Revue de presse IoT Data du 01012017Bonjour

Voici la revue de presse IoTdataenergie du 1 janvier 2017

Je suis preneur dautres artices sources

Bonne lecture et bonne anneacutee

Romain

Table des matiegraveres

1 Whatrsquos The Advantage Of Teslarsquos 13 Billion Miles Of Data Bloomberg Sayshellip2 Diamond Batteries Could Use Nuclear Waste to Generate Electricity for Millennia3 The 5 IoT products a smart city needs in 20174 Will IoT actually keep us coal-dependent5 Joseph Desmond ldquoInstead of using fossil fuels to create the steam BrightSource

uses the sunrdquo6 Baidu et KFC proposent des menus agrave la tecircte du client7 IA on ne joue plushellip ou alors agrave se faire peur

Whatrsquos The Advantage Of Teslarsquos 13Billion Miles Of Data Bloomberg SayshellipSource URL httpscleantechnicacom20161231whats-advantage-teslas-1-3-billion-miles-data-bloomberg-saysDecember 31st 2016 by James Ayre

Tesla has reportedly now gathered more than 13 billion miles of data from Autopilot-equipped vehicles data thatrsquos been obtained whether Autopilot was being actively usedor not Whatrsquos the value of all of this data Does it give the company a significantadvantage in the self-driving sector over its potential competitors

That line of thought is something we covered previously when comparing Teslarsquos self-driving approach with Googlersquos but it was explored in a recent article from Bloomberg aswell that seems worth discussing here There are some interesting quotes from varioussources that know the topic well

Here are the parts in question that Irsquom referring to

ldquoOf course not all miles are created equal there are semi-autonomous as well as fullyself-driving ones real-world vs simulated highway vs those racked up in tricky urbanenvironments Still Tesla is lsquoin a very unique position to push the state of the art ofalgorithmic driving and machine learning in personal transportrsquo said Adam Jonas thelead analyst at Morgan Stanley for autos and shared mobility in a recent note to clientshellip

ldquorsquoWhether they are ahead or not Tesla certainly has tons of datarsquo said Richard Wallacedirector of transportation systems analysis at the Center for Automotive Research in AnnArbor Michigan lsquoThey will be able to analyze that six ways from Sunday and continue totweak their algorithmsrsquo hellip

ldquorsquoMost car companies and tech companies donrsquot want to give away how far along theyare Elon of course is the exception mdash hersquos always out there claiming how far ahead ofeveryone else he isrsquo stated Karl Brauer executive publisher for Kelley Blue Book Ascompanies boost their intelligence gathering lsquothe level of data that will be generated is ona scale that is hard for us to conceive This is the tip of the icebergrdquo

Nothing necessarily ldquonewrdquo in those comments but still worth covering To my eyes Teslaholds a significant advantage already because of its approach but more importantly theadvantage will widen to a substantial degree with the launch of the Model 3 late next year(late 2017) With 500000 Model 3s hitting the road in just a year or so all loaded with ahardware suite allowing for fully autonomous driving all silently gathering data to be usedfor the refinement of the companyrsquos software the company really shouldnrsquot have too

much trouble outclassing its competition

Diamond Batteries Could Use NuclearWaste to Generate Electricity forMillenniaSource URL httpwwwallaboutcircuitscomnewsdiamond-batteries-could-use-nuclear-waste-to-generate-electricity-for-milleNuclear waste takes thousands of years to decay But that long-lived radioactivity couldbe exactly what makes these nuclear waste diamond batteries last for millennia

Researchers at the University of Bristol have used graphite the waste product of nuclearreactors to develop a man-made diamond which produces electricity when placed inclose proximity to a radioactive source Although these batteries produce only a smallamount of current they offer an incredibly long battery life of thousands of years

Making Use of Nuclear Waste

Nuclear reactors need graphite blocks to control heat flow and nuclear reactions Whenexposed to radioactive uranium rods the graphite blocks gradually become radioactiveas well When a nuclear plant gets decommissioned graphite blocks are one of the mainradioactive waste products which need to be handled

Carbon-14 is the radioactive version of carbon which is found at the surface of graphiteblocks The radiation of this carbon isotope cannot penetrate even a few centimeters ofair but it is not still safe to allow into the environment The UK currently has almost 95000tonnes of radioactive graphite blocks Researchers believe that by extracting carbon-14the majority of the graphitersquos radioactive material can be removed As a result the costand danger of storing graphite would be significantly reduced

Researchers have found a method to reuse these graphite blocks to generate electricityout of the radioactive waste Firsttheyheat the graphite blocks and turn them into a gasThen the radioactive gas is compressed to grow a diamond

The beta particles emitted by the radioactive material interact with the crystal lattice andthrow off electrons

The result A radioactive diamond that can generate electricity for thousands of years

To prove the feasibility of the technique the research team has designed a prototypenuclear battery using a nickel isotope nickel-63 as the radioactive source However theyare planning to use carbon-14 in their future designs

No Emissions No Maintenance

Unlike many conventional methods of producing electricity which rely on moving amagnet inside a coil of wires the nuclear-powered batteries have no moving parts and theelectricity is generated by simply placing the man-made diamond in close proximity to aradioactive source

To shield the radioactive diamonds and make them safe to handle a non-radioactivediamond coating is also grown Dr Neil Fox from Bristols School of Chemistry explainsthat these nuclear batteries have no radioactive threats to the user He notes that carbon-14 has short-range radiation which can be completely confined within the worldrsquos hardestmaterial diamond This non-radioactive diamond coating means that someone in closeproximity to a nuclear battery would receive as much radiation as they would sitting nextto a banana

According to Professor Tom Scott of the universitys Interface Analysis Centre the nuclearbatteries not only have negligible emissions but they also do not require any maintenanceThis fact alone means that nuclear diamonds could be used in areas that are dangerousmdashor downright impossiblemdashfor maintenance workers to reach

Potential Applications of a Diamond Battery

The bad news is that the produced current is not high enough to power a smartphoneHowever the long battery life makes the technology appealing especially for applicationswhere it is not easy or even possible to recharge the battery or replace it with a new oneThe longevity of these batteries which is connected to the half-life of the nuclear wastesradiation can be crucially important in applications such as designing pacemakerssatellites spacecraft and high-altitude drones

Researchers estimate that nuclear batteries based on carbon-14 will generate above 50of their maximum power for as long as 5730 years ndashndash equal to the whole time the humancivilization has existed Hence with this technology it would be possible to powerinterstellar probes long after they lose solar power

Lithium-Ion Nuclear Battery or Another Alternative

Unfortunately over the last few years the battery industry has been cruel to manypromising solutions Researchers in this field need not only to solve many technicalproblems but also take the technology into the commercial realm This is not at all easybecause even a small battery manufacturer needs to invest nearly $500 million In factaccording to MITs Technology Review one of the main reasons that new batterytechnologies do not get commercialized is the lack of funding and focus

Many manufacturers prefer to rely on the incremental improvement of lithium-ion batteriesmdashwhich has been exceedingly slow despite some recent promising research intoincreased Li-ion capacitymdashrather than accept the initial huge investment of a new batterywhich would offer a dramatic improvement over conventional batteries In October 2015Lux Research published a report which predicted the lithium-ion battery as the mainchoice of energy storage for the years ahead

The nuclear-powered batteries can simultaneously solve a few of todayrsquos seriousproblems such as nuclear waste disposal clean electricity generation and battery lifeHowever is there a clear path to seeing this technology commercialized We face some

serious questions Is it economical to convert nuclear wastes into diamond batteries Orare there only some particular applications that these batteries really lend themselves to

The details of this technology were discussed at the Cabot Institutes soldout annuallecturendashndashIdeas to change the worldndashndash in November

The 5 IoT products a smart city needs in2017Source URL httpwwwtechrepubliccomarticlethe-5-iot-products-a-smart-city-needs-in-2017Connected IoT devices are part of the key elements of a smart city Here are some of themost interesting and useful products for smart cities in 2017

Public safety and public services are key elements of a smart city Whether a city isseeking smarter streetlights more efficient waste removal or gunshot detection there aresmart city products that stand out more than others Here are some of the best and mostuseful devices that were used in smart cities around the world in 2016 and that will bevital in 2017

1 BigbellyBigbelly is a smart waste and recycling system that has been deployed in all 50 US statesand in 50 countries It provides a solar-powered compacting waste bin that allows for upto five times the amount of waste as in a traditional bin and it also alerts the appropriatecity department when it needs to be emptied according to Leila Dillon vice president ofmarketing for Big Belly

This means that the number of trash bins in a city can be reduced by 70-80 whichmakes the streets more aesthetically appealing and it reduces the rodent population

Philadelphia San Diego Los Angeles New York and Chicago areamong the cities thatuse Bigbelly waste bins

2 ShotSpotterXXXXx

3 Digital kiosksA digital kiosk gives information about restaurants retail stores and events in theimmediate area It also provides mapping for visitors and can sync with a mobile phoneto give additional data as needed

This is one of the 25 digital kiosks in place in Kansas City Mo

Image Kansas City

In Kansas City Mo there are 25 digital kiosks installed within a 22-mile area as a livinglab to test smart technology for the city The city worked with Cisco to install the smartcity tech and digital kiosks

4 Smart streetlightsConnected LED streetlights are the easiest way for a city to add smart tech One benefit isreduced crime because the lights automatically brighten when there are multiple peoplein the area and dim when no one is around

Los Angeles has replaced old streetlights with smart versions

Image City of Los Angeles

The ROI is a no-brainer with the LED lights saving more on energy costs within a fewyears than it costs to purchase and install themIn Los Angeles the city saves nearly $9million annually on utility costs as a result of its decision to spend $57 million to convertnearly 80 of its 215000 old sodium-vapor streetlights to LED versions

In Kansas City Mo there are 25 digital kiosks installed within a 22-mile area as a livinglab to test smart technology for the city The city worked with Cisco to install the smartcity tech and digital kiosks

4 Smart streetlightsConnected LED streetlights are the easiest way for a city to add smart tech One benefit isreduced crime because the lights automatically brighten when there are multiple peoplein the area and dim when no one is around

Los Angeles has replaced old streetlights with smart versions

Image City of Los Angeles

The ROI is a no-brainer with the LED lights saving more on energy costs within a fewyears than it costs to purchase and install themIn Los Angeles the city saves nearly $9million annually on utility costs as a result of its decision to spend $57 million to convertnearly 80 of its 215000 old sodium-vapor streetlights to LED versions

5 Parking sensorsImagine driving through a city and accessing a mobile app that tells you when a parkingspot is available Parking sensors make this happen by sending a signal that indicateswhether a parking spot is taken

European cities were early adopters of this technology In Paris France the averageresident spends four years of their life looking for a parking spot according to Cisco Withwidespread use of parking sensors traffic in Paris has dropped dramatically Kansas Cityis one of the first US cities to add parking sensors but many other US cities areconsidering it or testing it in small areas

Will IoT actually keep us coal-dependentSource URL httpreadwritecom20160711internet-things-coal-power-pt4There are quite a few arguments for renewable energy investment but one argument usedagainst renewables was the cost factor Five years ago we started to see that cost gapclose leading countries like Germany China the United States to ramp up investmentinto solar farms

We may see a slow down on that investment due to new Internet of Things (IoT) toolsthat lower the costs of running a coal plant and reduce the amount of emissions

GE IBM Siemens and Schneider Electric have all launched digital power plant systemsmdashfor renewable gas and coal plantsmdashthat lower costs emissions and boost efficiency

The improvements while helpful for the businesses and towns that stay open thanks tocoal power may also prolong our use of coal as the dominant power source

According toMIT Technology Review an Italian plant shut down in 2014 due to excesselectricity and reduced prices but reopened in 2016 due to operation enhancements fromGErsquos hardware and software1

The plant is now able to go from dormant to fully operational in two hours down fromthree hours under the old system which vice president of A2A Massimiliano Masi says isa huge improvement

Coal plants use IoT to gain efficiencyOn top of operational speed GErsquos system can improve energy efficiency from 33 to 49percent This means more electric power can be captured while burning the same amountof coal leading to a reduction in emissions

While this may lead to a cleaner smarter coal power system it also allows factory ownersto keep the plant running for longer That would leave us at the same position in terms ofemissions as we are at currentlyFor environmentalists the invasion of IoT into coal plants may be seen as a disaster butplenty of towns rely heavily on the factories for jobs

In the US coal power accounts for around 33 percent of electricity production but it hasbeen dropping for a few years as renewable energy and natural gas make gains We donrsquotthink the small gains from IoT will have a major impact here but in China and India it mayprolong the dominance of coal power and inflate the co2 emissions for anothergeneration

Joseph Desmond ldquoInstead of using fossilfuels to create the steam BrightSourceuses the sunrdquoSource URL httpscleantechnicacom20161228joseph-desmond-instead-using-fossil-fuels-create-steam-brightsource-uses-sunDecember 28th 2016 by The Beam

This week Anne-Sophie Garrigou journalist at The Beam interviewed Joseph DesmondSenior Vice President of Marketing and Government Affairs for BrightSource Energy acompany founded in 2006 which became a leader in solar thermal technology Byconcentrating the sunrsquos energy the company produces high-value steam for electricpower petroleum and process markets worldwide We talked to Joseph Desmond aboutBrightSource Energyrsquos vision and aspiration to build a carbon-free future

The Beam At BrightSource Energy you have developed a solar thermal energysystem Can you explain to us what it means and how it works

Joseph Desmond BrightSource Energy designs develops and deploys solar thermaltechnology to produce high-value electricity and steam for power petroleum andindustrial-process markets worldwide BrightSource combines breakthrough technologywith world-class solar power plant design capabilities to generate clean energy reliablyand responsibly BrightSourcersquos solar thermal systems are designed to minimize impacton the environment and help customers reduce their dependence on fossil fuels

Our solar thermal energy systems generate power the same was as traditional powerplants mdash by creating high temperature steam to turn a turbine However instead of usingfossil fuels to create the steam BrightSource uses the sun

At the heart of BrightSourcersquos proprietary solar thermal system is a state-of-the-art solarfield design optimization software and a control system that allow for the creation ofhigh-temperature steam Thousands of software-controlled mirrors track the sun in twodimensions and reflect the sunlight to a boiler that sits atop a tower When theconcentrated sunlight strikes the solar receiver it heats water to create superheatedsteam The steam is either piped from the boiler to a conventional steam turbine toproduce electricity where transmission lines will carry the power to homes andbusinesses or the steam is used in industrial process applications such as thermalenhanced oil recovery (EOR)

By integrating conventional power block components such as turbines with ourproprietary technology and state-of-the-art solar field design electric power plants usingour systems can deliver cost-competitive reliable and clean power when needed most

We can also integrate proven molten salt storage of hybridize with a fossil fuel furtherincreasing output and reliability and significantly reducing energy costs

What does it take to realize carbon-free energy

There are many forms of renewable support structures available and what is effective forone country may not be as effective for another The choices depend on the policyobjectives of the government and the type of investment behavior the government wishesto incentivize Additionally development costs for the same technology can varygeographically including by permitting jurisdiction and by applicable labour rates

Regardless of the support mechanism however itrsquos policy consistency and clarity thatmost effectively builds confidence and attracts capital

Baidu et KFC proposent des menus agrave latecircte du clientSource URL httpwwwsiliconfrbaidu-et-kfc-proposent-des-menus-a-la-tete-du-client-165839htmlEn srsquoappuyant sur la reconnaissance faciale un KFC en Chine propose des menusadapteacutes en fonction de lrsquoacircge du sexe et de lrsquohumeur du client

On savait que les automates prenaient le pouvoir dans les enseignes de restaurationrapide Ils vont en plus vous suggeacuterer des menus en fonction de votre acircge et de votresexe Crsquoest une expeacuterience meneacutee en Chine agrave lrsquoinitiative de Baidu moteur de recherchechinois et KFC ceacutelegravebre chaicircne ameacutericaine speacutecialiseacutee dans le poulet

Les deux partenaires viennent drsquoouvrir un restaurant laquo intelligent raquo agrave Peacutekin ougrave lesautomates sont eacutequipeacutes drsquoune technologie de reconnaissance faciale Cette derniegravere aeacuteteacute deacuteveloppeacutee par Baidu et se propose de deacuteterminer lrsquoacircge et le sexe ainsi que lrsquohumeurde la personne En fonction de ces eacuteleacutements lrsquoautomate peut alors suggeacuterer des menusqui plaisent agrave cette population Ainsi un jeune homme de 20 ans sera plus enclin agravemanger laquo un hambuger avec du poulet croustillant des ailes de poulet rocircties et un cocapour le deacutejeuner raquo A une dame drsquoune cinquantaine drsquoanneacutees il sera recommandeacute laquo unporridge et du lait de soja pour le petit deacutejeuner raquo souligne un communiqueacute de pressedeacutelivreacute par les deux protagonistes

Ils rappellent qursquoil ne srsquoagit que de suggestions et le consommateur est libre de refuserces recommandations Lrsquoautomate gardera en meacutemoire les choix du client (etaccessoirement la photo) et pourra adapter ses conseils lors drsquoune prochaine venue Cenrsquoest pas la premiegravere fois que Baidu et KFC collaborent sur le deacuteveloppement detechnologie au sein des restaurants de la chaicircne ameacutericaine Un restaurant baseacute agraveShanghai avait heacutebergeacute un robot capable de prendre les commandes en utilisant lelangage naturel Petit agrave petit lrsquoautomatisation et lrsquointelligence artificielle srsquoinstallent dans le

quotidien de la relation client

IA on ne joue plushellip ou alors agrave se fairepeurSource URL httpwwwsiliconfria-on-ne-joue-plus-faire-peur-165758htmlDeacutebut 2016 lrsquointelligence artificielle (IA) pouvait ecirctre encore perccedilue comme un champdrsquoexpeacuterimentation 12 mois plus tard le domaine est devenu le theacuteacirctre drsquoune batailleacharneacutee entre Google IBM Amazon et autres Et soulegraveve aussi des questions de socieacuteteacutetregraves concregravetes Et tregraves immeacutediates

Speacutecial Bilan 2016 En deacutebut drsquoanneacutee 2016 lrsquoIA eacutetait presque encore un jeu un exercicede laboratoire En mars AlphaGo une intelligence artificielle deacuteveloppeacutee par Googlesrsquoimposait par KO face au champion sud-coreacuteen du jeu de Go Lee Sedol Dans la veinede la participation de Watson au jeu teacuteleacuteviseacute Jeopardy en 2011 Sauf que agrave mesure que2016 avanccedilait les grands industriels du secteur les Apple Google IBM Amazon ontcesseacute de voir lrsquoIA comme un simple terrain de jeu multipliant les investissements et lesrachats dans ce qursquoils preacutesentent comme la prochaine grande reacutevolution technologique

De facto lrsquoalliance des algorithmes de Deep Learning forme drsquoapprentissageautomatique apparue agrave la fin des anneacutees 80 de grands volumes de donneacutees et decapaciteacutes de calcul confortables (comme celles fournies par les GPU) a deacuteboucheacute sur desperceacutees majeures dans des domaines comme la reconnaissance vocale lareconnaissance drsquoimages la vision par ordinateur ou encore le traitement automatiseacute dulangage Remodelant les offres des grands industriels du secteur En quelques moisseulement Symbole de ce soudain emballement le Franccedilais Yann LeCun un deschercheurs les plus influents du domaine devenu en quelques mois une star planeacutetaireLeCun a eacuteteacute embaucheacute par Facebook qui lrsquoa placeacute agrave la tecircte de sa recherche en IA

IA sous forme drsquoAPI dans le CloudArriveacute tregraves tocirct sur le segment IBM est deacutesormais rejoint par tous les grands noms dusecteur Microsoft Google et Apple proposent tous un assistant qursquoon interroge par lavoix et qui est baseacute sur le Machine Learning Ces technologies srsquoappellentrespectivement Cortana Assistant et Siri Mais les acteurs du Cloud vont plus loin Lepremier eacutediteur mondial met ainsi agrave disposition des entreprises sur Azure des APIpermettant de bacirctir de connecter agrave drsquoautres services et de reacuteutiliser des robotsconversationnels De passage agrave Paris cet automne le patron de Microsoft Satya Nadellaexpliquait laquo Une des caracteacuteristiques communes des applications que vous allezconstruire sur Azure crsquoest lrsquoutilisation conjointe de lrsquointelligence artificielle sur de grandsvolumes de donneacutees raquo Les concurrents de Microsoft sur le Cloud AWS et Googleproposent eacutevidemment des services similaires accessibles sous la forme drsquoAPI

Signalons eacutegalement qursquoen septembre Redmond a annonceacute la creacuteation drsquoune division

deacutedieacutee agrave lrsquoIA Pas moins de 5 000 scientifiques et ingeacutenieurs seront chargeacutes de reacutefleacutechir ausujet De son cocircteacute Salesforce vient de mettre sur le marcheacute une plate-forme drsquoIA baptiseacuteeEinstein construite agrave coups de rachats et venant se greffer sur lrsquoensemble de ses servicesCloud

La voiture autonome peut-elle tuer son proprieacutetaire Coupleacutees aux progregraves de lrsquoapprentissage non superviseacute (ougrave la machine deacutecouvre seuledes concepts) ces perceacutees ont toutefois rapidement souleveacute des questions eacutethiquesvoire philosophiques Bien plus tocirct que ce qursquoon pouvait anticiper Rappelons que lespremiers vrais deacutebats publics sur le sujet remontent agrave une lettre ouverte publieacutee agravelrsquoinitiative de lrsquohomme drsquoaffaires Elon Musk et du physicien Stephen Hawkinghellip en juillet2015 Voici seulement 18 mois

Or des questions tregraves concregravetes sont deacutejagrave lagrave agrave nos portes Comme le montre une reacutecenteeacutetude sur le dilemme dans lequel sont plongeacutes les programmeurs des algorithmeseacutequipant les voitures autonomes Si le veacutehicule est confronteacute agrave la traverseacutee soudaine depieacutetons qursquoil ne peut eacuteviter que doit-il faire Terminer sa course dans un mur au risquede tuer ses passagers ou heurter les pieacutetons pour eacutepargner la vie des personnes placeacuteesagrave lrsquointeacuterieur de la voiture La reacuteponse agrave cette question a aussi des implicationscommerciales les consommateurs seront-ils precircts agrave acheter une machine programmeacuteepour les sacrifier en cas drsquoabsolue neacutecessiteacute

Un conflit provoqueacute par lrsquoIAAutre cas troublant cette eacutetude publieacutee en octobre par Google qui montre queprogrammeacutees pour proteacuteger la confidentialiteacute de communications deux IA peuventlaquo deacutecouvrir des formes de chiffrement et deacutechiffrement sans qursquoon leur ait enseigneacute desalgorithmes speacutecifiques pour ce faire raquo selon les termes des chercheurs Autrement ditdes formes de communication ignoreacutees des concepteurs des algorithmes Le constat estdrsquoailleurs identique avec le systegraveme de traduction automatique du mecircme Google quiintegravegre deacutesormais des algorithmes de Deep Learning Une autre eacutetude montre que cesystegraveme est capable drsquoeacutetablir des connexions entre des concepts et des mots qui ne sontpas formellement lieacutes Pour les chercheurs la conseacutequence de ce constat est claire lesystegraveme a deacuteveloppeacute son propre langage interne une laquo interlingua raquo laquo Les reacuteseauxneuronaux sont complexes et les interactions difficiles agrave deacutecrire raquo avouent humblementles trois speacutecialistes de Google agrave lrsquoorigine de cette publication

Deacutebut 2017 trois chercheurs franccedilais (Thierry Berthier chaire de cyberdeacutefense de Saint-Cyr agrave lrsquouniversiteacute de Limoges Jean-Gabriel Ganascia UPMCndashLIP6 et Olivier KempfIRIS) publieront une eacutetude deacutevoilant un sceacutenario concret de deacuterive malveillante de lrsquoIA Enlrsquooccurrence un conflit impliquant lrsquoOTAN et drsquoautres grands acteurs Selon leschercheurs cette construction ne fait intervenir que des capaciteacutes ou fonctionnaliteacutes delrsquoIA laquo existantes ou en cours de deacuteveloppement notamment dans les reacutecentsprogrammes initieacutes par la Darpa raquo lrsquoagence ameacutericaine pour les projets de rechercheavanceacutee de deacutefense

Fait notable Google IBM Facebook et consorts ne nient pas ou plus ces questionseacutethiques Drsquoautant que celles-ci pourraient agrave terme engendrer une reacuteaction de la socieacuteteacute

Deacutebut deacutecembre le reacuteseau social a mis en ligne sur Facebook Code une seacuterie de sixvideacuteos informatives (en anglais) pour sensibiliser ses utilisateurs au fonctionnement delrsquointelligence artificielle laquo LrsquoIA est une science rigoureuse axeacutee sur la conception demachines et systegravemes intelligents utilisant des techniques algorithmiques inspireacutees par ceque nous savons sur le cerveau raquo soulignent dans un billet de blog Yann LeCun etJoaquin Quintildeonero Candela directeur de lrsquoapprentissage automatique appliqueacute chezFacebook

Sortir des impreacutecations dit GoogleDe son cocircteacute Elon Musk le patron de Tesla et SpaceX a mis sur pied fin deacutecembre 2015OpenAI une association agrave but non lucratif visant agrave reacutefleacutechir aux questions de socieacuteteacute quepose lrsquoIA Lrsquoorganisme compte dans ses rangs des personnaliteacutes comme Peter Thiel (leseul milliardaire de la tech agrave srsquoecirctre afficheacute comme un soutien de Donald Trump) ReidHoffman (LinkedIn) mais aussi une socieacuteteacute comme AWS le leader mondial du Iaas

La volonteacute des geacuteants de lrsquoIT avec ces initiatives Sortir des impreacutecations entre idolacirctreset deacutetracteurs de lrsquoIA pour entrer dans le concret laquo Alors que les risques potentiels delrsquoIA ont reccedilu une large attention de la part du public les discussions autour de ce sujetsont resteacutees tregraves theacuteoriques et baseacutees sur des speacuteculations raquo estime Chris Olah lrsquoun desauteurs de lsquoConcrete Problems in AI Safetyrsquo un travail de recherche publieacute par Google EtMountain View de militer pour le deacuteveloppement laquo drsquoapproches pratiques drsquoingeacutenierie desystegravemes drsquoIA opeacuterant de faccedilon sucircre et fiable raquo

Car il ne srsquoagit pas de venir tuer dans lrsquoœuf une reacutevolution qui promet une large refontedes applications drsquoentreprise Lors de son symposium annuel en octobre le cabinetdrsquoeacutetudes Gartner preacutedisait que 50 des applications analytiques embarqueront desfonctions drsquoIA drsquoici trois agrave cinq ans et qursquoune large part des analyses sortant de cesapplications sera glaneacutee via des interactions vocales

Les bots pas encore agrave la hauteurSi le patron drsquoIBM France Nicolas Sekkaki assure que sa socieacuteteacute est aujourdrsquohuiengageacutee dans une dizaine de projets faisant appel agrave Watson les vrais retoursdrsquoexpeacuterience sur le sujet restent peu nombreux Dans lrsquoHexagone le Creacutedit Mutuel testelrsquoutilisation de lrsquointelligence artificielle et des technologies cognitives depuis juin 2015Avec un go deacutefinitif sur lrsquointeacutegration de la technologie dans les derniers jours dedeacutecembre 2015 Pour lrsquoheure Watson est appliqueacute agrave deux cas drsquousages au sein delrsquoeacutetablissement  lrsquoassistance des conseillers dans le traitement des e-mails drsquoune part etsur les produits drsquoassurance et drsquoeacutepargne drsquoautre part Une assistance informatiseacutee quivise agrave optimiser la productiviteacute du conseiller et ameacuteliorer la pertinence des reacuteponsesfournies aux clients finaux Pour lrsquoinstant il ne srsquoagit pas de laisser lrsquoIA interagirdirectement avec le client Le cabinet drsquoeacutetudes Forrester estime drsquoailleurs que les bots ndashces robots conversationnels baseacutes sur lrsquoIA ndash ne sont pas encore agrave la hauteur des attentesdes usagers

Lors drsquoun seacuteminaire sur le sujet organiseacute par le Cigref Franccediloise Mercadal-Delassalesdirectrice des ressources et de lrsquoinnovation agrave la Socieacuteteacute Geacuteneacuterale rappelait toutefois quelrsquoIA nrsquoa pas attendu ces derniers mois pour faire son apparition dans les meacutetiers deservices laquo Les banques utilisent depuis plusieurs anneacutees des machines pour traiter

lrsquoinformation agrave des fins de scoring et de trading Ce qui change depuis quelques anneacuteescrsquoest la faccedilon dont nous nourrissons ces machines avec le Big Data les datalake et toutcela dans un environnement informatique qui est baseacute sur le Cloud et les API raquo expliquaitla dirigeante

Interview drsquoObama silence en FranceSi banquiers et assureurs notamment manient le sujet avec preacutecaution crsquoest que sesconseacutequences en termes drsquoemploi sont potentiellement explosives Selon une eacutetudeameacutericaine (laquo Where machines could replace humans raquo) du cabinet McKinsey lestechnologies disponibles aujourdrsquohui laquo pourraient automatiser 45 des activiteacutes que lestravailleurs effectuent en contrepartie drsquoune reacutemuneacuteration raquoaux Etats-Unis Ce tauxattendrait mecircme 54 dans lrsquoUnion europeacuteenne drsquoapregraves le groupe de reacuteflexioneacuteconomique europeacuteen Bruegel

En la matiegravere tous les meacutetiers ne sont pas logeacutes agrave la mecircme enseigne certains eacutetantfaiblement automatisables drsquoautres plus fortement En la matiegravere lrsquoinformatique sembleplutocirct en premiegravere ligne Une eacutetude de socieacuteteacute drsquoeacutetudes ameacutericaine Evans DataCorporation montrait au printemps dernier que 29 des 550 deacuteveloppeurs de logicielsinterrogeacutes craignent drsquoecirctre supplanteacutes par lrsquointelligence artificielle des boicirctes noires auto-apprenantes qui remplaceraient les applications traditionnelles Des perspectives quivalent aussi pour la production informatique comme le laissait entendre une eacutetudepreacutesenteacutee agrave la confeacuterence Usenix deacutebut novembre

Aux Etats-Unis les deacutebats de socieacuteteacute que soulegraveve lrsquoIA ont pousseacute Barack Obama lepreacutesident sortant agrave accorder une longue interview agrave Wired sur le sujet le 12 octobredernier En France agrave ce jour aucun candidat agrave la preacutesidentielle ou agrave la primaire ne srsquoestencore exprimeacute clairement sur ces enjeux