REVOLUTIONS of 1848

• FRANCE– February 1848 sees revolution against Louis Philippe and

his corrupt minister Guizot– Workers unite to protest high food prices and

unemployment– Result: LP abdicates NATIONAL ASSEMBLY takes control– Spring of 1848 leads to more uprisings:JUNE DAYS– 1851 through plebiscite Second Republic under Louis

Napoleon begins – he will become NAPOLEON III by 1852

Everywhere else….

• AUSTRIAN EMPIRE: Revolts in Hungary, Bohemia and Northern Italy

• All signify the need for change within the empire and the push toward NATIONALISM

Why do the Revolutions of 1848 fail?• Also called “the Springtime of the people”• Liberals tend to lead the revolutions• Coalitions are built up by liberals, radicals,

workers and students while the revolutions are on….HOWEVER

• Once the revolution has success their united front falls apart

• WHY? Liberals don’t want to lose property• PBARF keeps liberals and nationalists in check

with their conservative policies

Louis Philippe vs. Louis Napoleon

Make a case for each:Nationalism is a divisive force.

Nationalism promotes unification.Crimean War

Italian UnificationGerman Unification

Crimean War (1853-1856)

• A case of GEOPOLITICS– Geopolitics = interest in or taking of a land for its

resources and location

• NOBLE: Russia wants to protect holy sites that are found in the Ottoman Empire

• REAL: Russia wants to expand into the DARDANELLES – access to the Black Sea gives them a highway to the Mediterranean Sea

Russia vs. everyone

• Britain, France and Russia had once united to save Greece from Ottoman control

• Britain and France team up with the Ottoman’s and declare war on Russia

• WHY WOULD THEY DO THIS??????

Peace at a price

• Treaty of Paris (1856) dictates the Russian surrender

• Sets the tone for future threats to the status quo in Europe – Nationalism is on the rise

• ITALY and GERMANY will become nations• Concert of Europe is SILENCED

NATIONALISM DEFINED

• A NATIONALITY IS UNITED BY:–Language–Traditions–Customs–Religion

ITALIAN UNIFICATION

ITALIAN NATIONALIST MOVEMENT

• GOAL: FREE FROM AUSTRIAN DOMINATION• CONGRESS OF VIENNA VIEWED ITALY AS A

“GEOGRAPHICAL EXPRESSION” - Metternich• ITALY WAS A DIVIDED NATION:

– AUSTRIA– CHURCH

PATRIOTIC SOCIETIES

• • EARLY EFFORTS• CARBONARI

– SECRET SOCIETY OF LIMITED MEMBERSHIP– WANTED ITALIAN REPUBLIC

• YOUNG ITALY– FOUNDED BY MAZZINI– USED PROPAGANDA TO SPREAD NATIONALISM

AMONG PEOPLE OF ITALY

THE SOUL, THE BRAIN & THE SWORD

• THREE INDIVIDUALS CREDITED WITH ITALIAN UNIFICATION:

• MAZZINI (romantic republican)– YOUNG ITALY– WANTS: DEM. REPBULIC

• CAVOUR (realist – moderately liberal)– PRIMEMINSTER OF SARDINIA– WANTS: CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY

• GARIBALDI (romantic republican)– RED SHIRTS – fight for Italy

An (almost) unified Italy

• Combination of alliances and nationalist revolts create a unified ITALY

• By 1860 the north and south are unified :– NORTH: VICTOR EMMANUEL II– SOUTH: GARIBALDI

• By 1866 Venice comes in• Finally in 1870 Rome joins the unified nation

– Rome feared loss of power: French troops protecting Rome had to go home and fight PRUSSIA

Slow steps to unification

• First, land that was controlled by Austria needed to be made free

• Then, all Italian states had to agree to unification

• Finally, a leader needed to be chosen– THE LEADER WILL BE

SARDINIA’S KING:• VICTOR EMMANUEL II

Garibaldi and Victor Emmanuel II

GERMAN UNIFICATION

German Unification: EARLY EFFORTS

• Zollverein (1819)– Provided economic unity among the states of the

German Confederation– Locked out the opposition (AUSTRIA) and kept

trade free for members

• Support of the Junkers– Prussian nobility began to see the benefits of

unification – if Prussia could lead the way that is

ENTER….THE IRON CHANCELLOR

• OTTO von BISMARCK• JUNKER• 1862: Appointed by Kaiser

Wilhelm to position of Chancellor

• Opposed liberalism• FIRST TASK:

– Strengthen MILITARY

OBSTACLES TO UNIFICATION

• NORTHERN GERMANY– Mostly Protestant

• SOUTHERN GERMANY– Mostly Catholic (MINORITY)

• AUSTRIAN ISSUE– Carlsbad Decrees, loss of influence in affairs of the

German Confederation

• FRENCH CONCERN– United Germany would challenge their authority

MEANS OF UNIFICATION….

• IRON and BLOOD• WARS of German Unification:

– 1864: DANISH WAR• Prussia and Austria vs. Denmark • Joint ownership of Schleswig-Holstein

– 1866: AUSTRO-PRUSSIAN WAR• AKA Seven Weeks’ War• Get back Schleswig-Holstein• Venetia goes to Italy

– 1870-1871: FRANCO-PRUSSIAN WAR

Franco-Prussian War

• Most damaging overall of all the wars• EMS DISPATCH sets off the war• Provoked France’s Napoleon III into war with

Prussia• Treaty of Frankfurt ends the war

– France gives Alsace and Lorrain to Germany– France pays Germany reparations***PLANTS THE SEEDS FOR WORLD WAR I****

REVENGE

GERMANY• Two house legislature established in 1867, just

after the Austro-Prussian War– BUNDERSRAT

• Upper house, members appointed by states

– REICHSTAG• Lower house, members chosen by universal male suffrage

FRANCE’S THIRD REPUBLIC

FRANCE’S SECOND REPUBLIC

• Led by Napoleon III (1852-1870)• Mild dictatorship

– Allowed elections, but censored press– Allowed constitution, but controlled state elections

• Saved the country’s ailing economy early on– Improved bank system and encouraged trade

BUT……DOWNFALL….

• NAPOLEON’S BLUNDERS:– MAXIMILIAN AFFAIR– OPPOSITION TO THE UNIFICATION OF :

• ITALY AND GERMANY• WAR AND LOSS OF CONTINENTAL PRESTIGE

WILL END HIS REIGN……

TROUBLE…..IN MEXICO• 1863 THE MAXIMILAN AFFAIR- NAPOLEON VIOLATES

MONROE DOCTRINE BY SETTING UP PUPPET GOVERNMENT IN MEXICO

- MAXIMILIAN HAPSBURG IS MADE KING OF MEXICO

- FRANCE FORCED TO COME OUT….MAX IS KILLED

- EMPEROR IS OUT

PARIS COMMUNE to NATIONAL ASSEMBLY to the THIRD REPUBLIC

• 1870 turning point in France• Franco-Prussian war is lost• Paris Commune vs. National Assembly

– PC wants Paris to be governed separately– NA wants France to be governed as one nation

• Third Republic established with a president and a two house legislature

Declaring the3rd French Republic

The Boulanger Affair (1887)

• Georges Boulanger – CONSERVATIVE• Attempted a COUP D’ETAT of the Republic• Failed and was to be put on trial• Fled to Belgium and committed suicide to

avoid prison or worse• RESULT: strengthened the REPUBLIC

1898 The Dreyfus Affair : Corruption in the system

• Alfred Dreyfus:– Jewish Captain in the French

army accused of having given up top secret documents to Germans

– NOT TRUE – but army, church and newspapers fueled by anti-Semitism claim guilt

– EMILE ZOLA wrote J’Accuse : supported Dreyfus and condemned the accusers

The Zionist Movement

Theodore Herzl[1860-1904]

* Was motivated by the Dreyfus trial to write the book, Der Judenstaat, orThe Jewish State in 1896.

* Creates the First Zionist Congress in Basel, Switzerland.

* “Father of Modern Zionism.”

* Was motivated by the Dreyfus trial to write the book, Der Judenstaat, orThe Jewish State in 1896.

* Creates the First Zionist Congress in Basel, Switzerland.

* “Father of Modern Zionism.”

RUSSIA

RUSSIA• Question: Does it pay to be

nice?• Alexander II (r. 1855-1881)

– 1861 : Abolished serfdom (EDICT OF EMANCIPATION)

– Reformed government by creating ZEMSTVOS, which were local councils to oversee matters in the provinces

– Allowed for a sort of “golden age” of literature: LEO TOLSTOY and FYODOR DOSTOEVSKY

• Alexander II is assassinated in 1881 by revolutionaries

Tsar Alexander III

• r. 1881 - 1894• Returns to the policies

of his grandfather Nicholas I – autocrat

• Pursues policy of RUSSIFICATION

• Like Catherine the Great forces Jewish population into specific regions

The PALE

THE PALE was the region in NORTH WEST RUSSIA that held Russian Jews during the reign of Alexander III

GREAT BRITAIN:New Reforms

The 2nd Reform Bill - 1867

Great Britain and the Irish Question

• Second Reform Act (1867)• Benjamin Disraeli vs. William Gladstone

– BD = CONSERVATIVE– WG = LIBERAL

• IRISH QUESTION– Charles Stewart Parnell called for HOME RULE– HOME RULE =

BEST HAIR OF THE 19th CENTURY