Rey Ty, 2014, Inglehart, World Values Survey, Findings

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Findings of Inglehart & Company’s

World Values Survey

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World Values SurveyRey Ty

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Inglehart–Welzel cultural map of the world

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World Values Survey

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Inglehart’s World Values Survey

Materialist Values

Post-Materialist Values

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ModernizationPost-

Modernization

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Agrarian Society

Industrial Society

Knowledge Society

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TraditionalSecular-Rational

Inglehart & Welzel 2005, chapter 2.

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Religious-Traditional

Secular-Rational

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ReligiosityNational

PrideRespect for Authority

Obedience Marriage

Traditional Values


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SecularismNo to

National Pride

Respect for Equality

Question Authority

Marriage is Obsolete

Secular-Rational Values


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Survival Self-Expression


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Security over Liberty

No to LGBTQINo to Political

Action

Distrust in Outsiders

Weak Sense of Happiness

Survival Values


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Liberty over Security

Accept LGBTQI

Political Action

Trust in Outsiders

Strong Sense of Happiness

Self-Expression Values


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Revised Theory of

Modernization

Hi Sense of Security

More Secular-Rational

Lo Sense of Security

More Traditional


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Agency

As sense of individual agency

increases

People shift from survival to self-

expression

As sense of individual agency

decreases

People shift from self-expression

to survival


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Agrarian Societies

Low Security

Traditional

Values

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Transition from Agrarian to

Industrial Societies

Largest Increase in Existential

Security

Largest Shift from Traditional to

Secular-Rational Values


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IndustrialSocieties

High Security

Secular Values

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Transition from Industrial Societies

to Knowledge Societies

Largest Increase in Individual Agency

Also Largest Shift from Survival to Self-Expression


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Extreme Value Differences in Culture

Zone Pattern

Islamic Middle EastStrongest Stress on

Traditional & Survival Values

Protestant Northern Europe

Strongest Stress on Secular-Rational &

Self-Expression Values

Welzel, Inglehart & Klingemann 2003, pp. 341–80.

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Different Historical

Pathways to Modernity

Different Culture Zones

Hence, Different Sense of Security

& Individual Agency

Difference Sense of Secular-

Rational & Self-Expression

Values

Welzel, Inglehart & Klingemann 2003, pp. 341–80.

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Gender Generation Ethnicity

Religious Denomination

Education

Income

(Social Class), etc.

Values also differ within societies along cleavage lines:

Inglehart & Welzel 2010, pp. 551–67.

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If living conditions provide people with strong sense of existential security &

individual agency

Then they will have strong stress on secular-rational & self-expression values

Inglehart & Welzel 2010, pp. 551–67.

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Experiences of existential security & individual agency shaping people’s values differ greatly too.

Basic living conditions differ greatly between societies.

Between-society differences are greater than within-society differences

Within & Between Societies Differences

Inglehart & Welzel 2010, pp. 551–67

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Self-expression values.

Emancipative values are part of

Alexander & Welzel 2010, pp. 1–21

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Equality of oppor-tunities

Freedom of choice

Emancipative

values stress…

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Lifestyle liberty

Gender equality

Personal autonomy

People’s voice

Emancipative values involve priorities for

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Emancipative values are a key component of human empowerment.

Once set in motion, people are empowered to exercise freedoms in their course of action.

Welzel & Inglehart 2010, pp. 43–63.

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Human Empowerment

Socio-Economic Level

Action Resources increase people’s

abilities to exercise freedoms

Socio-Cultural Level

Emancipative values increase people’s hopes to exercise

freedoms

Legal-Institutional Level

Democratic rights increase people’s entitlements to

exercise freedomsWelzel, Inglehart & Klingemann 2003, pp. 341–80.

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Human Empowerment is an

entity of…

Socio-Economic Level

Action Resources increase people’s

abilities to exercise freedoms

Socio-Cultural Level

Emancipative values increase people’s hopes to exercise

freedoms

Legal-Institutional Level

Democratic rights increase people’s entitlements to

exercise freedomsWelzel, Inglehart & Klingemann 2003, pp. 341–80.

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Empowering capabilities Aspirations Entitlements

Advance or Recede in Spirals

Human Empowerment

is an entity of...


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Welzel 2010, pp. 1–23.

Emancipative values are…

a cultural component of human

empowerment.

They set up a civic form of modern individualism…

That favors out-group trust & cosmopolitan

outlook towards others.

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Emancipative values encourage non-violent protest,

Providing social capital to activate

society,

Making publics more self-

expressive & vitalizes civil society

advancing civic agency.

Welzel, Inglehart & Deutsch 2005, p. 121–46

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Welzel 2007, pp. 397–424

they help to keep movements stay in democracy.

If emancipative values grow in countries that are democratic,

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under pressures to sustain, substantiate, or establish democracy.

Emancipative values encourage mass actions that put power holders

Welzel 2007, pp. 397–424

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Economic Prosperity

Income Equality

Ethnic Homogeneity

World Market Integration

Global Media Exposure

Closeness to Democratic Neighbors

Protestant Heritage

Social Capital

Factors that Promote Democracy as They Favor Emancipative Values

Welzel 2007, pp. 397–424

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Emancipative values change the nature of

the desire for democracy

More liberal & empowering

understanding of democracy

Not bread-&-butter & law-&-order issues

Make people assess their country’s

democracy critically

Not overrate their country’s democratic

performance.

Emancipative values generate a critical-liberal desire for

democracy.

Best predictor of level of democracy & good

governance.Welzel & Inglehart 2010, pp. 311–29

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Emancipative values

Advance women empowerment


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Emancipative values

From stressing decent

subsistence

To enhancing human agency

Overall level of subjective

well-being rises

Welzel & Inglehart 2010, pp. 43–63

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Inglehart’s World Values SurveyThe emancipative

consequences of the human mpower

process are not culture-specific,

as the empowerment processes that advance emancipative values & a critical-liberal desire

for democracy

Happens in the West, the East, & in other

culture zones.

Welzel 2011, pp. 1–31

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Islam & individual I.D. as Muslim weaken

emancipative values.

Among young Muslims with high education &

esp. among young Muslim women with

high education,

The Muslim/Non-Muslim gap over

emancipative values closes.

Welzel, Inglehart & Deutsch 2005, p. 121–46

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Your Critique?

Reflection

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