Lkeraserekjnetewandye.

Nimne- Icanopenthis.(Ezdikarimvvekim.Ezdimvvekim.)- Hecansay.(Ewdikarebibje.)- Wemaybuyit.(Dibekuemwbikirrin.)- Shemayseemetomorrow.(Dibekuewsibminbibne.)- Youmustdoyourjob.(Divtukarxwebik.)- Hemustcomehere.(Divewbvder.)


- Ishalltraveltomorrow.(Biryarekubirbikevim.)- Heshallvisitusnextweek.(Biryarekuewhefteyabserdanamebike.)- Iwillgothere.(Ezbiimwder.)- Shewillsellherhouse.(Ewdxaniyxwebifiroe.)

Neyniyalkernalkarynrawey

Nivsn Gotin Wate

cant,cannot [kent, kennot] nikarn,nikann,neiyanmaynot [mey] dibekune-,belkne-,must [mst not] nabeku,divkune-willnot,wont [winot,wont] dne-

Nimne- Icantopenthis.(Eznikarimvekim.Eznemvvekim.)- Hecantsay.(Ewnikarebibje.)- Wemaynotbuyit.(Dibekuemwnekirrin.)- Shemaynotseemetomorrow.(Dibekuewsibminnebne.)- Youmustnotdoyourjob.(Nabekutukarxwebik.)- Hemustnotcomehere.(Nabekuewbvder.)- Iwillnotgothere.(Ezneimwder.)- Shewillnotsellherhouse.(Ewdxaniyxwenefiroe.)

Lkeratohave[tuhev](hebn,xwedbn)Herwihalkeratohave(hebn,xwedbn)jawartetemandin:Inglz KurdIhave[ayhev] minheye

Youhave[yhave] teheyeHe/she/ithas[h//ithez] w/wheyeWehave[whev] meheyeYouhave[yhev] weheyeTheyhave[eyar] wanheye


Idonthave[donthev] minnineYoudonthave tenneHe/she/itisdoesnthave[dazint] w/wnne

Wedonthave menneYoudonthave wenneTheydonthave wannne

Nimne- Ihaveafriend.(Minhevalekheye.Hevalekminheye.)- Ihavemanyfriends.(Mingelekhevalhene.Gelekhevalnminhene.)- Youhaveabluecar.[blkar](Tetirimplekanheye.)- Hehasabrother.[brir](Wbirayekheye.)- Hehasfoursisters.(Warxwikhene.)- Wehaveaverynicesecretary.(Mesekreterekagelekhjaheye.)- Idonthaveacar.(Mintitirimplnnin./Tirimplamintineye.)- Youdonthavecigarettes.[sigrts](Tecigarennin.)- Hedoesnthaveachild.[ayd](Wtizaroknnin.)- Shedoesnthastwodogsandthreecats.(Wduseskitik/piskhene.)- Theyhaveonlyoneboss.[onwnbos].(Wantenserkarek/efekheye.)Balaxwebidinku:a) Cnavnhe,she,itformahas[hez]werdigirin.Wekdin,have[hev]formahevparyahemcnavndine.b) Diinglzdeformalkerligorkirdeydiguhere(Ihaveabook/manybookslshehasabook/manybook).Ldikurmancdelkerahebnligortitheydiguhere:Minkitbekheyewkitbekheyelmingelekkitbhenewgelekkitbhene.c) Dikurddelicihminkitbekheye/gelekkitbhenedihindevokandeevawalikare:Kitbekeminheye/gelekkitbnminhene.d) Formaneyn(negative)bilkeraalkardont[dont]tkirin.Ewligelcnavnhe,she,itformadoesntdigire,bicnavndinredonte.Formnwyaresmdonot(dont)doesnot(doesnt)in.


DemaboryasadeDemaboryasade(simplepast)yapiraniyapeyvanbipapirtika-edtkirin:- Iwant(ezdixwazim)Iwanted(minxwast)- Youshow(tunandid)youshowed(tenanda)- Weplayfootball(emfutboldilzin)weplayedfootball(mefutbollst)Balaxwebidinku1) ligelkessyemjformalkerwekhembihemcnavndinreye:

o He/sheplayspiano(ewpiyanoyldide)He/sheplayedpiano(W/wlipiyanoyda)2) Hekelkerbixwebiebidawb,hingtendltzdekirin:

o Theyhireacar(Ewtirimplekkirdikin)theyhiredacar(wantirimplekkirkir)3) Neynkirinalkerndemaborbialkariyadidnot(kurtkirdidnt)tkirin.Hinglkeraserekdiformaxweyasadedeye,neformabi-ed.Ewformademaboryadonotyademanihaye.Lbikessyemrejeweyndonot/donte,wekdemanihanaguhere:

o Youwalked(tumeiyay)youdidntwalk(tunemeiyay)o Shesmiled(ewbiir)shedidntsmile(ewnebiir)4) Pirskirinaernbialkariyadidlidestpkahevoktkirin:o Youplayed(telst)Didyouplay?(Gelotelst?)5) Pirskirinaneynbialkariyadidnot/didntlidestpkahevoktkirin:o Shedidntsmiled(Ewnebiir)Didntshesmile?(Gelo/maewnebiir?)6) Piraniyapeyvnsadeformnawarte/istisnabodemnborhene.Lijrtirbinre.

Demaboryalkeratobe(bn)Inglz KurdIwas[aywiz] ezbm

Youwere[ywr] tubyHe/she/itwas[h//itwiz] ewbWewere[wwr] embnYouwere[ywr] hnbnTheywere[eywr] ewbn

Iwasnot/wasnt[wozint] ezne


bmYouwerenot/werent[wrint] tunebyHe/she/itwasnot/wasnt ewneb

Wewerenot/werent EmnebnYouwerenot/werent hnnebnTheywerenot/werent EwnebnLkeratohave(hebn)- bihemcnavanredidemaboryasadedebiernhad[hed]e:

o Ihadacat.(Minpikekheb)o Hehadfriendsthere.(Whevalliwderhebn)- formawyaneyndidnothave/didnthavee:o Ididnthaveadog.(Mintise/kiktinebn)o Shedidnthaveanychildren.(Wtizaroktinebn)


Hinlkernawartedidemaboryasadede

Lker > dema bor ya sade

Gotin Wate

begin>began [bigin>bigen] destpkirinbreak>broke [brk>browk] kandin;kestinbring>brought [bring>brawt] ann,nanbuild>built [bid>bit] avakirinbuy>bought [bay>bawt] kirrnchoose>chose [z>oyz] bijartincry>cried [kray>cried] girn;qrrncut>cut [kt>kt] birrn;qutkirindo>did [du>did] kirindrink>drank [drink>drenk] vexwarineat>ate [t>eyt] xwarinfall>fell [fo>f] ketinfeel>felt [f>fet] phesn,hestpkirinfly>flew [fay>fw] firrnforget>forgot [forgt>forgot] jibrkirin,jibrnget>got [gt>got] wergirtin,bidestxistin,peydakiringo>went [gow>wnt] nhear>heard [hr>hird] bihstin,guhlbnhold>held [hod>hd] girtin,zeftkirinkeep>kept [kp>kpt] girtin,ragirtin,parastinknow>knew [now/niw>nw] zann;nasn,naskirinlead>led [ld>led] serkkirin,serkbn;birin,gihandinleave>left [v>ft] n,birketin;hitin,hlanlay>laid [ley>leyd] dirjkirin,paldanlet>let [lt>lt] rdan,destrdan,ruxsetdan,hitin,hlanmake>made [meyk>meyd] kirin,kirinput>put [put > put] dann,bicihkirinread>read [rd>rd] xwandin,xwendin


say>said [sey>sd] gotinsee>saw [s>sow] dtinsell>sold [s>sod] firotinsend>sent [send>snt] andin,hinartin,birkirinset>set [st>st] dann,bicihkirinsing>sang [sing>seng] strangotin,strnsit>sat [sit>set] rnitinstand>stood [stend>std] rawestn,sekinntake>took [teyk>tuk] rakirin,birin;bijartin;xwarinyanvexwarinteach>taught [t>tot] hnkirin,frkirin,elimandinthink>thought [ink>ot] fikirn,hizirn,pnijn,ramn,fikirkirin,hizirkirinwake>woke [weyk>wok] hiyarbn;hiyarkirinwrite>wrote [rayt>rowt] nivsn


DemaboryaddarDemaboryaddar(presentperfect)bialkariyalkeratohaveyadidemanihade+lkerdidemaboryaddardetkirin.Piraniyapeyvanbipapirtika-edtkirin:- Iworked(ezkarkir)Ihaveworked(minkarkiriye)- Youplayedpiano(tepiyanolda)youhaveplayedpiano(tepiyanoldaye)- Weplayedfootball(mefutbollst)wehaveplayedfootball(mefutbollstiye)Balaxwebidinku1) ligelkessyemformalkerhas[hez]e:

o He/sheplayedpiano(ewpiyanolda)He/shehasplayedpiano(W/wlipiyanoydaye)2) Tenlkeraalkarhaveligorcnav/yanneynkirindieme,lkeraserekwekxwedimne.

o Neynkirinalkerndemaborbialkariyahavenot/hasnot(kurtkirhavent/hasnt)tkirin.Hinglkeraserekdiformaxweyabi-ede.o Youhaveworked(tekarkiriye)youhaventworked(tekarnekiriye)o Shehassmiled(ewbiiriye)shehasntsmiled(ewnebiiriye)3) Pirskirinaernbialkariyahave/haslidestpkahevoktkirin:o Youhaveplayed(telstiye)Haveyouplayed?(Gelotelstiye?)4) Pirskirinaneynbialkariyahavenot/hasnot(kurtkirhavent/hasntlidestpkahevoktkirin:o Shehasntsmiled(Ewnebiiriye)Hasntshesmiled?(Gelo/maewnebiiriye?)5) Piraniyapeyvnsadeformnawarte/istisnabodemaboryaddarhene.Hinjiwanwekyndemaboryasadenelhinjjcudane.Lijrtirbinre.

Demaboryaddaryalkeratobe(bn)Inglz KurdIhavebeen[ayhevbeen] ezbme

Youhavebeen[yhevbn] tubyHe/she/ithasbeen[h//ithezbn] ewbyeWehavebeen[whevbn] embneYouhavebeen[yhevbn] hnbneTheyhave[eyhevbn] ew


bne

Ihavenotbeen/Ihaventbeen[ayhevintbn] eznebme

Youhavenotbeen/havent[hevintbn] tuneby

He/she/ithasnotbeen/hasntbeen ewnebye

Wehavenotbeen/haventbeen Emne

bneYouhavenotbeen/haventbeen hnne

bneTheyhavenotbeen/haventbeen Ewne

bneLkeratohave(hebn)didemaboryaddarde- bicnavnsyem(he,she,it)rehashade,bineynhasnothad/hasnthad- ligelcnavndinhavehade,bineynhavenothad/haventhad- pirskirinbibicihkirinahave/hasyanhavent/hasntlipcnavantkirin:

o Haveyouhadacar?(Gelotetirimplekhebye)o Hashehadacat?(Gelowkitikekhebye?)o Haventyouhadholiday?(Gelo/mawetatlnebye?)o Hasntshehadababy?(Gelo/mawzarokeknebye?)


Hinlkernawartedidemaboryaddarde

Lker > dema bor ya ddar

Gotin Wate

begin>begun [bigin>bigan] destpkirinbreak>broken [brk>browkin] kandin;kestinbring>brought [bring>brawt] ann,nanbuild>built [bid>bit] avakirinbuy>bought [bay>bawt] kirrnchoose>chosen [z>oyzin] bijartincry>cried [kray>cried] girn;qrrncut>cut [kt>kt] birrn;qutkirindo>done [d>dan] kirindrink>drunk

[drink>drnk] vexwarineat>eaten [t>tin] xwarinfall>fell [fo>f] ketinfeel>felt [f>fet] phesn,hestpkirinfly>flown [fay>

fown] firrnforget>forgot/forgotten [forgt>forgot/forgotin] jibrkirin,jibrnget>got [gt>got] wergirtin,bidestxistin,peydakiringo>gone [gow>gan] nhear>heard [hr>hird] bihstin,guhlbnhold>held [hod>hd] girtin,zeftkirinkeep>kept [kp>kpt] girtin,ragirtin,parastinknow>known [now/niw

>nw] zann;nasn,naskirinlead>led [ld>led] serkkirin,serkbn;birin,gihandinleave>left [v>ft] n,birketin;hitin,hlanlet>let [lt>lt] rdan,destrdan,ruxsetdan,hitin,hlan


make>made [meyk>meyd] kirin,kirinput>put [put > put] dann,bicihkirinread>read [rd>rd] xwandin,xwendinsay>said [sey>sd] gotinsee>seen [s>sn] dtinsell>sold [s>sod] firotinsend>sent [send>snt] andin,hinartin,birkirinset>set [st>st] dann,bicihkirinsing>sung [sing>sng] strangotin,strnsit>sitten [sit>sitin] rnitinstand>stood [stend>std] rawestn,sekinntake>taken [teyk>teykin] rakirin,birin;bijartin;xwarinyanvexwarinteach>taught [t>tot] hnkirin,frkirin,elimandinthink>thought [ink>ot] fikirn,hizirn,pnijn,ramn,fikirkirin,hizirkirinwake>woken/waked [weyk>wokin/wekid] hiyarbn;hiyarkirinwrite>written [rayt>ritin] nivsnFormaboryaddardihemandemdewekrengdrjtbikarann:- sold:firot- done:kir- written:nivsand,nivsiyay


DemaboryadrDemaboryadr(pastperfect)jwekdemaboryaddarellicihhave,haslkerhade:- Ihaddoneit.(Minewkirib.)- Shehadeatenlunch.(Wfiravnxwarib.)- Youhadntsaidanything.(Tetititnegotib.)- Hehadntcome.(Ewnehatib.)

DemanihayaberdestDemanihayaberdestyanberdewam(presentcontinous,presentprogressive)tmaneyakukesekanihatitekdike.Diinglzdeewbilkeratobe(bn)didemanihade+lkeraserekbiformaxweyaneemand+papirtika-ingbilkeraserekvetnkirin:- Iameatingbreakfast.(Eztatdixwim.)- Youaredrinkingwater.(Tuavvedixw.)- Heissinging.(Ewstranandibje.)- Sheiswaitingforus.(Ewlibendameye.)- Wearestudyinghistory.(Emdrokdixwnin.)- Youarefinishingyourjob.(Hnkarxwetemamdikin.)- Theyaresleeping.(Ewnivistne.Ewrazayne.Ewdixewdene.)Neynkirinjbiformaneynyatobeyadidemanihadeye:- Iamnotdrinkingwine.(Ezanihameyvenaxwim.)- Sheisntstudyinggeography.(Ewanihacografyaynaxwne.)Pirskirinbibicihkirinalkeratobedidemanihadelipcnavane:- Areyoueatingdinner?(Gelo/matuanihavdixw?Gelo/matuliservy?)- Isnthewaitingforyou?(Gelo/maewlibendawenamne.Geloewlihviyawe

nasekine?)

DemaboryaberdestDemaboryaberdestyanberdewam(pastcontinous,pastprogressive)tmaneyakukesekdidemekadiyaryabordetitekdikir.Diinglzdeewbilkeratobe(bn)didemaboryasadede+lkeraserekbiformaxweyaneemand+papirtika-ingbilkeraserekvetnkirin:


- Iwaseatingbreakfast.(Eztatdixwar.)- Youweredrinkingwater.(Tuavvedixwar.)- Hewassinging.(Wstrandigotin.)- Shewaswaitingforus.(Ewlibendameb.)- Wewerestudyinghistory.(Medrokdixwand.)- Youwerefinishingyourjob.(Wekarxwetemamdikir.)- Theyweresleeping.(Ewnivistbn.Ewrazaybn.Ewdixewdebn.)Neynkirinjbiformaneynyatobeyadidemaboryasadedeye:- Iwasnotdrinkingwine.(Minhingmeyvenedixwar.)- Shewasntstudyinggeography.(Whingcografyanedixwand.)Pirskirinbibicihkirinalkeratobedidemaboryasadedelipcnavane:- Wereyoueatingdinner?(Gelo/matehingvdixwar?Gelo/matuliservby?)- Wasnthewaitingforyou?(Gelo/maewlibendawenedima?Gelo/maewlihviyawenedisekin?)

DemabtyaberdestDemabtyaberdestyanberdewam(futurecontinous,futureprogressive)tmaneyakukesekddidemekadiyaryabtdebikirinatitekmijlbe.Diinglzdeewbilkerawillbe+lkeraserekbiformaxweyaneemand+papirtika-ingbilkeraserekvetnkirin:- Iwillbeeatingbreakfast.(Ezdbixwarinatatvemijlbim.)- Youwillbeworking.(Tudbikarkirinvemijlb.)- Hewillbesinging.(Ewdbistrangotinvemijlbe.)- Shewillbewaitingforus.(Ewdlibendamebe.avwdliryamebe.)- Wewillbestudyinghistory.(Emdbixwandinadrokvemijlbin.)- Youwillbefinishingyourjob.(Hndbitemamkirinakarxwevemijlbin.)- Theywillbesleeping.(Ewdnivistbin.Ewdrazaybin.Ewddixewdebin.)Neynkirinjbiformawillnotbe(kurtkirwontbe)tkirin:- Iwillnotbedrinkingwine.(Eznebivexwarinameyvemijlbim.Yan:Ezbi

vexwarinameyvemijlnebim.)- Shewontbestudyinggeography.(Ewdnebixwandinacografyayvemijlbe.Yan:Ewdbixwandinacografyayvemijlnebe.)Pirskirinbibicihkirinalkeratobedidemaboryasadedelipcnavane:


- Willyoubeeatingdinner?(Gelo/matudbixwarinavvemijlb?Gelo/matudliservb?)- Wonthebewaitingforyou?(Gelo/maewdlibendawenemne?Gelo/maewdnelihviyawebe?)

PASVPasv(tebat)diinglzdebialkariyalkeratobe(ligordemkesanemand)+lkeraserekdidemaboryaddardetkirin:- Demanihademaboryaddar:

o ismade=tkirin;hatiyekirino wasmade=(di)hatkirin;hatibkirin

- Heisseenthereeverday:Ewherrojlitdtin/Ewherrojliwirhatiyedtin.- Hewasseenthereeveryday:Ewherrojliwirdihatdtin/Ewherrojliwirhatibdtin.Bikerankuajanhevokbialkariyadaekaby(bi,jialiyve)tdiyarkirin:- Hewaskilledbygun.Ewbitifekhat(ib)kutin.- ThisplayiswrittenbyShakespeare.EvanojialiyShakespearevehatiyenivsn.


DEM

SALInglz Kurdyear[yr] sal

thisyear vsal;evsalthatyear wsal;ewsalnextyear salabtlastyear par,salabor,salaytwoyearsago[igu] prar,dusalber

inthreeyears dissalandeintheyear2014 disala2014dedecade[dkeyd] dehsal,dehe,heyamadehsalan

century[snur] sedsal,sede,heyamasedsalanmillennium[millnyum] hezarsal,hezare,heyamahezarsalan

DEMSALInglz Kurdseason[szin] demsal,werz,mewsim,fesl

winter[wintir] zivistanspring[spring] biharsummer[smir] havnfall[fo](liAmerkay) payiz

autumn[otim](liBrtanyay) payizinspring/summer/fall/winter bihar/havn/payiz/zivistanthiswinter vzivistan;evzivistannextautumn payizabtearlyspring berbihar,destpkabihartwosummers duhavnan


lateautumn payizaderengmid-winter nvazivistanbeforesummer[bfor] berhavn

afterwinter[eftir/aftir] pitzivistanmid-winter nvazivistan

MEHInglz Kurdmonth[mn] meh,heyv,hv

thismonth vmeh;evmehthatmonth wmeh;ewmehnextmonth mehabtlastmonth mehabor,mehaythreemonthsago smehber

infourmonths diarmehande

HEFTEInglz Kurdweek[wk] hefte,heft

thisweek vheftey;evheftenextweek hefteyabtlastweek hefteyaborafteraweek pithefteyekbeforethreeweeks bershefteyanaweekago berhefteyek

threeweeksago bershefteyanweekdays rojnkarkirin,rojnnavheftey,jiduemtaniyweekend[wkind] dawiyaheftey,emyekem


Monday[mndey,mnd] duemTuesday[tzdey,tzd] semWednesday[wnzdey,wnzd] aremThursday[irzdey,irzd] pncemFriday[fraydey,frayd] n,n,heyn,cumeSaturday[setirdey,setird] em

Sunday[sndey,snd] yekemonMonday/Tuesday/Wednesday. duem/sem/arem

EVROJInglz Kurdday[dey] roj

night[nayt] evtoday[tudey] rotomorrow[tumuro] sib,rojapitroyesterday[ystirdey] duh,duh

thedayaftertomorrow dusibthedaybeforeyesterday prtwodaysago pr,berdurojan

threedaysago betrapr,bersrojandayandnight bievroj,bnavbirr24hours ev--rojek,bstarsaetmorning[morning] spde,sihar,seresibnoon[nn] nvroafternoon[eftirnn/aftirnn] pitnvro

evening[vning] varmidnight[midnayt] nvaevsunrise[snrayz] rojrabn,elindsunset[snst] rojavabn,hingur


intendays didehrojandeinthemorning/evening/afternoon spd/var/pitnvrosunset[snst] rojavabn,hingur

SAETInglz Kurdwatch[wo] saet,demjimr(yadestan)

clock[klok] saet,demjimr(yadwaran)hour[awir] saet,60deqqeminute[minit] deqqe,deqe,xuleksecond[skind] san,saniye,irke

half(anhour)[helfen-awir] nv(saet),30deqqequarter[kwartir] ark(ek),15deqqepast[past] ,zdetirjito[tu] km,jremayeWhattimeisit?[wattaymizit?] Saetende?Itis.oclock.[itizoklok.] Saete.(saetnkamil)Itisoneoclock. Saetyeke.

Itisfiveoclock. Saetpnce.Itistenpastthree. Saetsdehe.Itisaquarterpasttwo. Saetduarkeke.Itishalfpastfour. Saetarnve.Itistentoone. Saetyekkmdehe.Itisaquartertosix. Saetekmarkeke.

Itissevensharp.[arp] Saettamhefte.Itistena.m.[eym] Saetdehsibye.Itiseightp.m.[pm] Saethet


varye.Atninea.m.[etnayneym] NehvarAttenpastfivep.m. Saetpncdehvar.Athalfpastthreep.m. Saetsnvpitnvro.Beforefouroclock. BersaetarAfteraquartertothree PitskmarkekAroundtwooclock[irawnd] DerdornsaetduyFourhours[forawirz] arsaet(an)Twohoursfifteenminutes[tawirzfiftnminits] dusaetpazdehdeqqe(yan)Onehourthirtyminutes[wnawirirtminits] saeteksihdeqqe(yan)

XWARINNROJInglz Kurdbreakfast[brkfist] tat,tt,xwarinspdey

lunch[lan] firavn,xwarinanvrodinner,supper[dinir,sapir] v,xwarinavarbrunch[bran] berfiravn,tataderengyanfiravnazbran

PGOTINHOW TO READ KURDISH?ALFABE DENGNASKONSONANTVOKAL

NAVDRPIRTIKN DIYAR NEDIYARIYPIRHEJMARXWEDTHEJMARHejmarn rzParjimarHesabkirin

RENGDRRENGDRN GIRINGRENGBERHEVDANPn pan

CNAVDesteya kirdeDesteya berkarDesteya xwedtiy ya girdayDesteya xwedtiy ya serbixweCnavn refleksv (xwegr)Cnavn hev (resprokal)CNAV HOKERN PIRSYARKCNAV HOKERN TKILIYHIN CNAV DIYARKERN DIN YN GIRINGHin cnavn din j

DAEKLKERDEMA NIHALKERN GIRINGLkera to be [tu b] (bn)WEZFEYN LKERA DO, DONTLkern alkar yn raweyNeyniya lkern alkar yn raweyLkera to have [tu hev] (hebn, xwed bn)

Dema bor ya sadeHin lkern awarte di dema bor ya sade de

Dema bor ya ddarHin lkern awarte di dema bor ya ddar de

Dema bor ya drDema niha ya berdest

Dema bt ya berdestPASV

DEMSALDEMSALMEHHEFTEEV ROJSAETXWARINN ROJ

Rezimana Inglizî

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